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Mulry E, Ray AP, Eddy MT. Production of a Human Histamine Receptor for NMR Spectroscopy in Aqueous Solutions. Biomolecules 2021; 11:632. [PMID: 33923140 PMCID: PMC8146376 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) bind a broad array of extracellular molecules and transmit intracellular signals that initiate physiological responses. The signal transduction functions of GPCRs are inherently related to their structural plasticity, which can be experimentally observed by spectroscopic techniques. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in particular is an especially advantageous method to study the dynamic behavior of GPCRs. The success of NMR studies critically relies on the production of functional GPCRs containing stable-isotope labeled probes, which remains a challenging endeavor for most human GPCRs. We report a protocol for the production of the human histamine H1 receptor (H1R) in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris for NMR experiments. Systematic evaluation of multiple expression parameters resulted in a ten-fold increase in the yield of expressed H1R over initial efforts in defined media. The expressed receptor could be purified to homogeneity and was found to respond to the addition of known H1R ligands. Two-dimensional transverse relaxation-optimized spectroscopy (TROSY) NMR spectra of stable-isotope labeled H1R show well-dispersed and resolved signals consistent with a properly folded protein, and 19F-NMR data register a response of the protein to differences in efficacies of bound ligands.
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MESH Headings
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Ligands
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular/methods
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Engineering/methods
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/isolation & purification
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Histamine/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H1/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H1/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Histamine H1/metabolism
- Saccharomycetales/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew T. Eddy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (E.M.); (A.P.R.)
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Kobayashi C, Tanaka A, Yasuda T, Hishinuma S. Roles of Lys191 and Lys179 in regulating thermodynamic binding forces of ligands to determine their binding affinity for human histamine H 1 receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114185. [PMID: 32738199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Docking simulations based on the crystal structure of human histamine H1 receptors have predicted crucial roles of Lys1915.39 and Lys179ECL2, which exist at the entrance of the ligand-binding pocket, in increasing the H1-receptor selectivity for carboxylated second-generation antihistamines via electrostatic interaction. In this study, we evaluated the roles of Lys1915.39 and Lys179ECL2 in regulating the thermodynamic binding forces of non-carboxylated and carboxylated antihistamines that determine their binding affinity for human H1 receptors. The binding enthalpy and entropy of the 3 sets of non-carboxylated and corresponding carboxylated antihistamines (doxepin and olopatadine, desloratadine and loratadine, and terfenadine and fexofenadine, respectively) were estimated using the van't Hoff equation with the dissociation constants obtained from the displacement curves of the non-carboxylated and carboxylated antihistamines against the binding of [3H]mepyramine to the membrane preparations of Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human H1 receptors at various temperatures, ranging from 4 °C to 37 °C. We found that the affinity for carboxylated antihistamines was lower than that for the corresponding non-carboxylated compounds due to lower enthalpy-dependent electrostatic binding forces and/or entropy-dependent hydrophobic binding forces. Mutations of Lys1915.39 and/or Lys179ECL2 to alanine mostly increased the binding affinity for antihistamines due to a variety of changes in both enthalpy- and entropy-dependent binding forces. These results suggest that Lys1915.39 and Lys179ECL2 may not contribute to selectively increasing the binding affinity for carboxylated antihistamines via electrostatic interaction, but that they can negatively modulate the binding affinity for non-carboxylated and carboxylated antihistamines non-selectively by affecting their electrostatic as well as hydrophobic binding forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Airi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yasuda
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hishinuma
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan.
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3
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He H, Hou Y, Wei D, Che D, Wang C, Hu T, Wang N, He L. HMF causes anaphylactic symptoms by acting as a H 1 receptor agonist. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:114008. [PMID: 32360308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) can readily form by acid-catalyzed transformations of various sugars such as fructose, sucrose and to a lesser degree glucose, and is known to widely exist in various sugar-containing consumer products. Thus the potential health effect of HMF has been a subject of intensive studies. There have been earlier reports of HMF's undesirable effects at or above high micromolar concentrations. In this study, HMF is found to stimulate the H1 receptor in vivo and in vitro. When assessed in cell culture and animal models, HMF was found to cause deformation of in cell culture studies of HUVECs at 50 μM, to increase the vascular permeability of paw skin at 1.0 mg/mL, and trigger symptoms of anaphylaxis in animal models at 32.5 μg/kg. At the molecular level, HMF was found to induce the release of NO and related cytokines, and trigger H1 receptor-mediated inflammatory responses. Mutation studies also suggest the binding sites for HMF on the H1 receptor. The findings described suggest the need for close monitoring of HMF contents in consumer products and their related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhen He
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yajing Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Di Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Delu Che
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Tian Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Langchong He
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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4
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Abstract
The crystal structure of the human histamine H1 receptor (H1R) has been determined in complex with its inverse agonist doxepin, a first-generation antihistamine. The crystal structure showed that doxepin sits deeply inside the ligand-binding pocket and predominantly interacts with residues highly conserved among other aminergic receptors. This binding mode is considered to result in the low selectivity of the first-generation antihistamines for H1R. The crystal structure also revealed the mechanism of receptor inactivation by the inverse agonist doxepin. On the other hand, the crystal structure elucidated the anion-binding site near the extracellular portion of the receptor. This site consists of residues not conserved among other aminergic receptors, which are specific for H1R. Docking simulation and biochemical experimentation demonstrated that a carboxyl group on the second-generation antihistamines interacts with the anion-binding site. These results imply that the anion-binding site is a key site for the development of highly selective antihistamine drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Shiroishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
- Platform for Drug Discovery, Informatics and Structural Life Science, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Platform for Drug Discovery, Informatics and Structural Life Science, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Konoe-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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Yang Y, Li Y, Pan Y, Wang J, Lin F, Wang C, Zhang S, Yang L. Computational Analysis of Structure-Based Interactions for Novel H₁-Antihistamines. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010129. [PMID: 26797608 PMCID: PMC4730370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As a chronic disorder, insomnia affects approximately 10% of the population at some time during their lives, and its treatment is often challenging. Since the antagonists of the H₁ receptor, a protein prevalent in human central nervous system, have been proven as effective therapeutic agents for treating insomnia, the H₁ receptor is quite possibly a promising target for developing potent anti-insomnia drugs. For the purpose of understanding the structural actors affecting the antagonism potency, presently a theoretical research of molecular interactions between 129 molecules and the H₁ receptor is performed through three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) techniques. The ligand-based comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) model (Q² = 0.525, R²ncv = 0.891, R²pred = 0.807) has good quality for predicting the bioactivities of new chemicals. The cross-validated result suggests that the developed models have excellent internal and external predictability and consistency. The obtained contour maps were appraised for affinity trends for the investigated compounds, which provides significantly useful information in the rational drug design of novel anti-insomnia agents. Molecular docking was also performed to investigate the mode of interaction between the ligand and the active site of the receptor. Furthermore, as a supplementary tool to study the docking conformation of the antagonists in the H₁ receptor binding pocket, molecular dynamics simulation was also applied, providing insights into the changes in the structure. All of the models and the derived information would, we hope, be of help for developing novel potent histamine H₁ receptor antagonists, as well as exploring the H₁-antihistamines interaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yanqiu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Feng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Department of Materials Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Ling Yang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Resource Discovery, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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Sakhuja R, Kondabolu K, Córdova-Sintjago T, Travers S, Vincek AS, Kim MS, Abboud KA, Fang L, Sun Z, Canal CE, Booth RG. Novel 4-substituted-N,N-dimethyltetrahydronaphthalen-2-amines: synthesis, affinity, and in silico docking studies at serotonin 5-HT2-type and histamine H1 G protein-coupled receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1588-600. [PMID: 25703249 PMCID: PMC4363177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Syntheses were undertaken of derivatives of (2S,4R)-(-)-trans-4-phenyl-N,N-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine (4-phenyl-2-dimethylaminotetralin, PAT), a stereospecific agonist at the serotonin 5-HT2C G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), with inverse agonist activity at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B GPCRs. Molecular changes were made at the PAT C(4)-position, while preserving N,N-dimethyl substitution at the 2-position as well as trans-stereochemistry, structural features previously shown to be optimal for 5-HT2 binding. Affinities of analogs were determined at recombinant human 5-HT2 GPCRs in comparison to the phylogenetically closely-related histamine H1 GPCR, and in silico ligand docking studies were conducted at receptor molecular models to help interpret pharmacological results and guide future ligand design. In most cases, C(4)-substituted PAT analogs exhibited the same stereoselectivity ([-]-trans>[+]-trans) as the parent PAT across 5-HT2 and H1 GPCRs, albeit, with variable receptor selectivity. 4-(4'-substituted)-PAT analogs, however, demonstrated reversed stereoselectivity ([2S,4R]-[+]-trans>[2S,4R]-[-]-trans), with absolute configuration confirmed by single X-ray crystallographic data for the 4-(4'-Cl)-PAT analog. Pharmacological affinity results and computational results herein support further PAT drug development studies and provide a basis for predicting and interpreting translational results, including, for (+)-trans-4-(4'-Cl)-PAT and (-)-trans-4-(3'-Br)-PAT that were previously shown to be more potent and efficacious than their corresponding enantiomers in rodent models of psychoses, psychostimulant-induced behaviors, and compulsive feeding ('binge-eating').
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MESH Headings
- Binding Sites
- Binding, Competitive/physiology
- Computer Simulation
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Humans
- Naphthalenes/chemical synthesis
- Naphthalenes/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H1/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H1/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2/chemistry
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Sakhuja
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Krishnakanth Kondabolu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Tania Córdova-Sintjago
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States; Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115-5000, United States
| | - Sean Travers
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Adam S Vincek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Myong Sang Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Lijuan Fang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Zhuming Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States
| | - Clinton E Canal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States; Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115-5000, United States
| | - Raymond G Booth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, United States; Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115-5000, United States.
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Cuboni S, Devigny C, Hoogeland B, Strasser A, Pomplun S, Hauger B, Höfner G, Wanner KT, Eder M, Buschauer A, Holsboer F, Hausch F. Loratadine and analogues: discovery and preliminary structure-activity relationship of inhibitors of the amino acid transporter B(0)AT2. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9473-9. [PMID: 25318072 DOI: 10.1021/jm501086v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
B(0)AT2, encoded by the SLC6A15 gene, is a transporter for neutral amino acids that has recently been implicated in mood and metabolic disorders. It is predominantly expressed in the brain, but little is otherwise known about its function. To identify inhibitors for this transporter, we screened a library of 3133 different bioactive compounds. Loratadine, a clinically used histamine H1 receptor antagonist, was identified as a selective inhibitor of B(0)AT2 with an IC50 of 4 μM while being less active or inactive against several other members of the SLC6 family. Reversible inhibition of B(0)AT2 was confirmed by electrophysiology. A series of loratadine analogues were synthesized to gain insight into the structure-activity relationships. Our studies provide the first chemical tool for B(0)AT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Cuboni
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , 80804 Munich, Germany
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Shimamura T. [X-ray structure of histamine H1 receptor]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2014; 144:43-44. [PMID: 25007811 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.144.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Shimamura T, Iwata S. [Structural biology and molecular targets]. Nihon Rinsho 2012; 70 Suppl 8:316-320. [PMID: 23513858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Shimamura
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine
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Procopiou PA, Browning C, Gore PM, Lynn SM, Richards SA, Slack RJ, Sollis SL. Synthesis and pharmacological investigation of azaphthalazinone human histamine H(1) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6097-108. [PMID: 22985961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
5-Aza, 6-aza, 7-aza and 8-aza-phthalazinone, and 5,8-diazaphthalazinone templates were synthesised by stereoselective routes starting from the appropriate pyridine/pyrazine dicarboxylic acids by activation with CDI, reaction with 4-chlorophenyl acetate ester enolate to give a β-ketoester, which was hydrolysed, and decarboxylated. The resulting ketone was condensed with hydrazine to form the azaphthalazinone core. The azaphthalazinone cores were alkylated with N-Boc-D-prolinol at N-2 by Mitsunobu reaction, de-protected, and then alkylated at the pyrrolidine nitrogen to provide the target H(1) receptor antagonists. All four mono-azaphthalazinone series had higher affinity (pK(i)) for the human H(1) receptor than azelastine, but were not as potent as the parent non-aza phthalazinone. The 5,8-diazaphthalazinone was equipotent with azelastine. The least potent series were the 7-azaphthalazinones, whereas the 5-azaphthalazinones were the most lipophilic. The more hydrophilic series were the 8-aza series. Replacement of the N-methyl substituent on the pyrrolidine with the n-butyl group caused an increase in potency (pA(2)) and a corresponding increase in lipophilicity. Introduction of a β-ether oxygen in the n-butyl analogues (2-methoxyethyl group) decreased the H(1) pA(2) slightly, and increased the selectivity against hERG. The duration of action in vitro was longer in the 6-azaphthalazinone series. The more potent and selective 6-azaphthalazinone core was used to append an H(3) receptor antagonist fragment, and to convert the series into the long acting single-ligand, dual H(1) H(3) receptor antagonist 44. The pharmacological profile of 44 was very similar to our intranasal clinical candidate 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis A Procopiou
- Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom.
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11
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Kang JA, Lee K, Lee KM, Cho S, Seo J, Hur EM, Park CS, Baik JH, Choi SY. Desipramine inhibits histamine H1 receptor-induced Ca2+ signaling in rat hypothalamic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36185. [PMID: 22563449 PMCID: PMC3338593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus in the brain is the main center for appetite control and integrates signals from adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract. Antidepressants are known to modulate the activities of hypothalamic neurons and affect food intake, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which antidepressants modulate hypothalamic function remain unclear. Here we have investigated how hypothalamic neurons respond to treatment with antidepressants, including desipramine and sibutramine. In primary cultured rat hypothalamic cells, desipramine markedly suppressed the elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) evoked by histamine H1 receptor activation. Desipramine also inhibited the histamine-induced Ca(2+) increase and the expression of corticotrophin-releasing hormone in hypothalamic GT1-1 cells. The effect of desipramine was not affected by pretreatment with prazosin or propranolol, excluding catecholamine reuptake activity of desipramine as an underlying mechanism. Sibutramine which is also an antidepressant but decreases food intake, had little effect on the histamine-induced Ca(2+) increase or AMP-activated protein kinase activity. Our results reveal that desipramine and sibutramine have different effects on histamine H1 receptor signaling in hypothalamic cells and suggest that distinct regulation of hypothalamic histamine signaling might underlie the differential regulation of food intake between antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ah Kang
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Keimin Lee
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Min Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukhee Cho
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsoo Seo
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Hur
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chul-Seung Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Baik
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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12
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Shah JR, Mosier PD, Roth BL, Kellogg GE, Westkaemper RB. Synthesis, structure-affinity relationships, and modeling of AMDA analogs at 5-HT2A and H1 receptors: structural factors contributing to selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6496-504. [PMID: 19700330 PMCID: PMC3088504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Histamine H(1) and serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors present in the CNS have been implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders. 9-Aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene (AMDA), a conformationally constrained diarylalkyl amine derivative, has affinity for both of these receptors. A structure-affinity relationship (SAFIR) study was carried out studying the effects of N-methylation, varying the linker chain length and constraint of the aromatic rings on the binding affinities of the compounds with the 5-HT(2A) and H(1) receptors. Homology modeling of the 5-HT(2A) and H(1) receptors suggests that AMDA and its analogs, the parent of which is a 5-HT(2A) antagonist, can bind in a fashion analogous to that of classical H(1) antagonists whose ring systems are oriented toward the fifth and sixth transmembrane helices. The modeled orientation of the ligands are consistent with the reported site-directed mutagenesis data for 5-HT(2A) and H(1) receptors and provide a potential explanation for the selectivity of ligands acting at both receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitesh R. Shah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Philip D. Mosier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Bryan L. Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Glen E. Kellogg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Richard B. Westkaemper
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
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13
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Bailey K, Bally M, Leifert W, Vörös J, McMurchie T. G-protein coupled receptor array technologies: site directed immobilisation of liposomes containing the H1-histamine or M2-muscarinic receptors. Proteomics 2009; 9:2052-63. [PMID: 19337994 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a novel strategy to create a microarray of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), an important group of membrane proteins both physiologically and pharmacologically. The H(1)-histamine receptor and the M(2)-muscarinic receptor were both used as model GPCRs in this study. The receptor proteins were embedded in liposomes created from the cellular membrane extracts of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cell culture line with its accompanying baculovirus protein insert used for overexpression of the receptors. Once captured onto a surface these liposomes provide a favourable lipidic environment for the integral membrane proteins. Site directed immobilisation of these liposomes was achieved by introduction of cholesterol-modified oligonucleotides (oligos). These oligo/cholesterol conjugates incorporate within the lipid bilayer and were captured by the complementary oligo strand exposed on the surface. Sequence specific immobilisation was demonstrated using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Confirmatory results were also obtained by monitoring fluorescent ligand binding to GPCRs captured on a spotted oligo microarray using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and the Zepto-READER microarray imaging system. Sequence specific immobilisation of such biologically important membrane proteins could lead to the development of a heterogeneous self-sorting liposome array of GPCRs which would underpin a variety of future novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Bailey
- CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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14
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Abstract
G-Protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), one of the most important families of drug targets, belong to the super family of integral membrane proteins characterized by seven transmembrane helices. Because they are difficult to crystallize, the three dimensional structure of these receptors have not yet been determined by X-ray crystallography, except one. In the absence of a 3-D structure, in-silico approaches for solving the structure of this class of proteins are widely used and provide valuable information for structure based drug design. There are several web servers and computer programs available that automate the modelling process of GPCRs. Some of these include Modeller, Swiss-Model server, Homer, etc. Using these tools reliable homology models of human histamine H1 receptor (HRH1) and thrombin receptor (PAR-1) have been generated which explain the binding mode of the standard antagonists of these receptors and may be useful in designing their novel antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Saxena
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow, India.
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15
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Booth RG, Moniri NH. Novel ligands stabilize stereo-selective conformations of the histamine H1 receptor to activate catecholamine synthesis. Inflamm Res 2007; 56 Suppl 1:S43-4. [PMID: 17806174 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-006-0521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R G Booth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, PO Box 100485, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0485, USA.
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16
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Strasser A, Wittmann HJ. Analysis of the activation mechanism of the guinea-pig Histamine H1-receptor. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2007; 21:499-509. [PMID: 17712599 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-007-9131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Histamine H(1)-receptor (H1R), belonging to the amine receptor-class of family A of the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) gets activated by agonists. The consequence is a conformational change of the receptor, which may involve the binding-pocket. So, for a good prediction of the binding-mode of an agonist, it is necessary to have knowledge about these conformational changes. Meanwhile some experimental data about the structural changes of GPCRs during activation exist. Based on homology modeling of the guinea-pig H1R (gpH1R), using the crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin as template, we performed several MD simulations with distance restraints in order to get an inactive and an active structure of the gpH1R. The calculations led to a Phe6.44/Trp6.48/Phe6.52-switch and linearization of the proline kinked transmembrane helix VI during receptor activation. Our calculations showed that the Trp6.48/Phe6.52-switch induces a conformational change in Phe6.44, which slides between transmembrane helices III and VI. Additionally we observed a hydrogen bond interaction of Ser3.39 with Asn7.45 in the inactive gpH1R, but because of a counterclockwise rotation of transmembrane helix III Ser3.39 establishes a water-mediated hydrogen bond to Asp2.50 in the active gpH1R. Additionally we simulated a possible mechanism for receptor activation with a modified LigPath-algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Strasser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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17
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Ratnala VRP, Kiihne SR, Buda F, Leurs R, de Groot HJM, DeGrip WJ. Solid-State NMR Evidence for a Protonation Switch in the Binding Pocket of the H1 Receptor upon Binding of the Agonist Histamine. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:867-72. [PMID: 17243823 DOI: 10.1021/ja0652262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a major superfamily of transmembrane receptor proteins that are crucial in cellular signaling and are major pharmacological targets. While the activity of GPCRs can be modulated by agonist binding, the mechanisms that link agonist binding to G protein coupling are poorly understood. Here we present a method to accurately examine the activity of ligands in their bound state, even at low affinity, by solid-state NMR dipolar correlation spectroscopy and confront this method with the human H1 receptor. The analysis reveals two different charge states of the bound agonist, dicationic with a charged imidazole ring and monocationic with a neutral imidazole ring, with the same overall conformation. The combination of charge difference and pronounced heterogeneity agrees with converging evidence that the active and inactive states of the GPCR represent a dynamic equilibrium of substates and that proton transfer between agonist and protein side chains can shift this equilibrium by stabilizing the active receptor population relative to the inactive one. In fact, the data suggest a global functional analogy between H1 receptor activation and the meta I/meta II charge/discharge equilibrium in rhodopsin (GPCR). This corroborates current ideas on unifying principles in GPCR structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata R P Ratnala
- Department of Biophysical Organic Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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Abstract
Protein structure-based molecular design using the computational techniques of protein structure prediction, ligand docking, and virtual screening is an integral part of drug discovery for limiting the application of the structure-based approach to target proteins such as G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs play an important role in living organisms and are of major interest to the pharmaceutical industry. However, structural data on ligand-binding forms for GPCRs from experiments to elucidate structural templates for docking simulations are lacking due to the difficulties associated with crystallization and crystallography. Therefore structural prediction of GPCRs in the ligand-bound state using computational methods has been introduced, but the prediction of ligand conformation onto target GPCRs is still constructed manually by human experts. We developed a molecular modeling technique for the prediction of ligand-receptor binding using comparative ligand-binding analysis (CoLBA) that not only considers interaction energy but also the similarity of interaction profiles among ligands. The advantage of CoLBA is that it can facilitate intuitive and flexible screening based on docking results when protein structures with low resolution (or theoretical models) are targeted. We applied CoLBA to ligand-binding prediction in several GPCRs. The predicted ligand-binding models were evaluated in site-directed mutagenesis experiments in collaborative research, and the enrichment rate of activated ligands was compared with random compounds in virtual screening simulations. We propose that CoLBA can be applied in large-scale modeling of ligand-receptor complexes and virtual screening for GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Computational Biology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tokyo Waterfront Bio-IT Research Building, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Strasser A, Wittmann HJ. LigPath: a module for predictive calculation of a ligand’s pathway into a receptor-application to the gpH1 - receptor. J Mol Model 2006; 13:209-18. [PMID: 17024405 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-006-0152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Until now, the access of ligands into the binding pocket of a G-protein coupled receptor has scarcely been studied using molecular-modeling techniques because of the lack of sufficient algorithms. Neither with Monte-Carlo- nor with Molecular Dynamics Simulations can the penetration of a ligand into the binding pocket of a receptor be calculated because of the excessive amount of computing time needed. Therefore, a new algorithm LigPath for approximate calculation of a ligand's pathway into the binding pocket has been developed. This new algorithm is based on a linkage of directional guiding of the ligand, Monte-Carlo-Search and minimization. In order to evaluate the performance of the algorithm, the guinea-pig histamine H(1) receptor was investigated in combination with one of its potent agonists, histaprodifen, which is proposed to bind in a pocket deep between the transmembrane helices of the receptor. Our calculations show that the amino acids Tyr194, Phe193, Phe436 and Phe433 guide the positively charged histaprodifen from the extracellular part of the receptor into the binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Strasser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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20
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Dillon PF, Root-Bernstein RS, Lieder CM. Ascorbate enhancement of H1 histamine receptor sensitivity coincides with ascorbate oxidation inhibition by histamine receptors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C977-84. [PMID: 16760260 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00613.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbate has previously been shown to enhance both alpha(1)- and beta(2)-adrenergic activity. This activity is mediated by ascorbate binding to the extracellular domain of the adrenergic receptor, which also decreases the oxidation rate of ascorbate. H1 histamine receptors have extracellular agonist or ascorbate binding sites with strong similarities to alpha(1-) and beta(2)-adrenergic receptors. Physiological concentrations of ascorbate (50 microM) significantly enhanced histamine contractions of rabbit aorta on the lower half of the histamine dose-response curve, increasing contractions of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 microM histamine by two- to threefold. Increases in ascorbate concentration significantly enhanced 0.2 microM histamine (5-500 microM ascorbate) and 0.3 microM histamine (15-500 microM ascorbate) in a dose-dependent manner. Histamine does not measurably oxidize over 20 h in oxygenated PSS at 37 degrees C. Thus the ascorbate enhancement is independent of ascorbate's antioxidant effects. Ascorbate in solution oxidizes rapidly. Transfected histamine receptor membrane suspension with protein concentration at >3.1 microg/ml (56 nM maximum histamine receptor) decreases the oxidation rate of 392 microM ascorbate, and virtually no ascorbate oxidation occurs at >0.0004 mol histamine receptor/mol ascorbate. Histamine receptor membrane had an initial ascorbate oxidation inhibition rate of 0.094 min.microg protein(-1).ml(-1), compared with rates for transfected ANG II membrane (0.055 min.microg protein(-1).ml(-1)), untransfected membrane (0.052 min.microg protein(-1).ml(-1)), creatine kinase (0.0082 min.microg protein(-1).ml(-1)), keyhole limpet hemocyanin (0.00092 min.microg protein(-1).ml(-1)), and osmotically lysed aortic rings (0.00057 min.microg wet weight(-1).ml(-1)). Ascorbate enhancement of seven-transmembrane-spanning membrane receptor activity occurs in both adrenergic and histaminergic receptors. These receptors may play a significant role in maintaining extracellular ascorbate in a reduced state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F Dillon
- Dept. of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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21
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van Rijn RM, Chazot PL, Shenton FC, Sansuk K, Bakker RA, Leurs R. Oligomerization of recombinant and endogenously expressed human histamine H(4) receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:604-15. [PMID: 16645125 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.020818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the homo- and hetero-oligomerization of the human histamine H(4)R by both biochemical (Western blot and immobilized metal affinity chromatography) and biophysical [bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (tr-FRET)] techniques. The H(4)R receptor is the most recently discovered member of the histamine family of G-protein-coupled receptors. Using specific polyclonal antibodies raised against the C-terminal tail of the H(4)R, we demonstrate the presence of H(4)R oligomers in human embryonic kidney 293 and COS-7 cells heterologously overexpressing H(4)Rs and putative native H(4)R oligomers in human phytohaemagglutinin blasts endogenously expressing H(4)Rs. Moreover, we show that H(4)R homo-oligomers are formed constitutively, are formed at low receptor densities (300 fmol/mg of protein), and are present at the cell surface, as detected by tr-FRET. The formation of these oligomers is independent of N-glycosylation and is not modulated by H(4)R ligands, covering the full spectrum of agonists, neutral antagonists, and inverse agonists. Although we show H(4)R homo-oligomer formation at physiological expression levels, the detection of H(1)R-H(4)R hetero-oligomers was achieved only at higher H(1)R expression levels and are most likely not physiologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M van Rijn
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Bruysters M, Jongejan A, Akdemir A, Bakker RA, Leurs R. A G(q/11)-coupled mutant histamine H(1) receptor F435A activated solely by synthetic ligands (RASSL). J Biol Chem 2005; 280:34741-6. [PMID: 16027157 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504165200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, G protein-coupled receptors activated solely by synthetic ligands (RASSLs) have been introduced as new tools to study Galpha(i) signaling in vivo (1, 2). Also, Galpha(s)-coupled G protein-coupled receptors have been engineered to generate Galpha(s)-coupled RASSLs (3, 4). In this study, we exploited the differences in binding pockets between different classes of H(1) receptor agonists and identified the first Galpha(q/11)-coupled RASSL. The mutant human H(1) receptor F435A (6.55) combines a strongly decreased affinity (25-fold) and potency for the endogenous ligand histamine (200-fold) with improved affinities (54-fold) and potencies (2600-fold) for 2-phenylhistamines, a synthetic class of H(1) receptor agonists. Molecular dynamics simulations provided a mechanism for distinct agonist binding to both wild-type and F435A mutant H(1) receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Cattle
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/genetics
- Genes, Reporter
- Histamine/chemistry
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Ligands
- Models, Chemical
- Models, Molecular
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutation
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Phenylalanine/chemistry
- Protein Binding
- Protein Engineering
- Receptors, Histamine H1/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H1/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/chemistry
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Bruysters
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Jongejan A, Bruysters M, Ballesteros JA, Haaksma E, Bakker RA, Pardo L, Leurs R. Linking agonist binding to histamine H1 receptor activation. Nat Chem Biol 2005; 1:98-103. [PMID: 16408006 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a large and functionally diverse family of transmembrane proteins. They are fundamental in the transfer of extracellular stimuli to intracellular signaling pathways and are among the most targeted proteins in drug discovery. The detailed molecular mechanism for agonist-induced activation of rhodopsin-like GPCRs has not yet been described. Using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling, we characterized important steps in the activation of the human histamine H1 receptor. Both Ser3.36 and Asn7.45 are important links between histamine binding and previously proposed conformational changes in helices 6 and 7. Ser3.36 acts as a rotamer toggle switch that, upon agonist binding, initiates the activation of the receptor through Asn7.45. The proposed transduction involves specific residues that are conserved among rhodopsin-like GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Jongejan
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Jongejan A, Leurs R. Delineation of Receptor-Ligand Interactions at the Human Histamine H1 Receptor by a Combined Approach of Site-Directed Mutagenesis and Computational Techniques - or - How to Bind the H1 Receptor. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2005; 338:248-59. [PMID: 15952243 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200400998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Histamine H(1) antagonists or "antihistamines" are one of the most prescribed drug families in Western countries. They exert their effect by binding to the histamine H(1) receptor, a receptor belonging to the class of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In this review, the binding of ligands to the human histamine H(1) receptor with respect to site-directed mutagenesis studies and molecular modeling techniques is described. The ligands described include agonists (histamine and histaprodifens), a stereoselective partial agonist (lisuride), and selected inverse agonists (mepyramine, acrivastine and triprolidine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Jongejan
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Kawazoe Y, Tanaka S, Uesugi M. Chemical genetic identification of the histamine H1 receptor as a stimulator of insulin-induced adipogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:907-13. [PMID: 15271349 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A large collection of bioactive compounds with diverse biological effects can be used as probes to elucidate new biological mechanisms that influence a particular cellular process. Here we analyze the effects of 880 well-known small-molecule bioactives or drugs on the insulin-induced adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts, a cell-culture model of fat cell differentiation. Our screen identified 86 compounds as modulators of the adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Examination of their chemical and pharmacological information revealed that antihistamine drugs with distinct chemical scaffolds inhibit differentiation. Histamine H1 receptor is expressed in 3T3-L1 cells, and its knockdown by small interfering RNA impaired the insulin-induced adipogenic differentiation. Histamine receptors and histamine-like biogenic amines may play a role in inducing adipogenesis in response to insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kawazoe
- The Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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26
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Bruysters M, Jongejan A, Gillard M, van de Manakker F, Bakker RA, Chatelain P, Leurs R. Pharmacological Differences between Human and Guinea Pig Histamine H1 Receptors: Asn84 (2.61) as Key Residue within an Additional Binding Pocket in the H1 Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 67:1045-52. [PMID: 15626750 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.008847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested several histamine H(1) receptor (H(1)R) and antagonists for their differences in agonists binding affinities between human and guinea pig H(1)Rs transiently expressed in African green monkey kidney (COS-7) cells. Especially, the bivalent agonist histaprodifen-histamine dimer (HP-HA) shows a higher affinity for guinea pig than for human H(1)Rs. Based on the structure of HP-HA, we have further identified VUF 4669 [7-(3-(4-(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)piperidin-1-yl)propoxy)-4-oxochroman-2-carboxylic acid] as a guinea pig-preferring H(1)R antagonist, demonstrating that the concept of species selectivity is not limited to agonists. To delineate the molecular mechanisms behind the observed species selectivity, we have created mutant human H(1)Rs in which amino acids were individually replaced by their guinea pig H(1)R counterparts. Residue Asn(84) (2.61) in transmembrane domain (TM) 2 seemed to act as a selectivity switch in the H(1)R. Molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis studies suggest that Asn(84) interacts with the conserved Tyr(458) (7.43) in TM7. Our data provide the first evidence that for some H(1)R ligands, the binding pocket is not only limited to TMs 3, 4, 5, and 6 but also comprises an additional pocket formed by TMs 2 and 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Bruysters
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Kiss R, Kovári Z, Keseru GM. Homology modelling and binding site mapping of the human histamine H1 receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2004; 39:959-67. [PMID: 15501545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional model of the human histamine H1 receptor was developed by homology modelling using the high resolution structure of bovine rhodopsin as template. Genetic algorithm based docking calculations were used to identify the role of several amino acids having an effect on agonist or antagonist binding. Binding mode analyses of mepyramine, desloratidine, loratidine and acrivastine allowed us to rationalise their binding affinity. Binding site mapping resulted in seven new potential aromatic interaction points (Tyr 108, Phe 184, Phe 190, Phe 199, Phe 424, Trp 428, Tyr 431), that took part in forming the lipophilic pocket of the antagonist binding cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Kiss
- Department of Computer Assisted Drug Discovery, Gedeon Richter Ltd., H-1475, Budapest 10, P.O. Box 27, Hungary
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28
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Horio S, Kato T, Ogawa M, Fujimoto K, Fukui H. Two threonine residues and two serine residues in the second and third intracellular loops are both involved in histamine H1receptor downregulation. FEBS Lett 2004; 573:226-30. [PMID: 15328002 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Revised: 07/04/2004] [Accepted: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human histamine H1 receptor (H1R) contains five possible phosphorylation residues (Thr140, Thr142, Ser396, Ser398 and Thr478) and the substitution of all these five residues to alanine completely impairs agonist-induced receptor downregulation. In the present study, to determine which residue(s) are responsible for receptor downregulation, we used mutant H1Rs in which single or multiple residues were substituted with alanine. The results suggested that two groups, i.e., residues Thr140 and Thr142, and residues Ser396 and Ser398, independently contributed to H1R downregulation. Thr140 and Ser398 mainly contributed to downregulation, and Thr142 or Ser396 had a slight inhibitory effect on Thr140- or Ser398-mediated process, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Horio
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Health and Bioscience, the University of Tokushima, 1-78-1 Shomachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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29
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Fitzsimons CP, Monczor F, Fernández N, Shayo C, Davio C. Mepyramine, a histamine H1 receptor inverse agonist, binds preferentially to a G protein-coupled form of the receptor and sequesters G protein. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:34431-9. [PMID: 15192105 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400738200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate characterization of the molecular mechanisms of the action of ligands is an extremely important issue for their appropriate research, pharmacological, and therapeutic uses. In view of this fact, the aim of the present work was to investigate the mechanisms involved in the actions of mepyramine at the guinea pig H(1) receptor stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. We found that mepyramine is able to decrease the basal constitutive activity of the guinea pig H(1) receptor, to bind with high affinity to a G(q/11) protein-coupled form of the receptor and to promote a G protein-coupled inactive state of the H(1) receptor that interferes with the G(q/11)-mediated signaling of the endogenously expressed ATP receptor, as predicted by the Cubic Ternary Complex Model of receptor occupancy. The effect of mepyramine on ATP-induced signaling was specifically neutralized by Galpha(11) overexpression, indicating that mepyramine is able to reduce G protein availability for other non-related receptors associated with the same signaling pathway. Finally, we found a loss of mepyramine efficacy in decreasing basal levels of intracellular calcium at high Galpha(11) expression levels, which can be theoretically explained in terms of high H(1) receptor constitutive activity. The whole of the present work sheds new light on H(1) receptor pharmacology and the mechanisms H(1) receptor inverse agonists could use to exert their observed negative efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Laboratorio de Radioisótopos, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
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30
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Ratnala VRP, Swarts HGP, VanOostrum J, Leurs R, DeGroot HJM, Bakker RA, DeGrip WJ. Large-scale overproduction, functional purification and ligand affinities of the His-tagged human histamine H1 receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:2636-46. [PMID: 15206929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This report describes an efficient strategy for amplified functional purification of the human H1 receptor after heterologous expression in Sf9 cells. The cDNA encoding a C-terminally histidine-tagged (10xHis) human histamine H1 receptor was used to generate recombinant baculovirus in a Spodoptera frugiperda-derived cell line (IPLB-Sf9). As judged from its ligand affinity profile, functional receptor could be expressed at high levels (30-40 pmol per 10(6) cells). Rapid proteolysis in the cell culture led to limited fragmentation, without loss of ligand binding, but could be efficiently suppressed by including the protease inhibitor leupeptin during cell culture and all subsequent manipulations. Effective solubilization of functional receptor with optimal recovery and stability required the use of dodecylmaltoside as a detergent in the presence of a high concentration of NaCl and of a suitable inverse agonist. Efficient purification of solubilized receptor could be achieved by affinity chromatography over nickel(II) nitrilotriacetic acid resin. Functional membrane reconstitution of purified H1 receptor was accomplished in mixed soybean lipids (asolectin). The final proteoliposomic H1 receptor preparation has a purity greater than 90% on a protein basis and displays a ligand binding affinity profile very similar to the untagged receptor expressed in COS-7 cells. In conclusion, we are able to produce pharmacologically viable H1 receptor in a stable membrane environment allowing economic large-batch operation. This opens the way to detailed studies of structure-function relationships of this medically and biologically important receptor protein by 3D-crystallography, FT-IR spectroscopy and solid-state NMR spectroscopy.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Stark
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Biozentrum Marie-Curie-Str. 9 60439 Frankfurt am Main
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32
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Horio S, Ogawa M, Kawakami N, Fujimoto K, Fukui H. Identification of Amino Acid Residues Responsible for Agonist-Induced Down-Regulation of Histamine H1 Receptors. J Pharmacol Sci 2004; 94:410-9. [PMID: 15107581 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.94.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The histamine H(1) receptor (H1R) level is dynamically regulated in vivo under various physiological and pathological conditions. The H1R regulation may consist of various processes, and this study focused on the process of receptor trafficking, that is, receptor internalization to endosomes and the following receptor degradation. First, we identified five possible phosphorylation residues of human H1R, Thr(140), Thr(142), Ser(396), Ser(398), and Thr(478), based on in vitro phosphorylation studies. Then to determine the role of these residues, we constructed a mutant H1R in which all of these five residues were substituted with alanine. Both wild-type and the mutant receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells had similar values of K(d) for [(3)H]mepyramine binding and K(i) for histamine, and these cells showed similar levels of histamine-stimulated inositol phosphate formation. Both types of H1Rs were internalized essentially in the same way upon stimulation with histamine (100 microM) for 30 min. However, down-regulation of the mutant H1R was completely impaired, whereas that of wild-type H1R occurred by approximately 60% by the treatment with 100 microM histamine for 24 h. These results suggest that these residues are responsible for receptor down-regulation but not for receptor internalization. Possibly, phosphorylation of the residues is required for receptor transport from endosomes to lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Horio
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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33
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Prasad Ratnala VR, Hulsbbergen FB, de Groot HJM, de Grip WJ. Analysis of histamine and modeling of ligand-receptor interactions in the histamine H 1 receptor for Magic Angle Spinning NMR studies. Inflamm Res 2003; 52:417-23. [PMID: 14520517 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-003-1195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Investigation of the principles of ligand-receptor interaction in histamine receptors can help to provide a solid foundation for structure-based drug design. Stable isotope labelling of the ligand 'Histamine' has been performed and 1D (13)C CP MAS and 2D Radio Frequency Dipolar Recoupling (RFDR) spectra for the ligand are presented. Hyperfine signals were well spread and did not suffer from any sizable line broadening. The production of H(1) receptor for Magic Angle Spinning NMR studies is currently in progress. TREATMENT An agonist binding domain is proposed using homology modeling, database searches and mutagenesis data for the H(1) receptor. METHODS Homology modeling, Database searches for Expressed sequence Tag (ESTs), Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance analysis of the ligand histamine. RESULTS The three-dimensional receptor model and mutagenesis studies suggest that the amine of the agonist histamine may form an ion pair with the TM III Asp, whereas the imidazole ring of histamine may associate with TM V Asp and Thr. CONCLUSIONS Homology modeling studies confirms the absence of TM VIII in the H(1) receptor. According to the model the histamine in particular interacts with the transmembrane (TM) regions of the H(1) receptor structure, in particular TM helix III and V. This is in line with recent mutagenesis studies. Database search methods for ESTs have been used for electronic prediction of tissue distribution of H(1) receptor expression. The results indicate that the H(1) expression is highest in heart and skeletal muscle, which may be of importance for drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Prasad Ratnala
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratoria, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 Leiden, The Netherlands.
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34
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Abstract
One of the most important characteristics of Quantitative Structure Activity Relashionships (QSAR) models is their predictive power. The latter can be defined as the ability of a model to predict accurately the target property (e.g., biological activity) of compounds that were not used for model development. We suggest that this goal can be achieved by rational division of an experimental SAR dataset into the training and test set, which are used for model development and validation, respectively. Given that all compounds are represented by points in multidimensional descriptor space, we argue that training and test sets must satisfy the following criteria: (i) Representative points of the test set must be close to those of the training set; (ii) Representative points of the training set must be close to representative points of the test set; (iii) Training set must be diverse. For quantitative description of these criteria, we use molecular dataset diversity indices introduced recently (Golbraikh, A., J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 40 (2000) 414-425). For rational division of a dataset into the training and test sets, we use three closely related sphere-exclusion algorithms. Using several experimental datasets, we demonstrate that QSAR models built and validated with our approach have statistically better predictive power than models generated with either random or activity ranking based selection of the training and test sets. We suggest that rational approaches to the selection of training and test sets based on diversity principles should be used routinely in all QSAR modeling research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Golbraikh
- The Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA
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35
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Seifert R, Wenzel-Seifert K, Burckstummer T, Pertz HH, Schunack W, Dove S, Buschauer A, Elz S. Multiple differences in agonist and antagonist pharmacology between human and guinea pig histamine H1-receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:1104-15. [PMID: 12626648 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.049619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Species isoforms of histamine H2-, H3-, and H4-receptors differ in their pharmacological properties. The study aim was to dissect differences between the human H1R (hH1R) and guinea pig H1R (ghH1R). We coexpressed hH1R and gpH1R with regulators of G-protein signaling in Sf9 insect cells and analyzed the GTPase activity of Gq-proteins. Small H1R agonists showed similar effects at hH1R and gpH1R, whereas bulkier 2-phenylhistamines and histaprodifens were up to approximately 10-fold more potent at gpH1R than at hH1R. Most 2-phenylhistamines and histaprodifens were more efficacious at gpH1R than at hH1R. Several first-generation H1R antagonists were approximately 2-fold, and arpromidine-type H1R antagonists up to approximately 10-fold more potent at gpH1R than at hH1R. [3H]Mepyramine competition binding studies confirmed the potency differences of the GTPase studies. Phe-153-->Leu-153 or Ile-433-->Val-433 exchange in hH1R (hH1R-->gpH1R) resulted in poor receptor expression, low [3H]mepyramine affinity, and functional inactivity. The Phe-153-->Leu-153/Ile-433-->Val-433 double mutant expressed excellently but only partially changed the pharmacological properties of hH1R. Small H1R agonists and 2-phenylhistamines interacted differentially with human and guinea pig H2R in terms of potency and efficacy, respectively. Our data show the following: 1) there are differences in agonist- and antagonist-pharmacology of hH1R and gpH1R encompassing diverse classes of bulky ligands. These differences may be explained by higher conformational flexibility of gpH1R relative to hH1R; 2) Phe-153 and Ile-433 are critical for proper folding and expression of hH1R; and 3) H2R species isoforms distinguish between H1R agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Seifert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Malott Hall, Room 5064, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582,USA.
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36
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Carman-Krzan M, Bavec A, Zorko M, Schunack W. Molecular characterization of specific H1-receptor agonists histaprodifen and its Nalpha-substituted analogues on bovine aortic H1-receptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2003; 367:538-46. [PMID: 12669185 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-003-0702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2002] [Accepted: 01/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We determined the molecular properties of the selective and potent H(1)-receptor agonist histaprodifen and its N(alpha) substituted analogues: methyl-, dimethyl-, and imidazolylethyl-histaprodifen (suprahistaprodifen). All derivatives show high affinity for (3)H-mepyramine labeled bovine aortic H(1)-receptor binding sites with the following order of potency: suprahistaprodifen > dimethylhistaprodifen > methylhistaprodifen > histaprodifen > histamine. Suprahistaprodifen and dimethylhistaprodifen were the most potent displacers of (3)H-mepyramine binding (K(i)=4.3 and 4.9 nM, respectively). Histaprodifen, methylhistaprodifen and suprahistaprodifen binding was differentially influenced by GTP, whereas dimethylhistaprodifen was not affected. All drugs, except dimethylhistaprodifen, were activators of G-proteins. Their order of potency was suprahistaprodifen > histamine > histaprodifen > methylhistaprodifen. Their effect on G-protein activation was abolished by the addition of the H(1)-receptor antagonist triprolidine (10 microM), which given alone did not activate G-proteins. Our data suggest that histaprodifens are potent but heterogeneous H(1)-receptor ligands with diverse effects on the molecular level in our model system. While the histaprodifen, methylhistaprodifen and suprahistaprodifen data are in agreement with their agonistic nature, as shown in the functional studies performed on different species (rat and guinea pig H(1)-receptor), dimethylhistaprodifen behaved as an antagonist in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Carman-Krzan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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37
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Ma RZ, Gao J, Meeker ND, Fillmore PD, Tung KSK, Watanabe T, Zachary JF, Offner H, Blankenhorn EP, Teuscher C. Identification of Bphs, an autoimmune disease locus, as histamine receptor H1. Science 2002; 297:620-3. [PMID: 12142541 DOI: 10.1126/science.1072810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bphs controls Bordetella pertussis toxin (PTX)-induced vasoactive amine sensitization elicited by histamine (VAASH) and has an established role in autoimmunity. We report that congenic mapping links Bphs to the histamine H1 receptor gene (Hrh1/H1R) and that H1R differs at three amino acid residues in VAASH-susceptible and -resistant mice. Hrh1-/- mice are protected from VAASH, which can be restored by genetic complementation with a susceptible Bphs/Hrh1 allele, and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and autoimmune orchitis due to immune deviation. Thus, natural alleles of Hrh1 control both the autoimmune T cell and vascular responses regulated by histamine after PTX sensitization.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/etiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Disease Susceptibility
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Histamine/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pertussis Toxin
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Receptors, Histamine H1/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H1/genetics
- Second Messenger Systems
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Runlin Z Ma
- Laboratory Animal Center, Institute of Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 100101
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38
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Golbraikh A, Tropsha A. Predictive QSAR modeling based on diversity sampling of experimental datasets for the training and test set selection. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2002; 16:357-69. [PMID: 12489684 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020869118689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important characteristics of Quantitative Structure Activity Relashionships (QSAR) models is their predictive power. The latter can be defined as the ability of a model to predict accurately the target property (e.g., biological activity) of compounds that were not used for model development. We suggest that this goal can be achieved by rational division of an experimental SAR dataset into the training and test set, which are used for model development and validation, respectively. Given that all compounds are represented by points in multidimensional descriptor space, we argue that training and test sets must satisfy the following criteria: (i) Representative points of the test set must be close to those of the training set; (ii) Representative points of the training set must be close to representative points of the test set; (iii) Training set must be diverse. For quantitative description of these criteria, we use molecular dataset diversity indices introduced recently (Golbraikh, A., J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 40 (2000) 414-425). For rational division of a dataset into the training and test sets, we use three closely related sphere-exclusion algorithms. Using several experimental datasets, we demonstrate that QSAR models built and validated with our approach have statistically better predictive power than models generated with either random or activity ranking based selection of the training and test sets. We suggest that rational approaches to the selection of training and test sets based on diversity principles should be used routinely in all QSAR modeling research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Golbraikh
- The Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA
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39
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Gillard M, Van der Perren C, Massingham R, Chatelain P. Binding characteristics of [3H]levocetirizine to cloned human H1-histamine-receptors expressed in CHO cells. Inflamm Res 2002; 51 Suppl 1:S77-8. [PMID: 12013420 DOI: 10.1007/pl00022457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Gillard
- UCB Pharma Sector, In Vitro Pharmacology, Chemin Du Foriest, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium.
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40
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Abstract
Tick histamine-binding proteins (HBPs) are lipocalins with two binding pockets. One of these binds histamine with a high affinity and is found at the position expected from other lipocalins, adjacent to the omega-loop at the open-end of the beta-barrel. A second binding cavity, which is a low-affinity site for histamine in one of the HBPs, is located at the end of the barrel that is closed off in other lipocalins. In order to create the second site, the 'closed-end' region has undergone a major reconstruction. Typical lipocalin characteristics, such as the 3(10) helix and a structural cluster of highly conserved residues, have been lost, while an alpha-helix now shields the cavity from the exterior. The prominence of acidic residues in the binding pockets is another distinctive characteristic of HBPs. Whereas most lipocalins have highly hydrophobic binding cavities designed to bind lipophilic compounds, HBPs have evolved to trap cationic, hydrophilic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Paesen
- CEH Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Oxford, UK.
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41
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Elz S, Kramer K, Pertz HH, Detert H, ter Laak AM, Kühne R, Schunack W. Histaprodifens: synthesis, pharmacological in vitro evaluation, and molecular modeling of a new class of highly active and selective histamine H(1)-receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1071-84. [PMID: 10737740 DOI: 10.1021/jm991056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new class of histamine analogues characterized by a 3, 3-diphenylpropyl substituent at the 2-position of the imidazole nucleus has been prepared outgoing from 4,4-diphenylbutyronitrile (4b) via cyclization of the corresponding methyl imidate 5b with 2-oxo-4-phthalimido-1-butyl acetate or 2-oxo-1,4-butandiol in liquid ammonia, followed by standard reactions. The title compounds displayed partial agonism on contractile H(1) receptors of the guinea-pig ileum and endothelium-denuded aorta, respectively, except 10 (histaprodifen; 2-[2-(3, 3-diphenylpropyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]ethanamine) which was a full agonist in the ileum assay. While 10 was equipotent with histamine (1), methylhistaprodifen (13) and dimethylhistaprodifen (14) exceeded the functional potency of 1 by a factor of 3-5 (13) and 2-3 (14). Compounds 10 and 13-17 relaxed precontracted rat aortic rings (intact endothelium) with relative potencies of 3.3- up to 28-fold (compared with 1), displaying partial agonism as well. Agonist effects were sensitive to blockade by the selective H(1)-receptor antagonist mepyramine (pA(2) approximately 9 (guinea-pig) and pA(2) approximately 8 (rat aorta)). The affinity of 10 and 13-17 for guinea-pig H(1) receptors increased 20- to 100-fold compared with 1. Two lower homologues of 10 were weak partial H(1)-receptor agonists while two higher homologues of 10 were silent antagonists endowed with micromolar affinity for rat and guinea-pig H(1) receptors. In functional selectivity experiments, 10, 13, and 14 did not stimulate H(2), H(3), and several other neurotransmitter receptors. They displayed only low to moderate affinity for these sites (pA(2) < 6). For a better understanding of structure-activity relationships, the interaction of 1 and 10, 13 and 14 within the transmembrane (TM) domains of the human histamine H(1) receptor were studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Remarkable differences were found between the binding modes of 10, 13, and 14 and that of 1. The imidazole ring of 10, 13, and 14 was placed 'upside down' compared with 1, making the interaction of the N(pi)-atom with Tyr431 possible. This new orientation was mainly caused by the space filling substitution at the 2-position of the imidazole ring and influenced the location of the protonated N(alpha)-atom which was positioned more between TM III and TM VI. This orientation can explain both the increased relative potency and the maximum effect of 10, 13, and 14 compared with 1. Compound 13 (methylhistaprodifen; N(alpha)-methyl-2-[2-(3, 3-diphenylpropyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]ethanamine) is the most potent histamine H(1)-receptor agonist reported so far in the literature and may become a valuable tool for the study of physiological and pathophysiological H(1)-receptor-mediated effects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/drug effects
- Aorta/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Guinea Pigs
- Histamine Agonists/chemical synthesis
- Histamine Agonists/chemistry
- Histamine Agonists/metabolism
- Histamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Humans
- Ileum/drug effects
- Ileum/physiology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Methylhistamines/chemical synthesis
- Methylhistamines/chemistry
- Methylhistamines/metabolism
- Methylhistamines/pharmacology
- Models, Molecular
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Ranidae
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Histamine H1/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H1/drug effects
- Receptors, Histamine H1/metabolism
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/drug effects
- Rhodopsin/chemistry
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/chemical synthesis
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/chemistry
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/metabolism
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elz
- Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2+4, D-14195 Berlin (Dahlem), Germany
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42
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Wieland K, Laak AM, Smit MJ, Kühne R, Timmerman H, Leurs R. Mutational analysis of the antagonist-binding site of the histamine H(1) receptor. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:29994-30000. [PMID: 10514483 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.42.29994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We combined in a previously derived three-dimensional model of the histamine H(1) receptor (Ter Laak, A. M., Timmerman, H., Leurs, H., Nederkoorn, P. H. J., Smit, M. J., and Donne-Op den Kelder, G. M. (1995) J. Comp. Aid. Mol. Design. 9, 319-330) a pharmacophore for the H(1) antagonist binding site (Ter Laak, A. M., Venhorst, J., Timmerman, H., and Donné-Op de Kelder, G. M. (1994) J. Med. Chem. 38, 3351-3360) with the known interacting amino acid residue Asp(116) (in transmembrane domain III) of the H(1) receptor and verified the predicted receptor-ligand interactions by site-directed mutagenesis. This resulted in the identification of the aromatic amino acids Trp(167), Phe(433), and Phe(436) in transmembrane domains IV and VI of the H(1) receptor as probable interaction points for the trans-aromatic ring of the H(1) antagonists. Subsequently, a specific interaction of carboxylate moieties of two therapeutically important, zwitterionic H(1) antagonists with Lys(200) in transmembrane domain V was predicted. A Lys(200) --> Ala mutation results in a 50- (acrivastine) to 8-fold (d-cetirizine) loss of affinity of these zwitterionic antagonists. In contrast, the affinities of structural analogs of acrivastine and cetirizine lacking the carboxylate group, triprolidine and meclozine, respectively, are unaffected by the Lys(200) --> Ala mutation. These data strongly suggest that Lys(200), unique for the H(1) receptor, acts as a specific anchor point for these "second generation" H(1) antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wieland
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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43
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Smit MJ, Hoffmann M, Timmerman H, Leurs R. Molecular properties and signalling pathways of the histamine H1 receptor. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29 Suppl 3:19-28. [PMID: 10444208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
With cloning of the gene encoding the histamine H1 receptor, a new area of histamine research has become reality. Finally, it seems feasible to study the target of the therapeutically important clans of antihistamine. Expression of the genes in mammalian cells allows detailed investigations of the various signal transduction routes of the histamine H1 receptor. Moreover, using molecular biological techniques, it is now possible to investigate ligand receptor interaction at the molecular level. Studies with mutant H1 receptors have shown that H1 antagonists bind to a specific amino acid residues in TM3 and 5. It is expected that these new developments will provide much fundamental knowledge on the ligand interaction with the H1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Smit
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, New York, New York, USA
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44
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Abstract
High-affinity histamine-binding proteins (HBPs) were discovered in the saliva of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. Their ability to outcompete histamine receptors indicates that they suppress inflammation during blood feeding. The crystal structure of a histamine-bound HBP, determined at 1.25 A resolution, reveals a lipocalin fold novel in containing two binding sites for the same ligand. The sites are orthogonally arranged and highly rigid and form an internal surface of unusual polar character that complements the physicochemical properties of histamine. As soluble receptors of histamine, HBPs offer a new strategy for controlling histamine-based diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites/physiology
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crystallography
- Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/chemistry
- Female
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Hemeproteins/chemistry
- Histamine/metabolism
- Histamine Antagonists/chemistry
- Insect Proteins/chemistry
- Insect Proteins/genetics
- Insect Proteins/metabolism
- Lipocalin 1
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/chemistry
- Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteins/chemistry
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Histamine/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H1/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H1/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H1/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H2/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H2/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H2/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H3/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H3/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H3/metabolism
- Salivary Proteins and Peptides/chemistry
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Ticks
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Paesen
- Natural Environment Research Council, Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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45
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Abstract
The histamine H1 receptor has an aspartate (Asp) residue in transmembrane helix 3 (TM3), which is well-conserved among biogenic amine receptors. The Asp residue is one of the most crucial amino acids for ligand binding. The tested histamine H1 receptor antagonists with tri- and tetracyclic structures were not selective for histamine H1 receptors and showed affinity for several other biogenic amine receptors. In contrast, KW-4679 ((Z)-11-[3-(dimethylamino)propylidene]-6,11-dihydrodibenz[b, e]oxepin-2-acetic acid hydrochloride), a tricyclic compound, was a selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist. [3H]KW-4679 had high affinity (Kd value of 2.5 +/- 0.12 nM) for wild-type human histamine H1 receptors. In the [3H]KW-4679 binding assay, replacement of Asp107 by alanine by site-directed mutagenesis greatly reduced the affinities (280-2100-fold) of tri- and tetracyclic compounds, whereas this mutation led to a comparatively small reduction (14-fold) in KW-4679 affinity. These results demonstrate that the tested tri- and tetracyclic histamine H1 receptor antagonists which have a tight interaction with the Asp residue are not selective for the histamine H1 receptor. Furthermore, the high selectivity of KW-4679 might be explained by a unique binding pocket, which consists of the Asp residue and other acceptor sites, in the histamine H1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nonaka
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo, Sunto, Shizuoka, Japan
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46
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Leurs R, Smit MJ, Meeder R, Ter Laak AM, Timmerman H. Lysine200 located in the fifth transmembrane domain of the histamine H1 receptor interacts with histamine but not with all H1 agonists. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 214:110-7. [PMID: 7669031 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1995.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that asparagine207 in the fifth transmembrane domain of the histamine H1 receptor is crucial for the binding of the N tau-nitrogen of the imidazole ring of histamine (Leurs et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 201, 295, 1994). In view of the potential interaction of the imidazole ring of histamine with a binding site, formed by asparagine207 and lysine200, we mutated lysine200 in the fifth transmembrane domain of the histamine H1 receptor to a non-functional alanine residue. This mutation did not affect the binding of the tested H1 receptor antagonists but resulted in a 5-fold lower affinity for histamine. The binding of other H1 receptor agonists was not affected. In stably transfected CHO cells histamine was 55-fold less effective in activating the H1Lys200Ala receptor (EC50 = 66 microM) compared to the wild type H1 receptor (EC50 = 1.2 microM). Receptor activation by the 2-methyl and the 2-(3-bromophenyl)-analogues however was hardly affected by the mutation, indicating that the 2-substituent probably prevents the interaction with the lysine200 residue. Finally, the Lys200Ala mutation reduced the production of [3H]inositol phosphates, stimulated by the non-imidazole H1 receptor agonist 2-pyridylethylamine. These data indicate that lysine200 interacts with the N pi-nitrogen of histamine and is important for the activation of the H1 receptor by histamine and the non-imidazole agonist 2-pyridylethylamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Leurs
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands
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47
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ter Laak AM, Timmerman H, Leurs R, Nederkoorn PH, Smit MJ, Donné-Op den Kelder GM. Modelling and mutation studies on the histamine H1-receptor agonist binding site reveal different binding modes for H1-agonists: Asp116 (TM3) has a constitutive role in receptor stimulation. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1995; 9:319-30. [PMID: 8523041 DOI: 10.1007/bf00125173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A modelling study has been carried out, investigating the binding of histamine (Hist), 2-methylhistamine (2-MeHist) and 2-phenylhistamine (2-PhHist) at two postulated agonistic binding sites on transmembrane domain 5 (TM5) of the histamine H1-receptor. For this purpose a conformational analysis study was performed on three particular residues of TM5, i.e., Lys200, Thr203 and Asn207, for which a functional role in binding has been proposed. The most favourable results were obtained for the interaction between Hist and the Lys200/Asn207 pair. Therefore, Lys200 was subsequently mutated and converted to an alanine, resulting in a 50-fold decrease of H1-receptor stimulation by histamine. Altogether, the data suggest that the Lys200/Asn207 pair is important for activation of the H1-receptor by histamine. In contrast, analogues of 2-PhHist seem to belong to a distinct subclass of histamine agonists and an alternative mode of binding is proposed in which the 2-phenyl ring binds to the same receptor location as one of the aromatic rings of classical histamine H1-antagonists. Subsequently, the binding modes of the agonists Hist, 2-MeHist and 2-PhHist and the H1-antagonist cyproheptadine were evaluated in three different seven-alpha-helical models of the H1-receptor built in homology with bacteriorhodopsin, but using three different alignments. Our findings suggest that the position of the carboxylate group of Asp116 (TM3) within the receptor pocket depends on whether an agonist or an antagonist binds to the protein; a conformational change of this aspartate residue upon agonist binding is expected to play an essential role in receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M ter Laak
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Faculty of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands
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48
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Abstract
In this article, we review the recent developments in the field of histamine research. Besides the description of pharmacological tools for the H1, H2 and H3 receptor, specific attention is paid to both the molecular aspects of the receptor proteins, including the recent cloning of the receptor genes, and their respective signal transduction mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cloning, Molecular
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Histamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Histamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Humans
- Ligands
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Histamine/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine/classification
- Receptors, Histamine/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H1/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H1/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H1/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H2/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H2/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H2/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H3/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H3/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- R Leurs
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije, Universiteit, The Netherlands
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49
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Ohta K, Hayashi H, Mizuguchi H, Kagamiyama H, Fujimoto K, Fukui H. Site-directed mutagenesis of the histamine H1 receptor: roles of aspartic acid107, asparagine198 and threonine194. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 203:1096-101. [PMID: 8093027 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Based on structural comparison with other biogenic amine receptors and the histamine H2 receptor, it has been suggested that in the human histamine H1 receptor, Asp107, Thr194, and Asn198 are the residues involved in binding of histamine. We therefore used site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the roles of these three amino acid residues. Asp107 was essential for both agonist and antagonist binding. Asn198 was necessary for agonist but not for antagonist binding. Thr194 was not important for either type of binding. A good correlation was found between agonist binding and receptor activation for all the wild-type and mutant receptors. The results show that the histamine H1 receptor recognizes and is activated by histamine through the interactions of Asp107 and the amino group, and Asn198 and the imidazole ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohta
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka Medical College, Japan
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50
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Leurs R, Smit MJ, Tensen CP, Ter Laak AM, Timmerman H. Site-directed mutagenesis of the histamine H1-receptor reveals a selective interaction of asparagine207 with subclasses of H1-receptor agonists. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 201:295-301. [PMID: 8198587 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the role of the threonine203 and the asparagine207 residues in the fifth transmembrane domain of the guinea-pig histamine H1-receptor by site-directed mutagenesis to non-functional alanines. Whereas the threonine203 residue is not important for the action of histamine, the asparagine207 residue appears to be involved in the binding of the N tau-nitrogen atom of histamine and its 2-methyl-analogue. For the 2-phenyl-analogue and non-imidazole H1-receptor agonists, this residue is, however, not essential for binding. On the basis of this study we conclude that different histamine H1-receptor agonists interact in different ways with the H1-receptor protein. Moreover, we speculate that the interaction with the N pi-nitrogen atom is essential for H1-receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Leurs
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacochemistry, The Netherlands
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