51
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Ha ES, Kang HT, Park H, Kim S, Kim MS. Advanced technology using supercritical fluid for particle production in pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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52
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Kukkonen J, Ervasti T, Laitinen R. Production and characterization of glibenclamide incorporated PLA filaments for 3D printing by fused deposition modeling. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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53
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Krueger L, Miles JA, Popat A. 3D printing hybrid materials using fused deposition modelling for solid oral dosage forms. J Control Release 2022; 351:444-455. [PMID: 36184971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
3D printing in the pharmaceutical and healthcare settings is expanding rapidly, such as the rapid prototyping of orthotics, dental retainers, drug-loaded implants, and pharmaceutical solid oral dosage forms. Through 3D printing, we have the capability to precisely control dose, release kinetics, and several aesthetic features of dosage forms such as colour, shape, and texture. Additionally, polypills can be created with combinations of medications in one solid dosage form at completely customisable strengths that would be extremely difficult to obtain commercially. As the technology and formulations developed through 3D printing are expanding, the development of new hybrid materials to obtain superior formulations are also gaining momentum. In this review we collate data on the importance of developing hybrid formulations of polymers, drugs and excipients necessary to produce reliable and high-quality 3D printed dosage forms with a special emphasis on fused deposition modelling (FDM). FDM technology is one of the most widely used forms of 3D printing and has demonstrated compatibility with unique polymer-based hybrids to allow for enhanced drug delivery, protection of thermolabile drugs, modifiable release kinetics, and more. The data collated covers different categories of hybrids as well as the methods used to fabricate them, and their respective effects on the properties of 3D printed solid oral dosage forms. Therefore, this review will provide an overview of upcoming and emerging trends in pharmaceutical 3D printing formulation compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Krueger
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Jared A Miles
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia.
| | - Amirali Popat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia.
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54
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Deon M, dos Santos J, de Andrade DF, Beck RCR. A critical review of traditional and advanced characterisation tools to drive formulators towards the rational development of 3D printed oral dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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55
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The emerging role of 3D-printing in ocular drug delivery: Challenges, current status, and future prospects. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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56
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Recent advancements in additive manufacturing techniques employed in the pharmaceutical industry: A bird's eye view. ANNALS OF 3D PRINTED MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stlm.2022.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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57
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Yu JY, Kim HW, Park HJ. Customized oral mucosal adhesive film-based functional-substance delivery system using embedded 3D printing method. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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58
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Wang N, Shi H, Yang S. 3D printed oral solid dosage form: Modified release and improved solubility. J Control Release 2022; 351:407-431. [PMID: 36122897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oral solid dosage form is currently the most common used form of drug. 3D Printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), can quickly print customized and individualized oral solid dosage form on demand. Compared with the traditional tablet manufacturing process, 3D Printing has many advantages. By rationally selecting the formulation composition and cleverly designing the printing structure, 3D printing can improve the solubility of the drug and achieve precise modify of the drug release. 3D printed oral solid dosage form, however, still has problems such as limitations in formulation selection. And the selection process of the formulation lacks scientificity and standardization. Structural design of some 3D printing approaches is relatively scarce. This article reviews the formulation selection and structure design of 3D printed oral solid dosage form, providing more ideas for achieving modified drug release and solubility improvement of 3D printed oral solid dosage form through more scientific and extensive formulation selection and more sophisticated structural design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 110001 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Huixin Shi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 110001 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Shude Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 110001 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology and Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, 110001 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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59
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Hilgeroth PS, Thümmler JF, Binder WH. 3D Printing of Triamcinolone Acetonide in Triblock Copolymers of Styrene–Isobutylene–Styrene as a Slow-Release System. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183742. [PMID: 36145892 PMCID: PMC9504042 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has a wide range of applications and has opened up new methods of drug formulation, in turn achieving attention in medicine. We prepared styrene–isobutylene–styrene triblock copolymers (SIBS; Mn = 10 kDa–25 kDa, PDI 1,3–1,6) as a drug carrier for triamcinolone acetonide (TA), further processed by fused deposition modeling to create a solid drug release system displaying improved bioavailability and applicability. Living carbocationic polymerization was used to exert control over block length and polymeric architecture. Thermorheological properties of the SIBS polymer (22.3 kDa, 38 wt % S) were adjusted to the printability of SIBS/TA mixtures (1–5% of TA), generating an effective release system effective for more than 60 days. Continuous drug release and morphological investigations were conducted to probe the influence of the 3D printing process on the drug release, enabling 3D printing as a formulation method for a slow-release system of Triamcinolone.
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60
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Ghanizadeh Tabriz A, Nandi U, Scoutaris N, Sanfo K, Alexander B, Gong Y, Hui HW, Kumar S, Douroumis D. Personalised Paediatric Chewable Ibuprofen Tablets Fabricated Using 3D Micro-extrusion Printing Technology. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122135. [PMID: 36028083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is becoming an attractive technology for the design and development of personalized paediatric dosage forms with improved palatability. In this work micro-extrusion based printing was implemented for the fabrication of chewable paediatric ibuprofen (IBU) tablets by assessing a range of front runner polymers in taste masking. Due to the drug-polymer miscibility and the IBU plasticization effect, micro-extrusion was proved to be an ideal technology for processing the drug/polymer powder blends for the printing of paediatric dosage forms. The printed tablets presented high printing quality with reproducible layer thickness and a smooth surface. Due to the drug-polymer interactions induced during printing processing, IBU was found to form a glass solution confirmed by differential calorimetry (DSC) while H-bonding interactions were identified by confocal Raman mapping. IBU was also found to be uniformly distributed within the polymer matrices at molecular level. The tablet palatability was assessed by panellists and revealed excellent taste masking of the IBU's bitter taste. Overall micro-extrusion demonstrated promising processing capabilities of powder blends for rapid printing and development of personalised dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atabak Ghanizadeh Tabriz
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; CIPER Centre for Innovation and Process Engineering Research, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Uttom Nandi
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; CIPER Centre for Innovation and Process Engineering Research, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Nicolaos Scoutaris
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; CIPER Centre for Innovation and Process Engineering Research, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Karifa Sanfo
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Bruce Alexander
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Yuchuan Gong
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb (formerly Celgene Corporation), 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ 07901, USA.
| | - Ho-Wah Hui
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb (formerly Celgene Corporation), 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb (formerly Celgene Corporation), 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ 07901, USA.
| | - Dennis Douroumis
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK; CIPER Centre for Innovation and Process Engineering Research, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
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61
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Nasiri G, Ahmadi S, Shahbazi MA, Nosrati V, Fatahi Y, Dinarvand R, Rabiee M, Haftlang F, Kim HS, Rabiee N. 3D printing of bioactive materials for drug delivery applications. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1061-1080. [PMID: 35953890 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2112944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), is a modern technique/technology, which makes it possible to construct 3D objects from computer-aided design (CAD) digital models. This technology can be used in the progress of drug delivery systems, where porosity has played important role in attaining an acceptable level of biocompatibility and biodegradability with improved therapeutic effects. 3D printing may also provide the user possibility to control the dosage of each ingredient in order to a specific purpose, and makes it probable to improve the formulation of drug delivery systems. AREAS COVERED This article covers the 3D printing technologies, bioactive materials including natural and synthetic polymers as well as some ceramics and minerals and their roles in drug delivery systems. EXPERT OPINION This technology is feasible to fabricate drug products by incorporating multiple drugs in different parts in such a mode that these drugs can release from the section at a predetermined rate. Furthermore, this 3D printing technology has the possible to transform personalized therapy to various age-groups by design flexibility and precise dosing. In recent years, the potential use of this technology can be realized in a clinical situation where patients will acquire individualized medicine as per their require.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golara Nasiri
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.,Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Vahideh Nosrati
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6451, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6451, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterial group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Haftlang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,Center for High Entropy Alloys, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Seop Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,Center for High Entropy Alloys, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Navid Rabiee
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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62
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Fabrication of three dimensional printed tablets in flexible doses: A comprehensive study from design to evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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63
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Adamov I, Stanojević G, Medarević D, Ivković B, Kočović D, Mirković D, Ibrić S. Formulation and characterization of immediate-release oral dosage forms with zolpidem tartrate fabricated by digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technique. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122046. [PMID: 35908634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of three-dimensional (3D) printing in the pharmaceutical field has made great strides towards innovations in the way drugs are designed and manufactured. In this study, digital light processing (DLP) technique was used to fabricate oral dosage forms of different shapes with zolpidem tartrate (ZT), incorporated within its therapeutic range. Formulation factors, such as poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and poly(ethylene glycol) 400 (PEG 400) ratio, as well as water content, were varied in combination with the surface area/volume (SA/V) ratio to achieve immediate drug release. Hypromellose (HPMC) was used as a stabilizing agent of photoreactive suspensions in an attempt to prevent drug sedimentation and subsequent variations in drug content uniformity. Oral dosage forms with doses in the range from 0.15 mg to 6.37 mg, showing very rapid and rapid drug dissolution, were successfully fabricated, confirming the potential of this technique in drug manufacturing with the ability to provide flexible dose adjustments and desirable release profiles by varying formulation factors and geometry of 3D models. DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), XRPD (X-ray powder diffraction) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that ZT remained in a crystalline form within printed dosage forms and no interactions were found between ZT and polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Adamov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Stanojević
- Institute for Medicines and Medical Devices of Montenegro, Ivana Crnojevića 64a, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Djordje Medarević
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Ivković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - David Kočović
- Institute for Medicines and Medical Devices of Montenegro, Ivana Crnojevića 64a, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Dušica Mirković
- Sector for Pharmacy, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Ibrić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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64
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Zhang P, Xu P, Chung S, Bandari S, Repka MA. Fabrication of bilayer tablets using hot melt extrusion-based dual-nozzle fused deposition modeling 3D printing. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:121972. [PMID: 35787460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to fabricate bilayer tablets using hot-melt extrusion (HME)-based dual-nozzle fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques. Acetaminophen (APAP) and caffeine citrate (CC) were used as the model drugs. Five bilayer tablets with different formulations were developed and two different structures were printed for each formulation. Three-point bending, Hooke's law, and resistance and stiffness tests were conducted to determine the mechanical properties of the filaments. A novel method, 3D printed tablet retention rate, was developed and used for the first time to compare the printing quality of different filaments. The 3D printed tablets were evaluated to derive the drug release rates using a USP-II dissolution apparatus. HPMC HME 15LV and HPMCAS-LG were identified as good printing materials; however, HPMC HME 100LV was not suitable for printing under frequent nozzle switching conditions. Although mechanical characterization tests can be used to determine whether filaments can be printed, they cannot specifically distinguish the quality of printing between the filaments. Overall, this study revealed the successful fabrication of bilayer tablets via HME paired with dual-nozzle FDM 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Pengchong Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Sooyeon Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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65
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Indirect Additive Manufacturing: A Valid Approach to Modulate Sorption/Release Profile of Molecules from Chitosan Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132530. [PMID: 35808575 PMCID: PMC9269287 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This work studied the influence of hydrogel’s physical properties (geometry and hierarchical roughness) on the in vitro sorption/release profiles of molecules. To achieve this goal, chitosan (CS) solutions were cast in 3D-printed (3DP) molds presenting intricate shapes (cubic and half-spherical with/without macro surface roughness) and further immersed in alkaline solutions of NaOH and NaCl. The resulting physically crosslinked hydrogels were mechanically stable in aqueous environments and successfully presented the shapes and geometries imparted by the 3DP molds. Sorption and release profiles were evaluated using methyl orange (MO) and paracetamol (PMOL) as model molecules, respectively. Results revealed that distinct MO sorption/PMOL release profiles were obtained according to the sample’s shape and presence/absence of hierarchical roughness. MO sorption capacity of CS samples presented both dependencies of hierarchical surface and geometry parameters. Hence, cubic samples without a hierarchical surface presented the highest (up to 1.2 × greater) dye removal capacity. Moreover, PMOL release measurements were more dependent on the surface area of hydrogels, where semi-spherical samples with hierarchical roughness presented the fastest (~1.13 × faster) drug delivery profiles. This work demonstrates that indirect 3DP (via fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology) could be a simple strategy to obtain hydrogels with distinct sorption/release profiles.
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66
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Bácskay I, Ujhelyi Z, Fehér P, Arany P. The Evolution of the 3D-Printed Drug Delivery Systems: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071312. [PMID: 35890208 PMCID: PMC9318419 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the appearance of the 3D printing in the 1980s it has revolutionized many research fields including the pharmaceutical industry. The main goal is to manufacture complex, personalized products in a low-cost manufacturing process on-demand. In the last few decades, 3D printing has attracted the attention of numerous research groups for the manufacturing of different drug delivery systems. Since the 2015 approval of the first 3D-printed drug product, the number of publications has multiplied. In our review, we focused on summarizing the evolution of the produced drug delivery systems in the last 20 years and especially in the last 5 years. The drug delivery systems are sub-grouped into tablets, capsules, orodispersible films, implants, transdermal delivery systems, microneedles, vaginal drug delivery systems, and micro- and nanoscale dosage forms. Our classification may provide guidance for researchers to more easily examine the publications and to find further research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Bácskay
- Healthcare Industry Institute, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Ujhelyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pálma Fehér
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Petra Arany
- Healthcare Industry Institute, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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67
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Osouli-Bostanabad K, Masalehdan T, Kapsa RMI, Quigley A, Lalatsa A, Bruggeman KF, Franks SJ, Williams RJ, Nisbet DR. Traction of 3D and 4D Printing in the Healthcare Industry: From Drug Delivery and Analysis to Regenerative Medicine. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:2764-2797. [PMID: 35696306 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing and 3D bioprinting are promising technologies for a broad range of healthcare applications from frontier regenerative medicine and tissue engineering therapies to pharmaceutical advancements yet must overcome the challenges of biocompatibility and resolution. Through comparison of traditional biofabrication methods with 3D (bio)printing, this review highlights the promise of 3D printing for the production of on-demand, personalized, and complex products that enhance the accessibility, effectiveness, and safety of drug therapies and delivery systems. In addition, this review describes the capacity of 3D bioprinting to fabricate patient-specific tissues and living cell systems (e.g., vascular networks, organs, muscles, and skeletal systems) as well as its applications in the delivery of cells and genes, microfluidics, and organ-on-chip constructs. This review summarizes how tailoring selected parameters (i.e., accurately selecting the appropriate printing method, materials, and printing parameters based on the desired application and behavior) can better facilitate the development of optimized 3D-printed products and how dynamic 4D-printed strategies (printing materials designed to change with time or stimulus) may be deployed to overcome many of the inherent limitations of conventional 3D-printed technologies. Comprehensive insights into a critical perspective of the future of 4D bioprinting, crucial requirements for 4D printing including the programmability of a material, multimaterial printing methods, and precise designs for meticulous transformations or even clinical applications are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Osouli-Bostanabad
- Biomaterials, Bio-engineering and Nanomedicine (BioN) Lab, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular, Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Tahereh Masalehdan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16444, Iran
| | - Robert M I Kapsa
- Biomedical and Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Anita Quigley
- Biomedical and Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Aikaterini Lalatsa
- Biomaterials, Bio-engineering and Nanomedicine (BioN) Lab, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular, Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Kiara F Bruggeman
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Research School of Chemistry and the John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Stephanie J Franks
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Research School of Chemistry and the John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Richard J Williams
- Institute of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - David R Nisbet
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Research School of Chemistry and the John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Fabrication of 5-fluorouracil-loaded tablets with hyperbranched polyester by digital light processing 3D printing technology. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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69
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Detamornrat U, McAlister E, Hutton ARJ, Larrañeta E, Donnelly RF. The Role of 3D Printing Technology in Microengineering of Microneedles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106392. [PMID: 35362226 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microneedles (MNs) are minimally invasive devices, which have gained extensive interest over the past decades in various fields including drug delivery, disease diagnosis, monitoring, and cosmetics. MN geometry and shape are key parameters that dictate performance and therapeutic efficacy, however, traditional fabrication methods, such as molding, may not be able to offer rapid design modifications. In this regard, the fabrication of MNs using 3D printing technology enables the rapid creation of complex MN prototypes with high accuracy and offers customizable MN devices with a desired shape and dimension. Moreover, 3D printing shows great potential in producing advanced transdermal drug delivery systems and medical devices by integrating MNs with a variety of technologies. This review aims to demonstrate the advantages of exploiting 3D printing technology as a new tool to microengineer MNs. Various 3D printing methods are introduced, and representative MNs manufactured by such approaches are highlighted in detail. The development of advanced MN devices is also included. Finally, clinical translation and future perspectives for the development of MNs using 3D printing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usanee Detamornrat
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Emma McAlister
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Aaron R J Hutton
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Eneko Larrañeta
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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70
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Additive Manufacturing Strategies for Personalized Drug Delivery Systems and Medical Devices: Fused Filament Fabrication and Semi Solid Extrusion. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092784. [PMID: 35566146 PMCID: PMC9100145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel additive manufacturing (AM) techniques and particularly 3D printing (3DP) have achieved a decade of success in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. Highly innovative personalized therapeutical solutions may be designed and manufactured through a layer-by-layer approach starting from a digital model realized according to the needs of a specific patient or a patient group. The combination of patient-tailored drug dose, dosage, or diagnostic form (shape and size) and drug release adjustment has the potential to ensure the optimal patient therapy. Among the different 3D printing techniques, extrusion-based technologies, such as fused filament fabrication (FFF) and semi solid extrusion (SSE), are the most investigated for their high versatility, precision, feasibility, and cheapness. This review provides an overview on different 3DP techniques to produce personalized drug delivery systems and medical devices, highlighting, for each method, the critical printing process parameters, the main starting materials, as well as advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the recent developments of fused filament fabrication and semi solid extrusion 3DP are discussed. In this regard, the current state of the art, based on a detailed literature survey of the different 3D products printed via extrusion-based techniques, envisioning future directions in the clinical applications and diffusion of such systems, is summarized.
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71
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Hu Q, Wu J, Zhang H, Dong W, Gu Y, Liu S. Designing Double-Layer Multi-Material Composite Patch Scaffold with Adhesion Resistance for Hernia Repair. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2100510. [PMID: 35471592 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hernia repair mesh is associated with a number of complications, including adhesions and limited mobility, due to insufficient mechanical strength and non-resorbability. Among them, visceral adhesions are one of the most serious complications of patch repair. In this study, a degradable patch with an anti-adhesive layer was prepared for hernia repair by 3D printing and electrospinning techniques using polycaprolactone (PCL), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and soybean peptide (SP). The study into the physicochemical properties of the patch was found that it had adequate mechanical strength requirements (16 N cm-1 ) and large elongation at break, which were superior than commercial polypropylene (PP) patches. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) proliferated well on composite patches, and showed excellent biocompatibility with the host and little adhesion through a rat abdominal wall defect model. In conclusion, the results of this study show that composite patch can effectively reduce the occurrence of adhesions, while the addition of SP in the patch further enhances its biocompatibility. We believe that a regenerative biological patch with great potential in hernia repair provides a new strategy for the development of new biomimetic biodegradable patches. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxi Hu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Junjie Wu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Haiguang Zhang
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wenpei Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Suihong Liu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronical Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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72
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Assessment of the Extrusion Process and Printability of Suspension-Type Drug-Loaded Affinisol TM Filaments for 3D Printing. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040871. [PMID: 35456703 PMCID: PMC9027497 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology enables the design of new drug delivery systems for personalised medicine. Polymers that can be molten are needed to obtain extruded filaments for Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), one of the most frequently employed techniques for 3D printing. The aim of this work was to evaluate the extrusion process and the physical appearance of filaments made of a hydrophilic polymer and a non-molten model drug. Metformin was used as model drug and Affinisol™ 15LV as the main carrier. Drug-loaded filaments were obtained by using a single-screw extruder and, subsequently, their printability was tested. Blends containing up to a 60% and 50% drug load with 5% and 7.5% of auxiliary excipients, respectively, were successfully extruded. Between the obtained filaments, those containing up to 50% of the drug were suitable for use in FDM 3D printing. The studied parameters, including residence time, flow speed, brittleness, and fractal dimension, reflect a critical point in the extrusion process at between 30-40% drug load. This finding could be essential for understanding the behaviour of filaments containing a non-molten component.
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73
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Kassem T, Sarkar T, Nguyen T, Saha D, Ahsan F. 3D Printing in Solid Dosage Forms and Organ-on-Chip Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12040186. [PMID: 35448246 PMCID: PMC9027319 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
3D printing (3DP) can serve not only as an excellent platform for producing solid dosage forms tailored to individualized dosing regimens but can also be used as a tool for creating a suitable 3D model for drug screening, sensing, testing and organ-on-chip applications. Several new technologies have been developed to convert the conventional dosing regimen into personalized medicine for the past decade. With the approval of Spritam, the first pharmaceutical formulation produced by 3DP technology, this technology has caught the attention of pharmaceutical researchers worldwide. Consistent efforts are being made to improvise the process and mitigate other shortcomings such as restricted excipient choice, time constraints, industrial production constraints, and overall cost. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the 3DP process, its types, types of material used, and the pros and cons of each technique in the application of not only creating solid dosage forms but also producing a 3D model for sensing, testing, and screening of the substances. The application of producing a model for the biosensing and screening of drugs besides the creation of the drug itself, offers a complete loop of application for 3DP in pharmaceutics.
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74
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75
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Fused deposition modeling three-dimensional printing of flexible polyurethane intravaginal rings with controlled tunable release profiles for multiple active drugs. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:906-924. [PMID: 35211869 PMCID: PMC8870081 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We designed and engineered novel intravaginal ring (IVR) medical devices via fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printing for controlled delivery of hydroxychloroquine, IgG, gp120 fragment (encompassing the CD4 binding site), and coumarin 6 PLGA-PEG nanoparticles (C6NP). The hydrophilic polyurethanes were utilized to 3D-print reservoir-type IVRs containing a tunable release controlling membrane (RCM) with varying thickness and adaptable micro porous structures (by altering the printing patterns and interior fill densities) for controlled sustained drug delivery over 14 days. FDM 3D printing of IVRs were optimized and implemented using a lab-developed Cartesian 3D printer. The structures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and in vitro release was performed using 5 mL of daily-replenished vaginal fluid simulant (pH 4.2). The release kinetics of the IVR segments were tunable with various RCM (outer diameter to inner diameter ratio ranging from 1.12 to 2.61) produced from FDM 3D printing by controlling the printing perimeter to provide daily zero-order release of HCQ ranging from 23.54 ± 3.54 to 261.09 ± 32.49 µg/mL/day. IgG, gp120 fragment, and C6NP release rates demonstrated pattern and in-fill density-dependent characteristics. The current study demonstrated the utility of FDM 3D printing to rapidly fabricate complex micro-structures for tunable and sustained delivery of a variety of compounds including HCQ, IgG, gp120 fragment, and C6NP from IVRs in a controlled manner.
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76
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Antezana PE, Municoy S, Álvarez-Echazú MI, Santo-Orihuela PL, Catalano PN, Al-Tel TH, Kadumudi FB, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Orive G, Desimone MF. The 3D Bioprinted Scaffolds for Wound Healing. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:464. [PMID: 35214197 PMCID: PMC8875365 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin tissue engineering and regeneration aim at repairing defective skin injuries and progress in wound healing. Until now, even though several developments are made in this field, it is still challenging to face the complexity of the tissue with current methods of fabrication. In this review, short, state-of-the-art on developments made in skin tissue engineering using 3D bioprinting as a new tool are described. The current bioprinting methods and a summary of bioink formulations, parameters, and properties are discussed. Finally, a representative number of examples and advances made in the field together with limitations and future needs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Edmundo Antezana
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Junín 956, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Sofia Municoy
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Junín 956, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - María Inés Álvarez-Echazú
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Junín 956, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Pablo Luis Santo-Orihuela
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Junín 956, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN), Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas para la Defensa CITEDEF/UNIDEF, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina (CONICET), Juan B. de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires 1603, Argentina
| | - Paolo Nicolás Catalano
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Junín 956, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
- Departamento de Micro y Nanotecnología, Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, CNEA-CONICET, Av. General Paz 1499, San Martín 1650, Argentina
| | - Taleb H Al-Tel
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Firoz Babu Kadumudi
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Gorka Orive
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, NanoBioCel Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology-UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Martin Federico Desimone
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Junín 956, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
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77
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Li R, Pan Y, Chen D, Xu X, Yan G, Fan T. Design, Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Core–Shell Fused Deposition Modelling 3D-Printed Verapamil Hydrochloride Pulsatile Tablets. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020437. [PMID: 35214169 PMCID: PMC8876819 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate core–shell pulsatile tablets by combining the advantages of FDM 3D printing and traditional pharmaceutical technology, which are suitable for a patient’s individual medication and chronopathology. The tablets were designed and prepared with the commercial verapamil hydrochloride tablets as core inside and the fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D-printed shell outside. Filaments composed of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and polyethylenglycol (PEG) 400 were prepared by hot melt extrusion (HME) and used for fabrication of the shell. Seven types of printed shells were designed for the tablets by adjusting the filament composition, geometric structure and thickness of the shell. A series of evaluations were then performed on the 3D-printed core–shell tablets, including the morphology, weight, hardness, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), in vitro drug release and CT imaging. The results showed that the tablets prepared by FDM 3D printing appeared intact without any defects. All the excipients of the tablet shells were thermally stable during the extruding and printing process. The weight, hardness and in vitro drug release of the tablets were affected by the filament composition, geometric structure and thickness of the shell. The pulsatile tablets achieved personalized lag time ranging from 4 h to 8 h in the drug release test in phosphate-buffered solution (pH 6.8). Therefore, the 3D-printed core–shell pulsatile tablets in this study presented good potential in personalized administration, thereby improving the therapeutic effects of the drug for circadian rhythm disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.L.); (Y.P.); (D.C.)
- School Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yue Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.L.); (Y.P.); (D.C.)
- School Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Di Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.L.); (Y.P.); (D.C.)
- School Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (X.X.); (G.Y.)
| | - Guangrong Yan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; (X.X.); (G.Y.)
| | - Tianyuan Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (R.L.); (Y.P.); (D.C.)
- School Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-8280-5123
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78
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Fused Deposition Modeling as a Possible Approach for the Preparation of Orodispersible Tablets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010069. [PMID: 35056125 PMCID: PMC8781976 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing technologies are considered as a potential way to support individualized pharmacotherapy due to the possibility of the production of small batches of customized tablets characterized by complex structures. We designed five different shapes and analyzed the effect of the surface/mass ratio, the influence of excipients, and storage conditions on the disintegration time of tablets printed using the fused deposition modeling method. As model pharmaceutical active ingredients (APIs), we used paracetamol and domperidone, characterized by different thermal properties, classified into the various Biopharmaceutical Classification System groups. We found that the high surface/mass ratio of the designed tablet shapes together with the addition of mannitol and controlled humidity storage conditions turned out to be crucial for fast tablet’s disintegration. As a result, mean disintegration time was reduced from 5 min 46 s to 2 min 22 s, and from 11 min 43 s to 2 min 25 s for paracetamol- and domperidone-loaded tablets, respectively, fulfilling the European Pharmacopeia requirement for orodispersible tablets (ODTs). The tablet’s immediate release characteristics were confirmed during the dissolution study: over 80% of APIs were released from printlets within 15 min. Thus, this study proved the possibility of using fused deposition modeling for the preparation of ODTs.
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79
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Mohapatra S, Kar RK, Biswal PK, Bindhani S. Approaches of 3D printing in current drug delivery. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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80
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Saviano M, Bowles BJ, Penny MR, Ishaq A, Muwaffak Z, Falcone G, Russo P, Hilton ST. Development and analysis of a novel loading technique for FDM 3D printed systems: Microwave-assisted impregnation of gastro-retentive PVA capsular devices. Int J Pharm 2021; 613:121386. [PMID: 34921952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a modular post-printing loading protocol for a 3D printed gastro-retentive drug delivery system. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D printing was exploited for the rapid prototyping of a modular floating system (caps-in-cap). Optimized models were produced as blank PVA scaffolds, and a morphological analysis of the FDM printed models was conducted to develop a straightforward protocol for drug-loading. The 3D printed gastro-retentive systems were then subjected to microwave irradiation in oversaturated solutions of anhydrous caffeine for drug loading, and research focused on an analysis of the impact of microwave irradiation on the chemical and physical properties of the polymer and the drug. The drug-loading efficiency, thermal and chemical characteristics of components, the stability of the drug and the morphology of processed printouts are characterised and described. Parameters of this unexplored microwave-assisted post-printing loading technique were evaluated and adequately set up, and the process resulted in the preservation of the polymeric matrix and enhancement of drug loading. Hence, microwave impregnation confirmed its potential in superseding the traditional pre- and post-printing loading methods, such as soaking techniques, being faster and more efficient and providing a new paradigm approach to personalised drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Saviano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy; PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA) Italy.
| | - Benjamin J Bowles
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL (University College London), School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Matthew R Penny
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL (University College London), School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Ahtsham Ishaq
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL (University College London), School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Zaid Muwaffak
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL (University College London), School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Falcone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy; PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA) Italy
| | - Paola Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Stephen T Hilton
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL (University College London), School of Pharmacy, London, UK.
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81
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Tailoring amlodipine release from 3D printed tablets: Influence of infill patterns and wall thickness. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121261. [PMID: 34742830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of infill patterns on the drug release of 3D-printed tablets and the possibility of tailoring drug release through the use of excipients. Furthermore, the influence of wall thickness was evaluated. Amlodipine was used as a model drug, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a polymer and excipients including sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) HME 4 M were used. Four different formulations were prepared. Firstly, the substances were mixed and then extruded by hot melt extrusion to form filaments. The obtained filaments were used to print amlodipine tablets by fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printing technique. Each formulation was printed in four different infill patterns: zigzag, cubic, tri-hexagon and concentric, while infill density remained constant (20%). The mechanical properties of the obtained filaments were also evaluated using three-point bend test. Amlodipine tablets were printed with varying wall thickness (1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm) and varying infill patterns. With regard to the infill patterns, higher drug release was achieved with zigzag infill pattern. The simultaneous effect of excipients and infill patterns on amlodipine release has been described and modeled through self - organizing maps (SOMs), which visualize the effect of these variables. Self-organizing maps confirmed the fastest drug release when the zigzag pattern and SSG were used, but also showed that the presence of HPMC HME 4 M was not decisive for drug release rate. As for the wall thickness, higher drug release was achieved with decreasing wall thickness. The results indicated that proper selection of excipients and/or adjusting the infill pattern and wall thickness are ways of tailoring drug release in FDM 3D printing. This study draws the attention to the importance of adjusting the settings of the printer and the usage of excipients to produce release-tailored medications.
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82
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Henry S, De Wever L, Vanhoorne V, De Beer T, Vervaet C. Influence of Print Settings on the Critical Quality Attributes of Extrusion-Based 3D-Printed Caplets: A Quality-by-Design Approach. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122068. [PMID: 34959349 PMCID: PMC8708825 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrusion-based 3D-printing is an easy-to-use, cheap manufacturing technique that could be used to produce tailored precision medicines. The technique has an almost unlimited versatility since a multitude of print parameters can easily be adapted. Unfortunately, little is known of the effect of these print parameters on the critical quality attributes of the resulting printlets. In this study, practical guidelines and means to adapt certain parameters in order to achieve the desired outcome (e.g., acceptable visual quality and flexible dosing) are stipulated for medical 3D-printing using a design-of-experiments approach. The current study aims at elucidating the effect of five print parameters (infill, overlap, number of shells, layer height and layer pattern) on the mechanical properties, dimensions, weight, porosity and dissolution characteristics of a fixed-size caplet consisting of Eudragit EPO (69.3%), Polyox WSR N10 (29.7%) and zolpidem hemitartrate (1%). In terms of the mechanical properties, 3D-printed caplets possessed anisotropy where the vertical compression strength and Brinell hardness exceeded the diametral strength. In general, all 3D-printed caplets possessed acceptable mechanical strength except for a small region of the knowledge space. Dimensional analysis revealed small, statistical significant differences between different runs, although the clinical relevance of this variation is likely negligible. The weight or dose of a caplet can be varied mainly using the infill and overlap and, to a lesser extent, via the layer height and number of shells. The impact on porosity was complicated as this was influenced by many factors and their interactions. Infill was the only statistically relevant factor influencing the dissolution rate of the current formulation. This study unravels the importance of the print parameter overlap, which is a regularly neglected parameter. We also discovered that small dose variations while maintaining the same dissolution profile were possible via modifying the overlap or number of shells. However, large dose variations without affecting the dissolution behaviour could only be accomplished by size modifications of the printlet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Henry
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.H.); (L.D.W.); (V.V.)
| | - Lotte De Wever
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.H.); (L.D.W.); (V.V.)
| | - Valérie Vanhoorne
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.H.); (L.D.W.); (V.V.)
| | - Thomas De Beer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Chris Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.H.); (L.D.W.); (V.V.)
- Correspondence:
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83
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Enhanced Supersaturation via Fusion-Assisted Amorphization during FDM 3D Printing of Crystalline Poorly Soluble Drug Loaded Filaments. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111857. [PMID: 34834272 PMCID: PMC8618474 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Filaments loaded with griseofulvin (GF), a model poorly water-soluble drug, were prepared and used for 3D printing via fused deposition modeling (FDM). GF was selected due to its high melting temperature, enabling lower temperature hot-melt extrusion (HME) keeping GF largely crystalline in the filaments, which could help mitigate the disadvantages of high HME processing temperatures such as filament quality, important for printability and the adverse effects of GF recrystallization on tablet properties. Novel aspects include single-step fusion-assisted ASDs generation during FDM 3D printing and examining the impact of tablet surface areas (SA) through printing multi-mini and square-pattern perforated tablets to further enhance drug supersaturation during dissolution. Kollicoat protect and hydroxypropyl cellulose were selected due to their low miscibility with GF, necessary to produce crystalline filaments. The drug solid-state was assessed via XRPD, DSC and FT-IR. At 165 °C HME processing temperature, the filaments containing ~80% crystalline GF were printable. Fusion-assisted 3D printing led to GF supersaturation of ~153% for cylindrical tablets and ~293% with the square-pattern perforated tablets, indicating strong monotonous impact of tablet SA. Dissolution kinetics of drug release profiles indicated Fickian transport for tablets with higher SA, demonstrating greater SA-induced drug supersaturation for well-designed 3D printed tablets.
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84
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Radhakrishnan A, Kuppusamy G, Ponnusankar S, Mutalik S. Towards next-generation personalization of tacrolimus treatment: a review on advanced diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Pharmacogenomics 2021; 22:1151-1175. [PMID: 34719935 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefit of personalized medicine is that it allows the customization of drug therapy - maximizing efficacy while avoiding side effects. Genetic polymorphisms are one of the major contributors to interindividual variability. Currently, the only gold standard for applying personalized medicine is dose titration. Because of technological advancements, converting genotypic data into an optimum dose has become easier than in earlier years. However, for many medications, determining a personalized dose may be difficult, leading to a trial-and-error method. On the other hand, the technologically oriented pharmaceutical industry has a plethora of smart drug delivery methods that are underutilized in customized medicine. This article elaborates the genetic polymorphisms of tacrolimus as case study, and extensively covers the diagnostic and therapeutic technologies which aid in the delivery of personalized tacrolimus treatment for better clinical outcomes, thereby providing a new strategy for implementing personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sivasankaran Ponnusankar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka, India
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85
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Ragelle H, Rahimian S, Guzzi EA, Westenskow PD, Tibbitt MW, Schwach G, Langer R. Additive manufacturing in drug delivery: Innovative drug product design and opportunities for industrial application. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113990. [PMID: 34600963 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is enabling new directions in product design. The adoption of AM in various industrial sectors has led to major transformations. Similarly, AM presents new opportunities in the field of drug delivery, opening new avenues for improved patient care. In this review, we discuss AM as an innovative tool for drug product design. We provide a brief overview of the different AM processes and their respective impact on the design of drug delivery systems. We highlight several enabling features of AM, including unconventional release, customization, and miniaturization, and discuss several applications of AM for the fabrication of drug products. This includes products that have been approved or are in development. As the field matures, there are also several new challenges to broad implementation in the pharmaceutical landscape. We discuss several of these from the regulatory and industrial perspectives and provide an outlook for how these issues may be addressed. The introduction of AM into the field of drug delivery is an enabling technology and many new drug products can be created through productive collaboration of engineers, materials scientists, pharmaceutical scientists, and industrial partners.
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86
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Deshmane S, Kendre P, Mahajan H, Jain S. Stereolithography 3D printing technology in pharmaceuticals: a review. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1362-1372. [PMID: 34663145 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1994990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology is an innovative tool used in manufacturing medical devices, producing alloys, replacing biological tissues, producing customized dosage forms and so on. Stereolithography (SLA), a 3D printing technique, is very rapid and highly accurate and produces finished products of uniform quality. 3D formulations have been optimized with a perfect tool of artificial intelligence learning techniques. Complex designs/shapes can be fabricated through SLA using the photopolymerization principle. Different 3DP technologies are introduced and the most promising of these, SLA, and its commercial applications, are focused on. The high speed and effectiveness of SLA are highlighted. The working principle of SLA, the materials used and applications of the technique in a wide range of different sectors are highlighted in this review. An innovative idea of 3D printing customized pharmaceutical dosage forms is also presented. SLA compromises several advantages over other methods, such as cost effectiveness, controlled integrity of materials and greater speed. The development of SLA has allowed the development of printed pharmaceutical devices. Considering the present trends, it is expected that SLA will be used along with conventional methods of manufacturing of 3D model. This 3D printing technology may be utilized as a novel tool for delivering drugs on demand. This review will be useful for researchers working on 3D printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Deshmane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
| | - Prakash Kendre
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
| | - Hitendra Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India
| | - Shirish Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, India
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Zhang J, Thakkar R, Kulkarni VR, Zhang Y, Lu A, Maniruzzaman M. Investigation of the Fused Deposition Modeling Additive Manufacturing I: Influence of Process Temperature on the Quality and Crystallinity of the Dosage Forms. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:258. [PMID: 34697652 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advancements in cutting-edge technologies and rapid development of medical sciences, patient-focused drug development (PFDD) through additive manufacturing (AM) processes is gathering more interest in the pharmaceutical area than ever. Hence, there is an urgent need for researchers to comprehensively understand the influence of three-dimensional design on the development of novel drug delivery systems (DDSs). For this research, fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing was investigated, and phenytoin (PHT) was selected as the model drug. The primary purpose of the current investigation was to understand the influence of AM process on the pharmaceutical products' quality. A series of comparative studies, including morphology, solid-state analysis, and in vitro drug release studies between additive manufactured filaments (printlets) and extruded filaments, were conducted. The FDM-based AM showed adequate reproducibility by manufacturing printlets with consistent qualities; however, the model slicing orientation significantly affected the print qualities. The texture analysis studies showed that the mechanical properties (breaking behavior) of additive manufactured printlets were varied from the extruded filaments. Additionally, the higher printing temperature also influenced the solid state of the drug where the process assisted in PHT's amorphization in the printed products, which further affected their mechanical properties and in vitro drug release performances. The current investigation illustrated that the AM process would change the printed objects' macrostructure over the conventional products, and the printing temperature and slicing will significantly affect the printing process and product qualities.
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Hydrophilic Excipient-Independent Drug Release from SLA-Printed Pellets. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101717. [PMID: 34684010 PMCID: PMC8541594 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, specifically stereolithography (SLA) technology, has recently created exciting possibilities for the design and fabrication of sophisticated dosages for oral administration, paving a practical way to precisely manufacture customized pharmaceutical dosages with both personalized properties and sustained drug release behavior. However, the sustained drug release achieved in prior studies largely relies on the presence of hydrophilic excipients in the printing formulation, which unfortunately impedes the printability and formability of the corresponding printing formulations. The current study developed and prepared mini-sized oral pellets using the SLA technique and successfully accomplished a hydrophilic excipient-independent drug release behavior. With ibuprofen as the model drug, the customized photopolymerizable printing formulation included polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) as a monomer and diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) as a photoinitiator. The produced mini-sized pellets were thoroughly investigated for various factors, including their printability, physical properties, microscopic features, drug content, and drug-release profiles. The drug release profiles from the printed pellets that were larger size (3 mm and 6 mm) followed the Ritger–Peppas model, demonstrating that the release was influenced by both the diffusion of the dissolved drug and by the erosion of the hydrophilic excipients (PEG400). The profiles from the smaller printed pellets (1 mm and 2 mm) followed first release kinetics, not only illustrating that the release was impacted only by drug diffusion, but also indicating that there is a size boundary between the dependent and independent hydrophilic excipients. These results could create practical benefits to the pharmaceutical industry in terms of the design and development personalized dosages using the SLA printing technique with controllable drug release by manipulating size alone.
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89
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Customisable Tablet Printing: The Development of Multimaterial Hot Melt Inkjet 3D Printing to Produce Complex and Personalised Dosage Forms. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101679. [PMID: 34683972 PMCID: PMC8538252 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most striking characteristics of 3D printing is its capability to produce multi-material objects with complex geometry. In pharmaceutics this translates to the possibility of dosage forms with multi-drug loading, tailored dosing and release. We have developed a novel dual material hot-melt inkjet 3D printing system which allows for precisely controlled multi-material solvent free inkjet printing. This reduces the need for time-consuming exchanges of printable inks and expensive post processing steps. With this printer, we show the potential for design of printed dosage forms for tailored drug release, including single and multi-material complex 3D patterns with defined localised drug loading where a drug-free ink is used as a release-retarding barrier. For this, we used Compritol HD5 ATO (matrix material) and Fenofibrate (model drug) to prepare both drug-free and drug-loaded inks with drug concentrations varying between 5% and 30% (w/w). The printed constructs demonstrated the required physical properties and displayed immediate, extended, delayed and pulsatile drug release depending on drug localisation inside of the printed formulations. For the first time, this paper demonstrates that a commonly used pharmaceutical lipid, Compritol HD5 ATO, can be printed via hot-melt inkjet printing as single ink material, or in combination with a drug, without the need for additional solvents. Concurrently, this paper demonstrates the capabilities of dual material hot-melt inkjet 3D printing system to produce multi-material personalised solid dosage forms.
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90
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Parhi R, Jena GK. An updated review on application of 3D printing in fabricating pharmaceutical dosage forms. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:2428-2462. [PMID: 34613595 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The concept of "one size fits all" followed by the conventional healthcare system has drawbacks in providing precise pharmacotherapy due to variation in the pharmacokinetics of different patients leading to serious consequences such as side effects. In this regard, digital-based three-dimensional printing (3DP), which refers to fabricating 3D printed pharmaceutical dosage forms with variable geometry in a layer-by-layer fashion, has become one of the most powerful and innovative tools in fabricating "personalized medicine" to cater to the need of therapeutic benefits for patients to the maximum extent. This is achieved due to the tremendous potential of 3DP in tailoring various drug delivery systems (DDS) in terms of size, shape, drug loading, and drug release. In addition, 3DP has a huge impact on special populations including pediatrics, geriatrics, and pregnant women with unique or frequently changing medical needs. The areas covered in the present article are as follows: (i) the difference between traditional and 3DP manufacturing tool, (ii) the basic processing steps involved in 3DP, (iii) common 3DP methods with their pros and cons, (iv) various DDS fabricated by 3DP till date with discussing few research studies in each class of DDS, (v) the drug loading principles into 3D printed dosage forms, and (vi) regulatory compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabinarayan Parhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Susruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar-788011, Assam, India.
| | - Goutam Kumar Jena
- Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur-7600010, Odisha, India
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91
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Polymers in pharmaceutical additive manufacturing: A balancing act between printability and product performance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113923. [PMID: 34390775 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Materials and manufacturing processes share a common purpose of enabling the pharmaceutical product to perform as intended. This review on the role of polymeric materials in additive manufacturing of oral dosage forms, focuses on the interface between the polymer and key stages of the additive manufacturing process, which determine printability. By systematically clarifying and comparing polymer functional roles and properties for a variety of AM technologies, together with current and emerging techniques to characterize these properties, suggestions are provided to stimulate the use of readily available and sometimes underutilized pharmaceutical polymers in additive manufacturing. We point to emerging characterization techniques and digital tools, which can be harnessed to manage existing trade-offs between the role of polymers in printer compatibility versus product performance. In a rapidly evolving technological space, this serves to trigger the continued development of 3D printers to suit a broader variety of polymers for widespread applications of pharmaceutical additive manufacturing.
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92
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Debnath SK, Debnath M, Srivastava R, Omri A. Intervention of 3D printing in health care: transformation for sustainable development. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1659-1672. [PMID: 34520310 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1981287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Three-dimensional (3D) technology is the practice of dropping material layer-by-layer in the construction of the desired object. The application of the 3D printing technique has been observed in miscellaneous domains. Personalized medicine becomes the most demanding trend in the health-care segment. Several advancements have been observed in the progress of 3D printing. However, the availability of finished products in the marketplace is very less. There is an utmost requirement to improve the knowledge and skills in the sustainable development of pharmaceutical and medical products by selecting suitable techniques and materials. AREAS COVERED This article covers the fundamental process of 3D printing, types, pharmaceutical-medical application, benefits, and challenges. EXPERT OPINION This technology is capable of designing the complex geometry of an organ. It is feasible to produce drug products by incorporating multiple drugs in various compartments in such a fashion that these drugs can release from the compartment at a predetermined rate. Additionally, this 3D process has the potential to revolutionize personalized therapy to different age-groups through design flexibility and accurate dosing. In the upcoming years, the potential application of this technology can be seen in a clinical setting where patients will get individualized medicine as per their needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Kumar Debnath
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Monalisha Debnath
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
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93
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3D-Printed Oral Dosage Forms: Mechanical Properties, Computational Approaches and Applications. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091401. [PMID: 34575475 PMCID: PMC8467731 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present the factors influencing the mechanical properties of 3D-printed oral dosage forms. It also explores how it is possible to use specific excipients and printing parameters to maintain the structural integrity of printed drug products while meeting the needs of patients. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging manufacturing technology that is gaining acceptance in the pharmaceutical industry to overcome traditional mass production and move toward personalized pharmacotherapy. After continuous research over the last thirty years, 3D printing now offers numerous opportunities to personalize oral dosage forms in terms of size, shape, release profile, or dose modification. However, there is still a long way to go before 3D printing is integrated into clinical practice. 3D printing techniques follow a different process than traditional oral dosage from manufacturing methods. Currently, there are no specific guidelines for the hardness and friability of 3D printed solid oral dosage forms. Therefore, new regulatory frameworks for 3D-printed oral dosage forms should be established to ensure that they meet all appropriate quality standards. The evaluation of mechanical properties of solid dosage forms is an integral part of quality control, as tablets must withstand mechanical stresses during manufacturing processes, transportation, and drug distribution as well as rough handling by the end user. Until now, this has been achieved through extensive pre- and post-processing testing, which is often time-consuming. However, computational methods combined with 3D printing technology can open up a new avenue for the design and construction of 3D tablets, enabling the fabrication of structures with complex microstructures and desired mechanical properties. In this context, the emerging role of computational methods and artificial intelligence techniques is highlighted.
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94
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Silva IA, Lima AL, Gratieri T, Gelfuso GM, Sa-Barreto LL, Cunha-Filho M. Compatibility and stability studies involving polymers used in fused deposition modeling 3D printing of medicines. J Pharm Anal 2021; 12:424-435. [PMID: 35811629 PMCID: PMC9257448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the challenges in developing three-dimensional printed medicines is related to their stability due to the manufacturing conditions involving high temperatures. This work proposed a new protocol for preformulation studies simulating thermal processing and aging of the printed medicines, tested regarding their morphology and thermal, crystallographic, and spectroscopic profiles. Generally, despite the strong drug-polymer interactions observed, the chemical stability of the model drugs was preserved under such conditions. In fact, in the metoprolol and Soluplus® composition, the drug's solubilization in the polymer produced a delay in the drug decomposition, suggesting a protective effect of the matrix. Paracetamol and polyvinyl alcohol mixture, in turn, showed unmistakable signs of thermal instability and chemical decomposition, in addition to physical changes. In the presented context, establishing protocols that simulate processing and storage conditions may be decisive for obtaining stable pharmaceutical dosage forms using three-dimensional printing technology. Preformulation protocol was proposed to guide the development of 3D-printed medicines. Drug models were able to support thermal processing equivalent to FDM/3D printing. Soluplus showed a protective effect for metoprolol after double heating and aging. Paracetamol and PVA mixture demonstrated incompatibility under heating processing.
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95
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Benzine Y, Siepmann F, Neut C, Danede F, Francois Willart J, Siepmann J, Karrout Y. Injection-molded capsule bodies and caps based on polymer blends for controlled drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 168:1-14. [PMID: 34438018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A variety of polymer:polymer blends was used to prepare hot melt extrudates and empty capsules (bodies and caps) by injection-molding using a benchtop extruder (Babyplast). KollidonSR:inulin and Carbothane:inulin blends were investigated. The impact of the blend ratio on the water uptake and dry mass loss kinetics upon exposure to 0.1 MHCl, phosphate buffer pH6.8 and culture medium optionally inoculated with fecal samples from Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients were studied. Hot melt extrudates were loaded with up to 60% theophylline, capsules were filled with drug powder. Increasing the inulin content led to increased water uptake and dry mass loss rates, resulting in accelerated drug release from the dosage forms, irrespective of the type of polymer blend. This can be attributed to the higher hydrophilicity/water-solubility of this polymer compared to KollidonSR and Carbothane. Interestingly, the presence of fecal samples in culture medium increased the water uptake and dry mass loss of hot melt extrudates to a certain extent, suggesting partial system degradation by bacterial enzymes. However, these phenomena did not translate into any noteworthy impact of the presence of colonic bacteria on theophylline release from the investigated extrudates or capsules. Hence, drug release can be expected to be independent of the location "small intestine vs. colon" from these dosage forms, which can be advantageous for long term release throughout the entire gastro intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcef Benzine
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Christel Neut
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Florence Danede
- Univ. Lille, USTL UMET UMR CNRS 8207, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | | | - Youness Karrout
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000 Lille, France.
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96
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Gaurav, Hasan N, Malik AK, Singh V, Raza K, Ahmad FJ, Kesharwani P, Jain GK. Recent update of 3D printing technology in pharmaceutical formulation development. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 32:2306-2330. [PMID: 34387541 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1967702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In modern world, Pharma sector observes steep increase in demand of personalized medicine. Various unique ideas and technology were proposed and implemented by different researchers to prepare personalized medicine and devices. 3-dimensional printing (3DP) is one of the revolutionary technologies which can be used to prepare tailored medicine via CAD (Computer Aided Design) software. 3DP allows researchers to manufacture customized dosage form with desired modifications in geometry which would in turn alter dosage behaviour of the product with reduced side effects. Current achievement of 3DP includes personalized and adjustable dosage form, multifunction drug delivery systems, medical devices, phantoms, and implants specific to patient anatomy. Additionally, 3DP is employed for preparing tailored regenerative medicines. This review focuses on 3DP use in pharmaceuticals including drug delivery systems and medical devices with their method of fabrication. Additionally, different clinical trials as well as different patents done till date are cited in the paper. Furthermore, regulatory issues and future perspective related to 3 D printing is also well discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, Delhi, India
| | - Nazeer Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vanshikha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kaisar Raza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Farhan J Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, Delhi, India
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97
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Choudhury D, Murty US, Banerjee S. 3D printing and enteric coating of a hollow capsular device with controlled drug release characteristics prepared using extruded Eudragit® filaments. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:1010-1020. [PMID: 34412566 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.1970765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This work focuses on the extrusion of a brittle, tacky, cationic copolymer i.e. Eudragit® E-100 to prepare filament and subsequent 3D printing of hollow capsular device using the extruded filament. An optimum amount of talc and triethyl citrate was used for the possible extrusion of the polymer. There was no thermal and chemical degradation of the polymer observed after extrusion confirmed by DSC and FTIR analysis. Microscopic analysis of the printed capsule showed the layer-by-layer manner of 3D printing. Capsule parts were printed according to the set dimensions (00 size) with minimal deviation. Printed capsule showed the soluble behaviour in gastric fluid pH 1.2 where within 15 min the encapsulated drug encounters with the dissolution medium and almost 70% drug was dissolved within 4 hr. In case of phosphate buffer pH 6.8, the printed capsule showed a longed swelling behaviour up to 12 hr and then gradually bursting of capsule occurred wherein more than 90% encapsulated drug was dissolved within 36 hr. Enteric coating of the printed capsule showed similar behaviour in alkaline medium that observed with non-enteric capsule. This indicates the potential application of this printed capsules for both gastric and intestinal specific delayed drug delivery by a single step enteric coating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, India.,National Centre for Pharmacoengineering, NIPER-Guwahati, Changsari, India
| | | | - Subham Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Changsari, India.,National Centre for Pharmacoengineering, NIPER-Guwahati, Changsari, India
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98
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Opportunities and challenges of three-dimensional printing technology in pharmaceutical formulation development. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2488-2504. [PMID: 34567958 PMCID: PMC8447232 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing is a technology that prints the products layer-by-layer, in which materials are deposited according to the digital model designed by computer aided design (CAD) software. This technology has competitive advantages regarding product design complexity, product personalization, and on-demand manufacturing. The emergence of 3D technology provides innovative strategies and new ways to develop novel drug delivery systems. This review summarizes the application of 3D printing technologies in the pharmaceutical field, with an emphasis on the advantages of 3D printing technologies for achieving rapid drug delivery, personalized drug delivery, compound drug delivery and customized drug delivery. In addition, this article illustrates the limitations and challenges of 3D printing technologies in the field of pharmaceutical formulation development.
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99
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Bhujbal SV, Mitra B, Jain U, Gong Y, Agrawal A, Karki S, Taylor LS, Kumar S, (Tony) Zhou Q. Pharmaceutical amorphous solid dispersion: A review of manufacturing strategies. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2505-2536. [PMID: 34522596 PMCID: PMC8424289 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are popular for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Various approaches have been employed to produce ASDs and novel techniques are emerging. This review provides an updated overview of manufacturing techniques for preparing ASDs. As physical stability is a critical quality attribute for ASD, the impact of formulation, equipment, and process variables, together with the downstream processing on physical stability of ASDs have been discussed. Selection strategies are proposed to identify suitable manufacturing methods, which may aid in the development of ASDs with satisfactory physical stability.
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Key Words
- 3DP, three-dimensional printing
- ASDs, amorphous solid dispersions
- ASES, aerosol solvent extraction system
- Amorphous solid dispersions
- CAP, cellulose acetate phthalate
- CO2, carbon dioxide
- CSG, continuous-spray granulation
- Co-precipitation
- Downstream processing
- Drug delivery
- EPAS, evaporative aqueous solution precipitation
- Eudragit®, polymethacrylates derivatives
- FDM, fused deposition modeling
- GAS, gas antisolvent
- HME, hot-melt extrusion
- HPC, hydroxypropyl cellulose
- HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- HPMCAS, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate
- HPMCP, hypromellose phthalate
- Manufacturing
- Melting process
- PCA, precipitation with compressed fluid antisolvent
- PGSS, precipitation from gas-saturated solutions
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid
- PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone
- PVPVA, polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate
- RESS, rapid expansion of a supercritical solution
- SAS, supercritical antisolvent
- SCFs, supercritical fluids
- SEDS, solution-enhanced dispersion by SCF
- SLS, selective laser sintering
- Selection criteria
- Soluplus®, polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer
- Solvent evaporation
- Stability
- Tg, glass transition temperature
- USC, ultrasound compaction
- scCO2, supercritical CO2
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal V. Bhujbal
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Biplob Mitra
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Uday Jain
- Material Science and Engineering, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Yuchuan Gong
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Anjali Agrawal
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Shyam Karki
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Oral Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Summit, NJ 07901, USA
| | - Qi (Tony) Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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100
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A review of three-dimensional printing for pharmaceutical applications: Quality control, risk assessment and future perspectives. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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