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Fisher EL, Otto M, Cheung GYC. Basis of Virulence in Enterotoxin-Mediated Staphylococcal Food Poisoning. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:436. [PMID: 29662470 PMCID: PMC5890119 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins are a superfamily of secreted virulence factors that share structural and functional similarities and possess potent superantigenic activity causing disruptions in adaptive immunity. The enterotoxins can be separated into two groups; the classical (SEA-SEE) and the newer (SEG-SElY and counting) enterotoxin groups. Many members from both these groups contribute to the pathogenesis of several serious human diseases, including toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, and sepsis-related infections. Additionally, many members demonstrate emetic activity and are frequently responsible for food poisoning outbreaks. Due to their robust tolerance to denaturing, the enterotoxins retain activity in food contaminated previously with S. aureus. The genes encoding the enterotoxins are found mostly on a variety of different mobile genetic elements. Therefore, the presence of enterotoxins can vary widely among different S. aureus isolates. Additionally, the enterotoxins are regulated by multiple, and often overlapping, regulatory pathways, which are influenced by environmental factors. In this review, we also will focus on the newer enterotoxins (SEG-SElY), which matter for the role of S. aureus as an enteropathogen, and summarize our current knowledge on their prevalence in recent food poisoning outbreaks. Finally, we will review the current literature regarding the key elements that govern the complex regulation of enterotoxins, the molecular mechanisms underlying their enterotoxigenic, superantigenic, and immunomodulatory functions, and discuss how these activities may collectively contribute to the overall manifestation of staphylococcal food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie L Fisher
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gordon Y C Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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ELAHI SHAHEEM, TSUCHIAKA SHINOBU, MIZUTANI TETSUYA, FUJIKAWA HIROSHI. Characteristics of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A Production and Growth of Staphylococcus aureus in Shaking and Stationary Cultures. Biocontrol Sci 2018; 23:207-214. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.23.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SHAHEEM ELAHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and technology
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - SHINOBU TSUCHIAKA
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University ofAgriculture and Technology
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - TETSUYA MIZUTANI
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University ofAgriculture and Technology
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - HIROSHI FUJIKAWA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and technology
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
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Hu DL, Ono HK, Isayama S, Okada R, Okamura M, Lei LC, Liu ZS, Zhang XC, Liu MY, Cui JC, Nakane A. Biological characteristics of staphylococcal enterotoxin Q and its potential risk for food poisoning. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1672-1679. [PMID: 28375567 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To elucidate the biological characteristics and stability of a newly identified staphylococcal enterotoxin Q (SEQ) against heating and digestive enzymes and to evaluate the risk of seq-harbouring Staphylococcus aureus in food poisoning. METHODS AND RESULTS Purified SEQ was treated with heating, pepsin and trypsin which are related to food cooking, stomach and intestine conditions, respectively. Superantigenic activity of SEQ was assessed by determining the ability of IL-2 induction in mouse spleen cells. The emetic activity of SEQ was assessed using house musk shrew, a small emetic animal model. The results revealed that SEQ exhibits a remarkable resistance to heat treatment and pepsin digestion and has significant superantigenic and emetic activities. Furthermore, a sandwich ELISA for detection of SEQ production was developed, and the results showed that seq-harboring S. aureus isolates produce a large amount of SEQ. CONCLUSIONS The newly identified SEQ had remarkable stability to heat treatment and digestive enzyme degradation and exhibited significant superantigenic and emetic activities. In addition, seq-harbouring S. aureus isolated from food poisoning outbreaks produced a large amount of SEQ, suggesting that seq-harbouring S. aureus could potentially be a hazard for food safety. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study found, for the first time, that SEQ, a nonclassical SE, had remarkable stability to heat treatment and enzyme degradation and exhibited significant emetic activity, indicating that SEQ is a high-risk toxin in food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-L Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jiling, China.,Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - H K Ono
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - S Isayama
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - R Okada
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - M Okamura
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - L C Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jiling, China
| | - Z S Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jiling, China
| | - X-C Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jiling, China
| | - M Y Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jiling, China
| | - J C Cui
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - A Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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Shimamura Y, Hirai C, Sugiyama Y, Shibata M, Ozaki J, Murata M, Ohashi N, Masuda S. Inhibitory effects of food additives derived from polyphenols on staphylococcal enterotoxin A production and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:2346-2352. [PMID: 29098937 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1395681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of 14 food additives derived from polyphenol samples on staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) production and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus. Tannic acid AL (TA), Purephenon 50 W (PP) and Polyphenon 70A (POP) at 0.25 mg/mL and Gravinol®-N (GN), Blackcurrant polyphenol AC10 (BP), and Resveratrol-P5 (RT) at 1.0 mg/mL significantly decreased SEA production by S. aureus C-29 (p < 0.05). TA, GN, BP, and RT significantly inhibited the expression of the sea gene in S. aureus C-29 (p < 0.05), while suppression attempts by PP and POP proved unsuccessful. After result analysis, it can be derived that TA, GN, BP, and RT inhibit the production of SEA. Of the six samples, each one significantly inhibited biofilm formation (p < 0.05). Food additives derived from polyphenols have viability to be used as a means to inhibit the enterotoxin production and control the biofilm formation of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimamura
- a School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Chikako Hirai
- a School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Yuka Sugiyama
- a School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Masaharu Shibata
- a School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Junya Ozaki
- a School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Masatsune Murata
- b Department of Nutrition and Food Science , Ochanomizu University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Norio Ohashi
- a School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
| | - Shuichi Masuda
- a School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka , Japan
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Benkerroum N. Staphylococcal enterotoxins and enterotoxin-like toxins with special reference to dairy products: An overview. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:1943-1970. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1289149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald-Stewart Building, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
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Zhao Y, Zhu A, Tang J, Tang C, Chen J. Identification and measurement of staphylococcal enterotoxin M from Staphylococcus aureus isolate associated with staphylococcal food poisoning. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 65:27-34. [PMID: 28444877 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus produces a wide variety of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs, SEA to SEX), which are responsible for staphylococcal food poisoning. This study is aimed to establish a system to detect staphylococcal enterotoxin M (SEM) protein in food matrixes. In the present study, sem gene was characterized in a S. aureus isolate H4 associated with food poisoning. The amino acid sequence of the deduced SEM protein was same as that of previously identified SEM from S. aureus 04-02981. Subsequently, mature SEM protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells and purified with a Ni-NTA spin column. The polyclonal and monoclonal antibody against it were prepared. Using these antibodies, a highly sensitive, specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system was developed capable of detecting SEM in milk, meat and rice. Cross-reactivity with SEB, SEI and SEK in this method was insignificant. Quantification of SEM secretion in vitro using this novel capture ELISA revealed that SEM was mainly secreted during the transition from the exponential to the stationary phase. Furthermore, sem gene and SEM protein production were screened by PCR and the developed ELISA system. The results indicated that there were two SEM+ strains of 19 S. aureus isolates originating in cold dishes and humans suffering from food poisoning. The investigations make it possible to assess SEM in food hygiene supervision in near future. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) are the main causative agents of staphylococcal food poisoning. Unlike classical SEs (SEA to SEE), the relationship between newly identified SEs (SEG to SEX) and staphylococcal food poisoning has not been clearly elucidated. Recently, mild emetic potential of staphylococcal enterotoxin M (SEM) has been demonstrated, which indicated that SEM might be associated with food poisoning. However, there is currently no commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit available for immunological detection of it. Therefore, we developed a highly sensitive, specific sandwich ELISA system and assayed SEM in food matrixes. This assay facilitates the study of SEM expression in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the investigations would be helpful in addressing the relative incidence of SEM+ strains in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - A Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - J Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - C Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - J Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
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59
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Zhao Y, Zhu A, Tang J, Tang C, Chen J, Liu J. Identification and measurement of staphylococcal enterotoxin-like protein I (SEll) secretion from Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolate. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 121:539-46. [PMID: 27187155 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) produces a wide variety of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and staphylococcal enterotoxin-like (SEl) proteins, which are the most causative agents of staphylococcal food poisoning. In contrast to classical SEs (SEA to SEE), the relationship between the novel SEs/SEls (SEG to SElX) and staphylococcal food poisoning is not elucidated. This study is aimed to establish a system to detect staphylococcal enterotoxin-like protein I (SElI) for analysis of staphylococcal food poisoning. METHODS AND RESULTS SElI was characterized in a Staph. aureus clinical isolate associated with food poisoning; there was an amino acid substitution Thr145Ala compared to previously identified SEI from Staph. aureus 04-02981. Subsequently, SElI was expressed, purified, and the poly- and monoclonal antibodies against it were prepared. Using these antibodies, a highly sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that specifically detected and measured SElI secretion from the Staph. aureus clinical isolate in LB medium, milk and bloodstream was developed. CONCLUSIONS The ELISA system has been successfully applied for analysing SElI secretion in vivo and in vitro. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The highly sensitive ELISA should make it attractive for quantifying SElI in food hygiene supervision and clinical diagnosis in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - A Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - J Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - C Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - J Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - J Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
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Zhan K, Jiang M, Sui Y, Yan K, Lin M, Zhao G. Establishment of immortalized mouse intestinal epithelial cells line and study of effects of Arg-Arg on inflammatory response. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:538-546. [PMID: 28342021 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-017-0143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Primary mouse intestinal epithelial cells (MIEs) are not ideal models for long-term culture in vitro and a limited amount of approximate three generations. In addition, the mechanism that arginine-arginine dipeptide (Arg-Arg) regulates mouse intestinal inflammatory response remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish immortal MIEs and study the effects of Arg-Arg on inflammatory response after challenging the MIEs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or staphylococcal enterotoxin C (rSEC). Our data showed that immortalized MIEs could be cultured over 100 generations. The immortalized MIEs showed positive reaction against cytokeratine 18 antigen, E-cadherin, and peptide transporters (Pept1) using indirect immunofluorescence. Cytokeratine 18 and Pept1 can be expressed in immortalized MIEs by immunoblotting. Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) and villin known as intestinal epithelial cell functional protein were constitutively expressed in immortalized MIEs. For inflammatory response, these results showed that Arg-Arg can decrease the LPS-induced expression of IL-1β and the rSEC-induced expression of TNF-α; however, it can upregulate the LPS-induced expression of IL-6 and TNF-α and the rSEC-induced expression level of IL-1β. In addition, in the MAPK signaling pathway, pSAPK/JNK and p-Erk1/2 in LPS with Arg-Arg treatment were upregulated than that in LPS treatment. p-p38 in LPS with Arg-Arg treatment was attenuated than that in LPS treatment. pSAPK/JNK and p-p38 in rSEC with Arg-Arg treatment were enhanced than that in rSEC treatment. Conversely, p-Erk1/2 in rSEC with Arg-Arg treatment was attenuated than that in rSEC treatment. These novel findings suggest that Arg-Arg dipeptide plays an important role for regulation of the immunologic balance in mouse intestinal inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Maocheng Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yannan Sui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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Marjory XR, Nathalia CCS, Julia HT, Melina MBC, Tsai SM, Fabio RSD, Carmen JCC, Solange GCB, Ernani P. Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus species from mastitic milk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2016.8347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Tetili F, Bendali F, Perrier J, Sadoun D. Anti-Staphylococcal Enterotoxinogenesis of Lactococcus lactis in Algerian Raw Milk Cheese. Food Technol Biotechnol 2017. [PMID: 29540985 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.55.04.17.5105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a potential pathogen contaminating raw milk and dairy products, where it is able to produce thermostable enterotoxins that can cause staphylococcal food poisoning. This study was undertaken to investigate the inhibitory activity of a Lactococcus lactis strain (isolated from milk) on S. aureus growth and staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) production. In the presence of L. lactis, the number of the pathogen decreased significantly (p<0.05) after 6 h of incubation in a laboratory medium and milk (3 log CFU/mL reduction compared to pure cultures). SEA concentration was reduced by 79% in the co-cultures. S. aureus was unable to reach population levels permitting SEA production in the cheese inoculated with L. lactis during 32 days of storage. In contrast, during the same period, it attained 7 log CFU/g in the cheese manufactured without the lactococcal strain, a level which permitted SEA detection in the cheese extracts. However, this enterotoxin was never detected in the cheese harbouring L. lactis. These results demonstrate the anti-staphylococcal enterotoxinogenesis potential of the L. lactis strain and its usefulness in raw milk cheese biopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Tetili
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Life and Nature Sciences Faculty, Bejaia University, DZ-06000 Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Farida Bendali
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Life and Nature Sciences Faculty, Bejaia University, DZ-06000 Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Josette Perrier
- Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III University, Group Molecular Interactions Intestinal Mucosal Microbiote, ISM2-Biosciences UMR CNRS 6263, Faculty of Sciences,
FR-13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Djamila Sadoun
- Applied Microbiology Laboratory, Life and Nature Sciences Faculty, Bejaia University, DZ-06000 Bejaia, Algeria
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Comparative Effects of Food Preservatives on the Production of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin I from Staphylococcus aureus Isolate. J FOOD QUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/9495314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin I (SEI) is associated with staphylococcal food poisoning, but little is known about different food preservatives on the production of SEI. In this study, the effect of different food preservatives (sodium nitrite, polylysine, chitosan, and tea catechin) on the bacteria growth, sei gene expression, and extracellular SEI production of Staphylococcus aureus isolate H4 was detected in tryptone soya broth (TSB) culture. Our results showed that all of these preservatives depressed S. aureus H4 growth and the order of inhibitory effect was 0.8 g/L tea catechin > 6 g/L chitosan > 0.25 g/L polylysine > 0.4 g/L tea catechin > 0.15 g/L sodium nitrite. Furthermore, 0.25 g/L polylysine or 0.15 g/L sodium nitrite did not significantly alter sei gene transcription, while 6 g/L chitosan obviously increased the relative mRNA level of sei gene expression. 0.4 g/L tea catechin remarkably inhibited sei gene transcription. In addition, 0.15 g/L sodium nitrite and 6 g/L chitosan significantly enhanced SEI secretion. 0.25 g/L polylysine, especially 0.4 g/L tea catechin, sharply inhibited the level of SEI secretion. The results indicated that tea catechin not only suppressed Staphylococcus aureus growth, but also inhibited SEI production and secretion, suggesting that tea catechin may be better than sodium nitrite, polylysine, or chitosan for keeping the food from the contamination of SEI. These investigations would be useful for food industry to provide safer food products due to S. aureus enterotoxins-related control strategy.
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Pajić M, Boboš S, Velebit B, Rašić Z, Katić V, Radinović M, Nikolić A, Simonović D, Babić M. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Enterotoxin-Producing Strains of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Serbian Dairy Cows. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/acve-2016-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is known worldwide as a frequent cause of mastitis in dairy cattle. Due to the production of heath resistant enterotoxins, this pathogen is also a major cause of food poisoning among humans, with symptoms of often severe vomiting and diarrhea. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of enterotoxinproducing strains of S. aureus originating from samples of cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis in the Republic of Serbia. Furthermore, we analyzed the type of staphylococcal enterotoxin they produce and phylogenetic relatedness among the S. aureus isolates recovered from milk in this study. Production of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, D and E was determined by commercial immunoenzyme assay VIDAS® SET2, and presence of corresponding genes encoding enterotoxin synthesis in positive isolates confi rmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Enterotoxin production was determined in 5 out of 75 (6.67%) isolates of S. aureus and all of them produced staphylococcal enterotoxins C. After analyzing the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the synthesis of staphylococcal protein A, S. aureus isolates were assigned into 2 phylogenetic groups, including 7 clusters. All S. aureus isolates with the presence of sec gene formed one cluster even dough they originated from milk samples from different farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Pajić
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Stanko Boboš
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Branko Velebit
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Rašić
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine “Jagodina”, Jagodina, Serbia
| | - Vera Katić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miodrag Radinović
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Nikolić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Simonović
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine “Jagodina”, Jagodina, Serbia
| | - Milijana Babić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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65
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Affiliation(s)
- M Javad Aman
- a Research & Development , Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc. , Rockville , MD , USA
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Nagaraj S, Ramlal S, Kingston J, Batra HV. Development of IgY based sandwich ELISA for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin G (SEG), an egc toxin. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:136-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Transcytosis, Antitumor Activity and Toxicity of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C2 as an Oral Administration Protein Drug. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8060185. [PMID: 27322320 PMCID: PMC4926151 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 (SEC2) is a classical superantigen (SAg), which can tremendously activate T lymphocytes at very low dosage, thus exerting its powerful antitumor activity. As an intravenous protein drug and a bacterial toxin, SEC2 has some limitations including poor patient compliance and toxic side effects. In this research, we devoted our attention to studying the antitumor activity and toxicity of SEC2 as a potential oral administration protein drug. We proved that His-tagged SEC2 (SEC2-His) could undergo facilitated transcytosis on human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells and SEC2-His was detected in the blood of rats after oral administration. Furthermore, oral SEC2-His caused massive cytokine release and immune cell enrichment around tumor tissue, leading to inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. Meanwhile, although SEC2-His was dosed up to 32 mg/kg in mice, no significant toxicity was observed. These data showed that SEC2 can cross the intestinal epithelium in an immunologically integral form, maintaining antitumor activity but with reduced systemic toxicity. Therefore, these results may have implications for developing SEC2 as an oral administration protein drug.
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68
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Two common structural motifs for TCR recognition by staphylococcal enterotoxins. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25796. [PMID: 27180909 PMCID: PMC4867771 DOI: 10.1038/srep25796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Superantigens are toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, called staphylococcal enterotoxins (abbreviated SEA to SEU). They can cross-link the T cell receptor (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex class II, triggering a massive T cell activation and hence disease. Due to high stability and toxicity, superantigens are potential agents of bioterrorism. Hence, antagonists may not only be useful in the treatment of disease but also serve as countermeasures to biological warfare. Of particular interest are inhibitors against SEA and SEB. SEA is the main cause of food poisoning, while SEB is a common toxin manufactured as a biological weapon. Here, we present the crystal structures of SEA in complex with TCR and SEE in complex with the same TCR, complemented with computational alanine-scanning mutagenesis of SEA, SEB, SEC3, SEE, and SEH. We have identified two common areas that contribute to the general TCR binding for these superantigens. This paves the way for design of single antagonists directed towards multiple toxins.
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Rehab ME, Dina ER, Shaymaa HAR. Toxin gene profile and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical and food samples in Egypt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2015.7927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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70
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Johler S, Zurfluh K, Stephan R. Tracing and inhibiting growth of Staphylococcus aureus in barbecue cheese production after product recall. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3345-3350. [PMID: 26971157 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning is one of the most prevalent causes of foodborne intoxication worldwide. It is caused by ingestion of enterotoxins formed by Staphylococcus aureus during growth in the food matrix. Following a recall of barbecue cheese due to the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in Switzerland in July 2015, we analyzed the production process of the respective dairy. Although most cheese-making processes involve acidification to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, barbecue cheese has to maintain a pH >6.0 to prevent undesired melting of the cheese. In addition, the dairy decided to retain the traditional manual production process of the barbecue cheese. In this study, therefore, we aimed to (1) trace Staph. aureus along the barbecue cheese production process, and (2) develop a sustainable strategy to inhibit growth of Staph. aureus and decrease the risk of staphylococcal food poisoning without changing the traditional production process. To this end, we traced Staph. aureus in a step-wise blinded process analysis on 4 different production days using spa (Staphylococcus protein A gene) typing, DNA microarray profiling, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. We subsequently selected a new starter culture and used a model cheese production including a challenge test assay to assess its antagonistic effect on Staph. aureus growth, as well as its sensory and technological implications. We detected Staph. aureus in 30% (37/124) of the collected samples taken from the barbecue cheese production at the dairy. This included detection of Staph. aureus in the final product on all 4 production days, either after enrichment or using quantitative detection. We traced 2 enterotoxigenic Staph. aureus strains (t073/CC45 and t282/CC45) colonizing the nasal cavity and the forearms of the cheesemakers to the final product. In the challenge test assay, we were able to show that the new starter culture inhibited growth of Staph. aureus while meeting the sensory and technological requirements of barbecue cheese production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Johler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Zurfluh
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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71
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Hirose S, Ono HK, Omoe K, Hu DL, Asano K, Yamamoto Y, Nakane A. Goblet cells are involved in translocation of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in the intestinal tissue of house musk shrew (Suncus murinus). J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:781-9. [PMID: 26669704 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To elucidate an entry site of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), which is a major toxin for staphylococcal foodborne poisoning, into gastrointestinal tissue using a house musk shrew model. METHODS AND RESULTS House musk shrews were per orally administered with recombinant SEA and localization of SEA in gastrointestinal tissues was investigated by immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy 30 min after administration. SEA was detected in a subset of intestinal epithelial cells and lamina propria in the villi of jejunum and ileum. This observation was also found in gastrointestinal loops. Morphological characteristics of the SEA-immunopositive cells indicated that goblet cells are an entry site of SEA.SEA entered mucus-expelling goblet cells and the induction of mucus secretion by alyll isothiocyanate resulted in an intensive SEA signal. These results suggest that mucus secretion by goblet cells is important for the translocation of SEA. CONCLUSIONS SEA can translocate across intestinal epithelia via mucus-expelling goblet cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACTS OF THE STUDY An entry site of SEA during translocation across the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier was investigated. This study was the first to demonstrate the significance of goblet cells as an entry site of this bacterial toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hirose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - H K Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - K Omoe
- Laboratory of Food Safety Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan.,Department of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - D-L Hu
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - K Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Y Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - A Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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72
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Krakauer T, Pradhan K, Stiles BG. Staphylococcal Superantigens Spark Host-Mediated Danger Signals. Front Immunol 2016; 7:23. [PMID: 26870039 PMCID: PMC4735405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) of Staphylococcus aureus, and related superantigenic toxins produced by myriad microbes, are potent stimulators of the immune system causing a variety of human diseases from transient food poisoning to lethal toxic shock. These protein toxins bind directly to specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on antigen-presenting cells, resulting in hyperactivation of T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Activated host cells produce excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon γ (IFNγ), and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 causing clinical symptoms of fever, hypotension, and shock. Because of superantigen-induced T cells skewed toward TH1 helper cells, and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines, superantigens can exacerbate autoimmune diseases. Upon TCR/MHC ligation, pathways induced by superantigens include the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and cytokine receptor signaling, resulting in activation of NFκB and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. Various mouse models exist to study SEB-induced shock including those with potentiating agents, transgenic mice and an “SEB-only” model. However, therapeutics to treat toxic shock remain elusive as host response genes central to pathogenesis of superantigens have only been identified recently. Gene profiling of a murine model for SEB-induced shock reveals novel molecules upregulated in multiple organs not previously associated with SEB-induced responses. The pivotal genes include intracellular DNA/RNA sensors, apoptosis/DNA damage-related molecules, immunoproteasome components, as well as antiviral and IFN-stimulated genes. The host-wide induction of these, and other, antimicrobial defense genes provide evidence that SEB elicits danger signals resulting in multi-organ damage and toxic shock. Ultimately, these discoveries might lead to novel therapeutics for various superantigen-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Krakauer
- Department of Immunology, Molecular Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick , Frederick, MD , USA
| | - Kisha Pradhan
- Biology Department, Wilson College , Chambersburg, PA , USA
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73
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Tsen HY, Li SC, Chiang YC, Tsai SW. Strain Discrimination of Staphylococcus aureus Using Superantigen Profiles. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1396:35-49. [PMID: 26676035 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3344-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major bacterial species that may cause clinical infection and food-poisoning cases. Strains of this species may produce a series of superantigens (SAgs). Due to the importance of staphylococcal infections, reliable methods for the discrimination of strains of this species are important. Such data may allow us to trace the infection origins and be used for epidemiological study. For strain discrimination, genotyping methods, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), etc., could be used. Recently, toxin gene profiles, which can be used for the elucidation of the genetic and pathogenic relatedness between strains, also have been used to improve the strain discrimination. For S. aureus, as more SAg genes were discovered, the SAg profiles become more useful for the strain discrimination of S. aureus. In this chapter, a method for the discrimination of S. aureus strains using superantigen profiles will be described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau-Yang Tsen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, Shalu, Taichung, 43302, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Chih Li
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, Shalu, Taichung, 43302, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Wen Tsai
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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74
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Domon H, Uehara Y, Oda M, Seo H, Kubota N, Terao Y. Poor survival of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on inanimate objects in the public spaces. Microbiologyopen 2015; 5:39-46. [PMID: 26503447 PMCID: PMC4767431 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus on shopping baskets in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Multilocus sequence typing was performed to determine the genotypes of S. aureus isolates, and then a polymerase chain reaction method was used to detect staphylococcal enterotoxins and antibiotic resistance genes. In addition, desiccation tolerance of S. aureus isolates was evaluated in vitro. Forty‐six (6.2%) S. aureus isolates were collected from 740 shopping baskets, though only one MRSA strain was identified. In multilocus sequence typing findings, ten sequence types and 24 singletons were classified, which were divided into ten clonal complexes and six singletons. The most frequent staphylococcal enterotoxin gene was seg (30.4%). Our in vitro findings demonstrated that 70% of the S. aureus isolates, including the MRSA strain, became undetectable at 12 h after desiccation at an appropriate cell density, while the others remained viable for up to 24 h. Thus, it is difficult for MRSA organisms to survive on dry surfaces found in public areas. We speculated that inanimate objects in the community are unlikely to be a potential source for transmission of MRSA and that S. aureus on such objects outside of hospital settings is not a public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshio Uehara
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Life Science Reserch Center, Nagano Children's Hospital, Toyoshina, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Masataka Oda
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiromi Seo
- Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okocho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Noriko Kubota
- Department of Life Science Reserch Center, Nagano Children's Hospital, Toyoshina, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
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75
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Positive Regulation of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin H by Rot (Repressor of Toxin) Protein and Its Importance in Clonal Complex 81 Subtype 1 Lineage-Related Food Poisoning. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7782-90. [PMID: 26341202 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01936-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated the clonal complex 81 (CC81) subtype 1 lineage is the major staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP)-associated lineage in Japan (Y. Sato'o et al., J Clin Microbiol 52:2637-2640, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00661-14). Strains of this lineage produce staphylococcal enterotoxin H (SEH) in addition to SEA. However, an evaluation of the risk for the recently reported SEH has not been sufficiently conducted. We first searched for staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes and SE proteins in milk samples that caused a large SFP outbreak in Japan. Only SEA and SEH were detected, while there were several SE genes detected in the samples. We next designed an experimental model using a meat product to assess the productivity of SEs and found that only SEA and SEH were detectably produced in situ. Therefore, we investigated the regulation of SEH production using a CC81 subtype 1 isolate. Through mutant analysis of global regulators, we found the repressor of toxin (Rot) functioned oppositely as a stimulator of SEH production. SEA production was not affected by Rot. seh mRNA expression correlated with rot both in media and on the meat product, and the Rot protein was shown to directly bind to the seh promoter. The seh promoter sequence was predicted to form a loop structure and to hide the RNA polymerase binding sequences. We propose Rot binds to the promoter sequence of seh and unfolds the secondary structure that may lead the RNA polymerase to bind the promoter, and then seh mRNA transcription begins. This alternative Rot regulation for SEH may contribute to sufficient toxin production by the CC81 subtype 1 lineage in foods to induce SFP.
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76
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Association between specific IgE to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins A and B and asthma control. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26208759 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have found that serum levels of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin (SE)-IgE are higher in patients with severe asthma compared with patients with nonsevere asthma. However, the association between SE-IgE and asthma control is not fully understood. Furthermore, SEA and SEB were the first reported SEs and subdivided into different groups. The influences of SEA-IgE and SEB-IgE on asthma control have not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE To determine the relevance of SEA- and SEB-IgE in patients with adult asthma and to investigate the association of SEA-IgE, SEB-IgE, and asthma control, respectively. METHODS The serum concentrations of SEA- and SEB-IgE in 172 adults with asthma were measured with a fluorescent enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS The prevalence of SEA- and SEB-IgE was 16.2% and 22.1%, respectively. Total IgE levels and the prevalence of atopic dermatitis were higher in SEA-IgE- and SEB-IgE-positive patients than in SEA-IgE- and SEB-IgE-negative patients, respectively; more SEA-IgE- and SEB-IgE-positive patients owned pets. Sensitization to SEA was associated with a younger mean age and a younger mean age at asthma onset. Multiple regression analysis indicated an association between total IgE levels and SEB-IgE. The prevalence of poorly uncontrolled asthma was significantly higher in SEA-IgE-positive patients than in SEA-IgE-negative patients. In addition, fractional exhaled nitric oxide levels were higher in SEA-IgE-positive patients than in SEA-IgE-negative patients. Logistic regression analysis also identified an association between SEA-IgE and poor asthma control. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that sensitization to SE, in particular SEA rather than SEB, is associated with poor asthma control in adults with asthma.
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77
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Suzuki Y, Kobayashi M, Matsushita S, Uehara S, Kato R, Sato'o Y, Ono HK, Sadamasu K, Kai A, Kamata Y. Detection of the staphylococcal enterotoxin D-like gene from staphylococcal food poisoning isolates over the last two decades in Tokyo. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:905-11. [PMID: 25797800 PMCID: PMC4565811 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasmid is a very well-known mobile genetic element that participates in the acquisition of virulence genes, such as staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), via horizontal transfer. SEs are emetic toxins and causative agents in staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP). We herein identified the types of plasmids harbored by seven SFP isolates and examined their production of plasmid-related SE/SEl to determine whether the new types of plasmid-related SE or SE-like (SEl) toxins (i.e. SElJ and SER) were involved in SFP. These isolates harbored pIB485-like plasmids, and all, except for one isolate, produced SElJ and SER. The amount of SER produced by each isolate accounted for the highest or second highest percentage of the total amount of SE/SEl produced. These new types of plasmid-related SE/SEls as well as classical SE may play a role in SFP. The seven isolates were classified into two SED-production types; a high SED-production type (>500 ng/ml) and no SED-production type. A nucleotide sequencing analysis revealed that three plasmids harbored by the SED-non-producing isolates had a single-base deletion in the sed gene with a resulting stop codon (from 233 amino acids of the intact SED to 154 amino acids of the mutant SED (mSED)). A real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA of the msed gene was transcribed in the isolates. If the msed gene was translated as a protein, mSED may act as an emetic toxin instead of intact SED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Suzuki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka-shi, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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78
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Johler S, Weder D, Bridy C, Huguenin MC, Robert L, Hummerjohann J, Stephan R. Outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning among children and staff at a Swiss boarding school due to soft cheese made from raw milk. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2944-8. [PMID: 25726108 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
On October 1, 2014, children and staff members at a Swiss boarding school consumed Tomme, a soft cheese produced from raw cow milk. Within the following 7h, all 14 persons who ingested the cheese fell ill, including 10 children and 4 staff members. Symptoms included abdominal pain and violent vomiting, followed by severe diarrhea and fever. We aim to present this food poisoning outbreak and characterize the causative agent. The duration of the incubation period was dependent of the age of the patient: 2.5h in children under 10 yr of age, 3.5h in older children and teenagers, and 7h in adults. The soft cheese exhibited low levels of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) A (>6ng of SEA/g of cheese) and high levels of staphylococcal enterotoxin D (>200ng of SED/g of cheese). Counts of 10(7) cfu of coagulase-positive staphylococci per gram of cheese were detected, with 3 different Staphylococcus aureus strains being present at levels >10(6) cfu/g. The 3 strains were characterized using spa typing and a DNA microarray. An enterotoxin-producing strain exhibiting sea and sed was identified as the source of the outbreak. The strain was assigned to spa type tbl 3555 and clonal complex 8, and it exhibited genetic criteria consistent with the characteristics of a genotype B strain. This genotype comprises bovine Staph. aureus strains exclusively associated with very high within-herd prevalence of mastitis and has been described as a major contaminant in Swiss raw milk cheese. It is therefore highly likely that the raw milk used for Tomme production was heavily contaminated with Staph. aureus and that levels further increased due to growth of the organism and physical concentration effects during the cheese-making process. Only a few staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks involving raw milk products have been described. Still, in view of this outbreak and the possible occurrence of other foodborne pathogens in bovine milk, consumption of raw milk and soft cheese produced from raw milk constitutes a health risk, particularly when young children or other members of sensitive populations are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Johler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Delphine Weder
- Service de la Consommation et des Affaires Vétérinaires, Département du Développement Territorial et de l'Environnement République et Canton de Neuchâtel, 2001 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Claude Bridy
- Service de la Consommation et des Affaires Vétérinaires, Département du Développement Territorial et de l'Environnement République et Canton de Neuchâtel, 2001 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Claude Huguenin
- Service de la Consommation et des Affaires Vétérinaires, Département du Développement Territorial et de l'Environnement République et Canton de Neuchâtel, 2001 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Luce Robert
- Service de la Consommation et des Affaires Vétérinaires, Département du Développement Territorial et de l'Environnement République et Canton de Neuchâtel, 2001 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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79
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Current Issues in Foodborne Illness Caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800245-2.00009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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80
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Shimamura Y, Aoki N, Sugiyama Y, Nakayama T, Masuda S. Screening of Tea Extract and Theaflavins for Inhibitory Effects on the Biological Activity and Production of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A. J Food Sci 2014; 79:M2294-300. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; Univ. of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Natsumi Aoki
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; Univ. of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Yuka Sugiyama
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; Univ. of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nakayama
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Nippon Veterinary and Life Science Univ; 1-7-1 Kyonancho Musashino-shi Tokyo 180-8602 Japan
| | - Shuichi Masuda
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; Univ. of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
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81
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Nakane A. [Host responses to bacterial infections]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2014; 69:479-89. [PMID: 25186639 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.69.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria and host defense system have been evolved by their offense and defense. In vivo research is crucial for elucidation of interactions between them. I have investigated their offence and defense by various standpoints using mouse models of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus infections. Herein, the results of my research including the roles of endogenous cytokines in host defense, the attenuation of host defense mechanism in obesity and diabetes, the development of vaccines against S. aureus infection by staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) family molecules, and the emesis-inducing mechanism of SEA are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
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82
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Chiang YC, Lai CH, Lin CW, Chang CY, Tsen HY. Improvement of strain discrimination by combination of superantigen profiles, PFGE, and RAPD for Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical samples and food-poisoning cases. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:468-77. [PMID: 24796216 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major bacterial species that may cause clinical infection and food-poisoning cases. Strains of this bacterial species may produce a series of superantigens (SAgs) (i.e., staphylococcal enterotoxins [SEs], staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins, and toxic shock syndrome toxin). In this study, S. aureus strains from clinical samples and food-poisoning cases in Taiwan were collected; their SAg profiles, and SmaI digestion patterns determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), were then analyzed. Results showed that their SAg gene profiles and SmaI digestion patterns of chromosomal DNA were highly diverse. Although PFGE has been used as a criterion standard for typing of S. aureus strains, and the SAg profiles have been used in combination with PFGE for typing of S. aureus strains, we found that strains grouped in these combined patterns could be further discriminated by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. Thus, the combined use of SAg profiles, PFGE, and RAPD patterns permits high discrimination for typing of S. aureus strains from not only the clinical samples but also the food-poisoning cases. Such a combined method may be used as a highly accurate approach for epidemiological study and tracing of the contamination origin of staphylococcal infections either in hospitals or food-poisoning cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Chiang
- 1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University , Taichung City, Taiwan, China
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