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Rabari V, Patel K, Patel H, Trivedi J. Quantitative assessment of microplastic in sandy beaches of Gujarat state, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 181:113925. [PMID: 35841675 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to quantify microplastic prevalence among 20 sandy beaches on the Gujarat coast. Beaches were categorised into three different classes, viz. low-impacted sites, moderately impacted sites, and highly impacted sites based on anthropogenic pressure. Microplastic (MP) (≤ 5 mm) contamination on the beaches varied with an average of 1.4 MPs/kg to 26 MPs/kg sediment. Sutrapada site-1 and Porbandar showed the highest and lowest mean abundance of microplastics, respectively, among 20 selected beaches. Out of the total assessed microplastics, threads were the maximum (89.98%), followed by the films (4.75%), fragments (3.36%) and foam (1.89%). In terms of colour and size, different microplastics were recorded in this study. The chemical composition of microplastics was identified by ATR-FTIR as polypropylene (47.5%), polyethylene (26%), and polystyrene (25%). Tourism and fishing activities are the possible sources of higher microplastic contamination at highly impacted sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasantkumar Rabari
- Animal Taxonomy and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan 384265, Gujarat, India
| | - Krupal Patel
- Marine Biodiversity and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Heris Patel
- Animal Taxonomy and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan 384265, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigneshkumar Trivedi
- Animal Taxonomy and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan 384265, Gujarat, India.
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Jiang L, Chen M, Huang Y, Peng J, Zhao J, Chan F, Yu X. Effects of different treatment processes in four municipal wastewater treatment plants on the transport and fate of microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154946. [PMID: 35364157 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants has been investigated, but specific effects of treatment process on microplastics' fate are still unclear due to varied analysis methods and regional differences. In this study, four wastewater treatment plants in Ningbo of southeastern China with different treatment processes were selected to investigate transport and fate of microplastics. Based on number of microplastic particles, fibers and fragments were the main microplastics types in wastewater, while synthetic cellulose represented the largest fraction. The dominance of fibers (76.7%-90.0%) and small particle sizes (<2.0 mm, 62.5%-81.5%) in effluents suggested that they escaped easily from the wastewater treatment plants. The abundance of microplastics particles decreased from 78.0 ± 2.9 items/L in influent to 6.0 ± 2.8 items/L in effluent for anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process, 100.0 ± 3.1 items/L to 4.3 ± 3.4 items/L for sequencing batch reactor activated sludge process, 105.0 ± 5.3 items/L to 3.5 ± 2.6 items/L for cyclic activated sludge technology, 65.0 ± 4.3 items/L to 3.0 ± 1.6 items/L for oxidation ditch process. The microplastics removal capacity of primary and secondary treatment processes for four wastewater treatment plants ranged from 83.7% to 96.3%. Application of different tertiary treatment processes (coagulation/flocculation, membrane related technology and disinfection) enhanced microplastics removal to achieve overall removal rate of 92.3%-96.7%. The removed microplastics from the wastewater treatment plants were mainly transferred to sludge (226.1 ± 95.7-896.0 ± 144.0 items/g dry weight). The biological treatment unit played an important role in microplastics removal with rates varying between 86.9%-95.2%, while tertiary treatment reduced daily microplastics emission 1.4 × 108-2.3 × 108 items/day. This study suggests that proper selection of wastewater treatment unit could significantly reduce the emission number of microplastics, which supports an efficient control strategy of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Minglong Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Ying Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
| | - Jinping Peng
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jianliang Zhao
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Faith Chan
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, PR China
| | - Xubiao Yu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China.
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Wang S, Fan T, Cheng W, Wang L, Zhao G, Li S, Dang Y, Zhang J. Occurrence of macroplastic debris in the long-term plastic film-mulched agricultural soil: A case study of Northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154881. [PMID: 35364156 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Widespread presence of plastic mulch has led to macroplastic (MaP) pollution. While this issue is widely explored in aquatic ecosystems, MaP pollution on land has been neglected. In 2019, we conducted a large-scale survey of MaPs in Northwest China in 0-30 cm soil with long-term mulching. Samples of MaP debris were collected from 67 sites across Gansu, east Qinghai, and north Shannxi Provinces. All visible MaP pieces for each site were separated and weighed. The mass of each MaP piece was calibrated by size measured in digital images. The MaP mass averaged 47.2 kg ha-1, and the number of MaPs averaged 266.2 pieces ha-1. The mass and number of MaPs varied from site to site. The mean size of MaPs was 19.5 cm2 piece-1 or 28.0 mg piece-1. More importantly, the number of small MaP pieces (<5 and 5-20 cm2 piece-1) accounted for 76.7% of the total number of MaPs detected, and small-sized plastic debris (<10 and 10-25 mg piece-1) were detected in 70.1% of the sampling sites. The percentage of small fragments increased before 15-year of mulching and then declined. However, the amount of medium-large debris (20-50 and >50 cm2 piece-1) showed a trend opposite to that of small fragments. The percentage of MaPs was greater in the small size group than in the medium-large size group. The arid to semi-arid area exhibited higher MaP contamination compared with the semi-arid to the semi-humid area. These observations indicate that plastic debris residing in soil tend to be fragmented, making plastic film recovery more challenging and causing severe soil pollution. Further studies are required to regulate plastic mulch methods and explore the degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Wang
- Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Water Resources in Dryland Areas in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Dryland Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Tinglu Fan
- Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Water Resources in Dryland Areas in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Dryland Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China.
| | - Wanli Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Water Resources in Dryland Areas in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Dryland Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Water Resources in Dryland Areas in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Dryland Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Water Resources in Dryland Areas in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Dryland Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Shangzhong Li
- Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Water Resources in Dryland Areas in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Dryland Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Yi Dang
- Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Water Resources in Dryland Areas in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Dryland Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Water Resources in Dryland Areas in Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China; Dryland Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
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Wu F, Wang J, Jiang S, Zeng H, Wu Q, Chen Q, Chen J. Effect of cascade damming on microplastics transport in rivers: A large-scale investigation in Wujiang River, Southwest China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134455. [PMID: 35364079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rivers are the important channels for transporting microplastics into the ocean from land. Prosperous dam construction changed the connectivity of rivers, thereby reducing the flux of microplastics to the ocean. However, this process currently lacks verification for the large-scale watersheds. In this study, we investigated the Wujiang River in China to evaluate the interception of cascade dams on microplastics. The results showed that: 1) The midstream exhibits a high abundance of microplastics (606.6-1046.2 items·kg-1) while the upstream and downstream reach exhibits relatively low pollution levels. The small-sized microplastics of 0-0.5 mm are easily migrated into downstream while the large-sized microplastics of 0.5-5 mm tend to deposit. 2) Ten kinds of plastic materials were found, in which polyethylene and polypropylene, originated from the developed tourism and fishery, account for 74.2% in all samples. 3) The earliest microplastics were found in the sediments of 1962. The abundance of microplastics in the sediments in seven reservoirs increased over time, impling the contribution of increasing human activities. 4) Positive correlations between the abundance of microplastics in sediments and local gross domestic product (GDP) (n = 33, R2 = 0.89, p < 0.05) and negative correlations between microplastics abundance and reservoir basin area (n = 33, R2 = 0.42, p < 0.05) revealed that GDP and watershed area are the key factors that control the distribution of microplastics. Our results help to understand the migration of microplastics between terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China
| | - Jingfu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Shihao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China; School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Huaxian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Qixin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
| | - Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Jingan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
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Wu X, Chen X, Jiang R, You J, Ouyang G. New insights into the photo-degraded polystyrene microplastic: Effect on the release of volatile organic compounds. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 431:128523. [PMID: 35278949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Excessive use of plastics leads to the ubiquity of plastic waste in the environment. Weathering can cause changes in the properties of plastics and lead to the release of various chemicals especially the volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Possible photodegradation pathway of polystyrene (PS) microplastics (MPs) was proposed and verified by the detection of VOCs. Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was employed to investigate the release behavior of VOCs from PS MPs exposed to simulated ultraviolet (UV). Results indicated that although the physicochemical properties of the PS MPs showed no significantly change after UV-irradiation, a variety of toxic VOCs, such as benzene, toluene, and phenol were detected from the irradiated MPs. UV irradiation progressively enhanced the release amount of VOCs with total concentration up to 66 μg g-1 after 30 d of exposure, about 2.4 times higher than that stored in the darkness (27 μg g-1). Some compounds (e.g., benzene and toluene) showed an upward trend over irradiation time, while others (e.g., styrene and 2-propenylbenzene) reduced over time. Results also found that the size of MPs could affect the release amounts but without consistent pattern for different VOCs detected in the headspace of the vial. In general, current study provided a new insight on the photo-aging process of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xinlv Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ruifen Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China; Chemistry College, Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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56
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Kalaiselvan K, Pandurangan P, Velu R, Robinson J. Occurrence of microplastics in gastrointestinal tracts of planktivorous fish from the Thoothukudi region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:44723-44731. [PMID: 35137319 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Planktivorous fish are easily susceptible to passive microplastic ingestion during their feeding behaviour and may be transferred along with the marine food web. Hence, the present study was conducted to assess the microplastics prevalence in the planktivorous fish (677 individuals) collected from 2 landing centres in the Thoothukudi, Gulf of Mannar region, South Tamil Nadu, India. The prevalence of microplastics was detected in 118 out of 677 individuals, with a mean abundance and percent occurrence of 1.22 ± 0.47 items/individual and 17%, respectively. The ingestion of microplastics in planktivorous fish was primarily due to their feeding habitat, in which they were prone to the accidental or passive intake of microplastics regardless of the fish's length and body weight. The microplastics abundance was significantly higher in Sardinella gibbosa (1.34 ± 0.56 items/individual), which might be due to their pelagic and planktivorous feeding habitat, highest filtration capacity, presence of closed gill rakers, and also due to the passive ingestion of microplastics as food items. Fibres, blue, and 1 to 2mmsized microplastics were predominant in the guts of Sardinella gibbosa, accounting for 95.74, 47.87, and 46.80%, respectively, whereas in Leiognathus lineolatus, fragments, black, and 1 to 2mmsized microplastics were highly prevalent with 62.96, 72.22, and 79.62%, respectively. The predominance of various shapes (fragments, fibres), sizes (1-2 mm), and colours (blue and black) of microplastics in the guts of fish was influenced by their passive ingestion, ingestion of contaminated planktonic prey, lack of selectivity of prey particles and their resemblance to plankton species. Polypropylene polymers predominated (96.77% and 95.23%) in both fish, followed by polystyrene (3.22% and 4.76%). Furthermore, this study provides baseline data and insists that there is a need for continuous monitoring of the distribution of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthika Kalaiselvan
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Padmavathy Pandurangan
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rani Velu
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeyashakila Robinson
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India
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57
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Xu S, Chen L, Zhang K, Cao Y, Ma Y, Chau HS, Tao D, Wu C, Li C, Lam PKS. Microplastic occurrence in the northern South China Sea, A case for Pre and Post cyclone analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133980. [PMID: 35176303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have become a great concern owing to their persistence and ecotoxicity in various environmental compartments. MPs can be transported from land to oceans via the aquatic system, and the oceans are believed to be the final sink for MPs. To resolve the lack of data concerning MP contamination in the northern South China Sea (NSCS), coastal seawater and sediments were investigated. The sample sites included the coastal area from Hong Kong to western Guangdong Province, which provided a representative coverage of variable distance to the shore. MP particles were observed in all samples, suggesting a widespread MP pollution in NSCS. The average MP abundance was relatively high in South China Sea, but it was lower than that in other Chinese coastal areas. In all samples, the dominant MP polymer was polyethylene terephthalate fibers. No statistically significant correlation was found between the abundances of MPs in seawater and sediment. The MP distribution in surface water affected by the monsoon exhibited high abundance in the east and low in the west, and MPs were more abundant near the shore than away from it. The tropical cyclone had no obvious effect on the overall MP abundance except in the Hong Kong west marine water (R4), which may attribute to proximity to Hong Kong and other islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Luoluo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China; National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, the City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Yaru Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi Shan Chau
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Danyang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengtao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science &Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, the City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China; Office of the President, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Bayo J, Rojo D, Olmos S. Weathering indices of microplastics along marine and coastal sediments from the harbor of Cartagena (Spain) and its adjoining urban beach. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 178:113647. [PMID: 35429837 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine and coastal sediments from the harbor of Cartagena (Spain) and its adjoining beach were investigated regarding their microplastic burden. Fibers accounted for 47.62% and 61.66% in marine and coastal sediments, respectively, followed by films (31.43% and 18.76%) and fragments (20.95% and 18.65%). Polyvinyl (36.07%), polypropylene (21.31%), and polyethylene (18.03%) were isolated for marine sediments, and low-density polyethylene (40.71%), polypropylene (20.16%), and acrylate (11.37%) for coastal sediments. Highest concentrations were found in the deepest marine sediments (24.0 m) and in the furthest zone from the seashore for coastal sediments (18 m). Carbonyl index increased in the intermediate area (12.5 m) for marine sediments (0.51), whilst vinyl index was maximum for the deepest samples (1.94), reporting Norrish type I and II reactions, respectively. Coastal sediments collected close to the high tide line displayed the highest average values for both indices, 1.57 and 1.29, respectively, indicating a higher exposition to weathering variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Bayo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 44, E-30203 Cartagena, Spain.
| | - Dolores Rojo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 44, E-30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Sonia Olmos
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 44, E-30203 Cartagena, Spain
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Seasonal Distribution, Composition, and Inventory of Plastic Debris on the Yugang Park Beach in Zhanjiang Bay, South China Sea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084886. [PMID: 35457751 PMCID: PMC9032269 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Plastic debris contamination in marine environments is a global problem that poses a considerable threat to the sustainability and health of coastal ecosystems. Marine beaches, as the key zones where terrestrial plastic debris reach coastal waters, are faced with the increasing pressures of human activities. In this study, we explored the distribution, composition, and inventory of plastic debris over seasonal and tidal zones at the Yugang Park Beach (YPB) in Zhanjiang Bay, South China Sea, to provide a baseline for plastic debris on a marine beach. The results showed mean abundance of plastic debris in summer (6.00 ± 2.10 items/m2) was significantly greater than that in winter (3.75 ± 2.12 items/m2). In addition, the composition of plastic debris ranged in size mainly from 1 to 5 mm and 0.5 to 2.5 cm in winter and summer, respectively. In terms of composition, white plastic debris was the most common (81.1%), and foam was the most abundant (64.4%). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the abundance of plastic debris and sand grain size fraction (p < 0.05), implying the abundances of microplastic debris were more easily impacted by sand grain size (>2 mm). In total inventory, there were about 1.18 × 105 and 2.95 × 105 items of plastic debris on the YPB in winter and summer, respectively. The tidal variation and human activities are responsible for the plastic debris accumulation. This study provided a method to quantify the inventory of plastic debris on a beach and could be helpful to consider regional tidal variations and critical source areas for effective plastic debris clean-up.
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Patterson J, Jeyasanta KI, Laju RL, Booth AM, Sathish N, Edward JKP. Microplastic in the coral reef environments of the Gulf of Mannar, India - Characteristics, distributions, sources and ecological risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118848. [PMID: 35032604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs; particles <5 mm) are widely distributed in various habitats from the land to the oceans. They have even reached the remotest of places, including the deep seas and Polar Regions. Although research on MPs pollution in the marine environment has received widespread attention in recent years, the distribution, sources and ecological risks of MPs in coastal areas remain unclear. This study assessed the abundance, characteristics, sources and ecological risk of MPs in surface waters and sediment of the mainland coast and four island groups comprising the coral reef environment of the Gulf of Mannar (GoM), southeast India. Mean MPs abundance across all 95 sampling sites ranged from 28.4 to 126.6 items L-1 in water and from 31.4 to 137.6 items kg-1 in sediment. MP fibers <2 mm dominated the water, while fragments >3 mm were predominant in sediments. Polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) were the most common polymers in both matrices. The major proportion of MPs in the GoM derived from land-based sources, with distance to the mainland, coastal population density and improper handling of solid waste being the main factors influencing the abundance of MPs. Polymer Hazard Index (PHI), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) were used to assess current levels of MPs. While the GoM has high PHI values (>1000) resulting from MPs with high hazard scores (e.g. polyamide, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride), the PLI values (1.46 and 1.51) indicate low MPs pollution levels in GoM waters and sediments, and the PERI values (31.7 and 24.4) indicate that this represents a minor ecological risk. The results from the current study enhance our understanding of the characteristics, sources, and associated environmental risks of MPs to marine ecosystems. This data may provide a baseline for future monitoring and the formulation of environmental policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Patterson
- Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - R L Laju
- Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Andy M Booth
- Department of Climate and Environment, SINTEF Ocean, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Narmatha Sathish
- Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
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Li Z, Liu Y, Zhang D, Feng L, He X, Duan X, Li X, Xie H. Distribution and environmental risk assessment of microplastics in continental shelf sediments in the southern East China Sea: A high-spatial-resolution survey. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 177:113548. [PMID: 35303635 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a high-spatial-resolution study on the distributions, characteristics, and environmental risks of microplastics in surface sediments of the southern East China Sea. Microplastics were omnipresent in the sediments (concentration range: 53.3-246.7; mean: 138.4 particles/kg dry-weight sediment) and enriched in nearshore areas close to urban centers relative to lower offshore concentrations. The microplastics identified were dominated by polyethylene (41.2%) and polyethylene terephthalate (19.9%) in polymer type, fibers (45.8%) and fragments (40.3%) in shape, 0.1-0.5 mm (61.0%) in size, and black (52.0%) in color. The benthic environment experienced low to moderate microplastic pollution, with polyvinylchloride exhibiting the highest ecological risk index. The high-resolution sampling revealed highly diverse polymer types and strongly patchy distributions of microplastic abundance and pollution indices in sediments. Results from this study imply that complex physical, biological, and topographic interactions control the distribution of microplastics and the associated environmental risks in coastal sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China; Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Yandong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lijuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xingliang He
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoyong Duan
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Huixiang Xie
- Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski G5L 3A1, Canada.
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Distribution Characteristics and Source Analysis of Microplastics in Urban Freshwater Lakes: A Case Study in Songshan Lake of Dongguan, China. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14071111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current studies on microplastic pollution mainly focus on marine systems. However, few studies have investigated microplastics in an urban lake. This research intends to use an urban lake (Songshan Lake) as an example to explore the pollution characteristics of microplastics and use the principal component as well as the heat map analysis to discuss the relationships between different shapes of microplastics. According to this study, the average abundance of microplastics in the surface water and surface sediments of Songshan Lake were, respectively, 2.29 ± 0.98 items/m3 and 244 ± 121 items/kg; thin films were the major microplastics in both media; transparent this type of color has the most microplastic content. The particle size of microplastics was mainly 0.18–0.6 mm (43.3%) in surface water and 1–2 mm (48.3%) in surface sediments. The composition included five polymers: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polypropylene–polyethylene copolymer (PP–PE copolymer), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), among which PE (47%) and PP (36%) were the main components. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that there was a positive correlation among the four shapes of microplastics: films, fragments, foams, and fibers. The heat map analysis showed that the same category of shape distribution features may be similar for each sampling site.
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Li R, Wei C, Jiao M, Wang Y, Sun H. Mangrove leaves: An undeniably important sink of MPs from tidal water and air. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128138. [PMID: 34968848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Capturing microplastics (MPs) were one of the important characteristics for terrestrial plant. Whereas, role of mangrove leaves in capturing MPs from tidal water and air were still largely unexplored. Here, we detected the spatial distribution of MPs at both submerged (0.10-0.49 n/cm2) and non-submerged mangrove leaves (0.09-0.24 n/cm2) in the Beibu Gulf. Abundance of MPs on submerged mangrove leaves was significantly higher than that on non-submerged mangrove leaves in landward and middle zone (*p < 0.05). Almost no difference existed in the abundances of MPs detected on leaves of different mangrove species. Abundance of MPs on submerged mangrove leaves increased following the sequences of seaward zone (0.11 n/cm2) < middle zone (0.21 n/cm2) < landward zone (0.36 n/cm2). PE MPs with uncoloured/fiber characteristics dominated the MPs both on the non-submerged and submerged mangrove leaves. Furthermore, contribution of tidal water was significantly greater than that of atmospheric deposition on MPs retention on submerged mangrove leaves. Results of this work highlight the importance of tidal water and air in the spatial distribution of MPs at mangrove leaves, and the globally MPs gross reserves at mangrove leaves cannot be ignored in evaluating the MPs sink in mangrove wetland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilong Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Chaoxian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China (Xiamen University), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Meng Jiao
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yijin Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
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64
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Zhang T, Jiang B, Xing Y, Ya H, Lv M, Wang X. Current status of microplastics pollution in the aquatic environment, interaction with other pollutants, and effects on aquatic organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:16830-16859. [PMID: 35001283 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics, as emerging pollutants, have received great attention in the past few decades due to its adverse effects on the environment. Microplastics are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, soil, and water bodies, and mostly reported in aqueous environment. This paper summarizes the abundance and types of microplastics in different aqueous environments and discusses the interactions of microplastics with other contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), antibiotics, and heavy metals. The toxicity of microplastics to aquatic organisms and microorganisms is addressed. Particularly, the combined toxic effects of microplastics and other pollutants are discussed, demonstrating either synergetic or antagonistic effects. Future prospectives should be focused on the characterization of different types and shapes of microplastics, the standardization of microplastic units, exploring the interaction and toxicity of microplastics with other pollutants, and the degradation of microplastics, for a better understanding of the ecological risks of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xing
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Haobo Ya
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Lv
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
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65
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Xu L, Han L, Li J, Zhang H, Jones K, Xu EG. Missing relationship between meso- and microplastics in adjacent soils and sediments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127234. [PMID: 34583166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Meso- and microplastics (MMPs) have attracted attention as globally dispersed environmental pollutants. However, little is known about the transfers of MMPs between aquatic and terrestrial systems. A large watershed-estuarine area of Bohai Sea was used as a case study, and soils and sediments were sampled adjacent to each other at a wide range of sites. MMPs were detected in all sediments (6.7-320 MMPs/kg) and soils (40-980 MMPs/kg), with the average abundance in soils double that in sediments on a dry mass basis. MMPs < 1 mm were most abundant and the dominant shape was film in both sediments and soils. Over twenty polymer types were detected and their compositions in sediments and soils were different. MMP abundance in sediments was lower in the upper catchment than the lower catchment, while the abundance of soil MMPs was the opposite. Despite the proximity of the sampling locations, no clear relationship was identified between the soil and sediment MMPs, suggesting low transfer between the two compartments and high heterogeneity of the sources. The missing associations between aquatic and terrestrial MMPs should be systematically examined in future studies, which is crucial for understanding the environmental fate and impacts of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100095, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Lihua Han
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100095, China; Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kevin Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.
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66
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Arreola-Alarcón IM, Reyes-Bonilla H, Sakthi JS, Rodríguez-González F, Jonathan MP. Seasonal tendencies of microplastics around coral reefs in selected Marine Protected National Parks of Gulf of California, Mexico. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 175:113333. [PMID: 35123271 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the presence of MPs in the sediment beds around coral reefs of MPNPs in Baja California Sur, México. Based on seasonal sampling results, comparison of MPs from Cabo Pulmo (avg. 680.25 items/100 g-1 d.w) recorded higher values than Espiritu Santo Island (avg. 321.75 items/100 g-1 d.w) from backshore/foreshore regions. Fibrous MPs are the dominant morphotypes followed by fragments and spheres. SEM/EDS analysis revealed that the MPs are altered texturally in surface and is bioavailable to marine organisms independent of size/shape. FTIR analysis indicate different polymers (in %) in the form of PP (70), PET (65), HDPE (59), LDPE (50), PS (30), PC (18), PU (10) and RYN (10). Most of the MPs are secondary in origin resulting from man-made and tourist's activities controlled by wave transportation and tidal currents. Existence of MPs in sediment beds around the coral reefs signals the ways for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Montserrat Arreola-Alarcón
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera al Sur K.M 5.5, Apartado Postal 19-B, C.P.23080 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - H Reyes-Bonilla
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera al Sur K.M 5.5, Apartado Postal 19-B, C.P.23080 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - J S Sakthi
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo (CIIEMAD), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Calle 30 de Junio de 1520, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, C.P.07340 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-González
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos (CEPROBI), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla Km. 6, Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos C.P. 62731, Mexico
| | - M P Jonathan
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo (CIIEMAD), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Calle 30 de Junio de 1520, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, C.P.07340 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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67
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Peng B, Hossain KB, Lin Y, Zhang M, Zheng H, Yu J, Meng X, Wang J, Cui Y, Wu B, Lou L, Cai M. Assessment and sources identification of microplastics, PAHs and OCPs in the Luoyuan Bay, China: Based on multi-statistical analysis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 175:113351. [PMID: 35123274 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Luoyuan Bay is a mariculture influenced water body located in southeastern China. Multi-statistical techniques were applied to 21 sampling locations in the bay to identify the sources of microplastics and other pollutants in the sediment. In microplastics detection, fragment was the most abundant shape (~36%), and rayon was the dominant polymer (~59%). The size of more than 48% of total microplastics observed was less than 200 μm. The study showed that the upper part of Luoyuan Bay was dominated by microplastic pollution, while the lower part of the bay was dominated by persistent organic pollutants (PAHs, OCPs). Mariculture is one of the main sources of pollution in Luoyuan Bay. Apart from mariculture, there were additional sources such as industry, land reclamation, port, and so on; industry and land reclamation were the leading sources of microplastics, while port, industry, and mariculture were the primary sources of PAHs and OCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- Nanjing Centre, China Geological Survey, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Kazi Belayet Hossain
- Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry and Application (Xiamen University), Fujian Province University; College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry and Application (Xiamen University), Fujian Province University; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingyu Zhang
- College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Haowen Zheng
- College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Nanjing Centre, China Geological Survey, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Xiangliang Meng
- Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jilong Wang
- Nanjing Centre, China Geological Survey, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Yaozong Cui
- College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Nanjing Centre, China Geological Survey, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Linghao Lou
- College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry and Application (Xiamen University), Fujian Province University; College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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68
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Zhang M, Lin Y, Booth AM, Song X, Cui Y, Xia B, Gu Z, Li Y, Liu F, Cai M. Fate, source and mass budget of sedimentary microplastics in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118640. [PMID: 34875265 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As reservoirs for pollutants transported via the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the Bohai Sea (BS) and Yellow Sea (YS) play an important role in transporting microplastics (MPs) to the Pacific Ocean. The fate, sources and mass budget of MPs in the BS and the YS were investigated by Pearson correlation, principal component analysis-multilinear regression analysis (PCA-MRLA) and a mass balance model to sedimentary MPs data. Average MP abundances were 137 and 119 items kg-1 in the Bohai and Yellow Seas, respectively. MPs <1000 μm exhibited similar distribution patterns to total organic carbon and fine-grained sediments, while MPs >1000 μm were confined in the BS and exhibited a strong positive correlation with chlorophyll-a and polyethylene terephthalate, suggesting that larger MPs might deposit faster due to biofouling or when comprised of high density polymers. PCA-MLRA analysis indicated land-based inputs (packing materials, textile material and daily commodities) were dominant in the BS, while maritime activities (fishing and mariculture) were the main source of MPs in the YS. The mass balance model revealed that the total MP input and output to the BS and the YS was 3396.92 t yr-1 and 3814.81 t yr-1, respectively. The major input pathway of MPs to the BS and the YS were river discharge and air deposition, respectively. Notably, 94% of MPs in the BS and the YS were deposited to sediments. This study revealed that BS and YS sediments play an important role in preventing MPs from being further transported to the Pacific Ocean, thus more attention should be paid to local ecological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China
| | - Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361002, China
| | - Andy M Booth
- SINTEF Ocean, Department of Climate and Environment, Trondheim, 7465, Norway
| | - Xikun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China
| | - Yaozong Cui
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China
| | - Bin Xia
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Zhangjie Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China
| | - Yifan Li
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China
| | - Fengjiao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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69
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Neelavannan K, Achyuthan H, Sen IS, Krishnakumar S, Gopinath K, Dhanalakshmi R, Rajalakshmi PR, Sajeev R. Distribution and characterization of plastic debris pollution along the Poompuhar Beach, Tamil Nadu, Southern India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 175:113337. [PMID: 35093779 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to determine the characteristics, distribution, and abundance of plastic debris in 25 sediment samples collected from the Poompuhar beach, southeast coast of India. The result reveals that the mean plastic debris abundance was 42 ± 27 particles/m2 dry weight (dw) (1 SD, n = 25) with higher concentrations in the river mouth. The dominant shapes in the study area were fragment (70.7%), followed by fiber (20.7%), and pellet-shaped (8.6%). The dominant colors of the plastic debris were: white-colored (47%) followed by blue (28%) and green (14%). The study further reveals that the dominant polymer type was polyethylene (PE, 63.4%), followed by nylon (PA, 16.9), polyvinyl chloride (PVC, 15.5%), polypropylene (PP, 3.1%), and polystyrene (PS, 1.1%). In the study area, the main source of plastic debris was from land-based fishing and tourism activities, and rainwater runoff from the Cauvery River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannaiyan Neelavannan
- Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India; Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Hema Achyuthan
- Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India.
| | - Indra Sekhar Sen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - S Krishnakumar
- Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India; Department of Geology, Malankara catholic college, Mariyagiri, Kaliyakkavilai, Kanyakumari 629153, India
| | - Kalpana Gopinath
- Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India; Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 97754, Sweden
| | - R Dhanalakshmi
- Department of Geography, Queen Mary's College, Chennai 600 004, India
| | - P R Rajalakshmi
- Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Riffin Sajeev
- Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
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70
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Wang Q, Guan C, Han J, Chai M, Li R. Microplastics in China Sea: Analysis, status, source, and fate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149887. [PMID: 34487899 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) in marine environments have raised increasing concerns worldwide in recent years. China is one of the largest plastic producers in the world. In this review, available information on MPs in China Sea was reviewed, including studies on seawater, sediment, and biota. The status and limits of sampling methods of MPs were summarized, such as sampling tools, sampling volume, and depth of sampling. The analytical methods of MPs were outlined, such as sieving, density separation, purification, filtration, and visual sorting. The characteristics of MPs, such as abundances, sizes, shapes, polymer types, sources, and fates were analyzed. The abundances of MPs in China Sea varied from 0.1 to 27,840.0 items m-3 in seawater, and from 13.0 to 14,712.0 items kg-1 d.w. in sediments. Furthermore, MPs were mainly featured with sizes ranging from 0.001 to 0.5 mm, with colors of transparent and black, and polymer types of polypropylene and polyethylene. To promote research on MPs in China Sea, the sampling and analytical methods were insufficiently standardized and should be improved. As for microplastic (MP) pollution in China Sea, laws and regulations have already been established to manage and control plastic waste. Furthermore, several suggestions to control plastic pollution were as follows: (1) control marine plastic pollution at the source; (2) strengthen technological innovations; (3) urge people to minimize disposable plastic products in their daily lives; (4) strengthen international cooperation in the treatment of marine plastic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunya Guan
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Minwei Chai
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ruili Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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71
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Jiang Y, Yang F, Hassan Kazmi SSU, Zhao Y, Chen M, Wang J. A review of microplastic pollution in seawater, sediments and organisms of the Chinese coastal and marginal seas. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131677. [PMID: 34346336 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
China is considered to account for nearly a third of all plastic waste discharging from land to the ocean. To overall assess microplastic pollution status in Chinese coastal and marginal seas, this study summarized the abundance and characteristics of microplastics in the seawater, sediments and marine organisms. The results showed that the abundance of microplastics in the seawater of four major seas of China was 0.13-545 items/m³, and microplastic abundance in the sediments from the estuaries was 20-7900 items/kg, which are at middle level or even lower than those detected in other countries. By contrast, severe microplastic pollution was recorded in the estuaries, suggesting that plastic waste and microplastic interception measures should be conducted on the rivers to prevent the input of microplastics. In addition, microplastics were widely detected in marine fishes, mollusks, zooplankton, mammals and birds, which highlights the potential impacts of microplastic pollution on the whole marine ecosystem. Compared to the dry season, higher microplastic abundance was found in the rainy season, revealing that plastic waste recycling should be strengthened before the onset of rainy season. We suggest that all countries respond actively to the ubiquitous microplastic pollution through practical policies and measures to prevent microplastics from further damaging the marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jiang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | | | - Yanan Zhao
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Mei Chen
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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72
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Atamanalp M, Köktürk M, Parlak V, Ucar A, Arslan G, Alak G. A new record for the presence of microplastics in dominant fish species of the Karasu River Erzurum, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:7866-7876. [PMID: 34480701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16243-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is known that microplastics (MPs) are increasingly detected in aquatic environments (sea and fresh water), and the presence of these pollutants have worrying potential effects on the biota. This study is the first research to measure and characterize MPs in freshwater ecosystems (inland waters) in Turkey. Accordingly, the identification and characterization of MPs in the gastrointestinal systems of fish by making samples of three species [chub (Squalius cephalus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and mossul bleak (Alburnus mossulensis)] of the carp family living in Karasu River in Erzurum. Hydrogen peroxide application and Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (ATR-FTIR) analyses were done for this purpose. In the obtained results, 232 microplastics were found in all three fish gastrointestinal systems. While the highest determined color was black (39-58%), the most common shape was fiber (88%), fragment (6%, and pellet (6%); MPs in the range of maximum 1001-2000 mm were detected in size. Plastics are defined as polyethylene, polyester, poly (vinyl stearate), polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, and cellulose. Among the studied species, the most common type of plastic pollutants was found in S. cephalus. The findings indicated the presence of microplastics in dominant species. However, these findings will be basic information for future studies on living things and microplastics in inland waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Atamanalp
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mine Köktürk
- Department of Organic Agriculture Management, College of Applied Sciences, Iğdır University, TR-76000, Iğdır, Turkey
| | - Veysel Parlak
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ucar
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Arslan
- Department of Fish Capture and Seafood Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gonca Alak
- Department of Fish Capture and Seafood Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey.
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73
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Cui R, Jong MC, You L, Mao F, Yao D, Gin KYH, He Y. Size-dependent adsorption of waterborne Benzophenone-3 on microplastics and its desorption under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131735. [PMID: 34385031 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are global pollutants with heightened environmental and health concerns in recent years because of their worldwide distribution across aquatic environments, ability to load chemical contaminants and the potential for ingestion by animals, including human. In this study, three commonly used and environmentally detected plastics, i.e. polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene with sizes of 550, 250 and 75 μm, plus two submicron-sized polystyrene microplastics (5 and 0.5 μm) were assessed as solid adsorbents for a prevalent UV filter, benzophenone-3 (BP-3). The affinity and process of adsorption exhibited differentials among different sizes and types of MPs. Apparent desorption of BP-3 from MPs under simulated gastrointestinal conditions was not significantly enhanced, which might be due to the presence of the enzyme proteins, indicating potential risk of the contaminants carried by MPs. The desorption of BP-3 from MPs was affected by the size, type of MPs and the components of the gastrointestinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofan Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Mui-Choo Jong
- Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore; National University of Singapore Environment Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Luhua You
- Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore; National University of Singapore Environment Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Feijian Mao
- Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore; National University of Singapore Environment Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 138602, Singapore; Center for Eco-Environment Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Dingding Yao
- Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore; National University of Singapore Environment Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- National University of Singapore Environment Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 138602, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
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74
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Andriolo U, Gonçalves G. Is coastal erosion a source of marine litter pollution? Evidence of coastal dunes being a reservoir of plastics. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113307. [PMID: 35090292 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This baseline reports scientific evidence of marine litter items embedded in the dune volume at two study sites on the North Atlantic Portuguese coast. We described how stranded litter participate in the sand dune growth/erosion processes on a natural beach-dune system. From the storm-eroded foredunes on the urbanized beach, we documented exhumed plastics with age up to 38 years. Whether litter burial was due to beach-dune morphodynamic processes, or to irresponsible and/or illegal dumping in the past, this work emphasises the need of improving buried litter census and monitoring on coastal dunes. Coastal erosion processes may further exhume litter buried in dune volumes and on other coastal environments over short- and long-term, re-exposing items into the marine environment. Thus, coastal erosion can be accounted as a secondary diffuse source of littering pollution, beside the multiple sources already identified in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Andriolo
- INESC Coimbra, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polo 2, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Gil Gonçalves
- INESC Coimbra, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polo 2, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Department of Mathematics, Apartado 3008, EC Santa Cruz, 3001 - 501 Coimbra, Portugal.
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75
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Kieu-Le TC, Tran QV, Truong TNS, Strady E. Anthropogenic fibres in white clams, Meretrix lyrata, cultivated downstream a developing megacity, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113302. [PMID: 34995884 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic fibres are an emerging pollutant worldwide. The Can Gio mangrove area is located downstream of the Saigon River, and is characterised by high level of anthropogenic fibres originating from domestic and industrial textile and apparel manufacturing. In this area, biota is thus subjected to a high potential risk of anthropogenic fibre contamination. This study aims to characterise the accumulation of anthropogenic fibres in different tissues, i.e. gills, digestive systems, and remaining tissues, of white clams (Meretrix lyrata) cultivated in the Can Gio beach sand, during a seven-month sampling period. The results showed an average concentration of 3.6 ± 2.1 fibres individual-1 or 2.7 ± 2.4 fibres g-1 ww. Higher fibre accumulation was observed in remaining tissues than in gills and digestive systems, and no temporal variation was observed in all clam tissues. The intake of fibres by humans consuming clams was estimated to be 324 fibres inhabitant-1 yr-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-Chung Kieu-Le
- Faculty of Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Viet Nam
| | - Quoc-Viet Tran
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Viet Nam; Asian Center for Water Research (CARE), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Viet Nam
| | - Tran-Nguyen-Sang Truong
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Viet Nam; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Viet Nam; Asian Center for Water Research (CARE), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Viet Nam
| | - Emilie Strady
- Asian Center for Water Research (CARE), Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Viet Nam; Aix-Marseille Univ., Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M I O), Marseille, Universite de Toulon, CNRS/IRD, France.
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76
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Wang F, Lai Z, Peng G, Luo L, Liu K, Huang X, Xu Y, Shen Q, Li D. Microplastic abundance and distribution in a Central Asian desert. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149529. [PMID: 34391141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution is widespread, affecting even the remotest places on Earth. However, observational data on microplastic deposition in deserts, which comprise 21% of the total land area, are relatively rare. The current study aims to address the knowledge gap in terms of microplastic distribution in Asian deserts. The Badain Jaran Desert in Central Asia is the second largest desert in China. We investigated microplastic distribution and deposition on dunes and lakes of this desert. Microplastics were extracted from surface sediments to determine their characteristics and polymer types by microscopic inspection and μ-FTIR. The abundance of microplastics (detection limit is approximately 40 μm) in the uninhabited area ranged from 0.7 ± 1.5 to 11.7 ± 15.5 items/kg, with an average of 6.0 ± 15.4 items/kg. Fragments and fibers accounted for 77% and 23% of the total microplastics, respectively. Epoxy resin (28%), polyethylene terephthalate (25%), phenoxy resin (25%), and polyamide (9%) were the main polymer components, whose sizes were concentrated at 50-200 μm. Back-trajectory modeling was then performed to explore the possible source direction of the microplastics. The results showed that the microplastics mainly originated from the populated areas southeast of the desert, indicating long-distance atmospheric transport and deposition in deserts. The desert-edge zone with some tourism activity contained more microplastics (8.2 ± 17.9 items/kg) than the non-tourism zone (0.9 ± 1.6 items/kg), indicating a potential contribution from tourism. The abundance in the non-tourism zone (0.9 items/kg) can be used as a reference for microplastic background values in the Central Asian deserts, as this value is critical for simulating and predicting global microplastic yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhongping Lai
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
| | - Guyu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xianmei Huang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yantian Xu
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Qinjing Shen
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Daoji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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77
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Reinold S, Herrera A, Stile N, Saliu F, Hernández-González C, Martinez I, Ortega Z, Marrero MD, Lasagni M, Gómez M. An annual study on plastic accumulation in surface water and sediment cores from the coastline of Tenerife (Canary Island, Spain). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 173:113072. [PMID: 34700151 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sediment core samples from high tide lines and in submerged zones as well as surface water samples from eight beaches of Tenerife were analysed. Sampling was conducted over a period of one year in intervals of 5 weeks. The majority of particles were found in the high tide sediment (66%), followed by water samples (23%) and finally in sediment from submerged zones (11%). Regarding the particle amount per volume (items/L), accumulation in sediment samples was statistically higher compared to water samples. Mean values of items/L were higher in high tide sediments. In high tide and water samples, mostly white and transparent particles >1 mm were found. More than 70% were represented by fragments. In sediments from submerged zones, yellow and blue microparticles (<1 mm) were predominant and 61.9% consisted of fibres. Larger particles were mainly identified as PP, PE, PS, PTFE and PVC, while polymer types of smaller particles were more variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Reinold
- Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR), Iu-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Alicia Herrera
- Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR), Iu-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Nicolò Stile
- Earth and Environmental Science Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesco Saliu
- Earth and Environmental Science Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - Carlos Hernández-González
- Centro Oceanográfico de Canarias, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Ico Martinez
- Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR), Iu-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Zaida Ortega
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Marrero
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Marina Lasagni
- Earth and Environmental Science Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| | - May Gómez
- Marine Ecophysiology Group (EOMAR), Iu-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017, Canary Islands, Spain.
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78
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Dou PC, Mai L, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Microplastics on beaches and mangrove sediments along the coast of South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 172:112806. [PMID: 34388449 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of microplastics (MPs) data on a global scale is key to supporting plastic waste management for protecting ecosystems. To respond this call, a sampling campaign was conducted in the summer and winter seasons of 2018 to collect beach and mangrove sediment samples from 32 sites along the coastline of South China. The MPs concentrations in the intertidal zone along the coast of South China were comparable to those in other regions around the world. Polystyrene foams and fibers were the most abundant debris in the 0.2-5 mm and 0.02-2 mm MPs, respectively. Principal component and correlation analyses indicated that the abundances of MPs were related to wind direction, wastewater discharge amount, and tourist and fishing activities. Risk assessments suggested that potential ecological risks induced by MPs on beaches and mangrove forest along the coast of South China should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Dou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lei Mai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Center for Environmental Microplastics Studies, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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79
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Khuyen VTK, Le DV, Fischer AR, Dornack C. Comparison of Microplastic Pollution in Beach Sediment and Seawater at UNESCO Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2100044. [PMID: 34754508 PMCID: PMC8562063 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have become a global concern due to their persistent properties and impacts on the marine environment. This research investigates pollution sources and behaviors of microplastics at UNESCO Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. Density flotation with sodium chloride is employed to extract microplastics from sand at Can Gio Beach, and a double-filtration procedure is developed to recover microplastics from seawater at the beach and Dong Tranh Cape. The microplastics' morphology and type are analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results show that microplastics are accumulated at concentrations from 31.99 to 92.56 MPs g-1 at various sand layers. The seawater at Can Gio Beach and Dong Tranh Cape contains 6.44 and 3.75 MPs L-1 of microplastics, respectively. White polyethylene fragments predominate, and all the microplastics comprise small secondary microplastics with a minimum size of 25 µm and a maximum size of 260 µm for fragments and a length of 640 µm for fibers. The proportions of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polymethylmethacrylate are similar. The differing percentages of other compositions in sand and seawater are attributed to the morphology and density of the microplastics. The results indicate the extent of microplastic pollution and suggest appropriate strategies for tourism development at the Biosphere Reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Thi Kim Khuyen
- Institute of Waste Management and Circular EconomyDepartment of HydrosciencesFaculty of Environmental SciencesTechnische Universität DresdenPratzschwitzer Str. 1501796PirnaGermany
| | - Dinh Vu Le
- Faculty of Chemical EngineeringIndustrial University of Ho Chi Minh City12 Nguyen Van Bao Str., Go Vap Dist.Ho Chi Minh City70000Vietnam
| | - Axel René Fischer
- Institute of Waste Management and Circular EconomyDepartment of HydrosciencesFaculty of Environmental SciencesTechnische Universität DresdenPratzschwitzer Str. 1501796PirnaGermany
| | - Christina Dornack
- Institute of Waste Management and Circular EconomyDepartment of HydrosciencesFaculty of Environmental SciencesTechnische Universität DresdenPratzschwitzer Str. 1501796PirnaGermany
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80
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Liu K, Zhang Z, Wu H, Wang J, Wang R, Zhang T, Feng Z, Li D. Accumulation of microplastics in a downstream area of a semi-enclosed bay: Implications of input from coastal currents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148280. [PMID: 34119789 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coastal beaches are a vital transitional zone in which terrestrial microplastics (MPs) enter the oceans. However, little is known about the impact of coastal currents on the dispersion and accumulation of MPs, especially in semi-enclosed bays. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the spatiotemporal variation of MPs in the coastal sediments of Haizhou Bay. The abundance of MPs ranged from 10.94 n/kg to 1309.02 n/kg. Overall, a higher amount of MPs was found in intertidal sediment than in the supratidal zone. Significant seasonal variation was observed only in the intertidal areas of Haizhou Bay, suggesting that hydrodynamics plays a critical role shaping MP abundance. Statistical analyses revealed a roughly exponential increase of MP abundance with distance from the coast, and that a relatively higher abundance of MPs would be found at offshore sites in downstream areas. These results suggest that coastal currents are important contributors of MPs. A numerical model of vertical profiles estimated the total inventory of MPs in coastal areas to be 13.83-580 trillion pieces. Our results suggest a neglected sink of MPs in the sedimentary environments of coastal regions. As a result, the amount of MPs in coastal regions in previous studies could have been underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; Plastic Marine Debris Research Center, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; Regional Training and Research Center on Plastic Marine Debris and Microplastics, IOC-UNESCO, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Zhihua Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, 59 Cangwu Road, Lianyungang 222005, China.
| | - Daoji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; Plastic Marine Debris Research Center, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; Regional Training and Research Center on Plastic Marine Debris and Microplastics, IOC-UNESCO, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
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81
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Wang L, Liu Y, Kaur M, Yao Z, Chen T, Xu M. Phytotoxic Effects of Polyethylene Microplastics on the Growth of Food Crops Soybean ( Glycine max) and Mung Bean ( Vigna radiata). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10629. [PMID: 34682374 PMCID: PMC8535555 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of micro-plastics (MPs) in the environment has resulted in various ecological and health concerns. Nowadays, however, studies are mainly focused on toxicity of MPs on aquatic organisms, but only a few studies assess the toxic effects of micro-plastics on terrestrial plants, especially edible agricultural crops. The present study was aimed to investigate the adverse effects of polyethylene (PE) microplastics on the germination of two common food crops of China, i.e., soybean (Glycine max) and mung bean (Vigna radiata). Both the crops were treated with polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) of two sizes (6.5 μm and 13 μm) with six different concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, 200, and 500 mg/L). Parameters studied were (i) seed vigor (e.g., germination energy, germination index, vigor index, mean germination speed, germination rate); (ii) morphology (e.g., root length, shoot length) and (iii) dry weight. It was found that the phyto-toxicity of PE-MPs to soybean (Glycine max) was greater than that of mung bean (Vigna radiata). On the 3rd day, the dry weight of soybean was inhibited at different concentrations as compared to the control and the inhibition showed decline with the increase in the concentration of PE-MPs. After the 7th day, the root length of soybean was inhibited by PE-MPs of 13 μm size, and the inhibition degree was positively correlated with the concentration, whereas the root length of mung bean was increased, and the promotion degree was positively correlated with the concentration. Present study indicated the necessity to explore the hazardous effects of different sizes of PE-MPs on the growth and germination process of agricultural crops. Additionally, our results can provide theoretical basis and data support for further investigation on the toxicity of PE-MPs to soybean and mung bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Department of Environmental Science, Miami College, Henan University, Kaifeng 475002, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Earth System Observation and Modeling, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Miami College, Henan University, Kaifeng 475002, China
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Earth System Observation and Modeling, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhisheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Taizheng Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Earth System Observation and Modeling, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Earth System Observation and Modeling, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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82
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Zhu X, Ran W, Teng J, Zhang C, Zhang W, Hou C, Zhao J, Qi X, Wang Q. Microplastic Pollution in Nearshore Sediment from the Bohai Sea Coastline. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:665-670. [PMID: 32424435 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02866-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are recognized as an emerging global issue in marine environments. In this study, microplastic pollution in subtidal sediments from nine typical stations in the Bohai Sea was investigated. The mean concentration was 458.6 ± 150.0 items/kg of dry weight, varying from 280.0 to 773.4 items/kg. All of the microplastics were categorized according to shape, color and size. Among these microplastics, fiber (77.1%), white/blue/black (85.0%) and small microplastics (< 1500 μm) (82.9%) were the most abundant types. Seven polymer types were identified and were, in decreasing order of abundance, rayon > PE > PS > PP > PET > ABS > PA. The microplastics abundance was of the same order of magnitude as that of other similar areas. The microplastic characteristics suggest that tourism, maritime activities and sewage discharge are possible sources. Our results provide useful information for performing an environmental risk assessment of microplastic pollution in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhu
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Ran
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Teng
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaowei Hou
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xutong Qi
- Ocean School, Yantai University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Research and Development Center for Efficient Utilization of Coastal Bioresources, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, People's Republic of China.
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83
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Liu B, Jiang T, Li Z, Ge W, Wu J, Song N, Chai C. Phthalate esters in surface sediments from fishing ports in Circum-Bohai-Sea region, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112782. [PMID: 34358790 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentration, composition, distribution, and possible sources of phthalate esters (PAEs) in surface sediments from fishing ports in the Circum-Bohai-Sea region were investigated. The potential ecological risks of PAEs on three sensitive aquatic organisms (algae, crustacean, and fish) were assessed based on the risk quotient. The concentrations of 16 PAEs were in the range of 8.53-86.13 μg/g. Six PAEs, which were considered as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, were main congeners. Fishing ports with high PAE concentration were located near the eastern area of the Shandong Peninsula, the southern area of the Liaodong Peninsula, and the estuary of the Yellow River. Wastewater, atmospheric deposition, plastic, and rubber products were possible sources of PAEs. The PAEs showed medium to high ecological risks on the three aquatic organisms, and the ecological risks were attributed to four PAEs, including dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and benzylbutyl phthalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxu Liu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zhiying Li
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ningning Song
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chao Chai
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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84
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Reineccius J, Bresien J, Waniek JJ. Separation of microplastics from mass-limited samples by an effective adsorption technique. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147881. [PMID: 34029819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic in the environment hides visible and invisible dangers for the ecosystems and domiciled organisms. Due to the large quantities of microplastics already distributed worldwide, comparative studies to investigate the associated hazards, distribution patterns, and abundances are becoming increasingly important. Due to varying efforts and budgets, there is still no homogenized detection method for microplastics in the environment, which severely compromises the comparability and reliability of results between previous studies. In this study, we compare the efficacy, degradative effect on microplastics, and microplastic recovery rates of different digestion and separation methods for isolating microplastics from mass-limited environmental samples with high biogenic content. Our results show that the most gentle and effective isolation method is an adsorption-based technique that exploits the lipophilic properties of plastic for separation. This technique achieves an average microplastic recovery rate of 98.0 ± 3.8% and a matrix removal of 96.3 ± 0.3% at low cost and minimum effort. To examine the applicability of this technique to natural environmental samples, eight sediments and two plankton net samples from the South China Sea were selected to determine microplastic abundances. In the analyzed sediment samples, 0-9 microplastic items per 10 g sediment d. w. were found, while 17-25 items per m3 were detected in net samples. Considering the respective mean plastic density, this corresponds to a calculated microplastic mass of 0-39 μg (10 g d.w.)-1 and 3.7-7.1 μg m-3 in sediment and water samples, respectively. This study represents a new way of microplastic extraction from matrix-rich mass-limited samples with high accuracy and easy feasibility at low costs, which would be useful as a worldwide homogenized method in future microplastic research projects and related data comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janika Reineccius
- Leibniz Institute of Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Jonas Bresien
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059, Germany
| | - Joanna J Waniek
- Leibniz Institute of Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
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85
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Cao Y, Zhao M, Ma X, Song Y, Zuo S, Li H, Deng W. A critical review on the interactions of microplastics with heavy metals: Mechanism and their combined effect on organisms and humans. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147620. [PMID: 34029813 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although individual toxicity of microplastics (MPs) to organism has been widely studied, limited knowledge is available on the interactions between heavy metals and MPs, as well as potential biological impacts from their combinations. The interaction between MPs and heavy metals may alter their environmental behaviors, bioavailability and potential toxicity, leading to ecological risks. In this paper, an overview of different sources of heavy metals on MPs is provided. Then the recent achievements in adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics and interaction mechanism between MPs and heavy metals are discussed. Besides, the factors that influence the adsorption of heavy metals on MPs such as polymer properties, chemical properties of heavy metals, and other environmental factors are also considered. Furthermore, potential combined toxic effects from MPs and heavy metals on organisms and human health are further summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Cao
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Mengjie Zhao
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Xianying Ma
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Yongwei Song
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Shihan Zuo
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Honghu Li
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Wenzhuo Deng
- Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China; School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
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86
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Expósito N, Rovira J, Sierra J, Folch J, Schuhmacher M. Microplastics levels, size, morphology and composition in marine water, sediments and sand beaches. Case study of Tarragona coast (western Mediterranean). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147453. [PMID: 33964765 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean Sea has been proposed as the sixth greatest accumulation zone for marine litter and the most affected regarding to microplastics (MPs). Tarragona (Catalonia, NE Spain) coastal region suffers high pressure due to urbanization, tourism, industrial harbour and petrochemical/plastic industries. The present study aims to quantify and characterize in size, morphology and composition the MPs present in sandy beaches, marine sediments, and surface seawaters of Tarragona coastal region. MPs mean abundance were 1.30 items/m3 in surface seawaters, 32.4 items/kg in marine sediments, and 10.7 items/kg in sandy beaches. Polyester fibres were dominant MPs in bottom sediments and seawater meanwhile polyethylene and polypropylene fragments were the main MPs in beaches. The fibres balls associated with bottom sediments, organic matter and plankton were abundant, masking the real quantity of fibres in each reservoir. The abundance by volume of seawater MPs was higher to those found in oceanic areas and similar to other areas of Mediterranean Sea, corroborating that Western Mediterranean Sea as a region of MPs accumulation. MPs composition and abundance suggested the input of numerous land-base-sources, WWTP (wastewater treatment plants) effluents discharges, and emissaries as the most important. Marine MPs pollution were studied from an integrative point of view, that includes superficial sea water, sand from beaches and sediments. The dynamics of MPs in Tarragona coast were characterized by seawater as the media that receive and facilitate dispersion and fragmentation. The shoreline acts as an intermediate reservoir with constant weathering and active exchange with seawater surface and the sediments acts as a significant sink for medium MPs sizes. It is necessary to develop protocols and guidelines for MPs analysis to obtain harmonized and comparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Expósito
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jordi Sierra
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Folch
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
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87
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Gohla J, Bračun S, Gretschel G, Koblmüller S, Wagner M, Pacher C. Potassium carbonate (K 2CO 3) - A cheap, non-toxic and high-density floating solution for microplastic isolation from beach sediments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 170:112618. [PMID: 34146863 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Beaches are good indicators for local microplastic distribution and pollution. Multiple methods have been developed for extracting microplastics from sediment through density separation. However, the chemicals applied are often expensive and harmful to the user or the environment. We briefly review the problems associated with the use of these chemicals and present a new floatation medium, potassium carbonate (K2CO3), that has many advantages over other available media. It is non-toxic and cheap, and with a density of 1.54 g/cm3 the K2CO3 solution yielded a mean recovery rate of around 90% for PVC, one of the densest polymers, that cannot be easily extracted with alternative floatation media. We propose that the use of K2CO3 is particularly promising for long term and large-scale monitoring studies, because it allows involving citizen scientists in such studies, leading to an increased public awareness of the plastic problem in the seas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gohla
- Lise-Meitner Gymnasium Willich, Hausbroicher Straße 40, 47877 Willich, Germany
| | - Sandra Bračun
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; Morska Škola Pula, Valsaline 31, 52100 Pula, Croatia.
| | - Gerwin Gretschel
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; Morska Škola Pula, Valsaline 31, 52100 Pula, Croatia
| | - Stephan Koblmüller
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Maximilian Wagner
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christian Pacher
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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88
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Gao F, Li J, Hu J, Sui B, Wang C, Sun C, Li X, Ju P. The seasonal distribution characteristics of microplastics on bathing beaches along the coast of Qingdao, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:146969. [PMID: 33866158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics pollution in nearshore marine environment has become increasingly prominent and has received widespread attention. As a major leisure and entertainment place in coastal cities, bathing beaches not only provide an environment for microplastics to enter the ocean, but also provide a place for the retention of microplastics. In this paper, the distribution, composition and seasonal variation of microplastics in seawater and sediments of six bathing beaches along the coast of Qingdao were studied. The results showed that the average abundance of microplastics in the sediments of the Qingdao bathing beach was 91.11 ± 26.76 items/m2 (13.77 ± 4.39 items/kg) in the winter and 147.78 ± 34.80 items/m2 (21.98 ± 5.97 items/kg) in the summer. The microplastic abundance in the seawater in the summer (average: 567.50 ± 101.06 items/m3) was significantly higher than that in the winter (average: 326.11 ± 49.03 items/m3, p < 0.05). The abundance of microplastics at the six bathing beaches increased from east to west, consistent with the transport direction of coastal currents. The microplastic abundance in the sediment of non-swimming zone of the bathing beach was significantly higher than that in swimming zone (p < 0.05), and the microplastic abundance in the seawater of the swimming zone was slightly higher than that of the non-swimming zone but with no significant difference (p > 0.05). To an extent, it can reflect the correlation between the abundance of microplastics and human recreational activities. The microplastics detected at the bathing beaches were mainly lines (80.5%) and fragments (7.9%) with a size range of 100 to 1000 μm. Rayon (41.8%) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET, 16.9%) were the main polymer types. The microplastic characteristics showed significant seasonal differences, more diversity in summer than in winter. These results emphasized that the distribution and movement of microplastics in bathing beaches were affected by seasons, human activities and coastal currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jingxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Research Vessel Operation Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Baolu Sui
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Chuanxing Wang
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Peng Ju
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
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89
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Chen CF, Ju YR, Lim YC, Chen CW, Dong CD. Seasonal variation of diversity, weathering, and inventory of microplastics in coast and harbor sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146610. [PMID: 33794449 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal variations in the abundance of microplastics (MPs) in surface sediments along the southwestern coast of Taiwan (including harbor and coastal regions) were investigated and the diversity, degree of weathering, and inventory of MPs in the sediments further quantified. The spatiotemporal variations of MP characteristics were used to assess possible transport routes of MPs. Results indicated that the average MP abundance in the partially-enclosed harbor region was 79.3 MPs in 1 kg dry sediment (item/kg dw), which was 3-5 times higher than that in the coastal region. Average MP abundance during the dry season (36.5 ± 52.2 item/kg dw) was relatively higher than that during the wet season (22.3 ± 23.2 item/kg dw). The dominant MPs were small (0.1-1.0 mm, 90%), colored (62.3%), and consisted mainly of fibers (54.1%) and fragments (40.5%). Analysis by μFTIR revealed the presence of ten types of polymers in the MPs, with the most abundant being polypropylene (35.1%), rayon (33.2%), and polystyrene (10.0%). Values of the microplastic diversity integrated index (MPDII) indicated that MP diversity was greater in the harbor region (MPDII = 0.62) than in the coastal region (MPDII = 0.51-0.54), and greater during the wet season (MPDII = 0.60) than during the dry season (MPDII = 0.50). As indicated by values of the MP carbonyl index (CI), the MPs exhibited a high degree of oxidation (CI >0.31) that appeared unrelated to spatiotemporal variations. In the dry season, MP inventory was 12.2 tons and the wet season inventory was 8.1 tons. The hydrodynamic forces may be an influenced force for the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of the MPs in surface sediments. MPs could accumulate in the surface sediments during the dry season and resuspend in the wet season with the higher rainfall and then migrate towards the deep sea following the water flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Ju
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan
| | - Yee Cheng Lim
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
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90
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Sarkar AK, Rubin AE, Zucker I. Engineered Polystyrene-Based Microplastics of High Environmental Relevance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:10491-10501. [PMID: 34291927 PMCID: PMC8383278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution-an emerging environmental challenge of the 21st century-refers to accumulation of environmentally weathered polymer-based particles with potential environmental and health risks. Because of technical and practical challenges when using environmental MPs for risk assessment, most available data are generated using plastic models of limited environmental relevancy (i.e., with physicochemical characteristics inherently different from those of environmental MPs). In this study, we assess the effect of dominant weathering conditions-including thermal, photo-, and mechanical degradation-on surface and bulk characteristics of polystyrene (PS)-based single-use products. Further, we augment the environmental relevance of model-enabled risk assessment through the design of engineered MPs. A set of optimized laboratory-based weathering conditions demonstrated a synergetic effect on the PS-based plastic, which was fragmented into millions of 1-3 μm MP particles in under 16 h. The physicochemical properties of these engineered MPs were compared to those of their environmental counterpart and PS microbeads often used as MP models. The engineered MPs exhibit high environmental relevance with rough and oxidized surfaces and a heterogeneous fragmented morphology. Our results suggest that this top-down synthesis protocol combining major weathering mechanisms can fabricate improved, realistic, and reproducible PS-based plastic models with high levels of control over the particles' properties. Through increased environmental relevancy, our plastic model bolsters the field of risk assessment, enabling more reliable estimations of risk associated with an emerging pollutant of global concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Sarkar
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Porter
School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Andrey Ethan Rubin
- Porter
School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ines Zucker
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Porter
School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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91
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Wu Q, Liu S, Chen P, Liu M, Cheng SY, Ke H, Huang P, Ding Y, Cai M. Microplastics in seawater and two sides of the Taiwan Strait: Reflection of the social-economic development. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 169:112588. [PMID: 34119964 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic abundance, distribution and source characteristics were investigated for the surface seawaters from the Taiwan Strait as well as those of sediments along its west and east coasts. The microplastic abundances were in the range of 28-208 (mean 90) and 10-246 (mean 69) items/kg (d.w.) along the west and east coasts respectively. The higher microplastic abundance on the west coast might be related to the different local economic development, population, land-use and other human activities. Combined with microplastic pollution and socio-economic development, regression analysis results showed that urbanization level is negatively correlated with foams while positively correlated with fibers. This study, as the first report of microplastics in the Taiwan Strait, suggested further research on microplastics cross-strait transportation and the relationship with economic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Siguang Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen 361013, China
| | - Piao Chen
- Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Sha-Yen Cheng
- College of Ocean Science and Resource, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Peng Huang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yongcheng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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92
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Yaranal NA, Subbiah S, Mohanty K. Distribution and characterization of microplastics in beach sediments from Karnataka (India) coastal environments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 169:112550. [PMID: 34091249 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of microplastic particles from five different beach locations (Arabian Sea coast) in the Indian state of Karnataka was assessed. The sieving and density separation method was modified to enhance the yield of microplastics. Three different techniques were used to characterize isolated microplastics, such as optical fluorescence microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and FESEM-EDX. Microplastic concentrations ranged from 264 ± 62 n/kg to 1002 ± 174 n/kg of dry sand in beach sediments, and the average abundance of the five beaches was 664 ± 114 n/kg. The majority of the microplastics were fragmented, <1 mm in size, white and transparent in color. FESEM images of microplastics show the roughness, cracks, mechanical and oxidative weathering, indicating their continuous exposure in the environment. EDX spectra provide the presence of various elements on the microplastic surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Senthilmurugan Subbiah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Kaustubha Mohanty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
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93
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Pazos RS, Amalvy J, Cochero J, Pecile A, Gómez N. Temporal patterns in the abundance, type and composition of microplastics on the coast of the Río de la Plata estuary. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 168:112382. [PMID: 33895396 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to establish possible temporal patterns in the microplastics (MPs) abundance in the water and in the intertidal sediment in an urbanized location of the Río de la Plata estuary (Argentina), in relation to environmental factors. The site was sampled monthly for a year (February 2019-January 2020). The presence of MPs was recorded, being more abundant in February in the water (110 MPs m-3) and in April in the sediment (613 MPs m-2). The types of MPs found were fibers, fragments, pellets, film and foam; while the polymers identified were polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). Regarding the environmental variables, the predominance of wind from the NE direction was related to a greater accumulation of MPs in the sediment, while wind from the NO direction was associated with a lower abundance of MPs in the water. Also, MPs abundance was negatively related to the larger sizes of sediment particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío S Pazos
- Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet", UNLP-CONICET (CCT La Plata), CC 712, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Javier Amalvy
- CITEMA (Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales), UTN-CIC, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Joaquín Cochero
- Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet", UNLP-CONICET (CCT La Plata), CC 712, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Agostina Pecile
- Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet", UNLP-CONICET (CCT La Plata), CC 712, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Nora Gómez
- Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet", UNLP-CONICET (CCT La Plata), CC 712, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
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94
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Sridharan S, Kumar M, Bolan NS, Singh L, Kumar S, Kumar R, You S. Are microplastics destabilizing the global network of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem services? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111243. [PMID: 33933493 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic has created a new man-made ecosystem called plastisphere. The plastic pieces including microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have emerged as a global concern due to their omnipresence in ecosystems and their ability to interact with the biological systems. Nevertheless, the long-term impacts of MPs on biotic and abiotic resources are not completely understood, and existing evidence suggests that MPs are hazardous to various keystones species of the global biomes. MP-contaminated ecosystems show reduced floral and faunal biomass, productivity, nitrogen cycling, oxygen-generation and carbon sequestration, suggesting that MPs have already started affecting ecological biomes. However, not much is known about the influence of MPs towards the ecosystem services (ESs) cascade and its correlation with the biodiversity loss. MPs are perceived as a menace to the global ecosystems, but their possible impacts on the provisional, regulatory, and socio-economic ESs have not been extensively studied. This review investigates not only the potentiality of MPs to perturb the functioning of terrestrial and aquatic biomes, but also the associated social, ecological and economic repercussions. The possible long-term fluxes in the ES network of terrestrial and aquatic niches are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinidhi Sridharan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; CSIR National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- CSIR National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soils, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Lal Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; CSIR National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; CSIR National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- CSIR National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siming You
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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95
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Chouchene K, Prata JC, da Costa J, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T, Ksibi M. Microplastics on Barra beach sediments in Aveiro, Portugal. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 167:112264. [PMID: 33780756 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MPs) pollution has been recognized as a serious threat to marine environment with the growing use of plastics. There is no sufficient data on the extent and characteristics of MPs pollution in the beach sediments and sand in the Atlantic Ocean. The coastal area is one of the main tourist zones in Aveiro in Portugal, thus, impacted by both tourism and maritime traffic, which are major sources of MPs. Considering this issue, 33 sediment samples were collected from the Praia da Barra beach in Aveiro. This pilot study showed that large quantities of MPs are accumulated on this beach with a median concentration of 100 MP kg-1 (15-320 MP kg-1), that is dominated by polyethylene (30%), polypropylene (27%), polystyrene (18%), nylon (12%), and polyester (6%). Size <1 mm constituted 99.5% of particles, mostly of transparent or black colors, with highest concentrations closest to the water line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawla Chouchene
- Université de Sfax, Laboratoire de Génie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie, GEET-ENIS, Route de Soukra km 4, Po. Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia.
| | - Joana C Prata
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João da Costa
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando C Duarte
- CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Mohamed Ksibi
- Université de Sfax, Laboratoire de Génie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie, GEET-ENIS, Route de Soukra km 4, Po. Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
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96
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Razeghi N, Hamidian AH, Wu C, Zhang Y, Yang M. Microplastic sampling techniques in freshwaters and sediments: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:4225-4252. [PMID: 34025333 PMCID: PMC8130988 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pollution by microplastics is of increasing concern due to their ubiquitous presence in most biological and environmental media, their potential toxicity and their ability to carry other contaminants. Knowledge on microplastics in freshwaters is still in its infancy. Here we reviewed 150 investigations to identify the common methods and tools for sampling microplastics, waters and sediments in freshwater ecosystems. Manta trawls are the main sampling tool for microplastic separation from surface water, whereas shovel, trowel, spade, scoop and spatula are the most frequently used devices in microplastic studies of sediments. Van Veen grab is common for deep sediment sampling. There is a need to develop optimal methods for reducing identification time and effort and to detect smaller-sized plastic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Razeghi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4314, Karaj, 31587-77878 Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Hamidian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4314, Karaj, 31587-77878 Iran
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 4314, Karaj, 31587-77878 Iran
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 PR China
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97
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Zhang X, Li S, Liu Y, Yu K, Zhang H, Yu H, Jiang J. Neglected microplastics pollution in the nearshore surface waters derived from coastal fishery activities in Weihai, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144484. [PMID: 33434800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic fishing gears have been widely used in marine fishing and mariculture, which could cause serious microplastics pollution but receive little attention. To further figure out the effect of fishery activities on microplastics, the occurrence and sources of microplastics contamination in the nearshore surface seawater of Weihai (a coastal fishery city of China) were studied. All the collected microplastics were sorted and counted based on their size, shape, and color. The distribution of microplastics pollution in this study areas was mapped. The results showed that the mean concentration of all sampling sites was 5.9±3.5 particles/m3; the concentration in the mariculture areas was 11.49 particles/m3, much higher than that in other areas without mariculture 1.57 particles/m3. Fragment and fiber accounted for 45.4% and 28.2% of the total microplastics, respectively. Most fibers and fragments were identified as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), mainly originated from the fishing nets/ropes. Polystyrene (PS) was also generally detected in the samples due to the foam floating balls used in the mariculture area. Our research strongly suggested that marine fishery activities, especially for mariculture, could be an underestimated sea-based microplastics source and more attentions should be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
| | - Shuqian Li
- Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center of Shandong Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264200, PR China
| | - Yuning Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
| | - Kai Yu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
| | - Haibin Yu
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Weihai Secondary Vocational School, Weihai, Shandong 264200, PR China
| | - Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China.
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98
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He D, Chen X, Zhao W, Zhu Z, Qi X, Zhou L, Chen W, Wan C, Li D, Zou X, Wu N. Microplastics contamination in the surface water of the Yangtze River from upstream to estuary based on different sampling methods. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110908. [PMID: 33647297 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated microplastic contamination of the Yangtze River from the upper reaches to the estuary using different sampling methods to understand extensive information on microplastic pollution. The microplastic samples were collected at 10 sites using two conventional methods: trawling and filtering water. The results showed that the average abundance of microplastics ranged from 1.62±0.61 × 105 to 4.25±3.87 × 106 items/km2 (trawling samples) and 800.0±300.0 to 3088.9±330.6 items/m3 (filtering water samples). The average abundance (by trawling) in the Three Gorges Reservoir (2.80±1.86 × 106 items/km2) was one order of magnitude higher than that of other sections, which affirmed the barrier effect of dams on microplastic distribution. The barrier effect was more obvious on larger size particles by comparing the results of two methods. The abundances near the left, right banks, and in the midstream showed no significant difference by both two methods, illustrating that sampling at each bank along the Yangtze River was also representative in one section. Characteristics analysis demonstrated that fragments (47.9%) dominated in trawling samples and fiber (63.4%) dominated in filtering water samples. Microplastics of small sizes (<1 mm) and transparent were dominant in samples collected by the two methods. Polyethylene (PP) and polypropylene (PE) were the dominant polymer types in the detected microplastics. In this study, we provided detailed information on microplastic pollution of the Yangtze River from the upstream to the estuary, which is useful for microplastic management and control in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da He
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources, Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources, Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wang Zhao
- South China University of Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 381 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, 510640, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengqiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources, Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources, Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources, Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengyan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources, Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dewang Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources, Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Zou
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources, Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Nan Wu
- School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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99
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Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment: Occurrence, Persistence, Analysis, and Human Exposure. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13070973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microplastics (MP) have recently been considered as emerging contaminants in the water environment. In the last number of years, the number of studies on MP has grown quickly due to the increasing consciousness of the potential risks for human health related to MP exposure. The present review article discusses scientific literature regarding MP occurrence and accumulation on the aquatic compartment (river, lake, wastewater, seafood), the analytical methods used to assess their concentration, their fate and transport to humans, and delineates the urgent areas for future research. To better analogize literature data regarding MP occurrence in the aquatic compartment we subdivided papers based on sampling, analytical methods, and concentration units with the aim to help the reader identify the similarities and differences of the considered research papers, thus making the comparison of literature data easier and the individuation of the most relevant articles for the reader’s interests faster. Furthermore, we argued about several ways for MP transport to humans, highlighting some gaps in analytical methods based on the reviewed publications. We suggest improving studies on developing standardized protocols to collect, process, and analyze samples.
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100
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Liu Y, Gao F, Li Z, Ding H, Zhang D, Feng L, Li X. An optimized procedure for extraction and identification of microplastics in marine sediment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 165:112130. [PMID: 33582421 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) in sediment environments have been widely reported. As the number of samples increases, establishing a reliable and effective method becomes increasingly urgent for the rapid extraction and identification of MPs in sediments. Herein, we proposed a system with continuous density flotation of NaBr-ZnCl2 (mixture of NaBr and ZnCl2) solution for extracting MPs in a sediment sample, combined with micro-Fourier transform infrared (μ-FT-IR) imaging scanning for identification of MPs. The recoveries of MPs were estimated for four different sizes, shapes, and ten different types of polymers. The results indicated NaBr-ZnCl2 solution showed a high recovery rate from 88.33% to 100.00% for extracting these different MPs. The μ-FT-IR imaging scanning allows for the detection of plastic down to the size of 6.25 μm in filed samples, and merely takes about 3 min, which was validated by testing of sediments from Jiaozhou Bay, China and its adjacent estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Fenglei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China; Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Zhaozhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huiping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Lijuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
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