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Zheng J, Liu L, Chen G, Xu W, Huang Y, Lei G, Huang W, Lv H, Yang X. Molecular Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates form Food-Poisoning Outbreaks (2011-2022) in Sichuan, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:323-330. [PMID: 38237168 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is one of the most common foodborne diseases in the world. This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from SFP. A total of 103 S. aureus isolates were obtained during 2011-2022 in Sichuan, southwest China. All isolates were tested for the genomic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis by performing whole-genome sequencing. Multilocus sequence typing analysis showed 17 multilocus sequence types (STs), ST7 (23.30%), ST5 (22.33%), and ST6 (16.50%) being the most common. A total of 45 virulence genes were detected, 22 of which were staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes. Among the identified SE genes, selX exhibited the highest prevalence (86.4%). All isolates carried at least one SE gene. The results of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene detection revealed 41 AMR genes of 12 classes. β-lactam resistance genes (blal, blaR1, blaZ) and tetracycline resistance gene (tet(38)) exhibited a higher prevalence rate. Core genome single nucleotide polymorphism showed phylogenetic clustering of the isolates with the same region, year, and ST. The results indicated that the SFP isolates in southwest of China harbored multiple toxin and resistance genes, with a high prevalence of new SEs. Therefore, it is important to monitor the antimicrobial susceptibility and SE of S. aureus to reduce the potential risks to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- College of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Mianyang City, Mianyang, China
| | - Wenping Xu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Luzhou City, Luzhou, China
| | - Yulan Huang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaopeng Lei
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Weifeng Huang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Lv
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- College of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Atchade E, De Tymowski C, Grall N, Tanaka S, Montravers P. Toxic Shock Syndrome: A Literature Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:96. [PMID: 38247655 PMCID: PMC10812596 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare, life-threatening, toxin-mediated infectious process linked, in the vast majority of cases, to toxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. The pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, microbiological features, management and outcome of TSS are described in this review. Bacterial superantigenic exotoxins induces unconventional polyclonal lymphocyte activation, which leads to rapid shock, multiple organ failure syndrome, and death. The main described superantigenic exotoxins are toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and enterotoxins for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SpE) A, B, and C and streptococcal superantigen A (SsA) for Streptococcus pyogenes. Staphylococcal TSS can be menstrual or nonmenstrual. Streptococcal TSS is linked to a severe group A streptococcal infection and, most frequently, to a necrotizing soft tissue infection. Management of TSS is a medical emergency and relies on early detection, immediate resuscitation, source control and eradication of toxin production, bactericidal antibiotic treatment, and protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotic administration. The interest of polyclonal intravenous immunoglobulin G administration as an adjunctive treatment for TSS requires further evaluation. Scientific literature on TSS mainly consists of observational studies, clinical cases, and in vitro data; although more data on TSS are required, additional studies will be difficult to conduct due to the low incidence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enora Atchade
- DMU PARABOL, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, 75018 Paris, France; (C.D.T.); (S.T.); (P.M.)
| | - Christian De Tymowski
- DMU PARABOL, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, 75018 Paris, France; (C.D.T.); (S.T.); (P.M.)
- UFR Diderot, Paris Cité University, 75018 Paris, France;
- INSERM UMR 1149, Immunoreceptor and Renal Immunopathology, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Grall
- UFR Diderot, Paris Cité University, 75018 Paris, France;
- Bacteriology Department, Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, 75018 Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1137 Infection, Antimicrobials, Modelling, Evolution, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Tanaka
- DMU PARABOL, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, 75018 Paris, France; (C.D.T.); (S.T.); (P.M.)
- INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabetes Atherothrombosis Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), la Réunion University, 97400 Saint-Denis de la Réunion, France
| | - Philippe Montravers
- DMU PARABOL, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, 75018 Paris, France; (C.D.T.); (S.T.); (P.M.)
- UFR Diderot, Paris Cité University, 75018 Paris, France;
- INSERM UMR 1152 ANR 10—LABX-17, Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Respiratory Diseases, 75018 Paris, France
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Zhu Z, Hu Z, Li S, Fang R, Ono HK, Hu DL. Molecular Characteristics and Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus Exotoxins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:395. [PMID: 38203566 PMCID: PMC10778951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus stands as one of the most pervasive pathogens given its morbidity and mortality worldwide due to its roles as an infectious agent that causes a wide variety of diseases ranging from moderately severe skin infections to fatal pneumonia and sepsis. S. aureus produces a variety of exotoxins that serve as important virulence factors in S. aureus-related infectious diseases and food poisoning in both humans and animals. For example, staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by S. aureus induce staphylococcal foodborne poisoning; toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), as a typical superantigen, induces toxic shock syndrome; hemolysins induce cell damage in erythrocytes and leukocytes; and exfoliative toxin induces staphylococcal skin scalded syndrome. Recently, Panton-Valentine leucocidin, a cytotoxin produced by community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA), has been reported, and new types of SEs and staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins (SEls) were discovered and reported successively. This review addresses the progress of and novel insights into the molecular structure, biological activities, and pathogenicity of both the classic and the newly identified exotoxins produced by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zhu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.K.O.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Zuo Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.K.O.)
| | - Shaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Rendong Fang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Hisaya K. Ono
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.K.O.)
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (H.K.O.)
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Primavilla S, Roila R, Rocchegiani E, Blasi G, Petruzzelli A, Gabucci C, Ottaviani D, Di Lullo S, Branciari R, Ranucci D, Valiani A. Assessment of the Microbiological Safety and Hygiene of Raw and Thermally Treated Milk Cheeses Marketed in Central Italy between 2013 and 2020. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2324. [PMID: 38137925 PMCID: PMC10744727 DOI: 10.3390/life13122324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A profile of the microbial safety and hygiene of cheese in central Italy was defined based on an analysis of 1373 cheeses sampled under the Italian National Control Plan for Food Safety spanning the years 2013 to 2020 and tested according to Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2073/2005 (as amended). A total of 97.4% of cheese samples were assessed as being satisfactory for food safety criteria and 80.5% for process hygiene criteria. Staphylococcal enterotoxin was found in 2/414 samples, while Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were detected in 15 samples out of 373 and 437, respectively. Escherichia coli and coagulase-positive staphylococci counts were found unsatisfactory in 12/61 and 17/88 cheese samples, respectively. The impact of milking species, milk thermal treatment, and cheese hardness category was considered. A statistically significant association (p < 0.05) was found between milk thermal treatment and the prevalence of coagulase-positive staphylococci and Listeria monocytogenes and between hardness and unsatisfactory levels of Escherichia coli. The data depict a contained public health risk associated with these products and confirm, at the same time, the importance of strict compliance with good hygiene practices during milk and cheese production. These results can assist in bolstering risk analysis and providing insights for food safety decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Primavilla
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (D.O.); (S.D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Rossana Roila
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (R.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Elena Rocchegiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (D.O.); (S.D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Giuliana Blasi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (D.O.); (S.D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Annalisa Petruzzelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (D.O.); (S.D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Claudia Gabucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (D.O.); (S.D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Donatella Ottaviani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (D.O.); (S.D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Stefania Di Lullo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (D.O.); (S.D.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Raffaella Branciari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (R.B.); (D.R.)
| | - David Ranucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (R.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Andrea Valiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (E.R.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (C.G.); (D.O.); (S.D.L.); (A.V.)
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Endres CM, Moreira E, de Freitas AB, Castel APD, Graciano F, Mann MB, Frazzon APG, Mayer FQ, Frazzon J. Evaluation of Enterotoxins and Antimicrobial Resistance in Microorganisms Isolated from Raw Sheep Milk and Cheese: Ensuring the Microbiological Safety of These Products in Southern Brazil. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1618. [PMID: 37375120 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study emphasizes the importance of monitoring the microbiological quality of animal products, such as raw sheep's milk and cheese, to ensure food safety. In Brazil, there is currently no legislation governing the quality of sheep's milk and its derivatives. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate: (i) the hygienic-sanitary quality of raw sheep's milk and cheese produced in southern Brazil; (ii) the presence of enterotoxins and Staphylococcus spp. in these products; and (iii) the susceptibility of the isolated Staphylococcus spp. to antimicrobial drugs and the presence of resistance genes. A total of 35 samples of sheep's milk and cheese were examined. The microbiological quality and presence of enterotoxins were accessed using Petrifilm and VIDAS SET2 methods, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted using VITEK 2 equipment and the disc diffusion method. The presence of resistance genes tet(L), sul1, sul2, ermB, tetM, AAC(6)', tetW, and strA were evaluated through PCR. In total, 39 Staphylococcus spp. were obtained. The resistance genes tetM, ermB, strA, tetL, sul1, AAC(6)', and sul2 were detected in 82%, 59%, 36%, 28%, 23%, 3%, and 3% of isolates, respectively. The findings revealed that both raw sheep's milk and cheese contained Staphylococcus spp. that exhibited resistance to antimicrobial drugs and harbored resistance genes. These results underscore the immediate need for specific legislation in Brazil to regulate the production and sale of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Creciana M Endres
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
- SENAI/SC University Center, UniSENAI-Campus Blumenau, Blumenau 89036-256, SC, Brazil
| | - Eliana Moreira
- SENAI/SC University Center, UniSENAI-Campus Chapecó, Chapecó 89813-000, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fábio Graciano
- Senior Field Application Specialist-Industry, BioMérieux Brasil SA, Indianópolis 04028-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Michele B Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90010-150, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula G Frazzon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90010-150, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Q Mayer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90010-150, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeverson Frazzon
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
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Hughes AC, Kirkland M, Du W, Rasooly R, Hernlem B, Tam C, Zhang Y, He X. Development of Thermally Stable Nanobodies for Detection and Neutralization of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:400. [PMID: 37368700 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, sixteen unique staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-reactive nanobodies (nbs), including ten monovalent and six bivalent nbs, were developed. All characterized nbs were highly specific for SEB and did not cross-react with other staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE). Several formats of highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were established using SEB nbs and a polyclonal antibody (pAb). The lowest limit of detection (LOD) reached 50 pg/mL in PBS. When applied to an ELISA to detect SEB-spiked milk (a commonly contaminated foodstuff), a LOD as low as 190 pg/mL was obtained. The sensitivity of ELISA was found to increase concurrently with the valency of nbs used in the assay. In addition, a wide range of thermal tolerance was observed among the sixteen nbs, with a subset of nbs, SEB-5, SEB-9, and SEB-62, retaining activity even after exposure to 95 °C for 10 min, whereas the conventional monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies exhibited heat-labile properties. Several nbs demonstrated a long shelf-life, with one nb (SEB-9) retaining 93% of its activity after two weeks of storage at room temperature. In addition to their usage in toxin detection, eleven out of fifteen nbs were capable of neutralizing SEB's super-antigenic activity, demonstrated by their inhibition on IL-2 expression in an ex vivo human PBMC assay. Compared to monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, the nbs are relatively small, thermally stable, and easy to produce, making them useful in applications for sensitive, specific, and cost-effective detection and management of SEB contamination in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Hughes
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Marina Kirkland
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Wenxian Du
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Reuven Rasooly
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Bradley Hernlem
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Christina Tam
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Yuzhu Zhang
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Xiaohua He
- Western Regional Research Center United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA 94710, USA
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Ogonowska P, Szymczak K, Empel J, Urbaś M, Woźniak-Pawlikowska A, Barańska-Rybak W, Świetlik D, Nakonieczna J. Staphylococcus aureus from Atopic Dermatitis Patients: Its Genetic Structure and Susceptibility to Phototreatment. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0459822. [PMID: 37140374 PMCID: PMC10269521 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04598-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized the population of Staphylococcus aureus from patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) in terms of (i) genetic diversity, (ii) presence and functionality of genes encoding important virulence factors: staphylococcal enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, sed), toxic shock syndrome 1 toxin (tsst-1), and Panton-Valentine leukocidin (lukS/lukF-PV) by spa typing, PCR, drug resistance profile determination, and Western blot. We then subjected the studied population of S. aureus to photoinactivation based on a light-activated compound called rose bengal (RB) to verify photoinactivation as an approach to effectively kill toxin-producing S. aureus. We have obtained 43 different spa types that can be grouped into 12 clusters, indicating for the first-time clonal complex (CC) 7 as the most widespread. A total of 65% of the tested isolates had at least one gene encoding the tested virulence factor, but their distribution differed between the group of children and adults, and between patients with AD and the control group without atopy. We detected a 3.5% frequency of methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and no other multidrug resistance. Despite genetic diversity and production of various toxins, all isolates tested were effectively photoinactivated (bacterial cell viability reduction ≥ 3 log10 units) under safe conditions for the human keratinocyte cell line, which indicates that photoinactivation can be a good option in skin decolonization. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus massively colonizes the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). It is worth noting that the frequency of detection of multidrug-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in AD patients is higher than the healthy population, which makes treatment much more difficult. Information about the specific genetic background of S. aureus accompanying and/or causing exacerbations of AD is of great importance from the point of view of epidemiological investigations and the development of possible treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Ogonowska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Klaudia Szymczak
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Empel
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Urbaś
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Woźniak-Pawlikowska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wioletta Barańska-Rybak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dariusz Świetlik
- Division of Biostatistics and Neural Networks, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Mekhloufi OA, Chieffi D, Hammoudi A, Bensefia SA, Fanelli F, Fusco V. Prevalence, Enterotoxigenic Potential and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Algerian Ready to Eat Foods. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:835. [PMID: 34941673 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes a foodborne intoxication due to the production of enterotoxins and shows antimicrobial resistance, as in the case of methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA). Herein, we analyzed 207 ready-to-eat foods collected in Algeria, reporting a S. aureus prevalence of 23.2% (48/207) and respective loads of coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) ranging from 1.00 ± 0.5 to 5.11 ± 0.24 Log CFU/g. The 48 S. aureus isolates were widely characterized by staphylococcal enterotoxin gene (SEg)-typing and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR)-PCR, as well as by detecting tst and mecA genes, genetic determinants of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and methicillin resistance, respectively. We found that the S. aureus isolates belonged to seven different SEg-types harboring the following combinations of genes: (1) selW, selX; (2) egc (seG, seI, seM, seN, seO), selW, selX; (3) seA, seH, seK, seQ, selW, selX; (4) seB, selW, selX; (5) seD, selJ, seR, selW, selX; (6) seH, selW, selX, selY; and (7) seA, egc, selW, selX, while among these, 2.1% and 4.2% were tst- and mecA- (staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec-type IV) positive, respectively. Selected strains belonging to the 12 detected ISR-types were resistant towards antimicrobials including benzylpenicillin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracyclin, kanamycin, oxacillin, and cefoxitin; 8.3% (1/12) were confirmed as MRSA and 16.7% (2/12) were multidrug resistant. The present study shows the heterogeneity of the S. aureus population in Algerian ready-to-eat foods as for their toxigenic potential and antimicrobial resistance, shedding the light on the quality and safety related to the consume of ready-to-eat foods in Algeria.
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Lv G, Jiang R, Zhang H, Wang L, Li L, Gao W, Zhang H, Pei Y, Wei X, Dong H, Qin L. Molecular Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus From Food Samples and Food Poisoning Outbreaks in Shijiazhuang, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:652276. [PMID: 34239506 PMCID: PMC8258372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.652276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As an opportunistic pathogen worldwide, Staphylococcus aureus can cause food poisoning and human infections. This study investigated the sequence typing, the penicillin (blaZ) and methicillin (mec) resistance profiles of S. aureus from food samples and food poisoning outbreaks in Shijiazhuang City, and the staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) types of the S. aureus isolates from food poisoning. A total of 138 foodborne S. aureus isolates were distributed into 8 clonal complexes (CCs) and 12 singletons. CC1, CC5, CC8, CC15, CC97, CC59, CC398, CC88, and CC7 were the predominant CCs of foodborne S. aureus isolates. Moreover, CC59, CC15, and CC5 were the most prevalent CCs in food poisoning outbreaks. SEE was the most commonly detected SE in food poisoning isolates. One hundred thirty-three S. aureus isolates harbored the penicillin-resistant gene blaZ, and nine isolates carried the mec gene. The present study further explained the relationship between S. aureus and foods and food poisoning and indicated the potential risk of S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Lv
- Basic Medicine College, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruiping Jiang
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Basic Medicine College, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lijie Li
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Weili Gao
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yantao Pei
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiuping Wei
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongyan Dong
- Basic Medicine College, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liyun Qin
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shijiazhuang, China
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10
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Sato'o Y, Omoe K, Aikawa Y, Kano M, Ono HK, Hu DL, Nakane A, Sugai M. Investigation of Staphylococcus aureus positive for Staphylococcal enterotoxin S and T genes. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1120-1127. [PMID: 34039784 PMCID: PMC8349821 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus produces staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) and causes food poisoning. It is known that almost all SE-encoding genes are present on various types of mobile genetic elements and can mobilize among S. aureus populations. Further, plasmids comprise one of SE gene carriers. Previously, we reported novel SEs, SES and SET, harbored by the plasmid pF5 from Fukuoka5. In the present study, we analyzed the distribution of these SEs in various S. aureus isolates in Japan. We used 526 S. aureus strains and found 311 strains positive for at least one SE/SE-like toxin gene, but only two strains (Fukuoka5 and Hiroshima3) were positive for ses and set among the specimens. We analyzed two plasmids (pF5 and pH3) from these strains and found that they were different. Whereas these plasmids partially shared similar sequences involved in the ser/selj/set/ses gene cluster, other sequences were different. A comparison of these plasmids with those deposited in the NCBI database revealed that only one plasmid had the ser/selj/set/ses cluster with a stop mutation in set similar to that in pH3. In addition, the chromosomes of Fukuoka5 and Hiroshima3, positive for ses and set, were classified into different genotypes. Despite the low rate of gene positivity for these SEs, it is suggested that there is diversity in plasmids and strains carrying these two SEs. Consequently, regarding the entire feature of SE prevalence, we improved the multiplex PCR detection method for the SE superfamily to obtain further insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato'o
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Present address: Division of Bacteriology, Department of infection and immunity, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 323-0498, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Omoe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuko Aikawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Mayuko Kano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Hisaya K Ono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8560, Japan.,Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8560, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Sugai
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.,Present address: Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Murayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan
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11
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Kotzamanidis C, Vafeas G, Giantzi V, Anastasiadou S, Mygdalias S, Malousi A, Loukia E, Daniel S, Zdragas A. Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Ruminants with Mastitis in Northern Greece Dairy Herds: Genetic Relatedness and Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030176. [PMID: 33668901 PMCID: PMC7996520 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common mastitis-related pathogen in dairy cattle, goats, and sheep worldwide. However, the population structure and genomic characteristics of mastitis-associated S. aureus in small ruminants are limited. Furthermore, the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics involved in the pathogenicity of S. aureus have been thoroughly defined, yet their association with the severity of mastitis is not fully established. Here, we performed genotyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and spa analyses to assess the genetic diversity and relatedness of 162 S. aureus strains recovered from clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM) cases from goats, sheep, and bovines. PFGE analysis revealed 108 distinguishable pulsotypes and 3 main clusters that comprised isolates from the three host species, while according to spa typing, 32 different spa types were identified. Genotypic analysis revealed a spreading of genetically related or indistinguishable S. aureus strains among ovine, caprine, and bovine farms of distant geographical regions. In total, 28 different staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) gene profiles were observed, revealing a diverse range of SE genes among isolates. By evaluating the antimicrobial resistance, we found low phenotypic antimicrobial resistance among all ruminant isolates. We also performed multiple correspondence analysis, which indicated that the presence of the sec gene, biofilm production, and high autoaggregation ability are associated with CM cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Kotzamanidis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece; (G.V.); (V.G.); (S.A.); (S.M.); (E.L.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - George Vafeas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece; (G.V.); (V.G.); (S.A.); (S.M.); (E.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Virginia Giantzi
- Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece; (G.V.); (V.G.); (S.A.); (S.M.); (E.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Sofia Anastasiadou
- Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece; (G.V.); (V.G.); (S.A.); (S.M.); (E.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Stavros Mygdalias
- Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece; (G.V.); (V.G.); (S.A.); (S.M.); (E.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Andigoni Malousi
- Lab of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ekateriniadou Loukia
- Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece; (G.V.); (V.G.); (S.A.); (S.M.); (E.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Sergelidis Daniel
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin—Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Antonios Zdragas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece; (G.V.); (V.G.); (S.A.); (S.M.); (E.L.); (A.Z.)
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12
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Mujtaba MG, Johnson HM, Parrish JM. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Superantigens Induce Prophylactic Antiviral Activity Against Encephalomyocarditis Virus In Vivo and In Vitro. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:392-400. [PMID: 33566741 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are classified as superantigens due to their potent stimulation of the immune system resulting in T cell activation and prodigious cytokine production and toxicity. This study examined the ability of superantigens to induce prophylactic antiviral activity in vivo and in vitro and evaluated potential superantigen mimetic peptides. Prophylactic treatment of mice in vivo with intraperitoneal injections of SE superantigens SEA and SEB (both at 20 μg/day for 3 days) prevented encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)-induced lethality in 100% and 80% of mice, respectively, as compared with control saline-treated groups in which EMCV was lethal to all mice. Furthermore, SEA (2 μg/mL) and SEB (1 μg/mL) induced antiviral activity in mouse splenocytes to produce an antiviral factor since their supernatant prevented EMCV lysis of L929 cells in tissue culture. It was found that superantigens do not directly prevent EMCV infection, but rather indirectly through inducing interferon gamma (IFNγ) production in cells as the antiviral factor. Evaluation of various superantigen mimetic peptides showed that one peptide (SEA3) had superantigen-like activity by inducing IFNγ production in cells but without the cellular proliferation, as associated with superantigens. However, the induction of IFNγ activation by the SEA3 peptide was not as pronounced, and took a much higher peptide concentration, when compared with the parent superantigen. If the negative side effects of superantigens can be eliminated, their beneficial properties can be harnessed for prophylactic treatment of viral infections and other pathologies requiring a robust immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa G Mujtaba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida, USA
| | - Howard M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jordan M Parrish
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, Florida, USA
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13
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Elahi S, Fujikawa H. [ Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A Production and Inactivation in Bread during the Production Processes]. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 2020; 61:138-142. [PMID: 33012768 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.61.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning is caused by the intoxication of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) produced in foods. Staphylococcal food poisoning is mostly due to staphylococcal enterotoxin type A (SEA) among SEs. There have been many studies on the growth and SEA production of S. aureus in various foods, but few studies in bread. Thus, the SEA production by S. aureus in dough during fermentation and the SEA inactivation in dough during baking were studied in the normal production processes of bread in this study. No growth of S. aureus or SEA production in dough, whose total weight was about 470 g, was observed during the fermentation at 25 and 35℃ for four hr, suggesting that the risk of SEA production in dough during fermentation under these conditions would be negligible. Any SEA injected at 6.0 and 0.56 ng/g in dough could not be detected after 20 and 10 min of baking at 200℃, respectively. These results showed that the baking process, which was completed in 25 min, was enough to inactivate SEA at those doses of SEA in the dough. The results on the production and inactivation of SEA in dough during the production processes in this study would be useful information on microbiological food safety of bread making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheem Elahi
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Hiroshi Fujikawa
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University.,Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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14
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Lee SI, Kim SD, Park JH, Yang SJ. Species Distribution, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Enterotoxigenicity of Non- aureus Staphylococci in Retail Chicken Meat. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110809. [PMID: 33203011 PMCID: PMC7697432 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS), including coagulase-negative staphylococci, have emerged as important causes of opportunistic infections in humans and animals and a potential cause of staphylococcal food poisoning. In this study, we investigated (i) the staphylococcal species profiles of NAS in in retail chicken meat, (ii) the phenotypic and genotypic factors associated with antimicrobial resistance in the NAS isolates, and (iii) the prevalence of classical and newer staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes. A total of 58 NAS of nine different species were isolated from retail raw chicken meat samples. The occurrence of multidrug resistance in the NAS, particularly S. agnetis and S. chromogenes, with high resistance rates against tetracycline or fluoroquinolones were confirmed. The tetracycline resistance was associated with the presence of tet(L) in S. chromogenes and S. hyicus or tet(K) in S. saprophyticus. The occurrence of fluoroquinolone resistance in S. agnetis and S. chromogenes was usually associated with mutations in the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR) of gyrA and parC. In addition, the frequent presence of SE genes, especially seh, sej, and sep, was detected in S. agnetis and S. chromogenes. Our findings suggest that NAS in raw chicken meat can have potential roles as reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance and enterotoxin genes.
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15
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Al-Nabulsi AA, Osaili TM, AbuNaser RA, Olaimat AN, Ayyash M, Al-Holy MA, Kadora KM, Holley RA. Factors affecting the viability of Staphylococcus aureus and production of enterotoxin during processing and storage of white-brined cheese. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6869-6881. [PMID: 32505390 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major foodborne pathogen that causes severe disease in humans. It is commonly found in milk and dairy products, particularly in fresh brined cheese. Our aim was to investigate the behavior of Staph. aureus and enterotoxin production during the storage of white-brined cheese prepared with or without a starter culture and stored in a 10 or 15% NaCl brine at 10°C and 25°C for 28 d. NaCl concentration, water activity, pH, and number of Staph. aureus and lactic acid bacteria were determined in cheese and brine. Only 1 of 4 Staph. aureus strains (ATCC 439) was positive for enterotoxin production, and its production was detected in unsalted UHT milk, but not in salted milk or in any of the cheese treatments held at 37°C for 1, 3, or 7 d. Staphylococcus aureus grew in the cheese stored in both brines at 10°C and 25°C, regardless of the presence of a starter culture, although the latter significantly reduced Staph. aureus growth in cheese or its brine at 10°C. Staphylococcus aureus numbers were increased by 2.26 and 0.47 log10 cfu/g in cheese stored in 10 and 15% NaCl brine, respectively, in the presence of starter culture, and by 2.78 and 2.96 log10 cfu/g, respectively, in the absence of starter culture at 10°C. Nonetheless, the pathogen grew, but at a lower number in the brines. The salt concentration of cheese stored in 10% brine remained at approximately 5% during storage; however, in 15% brine, the salt concentration increased to almost 8% (wt/wt) by 28 d. The addition of a starter culture, high salt concentration, low temperature, and pH (∼5.2) had inhibitory effects on the growth of Staph. aureus. Moreover, lactic acid bacterial numbers increased considerably in cheese and brine by d 28. The use of starter cultures, salt (15%), and low storage temperature (10°C) reduced the growth of Staph. aureus, and salt may have prevented enterotoxin production in white-brined cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, PO Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Roa A AbuNaser
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Amin N Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Murad A Al-Holy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| | - Khaled M Kadora
- Department of Food Laboratories, Jordan Food and Drug Administration, Amman 11181, Jordan
| | - Richard A Holley
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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16
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Silva GO, Castro RD, Oliveira LG, Sant'Anna FM, Barbosa CD, Sandes SHC, Silva RS, Resende MFS, Lana AMQ, Nunes AC, Cerqueira MMOP, Souza MR. Viability of Staphylococcus aureus and expression of its toxins (SEC and TSST-1) in cheeses using Lactobacillus rhamnosus D1 or Weissella paramesenteroides GIR16L4 or both as starter cultures. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4100-4108. [PMID: 32197850 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main causative agents of food poisoning. This bacterium is an important component of cheese microbiota and plays an important role in foodborne diseases. Another important component of the microbiota is the lactic acid bacterium, which actively participates in processes that define the physicochemical, sensorial, and microbiological features of cheese. Of the various microbiological interactions in cheese, the interaction between lactic acid bacteria and Staph. aureus is most relevant. To this end, we evaluated the viability of Staph. aureus strains and the expression of their enterotoxins in cheeses produced experimentally, using Weissella paramesenteroides GIR16L4 or Lactobacillus rhamnosus D1 or both as starter cultures. Over 7 d, we observed that the presence of lactic acid bacteria did not impair Staph. aureus growth. However, via qPCR we observed a change in the gene expression of staphylococcal enterotoxins, suggesting that molecular communication exists between Staph. aureus strains and lactic acid bacteria in cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Silva
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - R D Castro
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - L G Oliveira
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - F M Sant'Anna
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - C D Barbosa
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - S H C Sandes
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - R S Silva
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - M F S Resende
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - A M Q Lana
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - A C Nunes
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - M M O P Cerqueira
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - M R Souza
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, campus Pampulha da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
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17
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Zeng C, Liu Z, Han Z. Structure of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin N: Implications for Binding Properties to Its Cellular Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235921. [PMID: 31775346 PMCID: PMC6928602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus strains produce a unique family of immunostimulatory exotoxins termed as bacterial superantigens (SAgs), which cross-link major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecule and T-cell receptor (TCR) to stimulate large numbers of T cells at extremely low concentrations. SAgs are associated with food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. To date, 26 genetically distinct staphylococcal SAgs have been reported. This study reports the first X-ray structure of newly characterized staphylococcal enterotoxin N (SEN). SEN possesses the classical two domain architecture that includes an N-terminal oligonucleotide-binding fold and a C-terminal β-grasp domain. Amino acid and structure alignments revealed that several critical amino acids that are proposed to be responsible for MHC II and TCR molecule engagements are variable in SEN, suggesting that SEN may adopt a different binding mode to its cellular receptors. This work helps better understand the mechanisms of action of SAgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zeng
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Hubei Province Fresh Food Engineering Research Center, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Zhaoxin Liu
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhenggang Han
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (C.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Verreault D, Ennis J, Whaley K, Killeen SZ, Karauzum H, Aman MJ, Holtsberg R, Doyle-Meyers L, Didier PJ, Zeitlin L, Roy CJ. Effective Treatment of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Aerosol Intoxication in Rhesus Macaques by Using Two Parenterally Administered High-Affinity Monoclonal Antibodies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e02049-18. [PMID: 30782986 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02049-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a protein exotoxin found on the cell surface of Staphylococcus aureus that is the source for multiple pathologies in humans. When purified and concentrated in aerosol form, SEB can cause an acute and often fatal intoxication and thus is considered a biological threat agent. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a protein exotoxin found on the cell surface of Staphylococcus aureus that is the source for multiple pathologies in humans. When purified and concentrated in aerosol form, SEB can cause an acute and often fatal intoxication and thus is considered a biological threat agent. There are currently no vaccines or treatments approved for human use. Studies with rodent models of SEB intoxication show that antibody therapy may be a promising treatment strategy; however, many have used antibodies only prophylactically or well before any clinical signs of intoxication are apparent. We assessed and compared the protective efficacies of two monoclonal antibodies, Ig121 and c19F1, when administered after aerosol exposure in a uniformly lethal nonhuman primate model of SEB intoxication. Rhesus macaques were challenged using small-particle aerosols of SEB and then were infused intravenously with a single dose of either Ig121 or c19F1 (10 mg/kg of body weight) at either 0.5, 2, or 4 h postexposure. Onset of clinical signs and hematological and cytokine response in untreated controls confirmed the acute onset and potency of the toxin used in the challenge. All animals administered either Ig121 or c19F1 survived SEB challenge, whereas the untreated controls succumbed to SEB intoxication 30 to 48 h postexposure. These results represent the successful therapeutic in vivo protection by two investigational drugs against SEB in a severe nonhuman primate disease model and punctuate the therapeutic value of monoclonal antibodies when faced with treatment options for SEB-induced toxicity in a postexposure setting.
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19
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Fang R, Cui J, Cui T, Guo H, Ono HK, Park CH, Okamura M, Nakane A, Hu DL. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C Is an Important Virulence Factor for Mastitis. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E141. [PMID: 30832302 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important bacterial pathogen causing bovine mastitis, but little is known about the virulence factor and the inflammatory responses in the mammary infection. Staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) is the most frequent toxin produced by S. aureus, isolated from bovine mastitis. To investigate the pathogenic activity of SEC in the inflammation of the mammary gland and the immune responses in an animal model, mouse mammary glands were injected with SEC, and the clinical signs, inflammatory cell infiltration, and proinflammatory cytokine production in the mammary glands were assessed. SEC induced significant inflammatory reactions in the mammary gland, in a dose-dependent manner. SEC-injected mammary glands showed a severe inflammation with inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue damage. In addition, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 production in the SEC-injected mammary glands were significantly higher than those in the PBS control glands. Furthermore, the SEC-induced inflammation and tissue damage in the mammary gland were specifically inhibited by anti-SEC antibody. These results indicated, for the first time, that SEC can directly cause inflammation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and tissue damage in mammary glands, suggesting that SEC might play an important role in the development of mastitis associated with S. aureus infection. This finding offers an opportunity to develop novel treatment strategies for reduction of mammary tissue damage in mastitis.
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Ono HK, Hachiya N, Suzuki Y, Naito I, Hirose S, Asano K, Omoe K, Nakane A, Hu DL. Development of an Immunoassay for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-Like J, A Non-Characterized Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110458. [PMID: 30404173 PMCID: PMC6266802 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are the cause of staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) outbreaks. Recently, many new types of SEs and SE-like toxins have been reported, but it has not been proved whether these new toxins cause food poisoning. To develop an immunoassay for detection of SE-like J (SElJ), a non-characterized toxin in SFP, a mutant SElJ with C-terminus deletion (SElJ∆C) was expressed and purified in an E. coli expression system. Anti-SElJ antibody was produced in rabbits immunized with the SElJ∆C. Western blotting and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection systems were established and showed that the antibody specifically recognizes SElJ without cross reaction to other SEs tested. The limit of detection for the sandwich ELISA was 0.078 ng/mL, showing high sensitivity. SElJ production in S. aureus was detected by using the sandwich ELISA and showed that selj-horboring isolates produced a large amount of SElJ in the culture supernatants, especially in that of the strain isolated from a food poisoning outbreak in Japan. These results demonstrate that the immunoassay for detection of SElJ is specific and sensitive and is useful for determining the native SElJ production in S. aureus isolated from food poisoning cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaya K Ono
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, 35-1 Higashi-23-ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Nobuaki Hachiya
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, 35-1 Higashi-23-ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Yasunori Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan.
| | - Ikunori Naito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Shouhei Hirose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Omoe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, 35-1 Higashi-23-ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
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Hu DL, Ono HK, Isayama S, Okada R, Okamura M, Lei LC, Liu ZS, Zhang XC, Liu MY, Cui JC, Nakane A. Biological characteristics of staphylococcal enterotoxin Q and its potential risk for food poisoning. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1672-1679. [PMID: 28375567 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To elucidate the biological characteristics and stability of a newly identified staphylococcal enterotoxin Q (SEQ) against heating and digestive enzymes and to evaluate the risk of seq-harbouring Staphylococcus aureus in food poisoning. METHODS AND RESULTS Purified SEQ was treated with heating, pepsin and trypsin which are related to food cooking, stomach and intestine conditions, respectively. Superantigenic activity of SEQ was assessed by determining the ability of IL-2 induction in mouse spleen cells. The emetic activity of SEQ was assessed using house musk shrew, a small emetic animal model. The results revealed that SEQ exhibits a remarkable resistance to heat treatment and pepsin digestion and has significant superantigenic and emetic activities. Furthermore, a sandwich ELISA for detection of SEQ production was developed, and the results showed that seq-harboring S. aureus isolates produce a large amount of SEQ. CONCLUSIONS The newly identified SEQ had remarkable stability to heat treatment and digestive enzyme degradation and exhibited significant superantigenic and emetic activities. In addition, seq-harbouring S. aureus isolated from food poisoning outbreaks produced a large amount of SEQ, suggesting that seq-harbouring S. aureus could potentially be a hazard for food safety. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study found, for the first time, that SEQ, a nonclassical SE, had remarkable stability to heat treatment and enzyme degradation and exhibited significant emetic activity, indicating that SEQ is a high-risk toxin in food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-L Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jiling, China.,Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - H K Ono
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - S Isayama
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - R Okada
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - M Okamura
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - L C Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jiling, China
| | - Z S Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jiling, China
| | - X-C Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jiling, China
| | - M Y Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jiling, China
| | - J C Cui
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - A Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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Dittmann KK, Chaul LT, Lee SHI, Corassin CH, Fernandes de Oliveira CA, Pereira De Martinis EC, Alves VF, Gram L, Oxaran V. Staphylococcus aureus in Some Brazilian Dairy Industries: Changes of Contamination and Diversity. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2049. [PMID: 29123505 PMCID: PMC5662873 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major food-poisoning pathogen, is a common contaminant in dairy industries worldwide, including in Brazil. We determined the occurrence of S. aureus in five dairies in Brazil over 8 months. Of 421 samples, 31 (7.4%) were positive for S. aureus and prevalence varied from 0 to 63.3% between dairies. Sixty-six isolates from the 31 samples were typed by Multi-Locus Sequence Typing to determine if these isolates were persistent or continuously reintroduced. Seven known sequence types (STs), ST1, ST5, ST30, ST97, ST126, ST188 and ST398, and four new ST were identified, ST3531, ST3540, ST3562 and ST3534. Clonal complex (CC) 1 (including the four new ST), known as an epidemic clone, was the dominant CC. However, there were no indications of persistence of particular ST. The resistance toward 11 antibiotic compounds was assessed. Twelve profiles were generated with 75.8% of strains being sensitive to all antibiotic classes and no Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains were found. The enterotoxin-encoding genes involved in food-poisoning, e.g., sea, sed, see, and seg were targeted by PCR. The two toxin-encoding genes, sed and see, were not detected. Only three strains (4.5%) harbored seg and two of these also harbored sea. Despite the isolates being Methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), the presence of CC1 clones in the processing environment, including some harboring enterotoxin encoding genes, is of concern and hygiene must have high priority to reduce contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K. Dittmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luíza T. Chaul
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Sarah H. I. Lee
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carlos H. Corassin
- Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Virginie Oxaran
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Zeng WP, McFarland MM, Zhou B, Holtfreter S, Flesher S, Cheung A, Mallick A. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A-activated regulatory T cells promote allergen-specific T H2 response to intratracheal allergen inoculation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:508-518.e4. [PMID: 27394914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TH2 responses are implicated in asthma pathobiology. Epidemiologic studies have found a positive association between asthma and exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxins. OBJECTIVE We used a mouse model of asthma to determine whether staphylococcal enterotoxins promote TH2 differentiation of allergen-specific CD4 conventional T (Tcon) cells and asthma by activating allergen-nonspecific regulatory T (Treg) cells to create a TH2-polarizing cytokine milieu. METHODS Ovalbumin (OVA)-specific, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA)-nonreactive naive CD4 Tcon cells were cocultured with SEA-reactive allergen-nonspecific Treg or CD4 Tcon cells in the presence of OVA and SEA. The OVA-specific CD4 T cells were then analyzed for IL-13 and IFN-γ expression. SEA-activated Treg cells were analyzed for the expression of the TH2-polarizing cytokine IL-4 and the T-cell activation markers CD69 and CD62L. For asthma induction, mice were intratracheally sensitized with OVA or cat dander extract (CDE) alone or together with SEA and then challenged with OVA or CDE. Mice were also subject to transient Treg cell depletion before sensitization with OVA plus SEA. Asthma features and TH2 differentiation in these mice were analyzed. RESULTS SEA-activated Treg cells induced IL-13 but suppressed IFN-γ expression in OVA-specific CD4 Tcon cells. SEA-activated Treg cells expressed IL-4, upregulated CD69, and downregulated CD62L. Sensitization with OVA plus SEA but not OVA alone induced asthma, and SEA exacerbated asthma induced by CDE. Depletion of Treg cells abolished these effects of SEA and IL-13 expression in OVA-specific T cells. CONCLUSION SEA promoted TH2 responses of allergen-specific T cells and asthma pathogenesis by activating Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ping Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV; Department of Pediatrics, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV; Center for Cell Development and Differentiation, Department of Biology, College of Science, Marshall University, Huntington, WV.
| | - Margaret M McFarland
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - Baohua Zhou
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susan Flesher
- Department of Pediatrics, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - Ambrose Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth University, Hanover, NH
| | - Avishek Mallick
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
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Mello PL, Moraes Riboli DF, Pinheiro L, de Almeida Martins L, Vasconcelos Paiva Brito MA, Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha Mde L. Detection of Enterotoxigenic Potential and Determination of Clonal Profile in Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Bovine Subclinical Mastitis in Different Brazilian States. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:104. [PMID: 27092525 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have identified Staphylococcus aureus as the most common agent involved in food poisoning. However, current research highlights the importance of toxigenic coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from food. The aim of this study was to characterize Staphylococcus spp. isolated from cows with bovine subclinical mastitis regarding the presence of genes responsible for the production of staphylococcal enterotoxins and of the tst-1 gene encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, and to determine the clonal profile of the isolates carrying any of the genes studied. A total of 181 strains isolated in different Brazilian states, including the South, Southeast, and Northeast regions, were analyzed. The sea gene was the most frequent, which was detected in 18.2% of the isolates, followed by seb in 7.7%, sec in 14.9%, sed in 0.5%, see in 8.2%, seg in 1.6%, seh in 25.4%, sei in 6.6%, and ser in 1.6%. The sej, ses, set, and tst-1 genes were not detected in any of the isolates. The typing of the isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed important S. aureus and S. epidermidis clusters in different areas and the presence of enterotoxin genes in lineages isolated from animals that belong to herds located geographically close to each other.
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Schlievert PM, Salgado-Pabón W, Klingelhutz AJ. Does Staphylococcus aureus have a role in the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus? Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1549-52. [PMID: 26439811 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Schlievert
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wilmara Salgado-Pabón
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Aloysius J Klingelhutz
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Palikhe S, Kim SH, Pham LD, Ye YM, Park HS. Association Between PTPN22 Polymorphisms and IgE Responses to Staphylococcal Superantigens in Chronic Urticaria. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2014; 7:290-4. [PMID: 25749762 PMCID: PMC4397370 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2015.7.3.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase-22 (PTPN22) gene encodes lymphoid-specific tyrosine phosphatase (Lyp), an inhibitor of T cell activation. A polymorphism of the PTPN22 gene has been found to be associated with chronic urticaria (CU). We investigated the associations between PTPN22 gene polymorphisms and CU characteristics, including serum specific IgE antibodies response to toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). CU patients (n=409) and normal healthy controls (n=388) were enrolled in the present study. Serum specific IgE to TSST-1 and SEA were measured by ImmunoCAP®. Five PTPN22 single nucleotide polymorphisms, -1123G>C, 1858C>T, 13145A>G, 14943C>T, and 20628A>G, were genotyped. There were no significant differences in genotype or haplotype frequencies of these polymorphisms between the 2 groups. CU patients carrying the GG genotype at 20628A>G (P=0.035) or haplotype 3 [GGG] (P=0.047) had a significantly higher prevalence of serum specific IgE to TSST-1 compared to non-carriers. Similarly, CT/TT genotype at 14943C>T had a significantly higher prevalence of serum specific IgE to SEA (P=0.045). The findings suggest that the PTPN22 gene polymorphisms at 20628A>G and 14943C>T may enhance serum specific IgE responses to TSST-1 and SEA, which may contribute to CU pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailesh Palikhe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.; Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Le Duy Pham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.; Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young Min Ye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae Sim Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.; Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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Chang YS, Chou YT, Lee JH, Lee PL, Dai YS, Sun C, Lin YT, Wang LC, Yu HH, Yang YH, Chen CA, Wan KS, Chiang BL. Atopic dermatitis, melatonin, and sleep disturbance. Pediatrics 2014; 134:e397-405. [PMID: 25022734 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Sleep disturbance is common in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). However, studies have largely been questionnaire-based, and the pathophysiology remains unclear. The aims of this study were to determine objective characteristics of sleep disturbance in children with AD and explore contributing factors and clinical predictors. METHODS Sleep parameters were measured by actigraphy and polysomnography in 72 patients with AD and 32 controls ages 1 to 18 years. Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels, serum cytokines, and total and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were also measured. RESULTS The patients with AD had significantly reduced sleep efficiency, longer sleep onset latency, more sleep fragmentation, and less nonrapid eye movement sleep. Results from actigraphy correlated well with those from polysomnography. The AD disease severity was associated with sleep disturbance (r = 0.55-0.7), and a Scoring Atopic Dermatitis index of ≥48.7 predicted poor sleep efficiency with a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 75% (area under the curve = 0.81, P = .001). Lower nocturnal melatonin secretion was significantly associated with sleep disturbance in the patients with AD. Other correlates of sleep disturbance included pruritus, scratching movements, higher total serum IgE levels, and allergic sensitization to dust mite and staphylococcal enterotoxins. CONCLUSIONS Poor sleep efficiency is common in children with AD and can be predicted by the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis index. Melatonin and IgE might play a role in the sleep disturbance. Further studies are required to explore the mechanisms and clinical implications, and actigraphy could serve as a useful evaluating tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Sen Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardinal Tien Hospital Yonghe Branch, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kong-Sang Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Departments of Pediatrics,Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TaiwanMedical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan; and
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Friedman M, Rasooly R. Review of the inhibition of biological activities of food-related selected toxins by natural compounds. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:743-75. [PMID: 23612750 PMCID: PMC3705290 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to develop food-compatible conditions to alter the structures of fungal, bacterial, and plant toxins, thus transforming toxins to nontoxic molecules. The term 'chemical genetics' has been used to describe this approach. This overview attempts to survey and consolidate the widely scattered literature on the inhibition by natural compounds and plant extracts of the biological (toxicological) activity of the following food-related toxins: aflatoxin B1, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A produced by fungi; cholera toxin produced by Vibrio cholerae bacteria; Shiga toxins produced by E. coli bacteria; staphylococcal enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria; ricin produced by seeds of the castor plant Ricinus communis; and the glycoalkaloid α-chaconine synthesized in potato tubers and leaves. The reduction of biological activity has been achieved by one or more of the following approaches: inhibition of the release of the toxin into the environment, especially food; an alteration of the structural integrity of the toxin molecules; changes in the optimum microenvironment, especially pH, for toxin activity; and protection against adverse effects of the toxins in cells, animals, and humans (chemoprevention). The results show that food-compatible and safe compounds with anti-toxin properties can be used to reduce the toxic potential of these toxins. Practical applications and research needs are suggested that may further facilitate reducing the toxic burden of the diet. Researchers are challenged to (a) apply the available methods without adversely affecting the nutritional quality, safety, and sensory attributes of animal feed and human food and (b) educate food producers and processors and the public about available approaches to mitigating the undesirable effects of natural toxins that may present in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Reuven Rasooly
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA 94710, USA; E-Mail:
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Losol P, Kim SH, Hwang EK, Shin YS, Park HS. IL-5 Promoter Polymorphism Enhances IgE Responses to Staphylococcal Superantigens in Adult Asthmatics. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2012; 5:106-9. [PMID: 23449963 PMCID: PMC3579089 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2013.5.2.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is a key cytokine involved in the induction of T-helper type 2 (Th2) responses in the asthmatic airway. We investigated IL-5 genetic polymorphisms associated with asthma phenotypes, including IgE responses to staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B (SEA and SEB, respectively), in asthmatics. Adult asthmatics (n=310) and normal controls (n=160) were enrolled in the present study. Serum total and specific IgE to SEA and SEB were measured. Two IL-5 polymorphisms, -746A>G and +4499T>G, were genotyped using the primer-extension method. There were no significant differences in genotype or haplotype frequencies of these polymorphisms between the two groups. Asthmatics carrying the AG/GG genotype at -746A>G had a significantly higher prevalence of serum specific IgE to SEA (P=0.008), higher total IgE levels (P=0.014), and lower PC20 methacholine levels (P=0.002) compared to those with the AA genotype. These findings suggest that the IL-5 promoter polymorphism at -746A>G enhances serum total and specific IgE responses to SEA, which may augment airway hyperresponsiveness in adult asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purevsuren Losol
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Abstract
Superantigens (SAgs) are a family of potent immunostimulatory exotoxins known to be produced by only a few bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus. More than 20 distinct SAgs have been characterized from different S. aureus strains and at least 80% of clinical strains harbor at least one SAg gene, although most strains encode many. SAgs have been classically associated with food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome (TSS), for which these toxins are the causative agent. TSS is a potentially fatal disease whereby SAg-mediated activation of T cells results in overproduction of cytokines and results in systemic inflammation and shock. Numerous studies have also shown a possible role for SAgs in other diseases such as Kawasaki disease (KD), atopic dermatitis (AD), and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). There is also now a rich understanding of the mechanisms of action of SAgs, as well as their structures and function. However, we have yet to discover what purpose SAgs play in the life cycle of S. aureus, and why such a wide array of these toxins exists. This review will focus on recent developments within the SAg field in terms of the molecular biology of these toxins and their role in both colonization and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey X Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London ON, Canada
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Abstract
Bioterrorism is the deliberate release of biological toxins, pathogenic viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other infectious agents into the public sphere with the objective of causing panic, illness, and/or death on a local, regional, or possibly national scale. The list of potential biological agents compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is long and diverse. However, a trait common to virtually all the potential bioterrorism agents is the fact that they are likely to be disseminated by either aerosol or in food/water supplies with the intention of targeting the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts, respectively. In some instances, inhalation or ingestion would mimic the natural route by which humans are exposed to these agents. In other instances, (e.g., the inhalation of a toxin is normally associated with food borne illness), it would represent an unnatural route of exposure. For most potential bioterrorism agents, the respiratory or gastrointestinal mucosa may simply serve as a route of entry by which they gain access to the systemic compartment where intoxication/replication occurs. For others, however, the respiratory or gastrointestinal mucosa is the primary tissue associated with pathogenesis, and therefore, the tissue for which countermeasures must be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A. Kozlowski
- , Louisiana Gene Therapy Research Consorti, LSU Health Sciences Center, Poydras Street 1615, New Orleans, 70112 Louisiana USA
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Hennekinne JA, Ostyn A, Guillier F, Herbin S, Prufer AL, Dragacci S. How should staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks be characterized? Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2106-16. [PMID: 22069675 PMCID: PMC3153283 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2082106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal food poisoning is one of the most common food-borne diseases and results from the ingestion of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) preformed in food by enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. To date, more than 20 SEs have been described: SEA to SElV. All SEs have superantigenic activity whereas only a few have been proved to be emetic, representing a potential hazard for consumers. Characterization of staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks (SFPOs) has considerably progressed compared to 80 years ago, when staphylococci were simply enumerated and only five enterotoxins were known for qualitative detection. Today, SFPOs can be characterized by a number of approaches, such as the identification of S. aureus biovars, PCR and RT-PCR methods to identify the se genes involved, immunodetection of specific SEs, and absolute quantification by mass spectrometry. An integrated gene-to-protein approach for characterizing staphylococcal food poisoning is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques-Antoine Hennekinne
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (Anses)-Food safety laboratory of Maisons-Alfort, European Union Reference Laboratory for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci, 23 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Wang X, Xu M, Zhang H, Liu J, Li X, Zhang C. Enhancement of superantigen activity and antitumor response of staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 by site-directed mutagenesis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:677-86. [PMID: 18818919 PMCID: PMC11030829 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) tremendously stimulate polyclonal T cells bearing particular TCR Vbeta domains when binding to MHC II molecules, suggesting that they could be a candidate of new antitumor agent. SEC2, an important member of superantigen family, has been used in clinical trial as an immunotherapy agent for cancer treatment in China, and obtained some encouraging effects. However, the presence of immunosuppression and endotoxic activity limits the therapeutic dosage of SEC2, and influences its antitumor effect in clinic. Therefore, the enhancement of superantigen activity and antitumor effect of SEC2 could effectively make compensation for the disadvantages mentioned above. In this study, a superantigen SEC2(T20L/G22E) mutant was generated by site-directed mutagenesis, and efficiently expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3). The results showed that SEC2(T20L/G22E) mutant exhibited a significantly enhanced superantigen activity and antitumor response, compared with native SEC2 in vitro. Further toxicity assay in vivo indicated that SEC2(T20L/G22E) mutant had no significant increase in emetic and pyrogenic activity compared with SEC2, which suggested that the mutant SEC2(T20L/G22E) could be used as a potentially powerful candidate for cancer immunotherapy, and could make compensation for the deficiency of native SEC2 in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Mingkai Xu
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Liu
- China Medical University, 110001 Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Li
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China
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Abstract
Within the last 5 years, protein microarrays have been developed and applied to multiple approaches: identification of protein-protein interactions or protein-small molecule interactions, cancer profiling, detection of microorganisms and toxins, and identification of antibodies due to allergens, autoantigens, and pathogens. Protein microarrays are small size (typically in the microscopy slide format) planar analytical devices with probes arranged in high density to provide the ability to screen several hundred to thousand known substrates (e.g., proteins, peptides, antibodies) simultaneously. Due to their small size, only minute amounts of spotted probes and analytes (e.g., serum) are needed; this is a particularly important feature, for these are limited or expensive. In this review, different types of protein microarrays are reviewed: protein microarrays (PMAs), with spotted proteins or peptides; antibody microarrays (AMAs), with spotted antibodies or antibody fragments (e.g., scFv); reverse phase protein microarrays (RPMAs), a special form of PMA where crude protein mixtures (e.g., cell lysates, fractions) are spotted; and nonprotein microarrays (NPMAs) where macromolecules other than proteins and nucleic acids (e.g., carbohydrates, monosaccharides, lipopolysaccharides) are spotted. In this study, exemplary experiments for all types of protein arrays are discussed wherever applicable with regard to investigations of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kreutzberger
- Department Lehrach, Max Planck Institute for molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Outbreaks in 1989 of staphylococcal food poisoning linked to the consumption of imported canned mushrooms indicated that staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) may survive a commercial retort process. To examine this possibility, fresh mushrooms were blanched in boiling water for 5 min and cooled 5 min in sterile water inoculated with enterotoxigenic type A Staphylococcus aureus strain 743, to yield approximately 1.3 ×103 staphylococci per g. Inoculated mushrooms were incubated 20 h at 30°C to simulate time-temperature abuse prior to canning. Mushrooms were sealed in 211 × 212 cans and thermally processed in a still retort to F values of 7, 12, and 18 min at 121 and 127°C. Pre- and post-thermal process staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) serological activity was estimated from a standard curve with purified SEA using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. SEA was chromatographically separated from 4-can composite extracts of each F value and temperature. A feline emetic assay was used to determine the biological activity. The dose, administered on a body-weight basis, was equivalent to approximately 0.5 servings of mushrooms and brine for humans. The presence of SEA in the samples was confirmed by Western blotting using anti-SEA immunoglobulin G (IgG). The pre-thermal-process concentration of SEA was about 58 ng/g of mushrooms. Serological and biological activities were detected after all sterilizing values tested at 121 and 127°C. The inactivation of serological activity occurred in two phases, with a rapid initial rate and a distinctly slower rate at higher F values. Attenuation of biological activity, noted by a reduction in the number of emetic episodes and an increase in time to an emetic response, was observed with increasing F values of the processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean E Anderson
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University. University Park. Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Robert R Beelman
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University. University Park. Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Stephanie Doores
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University. University Park. Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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