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Manzano J, Méndez-Fernández P, Gil-Jiménez E, Romero D, Ferrer M. Temporal trends of inorganic elements in a common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) population from south west Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116447. [PMID: 33516125 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Historical variations (1966-2016) in the exposure to inorganic elements in raptors of South West Spain have been little studied. Therefore, uncertainty exists concerning whether environmental or anthropogenic inputs, as well as dietary strategy shift, may cause changes in exposure patterns. To address this gap, essential and non-essential inorganic elements were measured in Common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) feathers from museum specimens and free-living individuals spanning a 50-year period. Moreover, stable isotopes of δ13C and δ15N were also measured as proxies of Common kestrel feeding ecology over time. In general, all elements showed significant increasing trends overtime, suggesting changes of inputs from local sources. Moreover, δ15N signatures were correlated to the variations in Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr, Ti, V and Zn concentrations, suggesting trophic changes in this kestrel population as well as possible biomagnification processes. Finally, some values of Cr, Mn and Pb were above the threshold concentrations of potential toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Manzano
- Applied Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Paula Méndez-Fernández
- Observatoire PELAGIS, UMS 3462- La Rochelle Université - CNRS, 5 Allées de l'océan, 17000, La Rochelle, France
| | | | - Diego Romero
- Área de Toxicología. Universidad de Murcia. Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ferrer
- Applied Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Seville, Spain
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Lin Y, Yu X, Huang L, Sanganyado E, Bi R, Li P, Liu W. Risk assessment of potentially toxic elements accumulated in fish to Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins in the South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143256. [PMID: 33172644 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) reside in shallow coastal waters where they are exposed to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) through dietary intake. We quantitatively assessed the risk posed by eight PTEs to the health of S. chinensis by determining their concentration in 13 fish species. The fish species represented the primary prey of S. chinensis in the South China Sea. Zn and Mn were the most dominant elements in fish at all sampling locations with concentrations ranges of 19.93-67.63 mg kg -1 dry weight (dw) and 1.52-68.2 mg kg -1 dw, respectively. The highest Zn concentration in fish was found in Coilia mystus (72.65 mg kg-1 dw) followed by Liza carinatus (62.57 mg kg-1 dw). At Jiangmen, Zn concentration was significantly lower in benthopelagic fish than in pelagic fish (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA), while no significant difference was observed in other metals. The health risk posed by dietary intake assessed using the toxicity reference value showed that PTEs did not significant health risk to S. chinensis. In contrast, the risk quotient (RQ) based on reference doses ranged from 2.17 to 54.63 in prey fish that were contaminated with Zn and Cr indicating a potential health risk to S. chinensis in the South China Sea. The number of PTEs that posed a health risk varied between sites with seven out of eight PTEs above threshold at Jiangmen and six out of eight at Zhanjiang and Qinzhou. This study showed fish niche and location may influence the health risk posed by consumption of PTE-contaminated fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lin
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Yu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Linlin Huang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Ran Bi
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Ping Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
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53
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Liu R, Jiang W, Li F, Pan Y, Wang C, Tian H. Occurrence, partition, and risk of seven heavy metals in sediments, seawater, and organisms from the eastern sea area of Shandong Peninsula, Yellow Sea, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 279:111771. [PMID: 33307318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To obtain a systematic knowledge on occurrence, partition, and risk of seven heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg, and As) in multi-media of marine ecosystem, sediments, seawater, and 20 species of organisms were collected from 62 sites in the eastern sea area of Shandong Peninsula, located in Yellow Sea (China), in four seasons of 2016. The concentrations were in the low-middle level compared with values from other sea areas all over the world. The highest concentrations of most of the seven elements were detected in sediments and seawater near the coastline. LogKd (distribution coefficient of sediment/water) ranged from 3.3 to 4.7. Concentrations of heavy metals in mollusc and/or crustacea were generally higher than that in fish (especially pelagic species), and while there was no significant relationships between pollutant concentrations and trophic levels. Cd and As were the most bio-accumulative elements, and As in mollusc may pose low non-carcinogenic risk We suggest that in the studied area heavy metals are mainly sourced from terrestrial input, preferentially retained by sediments, then accumulated in mollusc, and finally entered human body through mollusc consumption. Our study sounds an alarm for stricter control of metal emissions into this sea area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- North China Sea Marine Forecasting Center of State Oceanic Administrator, Qingdao, Shandong, 266061, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Qingdao, Shandong, 266061, China
| | - Fujuan Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Qingdao, Shandong, 266061, China; North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center of State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, Shandong, 266033, China
| | - Yulong Pan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Qingdao, Shandong, 266061, China; North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center of State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, Shandong, 266033, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Qingdao, Shandong, 266061, China; North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center of State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, Shandong, 266033, China.
| | - Hua Tian
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Balzani P, Haubrock PJ, Russo F, Kouba A, Haase P, Veselý L, Masoni A, Tricarico E. Combining metal and stable isotope analyses to disentangle contaminant transfer in a freshwater community dominated by alien species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115781. [PMID: 33049575 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are negatively impacted by various pollutants, from agricultural, urban and industrial wastewater, with metals being one of the largest concerns. Moreover, freshwater ecosystems are often affected by alien species introductions that can modify habitats and trophic relationships. Accordingly, the threat posed by metals interacts with those by alien species, since the latter can accumulate and transfer these substances across the food web to higher trophic levels. How metals transfer within such communities is little studied. We analysed the concentration of 14 metals/metalloids (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, hereafter 'metal(s)') of eight fish and three crustacean species co-existing in the Arno River (Central Italy), most of which were alien. To assess the pathway of contaminants within the community, we coupled metal analysis with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis derived from the same specimens. Crustaceans showed higher metal concentration than fish, except for Cd, Hg and Se that were higher in fish. We found evidence of trophic transfer for six metals (Cd, Cr, Hg, Mg, Se, Zn). Additionally, ontogenetic differences and differences among various fish tissues (muscle, liver, and gills) were found in metals concentration. Considerable biomagnification along the trophic chain was found for Hg, while other metals were found to biodilute. Using stable isotopes and Hg as a third diet tracer, we refined the estimations of consumed preys in the diet previously reconstructed with stable isotope mixing models. Alien species reach high biomass and can both survive to and accumulate high pollutants concentrations, potentially posing a risk for their predators and humans. A combined effect of environmental filtering and increased competition may potentially contribute to the disappearance of native species with lower tolerances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paride Balzani
- University of Florence, Department of Biology, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Phillip J Haubrock
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Clamecystrasse 12, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Russo
- University of Florence, Department of Biology, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Antonín Kouba
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Haase
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Clamecystrasse 12, 63571, Gelnhausen, Germany; University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Biology, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Lukáš Veselý
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Alberto Masoni
- University of Florence, Department of Biology, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Elena Tricarico
- University of Florence, Department of Biology, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Yap CK, Wong KW, Al-Shami SA, Nulit R, Cheng WH, Aris AZ, Sharifinia M, Bakhtiari AR, Okamura H, Saleem M, Chew W, Ismail MS, Al-Mutairi KA. Human Health Risk Assessments of Trace Metals on the Clam Corbicula javanica in a Tropical River in Peninsular Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010195. [PMID: 33383875 PMCID: PMC7794960 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse ten trace metal concentrations in the edible part of the freshwater clam Corbicula javanica and to provide a critical assessment of the potential risks to human health through consumption of this clam as food based on well-established indices and food safety guidelines. The clams were captured from a pristine original site and transplanted to other sites with different environmental qualities. The trace metal levels in the edible total soft tissue (TST) of the clam were below those of the food safety guidelines referred to except for Pb, which exceeded the permissible limit set by the European Commission (2006) and the US Food and Drug Administration/ Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition); Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference. (USFDA/CFSAN; ISSC) (2007). The estimated daily intake (EDI) values of the clam were found to be lower than the oral reference dose and the calculated target hazard quotient (THQ) and total THQ were found to be less than 1. Therefore, in conclusion, the human health risk for consumption of TST of C. javanica at both average and high-level were insignificant regardless of the environment it was exposed to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Kong Yap
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.W.W.); (R.N.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Koe Wei Wong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.W.W.); (R.N.)
| | - Salman Abdo Al-Shami
- Indian River Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA;
| | - Rosimah Nulit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.W.W.); (R.N.)
| | - Wan Hee Cheng
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Inti International University, Sembilan 71800, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Zaharin Aris
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Moslem Sharifinia
- Shrimp Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr 7516989177, Iran;
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Mazandaran 46417-76489, Iran;
| | - Hideo Okamura
- Faculty of Maritime Sciences, Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe 658-0022, Japan;
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, Government Post Graduate College, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur 10250, Pakistan;
| | - Weiyun Chew
- Centre for Pre-University Study, MAHSA University, Selangor 42610, Malaysia;
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do Nascimento EL, Miyai RK, de Oliveira Gomes JP, de Almeida R, de Carvalho DP, Manzatto ÂG, Bernardi JVE, da Silveira EG, Bastos WR. Dynamics of mercury in the plankton of a hydroelectric reservoir, Western Amazon. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:647. [PMID: 32948923 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The energy transfer in the aquatic food chain is an important way for mercury (Hg) to enter other trophic levels. The objective of this work was to evaluate the Hg concentrations in plankton upstream and downstream of the Samuel Hydroelectric Reservoir, Rondônia, Brazil. Phytoplankton and zooplankton samples were collected with 20-μm and 68-μm nylon nets. An aliquot was removed for taxonomic analysis and another for total mercury determination, performed by cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy. Water physical-chemical parameters were also measured. The Hg concentrations in total plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton samples) obtained at the three sampling upstream stations showed the same behavior, with the highest values registered in June 2005 (232 μg kg-1, 118 μg kg-1, 128 μg kg-1). The lowest values at stations J1 and M1 were recorded in November 2005 (4 μg kg-1 and 22 μg kg-1, respectively), while the lowest values at stations M4 and M8 were recorded in October 2005 (22 μg kg-1 and 5 μg kg-1, respectively). The Hg results found in the plankton in this study corroborate the results of other recent studies in the same region. The statistical analyses revealed that Hg concentrations in plankton do not explain the distribution of these organisms at the four sampling stations of Samuel Reservoir. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Lourdes do Nascimento
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Águas Superficiais e Subterrâneas-GPEASS. Laboratório de Limnologia e Microbiologia-LABLIM. Departamento Acadêmico de Engenharia Ambiental-DAEA, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia-UNIR, Rua Rio Amazonas, 351, Jardins dos Migrantes, Ji-Paraná, CEP: 76900-726, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Keidy Miyai
- Centrais Elétricas do Norte do Brasil S/A, Rua Major Amarante, 513, Arigolândia, Porto Velho, CEP: 76801-180, Brazil
| | - João Paulo de Oliveira Gomes
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade-ICMBio, Rua São Cristovão, 903 - Bairro Jardim Presidencial, Ji-Paraná, CEP:76901-038, Brasil
| | - Ronado de Almeida
- Departamento de Ciências Sociais e Ambientais, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia-UNIR, Rodovia 425 - km 2,5 - Jardim das Esmeraldas, Guajara-Mirim, CEP: 76850-000, Brazil
| | - Dario Pires de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental Wolfgang C. Pfeiffer. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia-UNIR, Av. Presidente Dutra, 2967, Porto Velho, CEP: 76801-016, Brazil
| | - Ângelo Gilberto Manzatto
- Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental Wolfgang C. Pfeiffer. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia-UNIR, Av. Presidente Dutra, 2967, Porto Velho, CEP: 76801-016, Brazil
| | - José Vicente Elias Bernardi
- Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Ciências da Vida e da Terra (campus Planaltina), Universidade de Brasília-UNB, Brasilia, CEP: 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ene Glória da Silveira
- Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental Wolfgang C. Pfeiffer. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia-UNIR, Av. Presidente Dutra, 2967, Porto Velho, CEP: 76801-016, Brazil
| | - Wanderley Rodrigues Bastos
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Águas Superficiais e Subterrâneas-GPEASS. Laboratório de Limnologia e Microbiologia-LABLIM. Departamento Acadêmico de Engenharia Ambiental-DAEA, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia-UNIR, Rua Rio Amazonas, 351, Jardins dos Migrantes, Ji-Paraná, CEP: 76900-726, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental Wolfgang C. Pfeiffer. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia-UNIR, Av. Presidente Dutra, 2967, Porto Velho, CEP: 76801-016, Brazil
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Erasmus A, Ikenaka Y, Nakayama SMM, Ishizuka M, Smit NJ, Wepener V. Trophic transfer of pollutants within two intertidal rocky shore ecosystems in different biogeographic regions of South Africa. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 157:111309. [PMID: 32658675 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tsitsikamma and Sheffield Beach are two relatively pristine sites along the South African east coast representing warm temperate and subtropical biogeographic rocky shore intertidal ecosystems, respectively. Stable isotopes (δ15N and δ13C), metals and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in 38 intertidal components to study biomagnification or biodilution of metals and OCPs in these marine food webs. Comparison of the four species common to both sites revealed that the highest Al, Fe and OCP concentrations were measured in intertidal organisms from Sheffield Beach and was attributed to diffuse input into the nearshore marine environment sources via estuaries and groundwater. All other metals were higher in intertidal organisms from Tsitsikamma and were attributed to the metal-rich phytoplankton blooms during upwelling events. There was no correlation between metal and OCP accumulation and dietary source (δ13C) or trophic level (δ15N). The application of trophic magnification factors (TMFs) using a relatively short benthic food chain indicated biomagnification for As, Cd, Cu, Se and Zn and biodilution of OCPs at both sites. Since these food chains represent only a small portion of the intertidal ecosystems we found limited evidence of biomagnification or biodilution of metals and OCPs across species. This was attributed to different dietary sources in the same food web and similar trophic levels being occupied by the same species in different food chains. We found that food web composition rather than temperature-based biogeographical distribution influenced trophic transfer of metals and OCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Erasmus
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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