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Kimiz-Gebologlu I, Oncel SS. Exosomes: Large-scale production, isolation, drug loading efficiency, and biodistribution and uptake. J Control Release 2022; 347:533-543. [PMID: 35597405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles with different contents that play a role in various biological and pathological processes. It offers significant advantages over other delivery systems such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. Although exosomes are expected to be effective therapeutic agents, their optimal use remains a challenge. The development of methods for large-scale production, isolation, and drug loading is necessary to improve their efficiency and therapeutic potential. In this review, after mentioning general properties and biological functions of the exosomes, details of their potential for use in the drug delivery system are presented. For this purpose, methodologies for the large-scale production of exosomes, exosome isolation, exosomal cargo loading, and exosome uptake by the recipient cell are reviewed. The current challenges and potential directions of this new area of drug delivery that has become popular recently are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suphi S Oncel
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey..
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52
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Breast Cancer Therapy: The Potential Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Translational Biomedical Research. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051179. [PMID: 35625915 PMCID: PMC9138371 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the treatment of metastatic cancers, including breast cancer, has been investigated for many years leading to encouraging results. The role of fat grafting and the related adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) has been detailed and described for breast reconstruction purposes confirming the safety of AD-MSCs. MSCs have great potential for delivering anticancer agents, suicide genes, and oncolytic viruses to tumors. Currently, many studies have focused on the products of MSCs, including extracellular vesicles (EVs), as a cell-free therapy. This work aimed to review and discuss the current knowledge on MSCs and their EVs in breast cancer therapy.
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53
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Shi Y, Qiu B, Huang L, Lin J, Li Y, Ze Y, Huang C, Yao Y. Exosomes and ferroptosis: roles in tumour regulation and new cancer therapies. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13238. [PMID: 35497192 PMCID: PMC9053300 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the biological role of exosomes is rapidly developing, and recent evidence suggests that exosomal effects involve ferroptosis. Exosomes derived from different tissues inhibit ferroptosis, which increases tumour cell chemoresistance. Therefore, exosome-mediated regulation of ferroptosis may be leveraged to design anticancer drugs. This review discusses three pathways of exosome-mediated inhibition of ferroptosis: (1) the Fenton reaction; (2) the ferroptosis defence system, including the Xc-GSH-GPX4 axis and the FSP1/CoQ10/NAD(P)H axis; and (3) lipid peroxidation. We also summarize three recent approaches for combining exosomes and ferroptosis in oncology therapy: (1) promoting exosome-inhibited ferroptosis to enhance chemotherapy; (2) encapsulating exosomes with ferroptosis inducers to inhibit cancers; and (3) developing therapies that combine exosomal inhibitors and ferroptosis inducers. This review will contribute toward establishing effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingrun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linyang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiting Ze
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenglong Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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54
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Dao A, Kushwaha R, Kumar A, Huang H, Banerjee S. Engineered exosomes as a photosensitizer delivery platform for cancer photodynamic therapy. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200119. [PMID: 35384336 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a non/minimally invasive cancer treatment method, has the advantages of low side effects, high selectivity, and low drug resistance. It is currently a popular cancer treatment method. However, the shortcomings of photosensitizers such as poor photostability, poor water solubility, and short half-life in vivo when used alone, the development of photosensitizer nano-delivery platforms have always been a research hotspot. In the human body, various types of cells generally release exosomes, the bilayer extracellular vesicles. Compared with traditional materials, exosomes are currently an ideal drug delivery platform due to their homology, low immunogenicity, easy modification, high biocompatibility, and natural carrying capacity. Therefore, in this concept, we focus on the research status and prospects of engineered exosome-based photosensitizer nano-delivery platforms in cancer PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Dao
- Sun Yat-Sen University, School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), INDIA
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Indian Institute of Technology BHU Varanasi, Chemistry, BHU Varanasi, 221005, Varanasi, INDIA
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology BHU Varanasi, Chemistry, BHU Varanasi, 221005, Varanasi, INDIA
| | - Huaiyi Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen University, School of Pharmaceutical Science (Shenzhen), CHINA
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Indian Institute of Technology BHU Varanasi, Chemistry, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, Varanasi, INDIA
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55
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Wang S, Lei B, Zhang E, Gong P, Gu J, He L, Han L, Yuan Z. Targeted Therapy for Inflammatory Diseases with Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Derived Exosomes: From Basic to Clinics. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:1757-1781. [PMID: 35469174 PMCID: PMC9034888 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s355366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a beneficial and physiological process, but there are a number of inflammatory diseases which have detrimental effects on the body. In addition, the drugs used to treat inflammation have toxic side effects when used over a long period of time. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent stem cells that can be isolated from a variety of tissues and can be differentiate into diverse cell types under appropriate conditions. They also exhibit noteworthy anti-inflammatory properties, providing new options for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The therapeutic potential of MSCs is currently being investigated for various inflammatory diseases, such as kidney injury, lung injury, osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). MSCs can perform multiple functions, including immunomodulation, homing, and differentiation, to enable damaged tissues to form a balanced inflammatory and regenerative microenvironment under severe inflammatory conditions. In addition, accumulated evidence indicates that exosomes from extracellular vesicles of MSCs (MSC-Exos) play an extraordinary role, mainly by transferring their components to recipient cells. In this review, we summarize the mechanism and clinical trials of MSCs and MSC-Exos in various inflammatory diseases in detail, with a view to contributing to the treatment of MSCs and MSC-Exos in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biyu Lei
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - E Zhang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Officers College of People’s Armed Police, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610213, People’s Republic of China
| | - Puyang Gong
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili He
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Han
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixiang Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhixiang Yuan; Lu Han, Email ;
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56
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Ibarra-Sánchez LÁ, Gámez-Méndez A, Martínez-Ruiz M, Nájera-Martínez EF, Morales-Flores BA, Melchor-Martínez EM, Sosa-Hernández JE, Parra-Saldívar R, Iqbal HMN. Nanostructures for drug delivery in respiratory diseases therapeutics: Revision of current trends and its comparative analysis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022; 70:103219. [PMID: 35280919 PMCID: PMC8896872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are leading causes of death and disability in developing and developed countries. The burden of acute and chronic respiratory diseases has been rising throughout the world and represents a major problem in the public health system. Acute respiratory diseases include pneumonia, influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS viral infections; while chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and, occupational lung diseases (asbestosis, pneumoconiosis) and other parenchymal lung diseases namely lung cancer and tuberculosis are examples of chronic respiratory diseases. Importantly, chronic respiratory diseases are not curable and treatments for acute pathologies are particularly challenging. For that reason, the integration of nanotechnology to existing drugs or for the development of new treatments potentially benefits the therapeutic goals by making drugs more effective and exhibit fewer undesirable side effects to treat these conditions. Moreover, the integration of different nanostructures enables improvement of drug bioavailability, transport and delivery compared to stand-alone drugs in traditional respiratory therapy. Notably, there has been great progress in translating nanotechnology-based cancer therapies and diagnostics into the clinic; however, researchers in recent years have focused on the application of nanostructures in other relevant pulmonary diseases as revealed in our database search. Furthermore, polymeric nanoparticles and micelles are the most studied nanostructures in a wide range of diseases; however, liposomal nanostructures are recognized to be some of the most successful commercial drug delivery systems. In conclusion, this review presents an overview of the recent and relevant research in drug delivery systems for the treatment of different pulmonary diseases and outlines the trends, limitations, importance and application of nanomedicine technology in treatment and diagnosis and future work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ángel Ibarra-Sánchez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Ana Gámez-Méndez
- Universidad de Monterrey, Department of Basic Sciences, Av. Ignacio Morones Prieto 4500 Pte., 66238, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Manuel Martínez-Ruiz
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Erik Francisco Nájera-Martínez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Brando Alan Morales-Flores
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Elda M Melchor-Martínez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
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57
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Amiri A, Bagherifar R, Ansari Dezfouli E, Kiaie SH, Jafari R, Ramezani R. Exosomes as bio-inspired nanocarriers for RNA delivery: preparation and applications. J Transl Med 2022; 20:125. [PMID: 35287692 PMCID: PMC8919142 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocarriers as drug/biomolecule delivery systems have been significantly developed during recent decades. Given the stability, reasonable delivery efficiency, and safety of nanocarriers, there are several barriers in the fulfillment of successful clinical application of these delivery systems. These challenges encouraged drug delivery researchers to establish innovative nanocarriers with longer circulation time, high stability, and high compatibility. Exosomes are extracellular nanometer-sized vesicles released through various cells. These vesicles serve as nanocarriers, possessing great potential to overcome some obstacles encountered in gene and drug delivery due to their natural affinity to recipient cells and the inherent capability to shuttle the genes, lipids, proteins, and RNAs between cells. So far, there has been a lot of valuable research on drug delivery by exosomes, but research on RNA delivery, especially mRNA, is very limited. Since mRNA-based vaccines and therapies have recently gained particular prominence in various diseases, it is essential to find a suitable delivery system due to the large size and destructive nature of these nucleic acids. That's why we're going to take a look at the unique features of exosomes and their isolation and loading methods, to embrace this idea that exosome-mediated mRNA-based therapies would be introduced as a very efficient strategy in disease treatment within the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Amiri
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rafieh Bagherifar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ansari Dezfouli
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Seyed Hossein Kiaie
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Reihaneh Ramezani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Women Research Center, Alzahra University, 1993893973, Tehran, Iran.
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58
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Wang D, Wan Z, Yang Q, Chen J, Liu Y, Lu F, Tang J. Sonodynamical reversion of immunosuppressive microenvironment in prostate cancer via engineered exosomes. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:702-713. [PMID: 35236203 PMCID: PMC8903759 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2044937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) responds poorly to routine immunotherapy due to the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. Here, we describe an ultrasound-based drug delivery strategy to stimulate potent anti-tumor immunity via exosomes encapsulated with sonosensitizers Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and immune adjuvant R848, namely ExoCe6+R848. ExoCe6+R848 was constructed by simple co-incubation of Ce6 and R848 with HEK 293T cell-derived exosomes. The properties of exosomes were not affected after loading Ce6 and R848, and the exosomes were accumulated in the tumor site after intratumoral injection. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that ultrasonic irradiation enhanced R848-mediated DCs maturation when ExoCe6+R848 was engulfed by DCs, as demonstrated by the upregulated expression of CD80 and CD86. Furthermore, these engineered exosomes together with ultrasound irradiation could synergistically reprogram macrophages from an immunosuppressive M2-like phenotype to an anti-tumor M1-like phenotype, further activating effector T cells and reverting the immunosuppressive microenvironment. The exosome delivery strategy not only supplies a paradigm for overcoming side effects of systemic delivery of Ce6 and R848, but also offers an effective combination regimen of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Wan
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi' an, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmei Chen
- Department of Health Medicine, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunnan Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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59
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N V Lakshmi Kavya A, Subramanian S, Ramakrishna S. Therapeutic applications of exosomes in various diseases: A review. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 134:112579. [PMID: 35525729 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes (30-150 nm in diameter) a subset of extracellular vesicles, secreted by mostly all cells, have been gaining enormous recognition from the last decade. In recent times, several studies have included exosomes to design novel therapeutic applications along with their contribution to diagnostic evaluations and pathophysiological processes. Based on cell origin, they show diverse functions and characteristics. This article is classified into several sections that include exosomes biogenesis, isolation methods, and application as therapeutic tools, commercialized exosome products, clinical trials, benefits, and challenges faced in the progress of exosome-dependent therapeutics. This work aims to give a thorough review of the numerous studies where exosomes act as therapeutic tools in the treatment of various disorders including heart, kidney, liver, and lung illnesses. The clinical trials involving exosomes, their advantages, and hazards, and difficulties involved during storage and large-scale production, applications of nanotechnology in exosome research while applying for therapeutic applications, and future directions are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sundarrajan Subramanian
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology Lab, Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk E3 05-12, 2 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117581, Singapore.
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology Lab, Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk E3 05-12, 2 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117581, Singapore.
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60
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Zoulikha M, Xiao Q, Boafo GF, Sallam MA, Chen Z, He W. Pulmonary delivery of siRNA against acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:600-620. [PMID: 34401226 PMCID: PMC8359643 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) has been under investigation for the treatment of several unmet medical needs, including acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) wherein siRNA may be implemented to modify the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines at the mRNA level. The properties such as clear anatomy, accessibility, and relatively low enzyme activity make the lung a good target for local siRNA therapy. However, the translation of siRNA is restricted by the inefficient delivery of siRNA therapeutics to the target cells due to the properties of naked siRNA. Thus, this review will focus on the various delivery systems that can be used and the different barriers that need to be surmounted for the development of stable inhalable siRNA formulations for human use before siRNA therapeutics for ALI/ARDS become available in the clinic.
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Key Words
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- ALI/ARDS
- ALI/ARDS, acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome
- AM, alveolar macrophage
- ATI, alveolar cell type I
- ATII, alveolar cell type II
- AV, adenovirus
- Ago-2, argonaute 2
- CFDA, China Food and Drug Administration
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CPP, cell-penetrating peptide
- CS, cigarette smoke
- CXCR4, C–X–C motif chemokine receptor type 4
- Cellular uptake
- DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns
- DC-Chol, 3β-(N-(N′,N′-dimethylethylenediamine)-carbamoyl) cholesterol
- DDAB, dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide
- DODAP, 1,2-dioleyl-3-dimethylammonium-propane
- DODMA, 1,2-dioleyloxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-aminopropane
- DOGS, dioctadecyl amido glycin spermine
- DOPC, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- DOPE, 1,2-dioleoyl-l-α-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine
- DOSPA, 2,3-dioleyloxy-N-[2-(sperminecarboxamido)ethyl]-N,N-dimethyl-1-propanaminium
- DOTAP, 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane
- DOTMA, N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium
- DPI, dry powder inhaler
- DPPC, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- Drug delivery
- EC, endothelial cell
- EPC, egg phosphatidylcholine
- EXOs, exosomes
- Endosomal escape
- EpiC, epithelial cell
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- HALI, hyperoxic acute lung injury
- HMGB1, high-mobility group box 1
- HMVEC, human primary microvascular endothelial cell
- HNPs, hybrid nanoparticles
- Hem-CLP, hemorrhagic shock followed by cecal ligation and puncture septic challenge
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IFN, interferons
- Inflammatory diseases
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- MEND, multifunctional envelope-type nano device
- MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor
- Myd88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- N/P ratio, nitrogen /phosphate ratio
- NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B
- NPs, nanoparticles
- Nanoparticles
- PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
- PAMAM, polyamidoamine
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PD-L1, programmed death ligand-1
- PDGFRα, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α
- PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PF, pulmonary fibrosis
- PFC, perfluorocarbon
- PLGA, poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PMs, polymeric micelles
- PRR, pattern recognition receptor
- PS, pulmonary surfactant
- Pulmonary administration
- RIP2, receptor-interacting protein 2
- RISC, RNA-induced silencing complex
- RNAi, RNA interference
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticle
- SNALP, stable nucleic acid lipid particle
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- VALI, ventilator-associated lung injury
- VILI, ventilator-induced lung injury
- dsDNA, double-stranded DNA
- dsRNA, double-stranded RNA
- eggPG, l-α-phosphatidylglycerol
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- miRNA, microRNA
- pDNA, plasmid DNA
- shRNA, short RNA
- siRNA
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Ouerdane Y, Hassaballah MY, Nagah A, Ibrahim TM, Mohamed HAH, El-Baz A, Attia MS. Exosomes in Parkinson: Revisiting Their Pathologic Role and Potential Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:76. [PMID: 35056133 PMCID: PMC8778520 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. Considerable progress has been made to understand the exact mechanism leading to this disease. Most of what is known comes from the evidence of PD brains' autopsies showing a deposition of Lewy bodies-containing a protein called α-synuclein (α-syn)-as the pathological determinant of PD. α-syn predisposes neurons to neurotoxicity and cell death, while the other associated mechanisms are mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which are underlying precursors to the death of dopaminergic neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta leading to disease progression. Several mechanisms have been proposed to unravel the pathological cascade of these diseases; most of them share a particular similarity: cell-to-cell communication through exosomes (EXOs). EXOs are intracellular membrane-based vesicles with diverse compositions involved in biological and pathological processes, which their secretion is driven by the NLR family pyrin domain-containing three proteins (NLRP3) inflammasome. Toxic biological fibrils are transferred to recipient cells, and the disposal of damaged organelles through generating mitochondrial-derived vesicles are suggested mechanisms for developing PD. EXOs carry various biomarkers; thus, they are promising to diagnose different neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). As nanovesicles, the applications of EXOs are not only restricted as diagnostics but also expanded to treat NDDs as therapeutic carriers and nano-scavengers. Herein, the aim is to highlight the potential incrimination of EXOs in the pathological cascade and progression of PD and their role as biomarkers and therapeutic carriers for diagnosing and treating this neuro-debilitating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Y. Hassaballah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.Y.H.); (A.N.); (H.A.H.M.); (A.E.-B.)
| | - Abdalrazeq Nagah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.Y.H.); (A.N.); (H.A.H.M.); (A.E.-B.)
| | - Tarek M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Hosny A. H. Mohamed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.Y.H.); (A.N.); (H.A.H.M.); (A.E.-B.)
| | - Areej El-Baz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.Y.H.); (A.N.); (H.A.H.M.); (A.E.-B.)
| | - Mohamed S. Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
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62
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Subhan A, Attia SA, P Torchilin V. Targeted siRNA nanotherapeutics against breast and ovarian metastatic cancer: a comprehensive review of the literature. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 17:41-64. [PMID: 34930021 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is considered the major cause of unsuccessful cancer therapy. The metastatic development requires tumor cells to leave their initial site, circulate in the blood stream, acclimate to new cellular environments at a remote secondary site and endure there. There are several steps in metastasis, including invasion, intravasation, circulation, extravasation, premetastatic niche formation, micrometastasis and metastatic colonization. siRNA therapeutics are appreciated for their usefulness in treatment of cancer metastasis. However, siRNA therapy as a single therapy may not be a sufficient option for control of metastasis. By combining siRNA with targeting, functional agents or small-molecule drugs have shown potential effects that enhance therapeutic effectiveness. This review addresses multidrug resistance and metastasis in breast and ovarian cancers and highlights drug-delivery strategies using siRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdus Subhan
- Department of Chemistry, ShahJalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Sara Aly Attia
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy & Plastic Surgery, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
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63
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Emerging role of exosomes as biomarkers in cancer treatment and diagnosis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 169:103565. [PMID: 34871719 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and cancer incidence and mortality are rapidly growing. These massive amounts of cancer patients require rapid diagnosis and efficient treatment strategies. However, the currently utilized methods are invasive and cost-effective. Recently, the effective roles of exosomes as promising diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers have been revealed. Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles containing RNAs, DNAs, and proteins, and are present in a wide array of body fluids. Exosomal cargos have shown the potential to detect various types of cancers at early stages with high sensitivity and specificity. They can also delivery therapeutic agents efficiently. In this article, an overview of recent advances in the research of exosomal biomarkers and their applications in cancer diagnosis and treatment has been provided. Furthermore, the advantages and challenges of exosomes as liquid biopsy targets are discussed and the clinical implications of using exosomal miRNAs have been revealed.
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64
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Li W, Liu J, Cai J, Zhang XJ, Zhang P, She ZG, Chen S, Li H. NAFLD as a continuous driver in the whole spectrum of vascular disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 163:118-132. [PMID: 34737121 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular disease is the prime determinant to cardiovascular morbidities and mortalities, which comprises the early vascular damage and subsequent cardiovascular events. Non-alcohol Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a systemic metabolic disorder that drives the progression of vascular disease through complex interactions. Although a causal relationship between NAFLD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has not been established, a growing number of epidemiological studies have demonstrated an independent association between NAFLD and early vascular disease and subsequent cardiovascular events. In addition, mechanistic studies suggest that NAFLD initiates and accelerates vascular injury by increasing systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, impairing insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism, and modulating epigenetics, the intestinal flora and hepatic autonomic nervous system; thus, NAFLD is a putative driving force for CVD progression. In this review, we summarize the clinical evidence supporting the association of NAFLD with subclinical vascular disease and cardiovascular events and discuss the potential mechanisms by which NAFLD promotes the progression of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shaoze Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, China; Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, China.
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Rajool Dezfuly A, Safaee A, Salehi H. Therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles' miRNAs on retinal regeneration: a review. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:530. [PMID: 34620234 PMCID: PMC8499475 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which consist of microvesicles and exosomes, are secreted from all cells to transform vital information in the form of lipids, proteins, mRNAs and small RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs). Many studies demonstrated that EVs' miRNAs have effects on target cells. Numerous people suffer from the blindness caused by retinal degenerations. The death of retinal neurons is irreversible and creates permanent damage to the retina. In the absence of acceptable cures for retinal degenerative diseases, stem cells and their paracrine agents including EVs have become a promising therapeutic approach. Several studies showed that the therapeutic effects of stem cells are due to the miRNAs of their EVs. Considering the effects of microRNAs in retinal cells development and function and studies which provide the possible roles of mesenchymal stem cells-derived EVs miRNA content on retinal diseases, we focused on the similarities between these two groups of miRNAs that could be helpful for promoting new therapeutic techniques for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rajool Dezfuly
- Department of Anatomical and Molecular Biology Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azadeh Safaee
- Department of Anatomical and Molecular Biology Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Salehi
- Department of Anatomical and Molecular Biology Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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66
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Kučuk N, Primožič M, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. Exosomes Engineering and Their Roles as Therapy Delivery Tools, Therapeutic Targets, and Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9543. [PMID: 34502452 PMCID: PMC8431173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are becoming increasingly important therapeutic biomaterials for use in a variety of therapeutic applications due to their unique characteristics, especially due to the ineffectiveness and cytotoxicity of some existing therapies and synthetic therapeutic nanocarriers. They are highly promising as carriers of drugs, genes, and other therapeutic agents that can be incorporated into their interior or onto their surface through various modification techniques to improve their targeting abilities. In addition, they are biocompatible, safe, and stable. The review focuses on different types of exosomes and methods of their preparation, including the incorporation of different kinds of cargo, especially for drug delivery purposes. In particular, their importance and effectiveness as delivery vehicles of various therapeutic agents for a variety of therapeutic applications, including different diseases and disorders such as cancer treatment, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, are emphasized. Administration routes of exosomes into the body are also included. A novelty in the article is the emphasis on global companies that are already successfully developing and testing such therapeutic biomaterials, with a focus on the most influential ones. Moreover, a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods of exosome production is summarized for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Kučuk
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Mateja Primožič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Željko Knez
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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67
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Barrios MH, Garnham AL, Foers AD, Cheng-Sim L, Masters SL, Pang KC. Small Extracellular Vesicle Enrichment of a Retrotransposon-Derived Double-Stranded RNA: A Means to Avoid Autoinflammation? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091136. [PMID: 34572323 PMCID: PMC8472637 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) such as exosomes are released by multiple cell types. Originally believed to be a mechanism for selectively removing unwanted cellular components, SEVs have received increased attention in recent years for their ability to mediate intercellular communication. Apart from proteins and lipids, SEVs contain RNAs, but how RNAs are selectively loaded into SEVs remains poorly understood. To address this question, we profiled SEV RNAs from mouse dendritic cells using RNA-Seq and identified a long noncoding RNA of retroviral origin, VL30, which is highly enriched (>200-fold) in SEVs compared to parental cells. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that exosome-enriched isoforms of VL30 RNA contain a repetitive 26-nucleotide motif. This repeated motif is itself efficiently incorporated into SEVs, suggesting the likelihood that it directly promotes SEV loading. RNA folding analyses indicate that the motif is likely to form a long double-stranded RNA hairpin and, consistent with this, its overexpression was associated with induction of a potent type I interferon response. Taken together, we propose that preferential loading into SEVs of the VL30 RNA containing this immunostimulatory motif enables cells to remove a potentially toxic RNA and avoid autoinflammation. In this way, the original notion of SEVs as a cellular garbage bin should not be entirely discounted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou H. Barrios
- Advanced Technology and Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (M.H.B.); (A.L.G.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Alexandra L. Garnham
- Advanced Technology and Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (M.H.B.); (A.L.G.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Andrew D. Foers
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK;
| | - Lesley Cheng-Sim
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Seth L. Masters
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ken C. Pang
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Genetics Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Adolescent Medicine, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Xu N, Guo R, Yang X, Li N, Yu J, Zhang P. Exosomes-mediated tumor treatment: One body plays multiple roles. Asian J Pharm Sci 2021; 17:385-400. [PMID: 35782325 PMCID: PMC9237599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are vesicles secreted by a variety of living cells, containing proteins, RNA and other components, which are nanoscale capsules commonly existed in the body. Exosomes play important roles in a variety of physiological and pathological processes by participating in material and information exchange between cells, which can play multiple roles in tumor treatment. On the one hand, exosomes can be used as carriers and biomarkers, participate in the apoptosis signaling pathway and improve chemotherapy resistance, thus playing beneficial roles in tumor treatment. On the other hand, exosomes play unfavorable roles in tumor treatment. Tumor cell exosomes contain PD-L1, which is a nuclear weapon for tumor growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression. In addition, exosomes can not only promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process, tumor angiogenesis and chemoresistance, but also participate in the autocrine pathway. In this review, the multiple roles of exosomes and their prospects in the treatment of tumor were reviewed in detail.
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69
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Li YJ, Wu JY, Liu J, Xu W, Qiu X, Huang S, Hu XB, Xiang DX. Artificial exosomes for translational nanomedicine. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:242. [PMID: 34384440 PMCID: PMC8359033 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are lipid bilayer membrane vesicles and are emerging as competent nanocarriers for drug delivery. The clinical translation of exosomes faces many challenges such as massive production, standard isolation, drug loading, stability and quality control. In recent years, artificial exosomes are emerging based on nanobiotechnology to overcome the limitations of natural exosomes. Major types of artificial exosomes include 'nanovesicles (NVs)', 'exosome-mimetic (EM)' and 'hybrid exosomes (HEs)', which are obtained by top-down, bottom-up and biohybrid strategies, respectively. Artificial exosomes are powerful alternatives to natural exosomes for drug delivery. Here, we outline recent advances in artificial exosomes through nanobiotechnology and discuss their strengths, limitations and future perspectives. The development of artificial exosomes holds great values for translational nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun-Yong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohan Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Si Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiong-Bin Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Da-Xiong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, China.
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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70
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Exosomes as cell-derivative carriers in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 12:1047-1079. [PMID: 34365576 PMCID: PMC8942947 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with the diameter ranging from 50 to 100 nm and are found in different body fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine and saliva. Like in case of various diseases, based on the parent cells, the content of exosomes (protein, mRNA, miRNA, DNA, lipids and metabolites) varies and thus can be utilized as potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of the brain diseases. Furthermore, utilizing the natural potential exosomes to cross the blood–brain barrier and by specifically decorating it with the ligand as per the desired brain sites therapeutics can be delivered to brain parenchyma. This review article conveys the importance of exosomes and their use in the treatment and diagnosis of brain/central nervous system diseases.
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71
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Patel N, Chin DD, Chung EJ. Exosomes in Atherosclerosis, a Double-Edged Sword: Their Role in Disease Pathogenesis and Their Potential as Novel Therapeutics. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:95. [PMID: 34312734 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00621-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CAD) due to atherosclerosis is a major cause of death worldwide. The development of atherosclerosis involves intercellular communication facilitated by exosomes secreted from vascular endothelial cells (VECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), immune cells, and platelets. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of exosome biogenesis and uptake, and discuss atherogenic and atheroprotective functions of exosomes secreted from these cell types. In addition, we examine the potential of enhancing the therapeutic and targeting ability of exosomes exhibiting atheroprotective function by drug loading and surface modification with targeting ligands. We conclude with current challenges associated with exosome engineering for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB 140, California, Los Angeles, 90089, USA
| | - Deborah D Chin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB 140, California, Los Angeles, 90089, USA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, DRB 140, California, Los Angeles, 90089, USA. .,Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, 90033, USA. .,Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, 90089, USA. .,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, 90033, USA.
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72
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Heidarzadeh M, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y, Kaya M, Eslami Abriz A, Zarebkohan A, Rahbarghazi R, Sokullu E. Exosomal delivery of therapeutic modulators through the blood-brain barrier; promise and pitfalls. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:142. [PMID: 34294165 PMCID: PMC8296716 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, a large population around the world, especially the elderly, suffers from neurological inflammatory and degenerative disorders/diseases. Current drug delivery strategies are facing different challenges because of the presence of the BBB, which limits the transport of various substances and cells to brain parenchyma. Additionally, the low rate of successful cell transplantation to the brain injury sites leads to efforts to find alternative therapies. Stem cell byproducts such as exosomes are touted as natural nano-drug carriers with 50-100 nm in diameter. These nano-sized particles could harbor and transfer a plethora of therapeutic agents and biological cargos to the brain. These nanoparticles would offer a solution to maintain paracrine cell-to-cell communications under healthy and inflammatory conditions. The main question is that the existence of the intact BBB could limit exosomal trafficking. Does BBB possess some molecular mechanisms that facilitate the exosomal delivery compared to the circulating cell? Although preliminary studies have shown that exosomes could cross the BBB, the exact molecular mechanism(s) beyond this phenomenon remains unclear. In this review, we tried to compile some facts about exosome delivery through the BBB and propose some mechanisms that regulate exosomal cross in pathological and physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Heidarzadeh
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gürsoy-Özdemir
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Neurology Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kaya
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.,Physiology Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysan Eslami Abriz
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Emel Sokullu
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Biophysics Department, Koç University School of Medicine, Rumeli Feneri, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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73
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Kyriakoudi A, Spanidi E, Mourtzinos I, Gardikis K. Innovative Delivery Systems Loaded with Plant Bioactive Ingredients: Formulation Approaches and Applications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1238. [PMID: 34207139 PMCID: PMC8234206 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plants constitute a rich source of diverse classes of valuable phytochemicals (e.g., phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, alkaloids) with proven biological activity (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, etc.). However, factors such as low stability, poor solubility and bioavailability limit their food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications. In this regard, a wide range of delivery systems have been developed to increase the stability of plant-derived bioactive compounds upon processing, storage or under gastrointestinal digestion conditions, to enhance their solubility, to mask undesirable flavors as well as to efficiently deliver them to the target tissues where they can exert their biological activity and promote human health. In the present review, the latest advances regarding the design of innovative delivery systems for pure plant bioactive compounds, extracts or essential oils, in order to overcome the above-mentioned challenges, are presented. Moreover, a broad spectrum of applications along with future trends are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kyriakoudi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.K.); (I.M.)
| | - Eleni Spanidi
- APIVITA SA, Industrial Park, Markopoulo, 19003 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Mourtzinos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.K.); (I.M.)
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74
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Butreddy A, Kommineni N, Dudhipala N. Exosomes as Naturally Occurring Vehicles for Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals: Insights from Drug Delivery to Clinical Perspectives. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1481. [PMID: 34204903 PMCID: PMC8229362 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes as nanosized vesicles are emerging as drug delivery systems for therapeutics owing to their natural origin, their ability to mediate intercellular communication, and their potential to encapsulate various biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids within the lipid bilayer membrane or in the lumen. Exosomes contain endogenous components (proteins, lipids, RNA) that could be used to deliver cargoes to target cells, offering an opportunity to diagnose and treat various diseases. Owing to their ability to travel safely in extracellular fluid and to transport cargoes to target cells with high efficacy, exosomes offer enhanced delivery of cargoes in vivo. However, several challenges related to the stabilization of the exosomes, the production of sufficient amounts of exosomes with safety and efficacy, the efficient loading of drugs into exosomes, the clearance of exosomes from circulation, and the transition from the bench scale to clinical production may limit their development and clinical use. For the clinical use of exosomes, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the transport and function of exosome vesicles. This review exploits techniques related to the isolation and characterization of exosomes and their drug delivery potential to enhance the therapeutic outcome and stabilization methods. Further, routes of administration, clinical trials, and regulatory aspects of exosomes will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Butreddy
- Formulation R&D, Biological E. Limited, IKP Knowledge Park, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana State, India;
| | - Nagavendra Kommineni
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA;
| | - Narendar Dudhipala
- Depratment of Pharmaceutics, Vaagdevi College of Pharmacy, Warangal 506005, Telangana State, India
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Park DJ, Seo YJ. Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles Based on Payload Changes for Tissue Regeneration. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:485-497. [PMID: 34050888 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00349-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of tissue regeneration and tissue engineering, many years ago, various nano to macroscopic-sized materials have been used to reduce inflammation and restore damaged tissue. Whether it is safe to study the regeneration of all tissues based on the biological mechanisms of an organism composed of cells is still debated, and studies using extracellular vesicles derived from cells have become popular in the past decade. It has been reported that exosomes with a size of 100 nm or less, which plays an important role in cell-cell communication, contain various factors, such as proliferation, anti-inflammatory, and growth factors. In addition, the payload of exosomes varies depending on the parent cell and the recipient cell, and a technology to differentiate the selective payload must treat specific diseases. In this review, we examined the current trends in research using exosomes derived from cells or tissues and analyzed various research reports on factors that can affect tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jun Park
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, 212 Dickinson Street, MC 8236, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26426, South Korea.,Research Institute of Hearing Enhancement, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26426, South Korea
| | - Young Joon Seo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26426, South Korea. .,Research Institute of Hearing Enhancement, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26426, South Korea. .,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
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76
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Alzhrani GN, Alanazi ST, Alsharif SY, Albalawi AM, Alsharif AA, Abdel-Maksoud MS, Elsherbiny N. Exosomes: Isolation, characterization, and biomedical applications. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1807-1831. [PMID: 33913604 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized bioactive vesicles of 30-150 nm in diameter. They are secreted by exocytosis of nearly all type of cells in to the extracellular fluid. Thereby, they can be found in many biological fluids. Exosomes regulate intracellular communication between cells via delivery of their cargo which include lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid. Many desirable features of exosomes made them promising candidates in several therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss the use of exosomes as diagnostic tools and their possible biomedical applications. Additionally, current techniques used for isolation, purification, and characterization of exosomes from both biological fluids and in vitro cell cultures were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadi N Alzhrani
- Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah T Alanazi
- Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumayyah Y Alsharif
- Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani M Albalawi
- Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar A Alsharif
- Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Maksoud
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehal Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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77
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Giacobino C, Canta M, Fornaguera C, Borrós S, Cauda V. Extracellular Vesicles and Their Current Role in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092280. [PMID: 34068657 PMCID: PMC8126043 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years, immunotherapy has shown great advancement, becoming a powerful tool to combat cancer. In this context, the use of biologically derived vesicles has also acquired importance for cancer immunotherapy. Extracellular vesicles are thus proposed to transport molecules able to trigger an immune response and thus fight cancer cells. As a particular immunotherapeutic approach, a new technique also consists in the exploitation of extracellular vesicles as new cancer vaccines. The present review provides basic notions on cancer immunotherapy and describes several clinical trials in which therapeutic anticancer vaccines are tested. In particular, the potential of extracellular vesicles-based therapeutic vaccines in the treatment of cancer patients is highlighted, even with advanced stage-cancer. A focus on the clinical studies, already completed or still in progress, is offered and a systematic collection and reorganization of the present literature on this topic is proposed to the reader. Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural particles formed by the lipid bilayer and released from almost all cell types to the extracellular environment both under physiological conditions and in presence of a disease. EVs are involved in many biological processes including intercellular communication, acting as natural carriers in the transfer of various biomolecules such as DNA, various RNA types, proteins and different phospholipids. Thanks to their transfer and targeting abilities, they can be employed in drug and gene delivery and have been proposed for the treatment of different diseases, including cancer. Recently, the use of EVs as biological carriers has also been extended to cancer immunotherapy. This new technique of cancer treatment involves the use of EVs to transport molecules capable of triggering an immune response to damage cancer cells. Several studies have analyzed the possibility of using EVs in new cancer vaccines, which represent a particular form of immunotherapy. In the literature there are only few publications that systematically group and collectively discuss these studies. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to illustrate and give a partial reorganization to what has been produced in the literature so far. We provide basic notions on cancer immunotherapy and describe some clinical trials in which therapeutic cancer vaccines are tested. We thus focus attention on the potential of EV-based therapeutic vaccines in the treatment of cancer patients, overviewing the clinically relevant trials, completed or still in progress, which open up new perspectives in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Giacobino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (C.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Marta Canta
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (C.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Cristina Fornaguera
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull (URL), Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (C.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Salvador Borrós
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull (URL), Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; (C.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Valentina Cauda
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy; (C.G.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Sun Z, Yang J, Li H, Wang C, Fletcher C, Li J, Zhan Y, Du L, Wang F, Jiang Y. Progress in the research of nanomaterial-based exosome bioanalysis and exosome-based nanomaterials tumor therapy. Biomaterials 2021; 274:120873. [PMID: 33989972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes and their internal components have been proven to play critical roles in cell-cell interactions and intrinsic cellular regulations, showing promising prospects in both biomedical and clinical fields. Although conventional methods have so far been utilized to great effect, accurate bioanalysis remains a major challenge. In recent years, the fast-paced development of nanomaterials with unique physiochemical properties has led to a boom in the potential bioapplications of such materials. In particular, the application of nanomaterials in exosome bioanalysis provides a great opportunity to overcome the current challenges and limitations of conventional methods. A timely review of the research progress in this field is thus of great significance to the continued development of new methods. This review outlines the properties and potential uses of exosomes, and discusses the conventional methods currently used for their analysis. We then focus on exploring the current state of the art regarding the use of nanomaterials for the isolation, detection and even the subsequent profiling of exosomes. The main methods are based on principles including fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, colorimetry, electrochemistry, and surface plasmon resonance. Additionally, research on exosome-based nanomaterials tumor therapy is also promising from a clinical perspective, so the research progress in this branch is also summarized. Finally, we look at ways in which the field might develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Cameron Fletcher
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Yao Zhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Lutao Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China.
| | - Fenglong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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79
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Emerging technologies and commercial products in exosome-based cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 183:113176. [PMID: 33845291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Academic and industrial groups worldwide have reported technological advances in exosome-based cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the potential translation of these emerging technologies for research and clinical settings remains unknown. This work overviews the role of exosomes in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, followed by a survey on emerging exosome technologies, particularly microfluidic advances for the isolation and detection of exosomes in cancer research. The advantages and drawbacks of each of the technologies used for the isolation, detection and engineering of exosomes are evaluated to address their clinical challenges for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, commercial platforms for exosomal detection and analysis are introduced, and their performance and impact on cancer diagnosis and prognosis are assessed. Also, the risks associated with the further development of the next generation of exosome devices are discussed. The outcome of this work could facilitate recognizing deliverable Exo-devices and technologies with unprecedented functionality and predictable manufacturability for the next-generation of cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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80
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Bernardi S, Farina M. Exosomes and Extracellular Vesicles in Myeloid Neoplasia: The Multiple and Complex Roles Played by These " Magic Bullets". BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020105. [PMID: 33540594 PMCID: PMC7912829 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by the majority of cell types and can be isolated from both cell cultures and body fluids. They are involved in cell-to-cell communication and may shuttle different messages (RNA, DNA, and proteins). These messages are known to influence the microenvironment of cells and their behavior. In recent years, some evidence about the involvement of EVs and exosomes, an EV subgroup, in immunomodulation, the transfer of disease markers, and the treatment of myeloid malignancies have been reported. Little is known about these vesicles in this particular setting of hematologic neoplasia; here, we summarize and critically review the available results, aiming to encourage further investigations. Abstract Extracellular vesicles (exosomes, in particular) are essential in multicellular organisms because they mediate cell-to-cell communication via the transfer of secreted molecules. They are able to shuttle different cargo, from nucleic acids to proteins. The role of exosomes has been widely investigated in solid tumors, which gave us surprising results about their potential involvement in pathogenesis and created an opening for liquid biopsies. Less is known about exosomes in oncohematology, particularly concerning the malignancies deriving from myeloid lineage. In this review, we aim to present an overview of immunomodulation and the microenvironment alteration mediated by exosomes released by malicious myeloid cells. Afterwards, we review the studies reporting the use of exosomes as disease biomarkers and their influence in response to treatment, together with the recent experiences that have focused on the use of exosomes as therapeutic tools. The further development of new technologies and the increased knowledge of biological (exosomes) and clinical (myeloid neoplasia) aspects are expected to change the future approaches to these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bernardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica AIL (CREA), ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-0303998464
| | - Mirko Farina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica AIL (CREA), ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Kannavou M, Marazioti A, Stathopoulos GT, Antimisiaris SG. Engineered versus hybrid cellular vesicles as efficient drug delivery systems: a comparative study with brain targeted vesicles. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:547-565. [PMID: 33471279 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein we elaborated on methods to load cellular vesicles (CVs) and to incorporate cholesterol (Chol) and PEG lipids in their membrane, for enhancing the potential of such engineered CVs (e-CVs) as drug carriers. Hybrids formed by fusion between PEGylated liposomes (PEG-LIP) and CVs were evaluated as alternatives to e-CV, for the first time. Freeze-thawing cycles (FT) and incubation protocols were tested, and vesicle fusion was monitored by FRET dilution. B16F10, hCMEC/D3, and LLC cells were used for e-CV or hybrid development, and FITC-dextran as a model hydrophilic drug. Results show that dehydration rehydration vesicle (DRV) method is optimal for highest CV loading and integrity, while optimal protocols for Chol/PEG enrichment were identified. FT was found to be more efficient than incubation for hybrid formation. Interestingly, despite their high Chol content, CVs had very low integrity that was not increased by enrichment with Chol, but only after PEG coating; e-CVs demonstrated higher integrity than hybrids. Vesicle uptake by hCMEC cells is in the order: LIP < e-CVs < Hybrids ≤ CVs (verified by confocal microscopy); the higher PEG content of e-CVs is possibly the reason for their reduced cell uptake. While CV and hybrid uptake are highly caveolin-dependent, e-CVs mostly follow clathrin-dependent pathways. In vivo and ex vivo results show that brain accumulation of hybrids is only slightly higher that of CVs, indicating that the surface PEG content of hybrids is not sufficient to prevent uptake by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. Taking together with the fact that subjection of CVs to FT cycles reduced their cellular uptake, it is concluded that PEGylated e-CVs are better than hybrids as brain-targeted drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kannavou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26510, Rio, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, 26504, Rio, Greece
| | - Antonia Marazioti
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26510, Rio, Greece.,Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, 26504, Rio, Greece
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, 26510, Rio, Greece.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, 81377, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Sophia G Antimisiaris
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26510, Rio, Greece. .,Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, FORTH/ICE-HT, 26504, Rio, Greece.
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Extracellular microvesicles/exosomes: discovery, disbelief, acceptance, and the future? Leukemia 2020; 34:3126-3135. [PMID: 32929129 PMCID: PMC7685969 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-01041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are concepts in science that need time to overcome initial disbelief before finally arriving at the moment when they are embraced by the research community. One of these concepts is the biological meaning of the small, spheroidal vesicles released from cells, which are described in the literature as microparticles, microvesicles, or exosomes. In the beginning, this research was difficult, as it was hard to distinguish these small vesicles from cell debris or apoptotic bodies. However, they may represent the first language of cell-cell communication, which existed before a more specific intercellular cross-talk between ligands and receptors emerged during evolution. In this review article, we will use the term "extracellular microvesicles" (ExMVs) to refer to these small spheroidal blebs of different sizes surrounded by a lipid layer of membrane. We have accepted an invitation from the Editor-in-Chief to write this review in observance of the 20th anniversary of the 2001 ASH Meeting when our team demonstrated that, by horizontal transfer of several bioactive molecules, including mRNA species and proteins, ExMVs harvested from embryonic stem cells could modify hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and expand them ex vivo. Interestingly, the result that moved ExMV research forward was published first in 2005 in Leukemia, having been previously rejected by other major scientific journals out of simple disbelief. Therefore, the best judge of a new concept is the passage of time, although the speed of its adoption is aided by perseverance and confidence in one's own data. In this perspective article, we will provide a brief update on the current status of, hopes for, and likely future of ExMV research as well as therapeutic and diagnostic applications, with a special emphasis on hematopoiesis.
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