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Renault S, Daverat F, Pierron F, Gonzalez P, Dufour S, Lanceleur L, Schäfer J, Baudrimont M. The use of Eugenol and electro-narcosis as anaesthetics: transcriptional impacts on the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:1573-1577. [PMID: 21531020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological studies aim to assess the potential environmental risks of various products. This implies the use of various biological models and tests on live animals. In case of handling fish and mammals, ethical rules have to be respected. The use of anaesthesia is considered to be the best way to ensure animal welfare. Eugenol and electro-narcosis are among the most popular chemical and physical anaesthetics used in fisheries and by field biologists. In this study, the genetic and endocrine impacts of these anaesthetics were assessed in order to establish whether the use of such methods could skew the results of ecotoxicological studies. Twenty yellow European eels (Anguilla anguilla) were submitted to Eugenol (50mg/L) and electro-narcosis until they reached a level of deep anaesthesia, while 20 other eels were kept aware. Five anaesthetized and five unanaesthetized eels were sacrificed and analysed directly after treatment and after 1, 7 and 21 days of recovery. At the brain level, Eugenol triggered an increase in the transcription level of genes encoding proteins involved in oxidative stress responses (catalase expression 2.5-fold, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase expression 3-fold), probably due to a hypoxic event during anaesthesia. Later impacts were detected in muscles 21 days after anaesthesia (ATP synthase subunit 6 3-fold, NADH deshydrogenase subunit 5 4-fold and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 3-fold increased) revealing oxidative stress from an accrued mitochondrial respiratory metabolism. Hormone dosages showed that the use of Eugenol reduced the release of plasma cortisol during anaesthesia. However, this impact seemed to be reversible within one day. In case of electro-narcosis, no significant variation in transcriptional levels could be detected between anaesthetized and unanaesthetized eels. Our results suggest that the use of Eugenol as an aesthetic in ecotoxicological studies measuring gene expression or plasma cortisol concentration is not appropriate, while electro-narcosis does not seem to have any impact, at least on the parameters taken into consideration in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Renault
- University Bordeaux 1, UMR-EPOC CNRS-5805, Aquatic Ecotoxicology team (AE), Arcachon, France.
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Kannappan R, Gupta SC, Kim JH, Reuter S, Aggarwal BB. Neuroprotection by spice-derived nutraceuticals: you are what you eat! Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44:142-59. [PMID: 21360003 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous lines of evidence indicate that chronic inflammation plays a major role in the development of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, brain tumor, and meningitis. Why these diseases are more common among people from some countries than others is not fully understood, but lifestyle factors have been linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. For example, the incidence of certain neurodegenerative diseases among people living in the Asian subcontinent, where people regularly consume spices, is much lower than in countries of the western world. Extensive research over the last 10 years has indicated that nutraceuticals derived from such spices as turmeric, red pepper, black pepper, licorice, clove, ginger, garlic, coriander, and cinnamon target inflammatory pathways, thereby may prevent neurodegenerative diseases. How these nutraceuticals modulate various pathways and how they exert neuroprotection are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaswamy Kannappan
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Pramod K, Ansari SH, Ali J. Eugenol: A Natural Compound with Versatile Pharmacological Actions. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000501236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eugenol, the major constituent of clove oil, has been widely used for its anesthetic and analgesic action in dentistry. Eugenol exhibits pharmacological effects on almost all systems and our aim is to review the research work that has identified these pharmacological actions. Eugenol possesses significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular properties, in addition to analgesic and local anesthetic activity. The metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the compound in humans have been studied. Eugenol has also been used as a penetration enhancer. The compound is a very promising candidate for versatile applications, and the design of new drugs based on the pharmacological effects of eugenol could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannissery Pramod
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi – 110 062, India
| | - Shahid H. Ansari
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi – 110 062, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi – 110 062, India
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Lionnet L, Beaudry F, Vachon P. Intrathecal eugenol administration alleviates neuropathic pain in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Phytother Res 2010; 24:1645-53. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Beaudry F, Ross A, Lema PP, Vachon P. Pharmacokinetics of vanillin and its effects on mechanical hypersensitivity in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Phytother Res 2010; 24:525-30. [PMID: 19655294 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The analgesic effects of vanillin on neuropathic pain was evaluated using thermal sensitivity and mechanical allodynia using the sciatic nerve constriction model (n = 30 rats). To determine the pharmacokinetics of vanillin, rats (n = 6/administration route) received either 20 or 100 mg/kg of vanillin i.v. and p.o., respectively. For the pharmacodynamic study, baseline levels for hyperalgesia and allodynia were taken for 5 days prior to surgery. Following surgery each group (n = 6 rats/group) received either vanillin (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg), morphine (2 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg) or the vehicle only. Pharmacokinetic results following p.o. administrations are C(max) 290.24 ng/mL, T(max) 4 h, relative clearance 62.17 L/h/kg and T(1/2) 10.3 h. The bioavailability is 7.6%. Mechanical allodynia was decreased on treatment days 1, 2, 3, 5 (p < 0.003) and not on day 4 (p > 0.02) with 50 mg/kg vanillin, whereas at 100 mg/kg p.o. a decrease was noted only on days 7 and 8 (p < 0.003). No effect on hyperalgesia was seen following vanillin administration. In conclusion, vanillin is bioavailable and seems to have an alleviating effect on mechanical allodynia, and not on hyperalgesia, when evaluated with a chronic constriction nerve injury rat model of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Beaudry
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Hemaiswarya S, Doble M. Synergistic interaction of eugenol with antibiotics against Gram negative bacteria. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 16:997-1005. [PMID: 19540744 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Eugenol, the principal chemical component of clove oil from Eugenia aromatica has been long known for its analgesic, local anesthetic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects. The interaction of the eugenol with ten different hydrophobic and hydrophilic antibiotics was studied against five different Gram negative bacteria. The MIC of the combination was found to decrease by a factor of 5-1000 with respect to their individual MIC. This synergy is because of the membrane damaging nature of eugenol, where 1mM of its concentration is able to damage nearly 50% of the bacterial membrane. Eugenol was also able to enhance the activities of lysozyme, Triton X-100 and SDS in damaging the bacterial cell membrane. The hydrophilic antibiotics such as vancomycin and beta-lactam antibiotics which have a marginal activity on these gram negative bacteria exhibit an enhanced antibacterial activity when pretreated with eugenol. Reduced usage of antibiotics could be employed as a treatment strategy to slow down the onset of antibiotic resistance as well as decrease its toxicity. Experiments performed with human blood cells indicated that the concentration of eugenol used for the combination studies were below its cytotoxic values. Pharmacodynamic studies of the combinations need to be performed to decide on the effective dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hemaiswarya
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
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Beaudry F, Vachon P. Quantitative determination of capsaicin, a transient receptor potential channel vanilloid 1 agonist, by liquid chromatography quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry: evaluation of in vitro metabolic stability. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:204-11. [PMID: 18816461 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicin is the most abundant pungent molecule present in red peppers and it is widely used for food flavoring, in pepper spray in self-defense devices and more recently in ointments for the relief of neuropathic pain. Capsaicin is a selective agonist of transient receptor potential channel, vanilloid subfamily member 1. A selective and sensitive quantitative method for the determination of capsaicin by LC-ESI/MS/MS was developed. The method consisted of a protein precipitation extraction followed by analysis using liquid chromatography electrospray quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a 100 x 2 mm C(18) Waters Symmetry column combined with a gradient mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution at a flow rate of 220 microL/min. The mass spectrometer was operating in full-scan MS/MS mode using two-segment analysis. An analytical range of 10-5000 ng/mL was used in the calibration curve constructed in rat plasma. The interbatch precision and accuracy observed were 6.5, 6.7, 5.3 and 101.2, 102.7, 103.5% at 50, 500 and 5000 ng/mL, respectively. An in vitro metabolic stability study was performed in rat, dog and mouse liver microsomes and the novel analytical method was adapted and used to determine intrinsic clearance of capsaicin. Results suggest very rapid degradation with T(1/2) ranging from 2.3 to 4.1 min and high clearance values suggesting that drug bioavailability will be considerably reduced, consequently affecting drug response and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Beaudry
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.
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Park CK, Kim K, Jung SJ, Kim MJ, Ahn DK, Hong SD, Kim JS, Oh SB. Molecular mechanism for local anesthetic action of eugenol in the rat trigeminal system. Pain 2009; 144:84-94. [PMID: 19376653 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eugenol is widely used in dentistry as a local analgesic agent, because of its ability to allay tooth pain. Interestingly, eugenol shares several pharmacological actions with local anesthetics which include inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1). In the present study, we investigated the effects of eugenol on pain behaviors in orofacial area, and as an attempt to elucidate its mechanism we characterized inhibitory effects of eugenol on VGSCs in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons. TG neurons were classified into four types on the basis of their neurochemical and electrophysiological properties such as cell size, shapes of action potential (AP), isolectin-B(4) (IB(4)) binding, and were analyzed for the association of their distinctive electrophysiological properties and mRNA expression of Na(v)1.8 and TRPV1 by using single-cell RT-PCR following whole-cell recordings. Subcutaneous injection of eugenol reduced the thermal nociception and capsaicin-induced thermal hyperalgesia in a dose-dependent manner. Eugenol also diminished digastric electromyogram evoked by noxious electrical stimulation to anterior tooth pulp, which was attributable to the blockade of AP conduction on inferior alveolar nerve. At cellular level, eugenol reversibly inhibited APs and VGSCs in IB(4)+/TRPV1+/Na(v)1.8+ nociceptive TG neurons (Type I-Type III) and IB(4)-/TRPV1-/Na(v)1.8- nociceptive TG neurons (Type IV). Both TTX-resistant I(Na) in Type I-Type III neurons and TTX-sensitive I(Na) in Type IV neurons were sensitive to eugenol. Taken together, these results suggest that eugenol may serve as local anesthetics for other pathological pain conditions in addition to its wide use in dental clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Kyu Park
- National Research Laboratory for Pain, Dental Research Institute and Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 28-2 Yeongeon-Dong, Chongno-Ku, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
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Cho JS, Kim TH, Lim JM, Song JH. Effects of eugenol on Na+ currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Brain Res 2008; 1243:53-62. [PMID: 18824159 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Eugenol is an aromatic molecule found in several plants and widely used in dentistry for analgesic and antiseptic purposes. It inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. It also regulates ion channels involved in pain signaling, such as TRPV1 receptor, high-voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels, NMDA receptor and GABA(A) receptor. The expression and functional properties of voltage-gated Na(+) channels in primary sensory neurons are altered following inflammation or nerve injury. To elucidate an involvement of Na(+) channels in the eugenol-induced analgesia we investigated the effects of eugenol on tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) and tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Na(+) currents in acutely dissociated rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Eugenol inhibited TTX-S and TTX-R Na(+) currents in a concentration-dependent manner. The K(d) values were 308 muM and 543 muM, respectively. Eugenol did not influence the activation voltage of either type of Na(+) current. However, eugenol moved the steady-state inactivation curves of both Na(+) currents to a hyperpolarizing direction and reduced the maximal Na(+) current. Thus eugenol appears to inhibit Na(+) currents through its interaction with both resting and inactivated Na(+) channels. The recovery from inactivation of both Na(+) currents was slowed by eugenol. The eugenol inhibition of Na(+) currents was not dependent on the stimulus frequency. The inhibition of Na(+) currents is considered as one of the mechanisms by which eugenol exerts analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Seon Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heuksuk-Dong, Dongjak-Ku, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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