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Broadhead GK, Hong T, Bahrami B, Flood V, Liew G, Chang AA. Diet and risk of visual impairment: a review of dietary factors and risk of common causes of visual impairment. Nutr Rev 2020; 79:636-650. [PMID: 33051676 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, cataract, and glaucoma remain the leading causes of visual impairment in developed nations, resulting in a substantial treatment burden on sufferers and health care systems. Despite significant advances in diagnostic testing and therapeutics, population-based strategies to reduce the burden of these diseases remain limited. However, there is some evidence that these diseases may share overlapping risk factors, particularly in regard to dietary intake and antioxidant status, and it is thus possible that dietary modification may reduce both the prevalence and severity of these conditions. In particular, dietary intake of green leafy vegetables, hyperglycemia/glycemia index, and omega-3 fatty acid intake, as well as overall dietary patterns, may affect risk of one or more of these conditions. In this review, we analyse the evidence for dietary intake and the association with these conditions, and provide insights into possible modifications that may thus simultaneously reduce the risk of visual impairment from multiple causes, including improving dietary intake of green leafy vegetables and reducing dietary glycemic index, both of which have been associated with a decreased risk of multiple causes of visual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey K Broadhead
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Vision Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Vision Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Hong
- Sydney Institute of Vision Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bobak Bahrami
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Vision Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Vision Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Victoria Flood
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Westmead Hospital, Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerald Liew
- Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew A Chang
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Vision Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Vision Science, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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52
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Cimaglia G, Votruba M, Morgan JE, André H, Williams PA. Potential Therapeutic Benefit of NAD + Supplementation for Glaucoma and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092871. [PMID: 32961812 PMCID: PMC7551676 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration are leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide with significant health and societal burdens. To date, no clinical cures are available and treatments target only the manageable symptoms and risk factors (but do not remediate the underlying pathology of the disease). Both diseases are neurodegenerative in their pathology of the retina and as such many of the events that trigger cell dysfunction, degeneration, and eventual loss are due to mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Here, we critically review how a decreased bioavailability of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD; a crucial metabolite in healthy and disease states) may underpin many of these aberrant mechanisms. We propose how exogenous sources of NAD may become a therapeutic standard for the treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Cimaglia
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 112 82 Stockholm, Sweden;
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK; (M.V.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Marcela Votruba
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK; (M.V.); (J.E.M.)
- Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, Wales, UK
| | - James E. Morgan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK; (M.V.); (J.E.M.)
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4YS, Wales, UK
| | - Helder André
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 112 82 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (P.A.W.)
| | - Pete A. Williams
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 112 82 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (H.A.); (P.A.W.)
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Moazzeni H, Khani M, Elahi E. Insights into the regulatory molecules involved in glaucoma pathogenesis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:782-827. [PMID: 32935930 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is an important cause of irreversible blindness, characterized by optic nerve anomalies. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and aging are major risk factors. Retinal ganglion cells and trabecular meshwork cells are certainly involved in the etiology of glaucoma. Glaucoma is usually a complex disease, and various genes and functions may contribute to its etiology. Among these may be genes that encode regulatory molecules. In this review, regulatory molecules including 18 transcription factors (TFs), 195 microRNAs (miRNAs), 106 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and two circular RNAs (circRNAs) that are reasonable candidates for having roles in glaucoma pathogenesis are described. The targets of the regulators are reported. Glaucoma-related features including apoptosis, stress responses, immune functions, ECM properties, IOP, and eye development are affected by the targeted genes. The targeted genes that are frequently targeted by multiple regulators most often affect apoptosis and the related features of cell death and cell survival. BCL2, CDKN1A, and TP53 are among the frequent targets of three types of glaucoma-relevant regulators, TFs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs. TP53 was itself identified as a glaucoma-relevant TF. Several of the glaucoma-relevant TFs are themselves among frequent targets of regulatory molecules, which is consistent with existence of a complex network involved in glaucoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Moazzeni
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Khani
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Elahi
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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54
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Hui F, Tang J, Williams PA, McGuinness MB, Hadoux X, Casson RJ, Coote M, Trounce IA, Martin KR, Wijngaarden P, Crowston JG. Improvement in inner retinal function in glaucoma with nicotinamide (vitamin
B3
) supplementation: A crossover randomized clinical trial. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 48:903-914. [DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flora Hui
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne Australia
| | - Jessica Tang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Pete A. Williams
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Eye and Vision St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Myra B. McGuinness
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne Australia
| | - Xavier Hadoux
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne Australia
| | - Robert J. Casson
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
| | - Michael Coote
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Ian A. Trounce
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Keith R. Martin
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Peter Wijngaarden
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Jonathan G. Crowston
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Vision Research Duke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore Singapore
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55
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Liu H, Barnes J, Pedrosa E, Herman NS, Salas F, Wang P, Zheng D, Lachman HM. Transcriptome analysis of neural progenitor cells derived from Lowe syndrome induced pluripotent stem cells: identification of candidate genes for the neurodevelopmental and eye manifestations. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:14. [PMID: 32393163 PMCID: PMC7212686 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-09317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lowe syndrome (LS) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked gene OCRL, which codes for an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase that plays a key role in endosome recycling, clathrin-coated pit formation, and actin polymerization. It is characterized by congenital cataracts, intellectual and developmental disability, and renal proximal tubular dysfunction. Patients are also at high risk for developing glaucoma and seizures. We recently developed induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from three patients with LS who have hypomorphic variants affecting the 3' end of the gene, and their neurotypical brothers to serve as controls. METHODS In this study, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to obtain transcriptome profiles in LS and control neural progenitor cells (NPCs). RESULTS In a comparison of the patient and control NPCs (n = 3), we found 16 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the multiple test adjusted p value (padj) < 0.1, with nine at padj < 0.05. Using nominal p value < 0.05, 319 DEGs were detected. The relatively small number of DEGs could be due to the fact that OCRL is not a transcription factor per se, although it could have secondary effects on gene expression through several different mechanisms. Although the number of DEGs passing multiple test correction was small, those that were found are quite consistent with some of the known molecular effects of OCRL protein, and the clinical manifestations of LS. Furthermore, using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), we found that genes increased expression in the patient NPCs showed enrichments of several gene ontology (GO) terms (false discovery rate < 0.25): telencephalon development, pallium development, NPC proliferation, and cortex development, which are consistent with a condition characterized by intellectual disabilities and psychiatric manifestations. In addition, a significant enrichment among the nominal DEGs for genes implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was found (e.g., AFF2, DNER, DPP6, DPP10, RELN, CACNA1C), as well as several that are strong candidate genes for the development of eye problems found in LS, including glaucoma. The most notable example is EFEMP1, a well-known candidate gene for glaucoma and other eye pathologies. CONCLUSION Overall, the RNA-seq findings present several candidate genes that could help explain the underlying basis for the neurodevelopmental and eye problems seen in boys with LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hequn Liu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jesse Barnes
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Erika Pedrosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nathaniel S. Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Franklin Salas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Herbert M. Lachman
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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56
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Schwaner SA, Hannon BG, Feola AJ, Ethier CR. Biomechanical properties of the rat sclera obtained with inverse finite element modeling. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19:2195-2212. [PMID: 32361821 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that biomechanics plays an important role in glaucoma pathophysiology, but the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Rats are a common animal model of glaucoma, and finite element models are being developed to provide much-needed insight into the biomechanical environment of the posterior rat eye. However, material properties of rat ocular tissues, including the sclera, are currently unknown. Since the sclera plays a major role in posterior ocular biomechanics, our goal was to use inverse finite element modeling to extract rat scleral material properties. We first used digital image correlation to measure scleral surface displacement during whole-globe inflation testing. We modeled the sclera as a nonlinear material with embedded collagen fibers and then fit modeled displacements to experimental data using a differential evolution algorithm. Subject-specific models were constructed in which 3 parameters described the stiffness of the ground substance and collagen fibers in the posterior eye, and 16 parameters defined the primary orientation and alignment of fibers within eight scleral sub-regions. We successfully extracted scleral material properties for eight rat eyes. Model displacements recreated general patterns of the experimental displacements but did not always match local patterns. The fiber directions and fiber concentration parameters were highly variable, but on average, fibers were aligned circumferentially and were more aligned in the peripapillary sclera than in the peripheral sclera. The material properties determined here will be used to inform future finite element models of the rat posterior eye with the goal of elucidating the role of biomechanics in glaucoma pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Schwaner
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, 2116 IBB, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Bailey G Hannon
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, 2116 IBB, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Andrew J Feola
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Ross Ethier
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, 2116 IBB, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, 315 Ferst Drive, 2306 IBB, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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57
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A Dietary Combination of Forskolin with Homotaurine, Spearmint and B Vitamins Protects Injured Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Rodent Model of Hypertensive Glaucoma. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041189. [PMID: 32340314 PMCID: PMC7230514 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is indication that nutritional supplements protect retinal cells from degeneration. In a previous study, we demonstrated that dietary supplementation with an association of forskolin, homotaurine, spearmint extract and B vitamins efficiently counteracts retinal dysfunction associated with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death caused by optic nerve crush. We extended our investigation on the efficacy of dietary supplementation with the use of a mouse model in which RGC degeneration depends as closely as possible on intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. In this model, injecting the anterior chamber of the eye with methylcellulose (MCE) causes IOP elevation leading to RGC dysfunction. The MCE model was characterized in terms of IOP elevation, retinal dysfunction as determined by electrophysiological recordings, RGC loss as determined by brain-specific homeobox/POU domain protein 3A immunoreactivity and dysregulated levels of inflammatory and apoptotic markers. Except for IOP elevation, dysfunctional retinal parameters were all recovered by dietary supplementation indicating the involvement of non-IOP-related neuroprotective mechanisms of action. Our hypothesis is that the diet supplement may be used to counteract the inflammatory processes triggered by glial cell activation, thus leading to spared RGC loss and the preservation of visual dysfunction. In this respect, the present compound may be viewed as a potential remedy to be added to the currently approved drug therapies for improving RGC protection.
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58
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Schwaner SA, Feola AJ, Ethier CR. Factors affecting optic nerve head biomechanics in a rat model of glaucoma. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20190695. [PMID: 32228401 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness and is characterized by the death of retinal ganglion cells, which carry vision information from the retina to the brain. Although it is well accepted that biomechanics is an important part of the glaucomatous disease process, the mechanisms by which biomechanical insult, usually due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), leads to retinal ganglion cell death are not understood. Rat models of glaucoma afford an opportunity for learning more about these mechanisms, but the biomechanics of the rat optic nerve head (ONH), a primary region of damage in glaucoma, are only just beginning to be characterized. In a previous study, we built finite-element models with individual-specific rat ONH geometries. Here, we developed a parametrized model of the rat ONH and used it to perform a sensitivity study to determine the influence that six geometric parameters and 13 tissue material properties have on rat optic nerve biomechanical strains due to IOP elevation. Strain magnitudes and patterns in the parametrized model generally matched those from individual-specific models, suggesting that the parametrized model sufficiently approximated rat ONH anatomy. Similar to previous studies in human eyes, we found that scleral properties were highly influential: the six parameters with highest influence on optic nerve strains were optic nerve stiffness, IOP, scleral thickness, the degree of alignment of scleral collagen fibres, scleral ground substance stiffness and the scleral collagen fibre uncrimping coefficient. We conclude that a parametrized modelling strategy is an efficient approach that allows insight into rat ONH biomechanics. Further, scleral properties are important influences on rat ONH biomechanics, and additional efforts should be made to better characterize rat scleral collagen fibre organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Schwaner
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew J Feola
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Ross Ethier
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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In vivo confocal microscopy: qualitative investigation of the conjunctival and corneal surface in open angle glaucomatous patients undergoing the XEN-Gel implant, trabeculectomy or medical therapy. EYE AND VISION 2020; 7:15. [PMID: 32175441 PMCID: PMC7063711 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-020-00181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Assessing the quality of the ocular surface by in vivo scanning laser confocal microscopy (IVCM) in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients treated by Xen 45 Gel Stent, medical therapy and trabeculectomy. Methods Retrospective, single-center, single-masked, comparative study including 60 eyes of 30 patients (mean age 61.16 ± 10 years) affected by POAG. Eyes were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 eyes underwent the Xen 45 Gel Stent procedure, Group 2 eyes were under medical therapy, Group 3 eyes were surgically treated by trabeculectomy. All patients underwent HRT II IVCM analysis of cornea, limbus, conjunctiva, sub-tenionian space and sclera. Results The Xen 45 Gel stent, if properly positioned in the sub-conjunctival space preserves goblet cells and limits ocular surface inflammation. Regular corneal epithelial cells with micro-cysts, and normo-reflective sub-epithelial nerve plexus are documented by IVCM. In sub Tenon’s implants an alternative lamellar intra-scleral filtration is detectable. Combined surgical procedures show a noticeable number of inflammatory cells with rare micro-cysts. Post-trabeculectomy inflammatory reaction is more evident than Xen 45 Gel Stent associated surgical procedures, but less than medical therapy where a conspicuous presence of Langerhans cells, peri-neural infiltrates, marked loss of goblet cells and fibrosis is visible. Conclusion Ocular surface inflammation was more notable in topical therapy than after trabeculectomy, which itself causes more inflammation than XEN Gel stents.
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60
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Scuderi G, Fragiotta S, Scuderi L, Iodice CM, Perdicchi A. Ganglion Cell Complex Analysis in Glaucoma Patients: What Can It Tell Us? Eye Brain 2020; 12:33-44. [PMID: 32099501 PMCID: PMC6999543 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s226319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of optic neuropathies characterized by a progressive degeneration of retina ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons that precedes functional changes detected on the visual field. The macular ganglion cell complex (GCC), available in commercial Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography, allows the quantification of the innermost retinal layers that are potentially involved in the glaucomatous damage, including the retinal nerve fiber (RNFL), ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers. The average GCC thickness and its related parameters represent a reliable biomarker in detecting preperimetric glaucomatous damage. The most accurate GCC parameters are represented by average and inferior GCC thicknesses, and they can be associated with progressive visual field loss. Although the diagnostic accuracy increases with more severe glaucomatous damage and higher signal strength values, it is not affected by increasing axial length, resulting in a more accurate discrimination of glaucomatous damage in myopic eyes with respect to the traditional RNFL thickness. The analysis of the structure-function relationship revealed a good agreement between the loss in retinal sensitivity and GCC thickness. The use of a 10-2° visual field grid, adjusted for the anatomical RGCs displacement, describes more accurately the relationship between RGCs thickness and visual field sensitivity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Scuderi
- NESMOS Department, Ophthalmology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Fragiotta
- NESMOS Department, Ophthalmology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Scuderi
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Sense Organs, Azienda Policlinico Umberto I, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Perdicchi
- NESMOS Department, Ophthalmology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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61
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Kim C, Livne-Bar I, Gronert K, Sivak JM. Fair-Weather Friends: Evidence of Lipoxin Dysregulation in Neurodegeneration. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1801076. [PMID: 31797529 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxins (LXs) are autacoids, specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) acting locally in a paracrine or autocrine fashion. They belong to a complex superfamily of dietary small polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-metabolites, which direct potent cellular responses to resolve inflammation and restore tissue homeostasis. Together, these SPM activities have been intensely studied in systemic inflammation and acute injury or infection, but less is known about LX signaling and activities in the central nervous system. LXs are derived from arachidonic acid, an omega-6 PUFA. In addition to well-established roles in systemic inflammation resolution, they have increasingly become implicated in regulating neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. In particular, chronic inflammation plays a central role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology, and dysregulated LX production and activities have been reported in a variety of AD rodent models and clinical tissue samples, yet with complex and sometimes conflicting results. In addition, reduced LX production following retinal injury has been reported recently by the authors, and an intriguing direct neuronal activity promoting survival and homeostasis in retinal and cortical neurons is demonstrated. Here, the authors review and clarify this growing literature and suggest new research directions to further elaborate the role of lipoxins in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Izhar Livne-Bar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Karsten Gronert
- School of Optometry, Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720
- Infectious Disease and Immunity, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | - Jeremy M Sivak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto School of Medicine, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Ave, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada
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López-Malo D, Villarón-Casares CA, Alarcón-Jiménez J, Miranda M, Díaz-Llopis M, Romero FJ, Villar VM. Curcumin as a Therapeutic Option in Retinal Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010048. [PMID: 31935797 PMCID: PMC7023263 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is subjected to oxidative stress due to its high vascularization, long time light exposition and a high density of mitochondria. Oxidative stress can lead to pathological processes, like cell apoptosis, angiogenesis and inflammation ending in retinal pathologies. Curcumin, a major bioactive component obtained from the spice turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome has been used for centuries in Asian countries for cooking and for curing all kinds of diseases like dysentery, chest congestion and pain in general, due to its antioxidant effects. Curcumin prevents the formation of reactive oxygen species and so it is a good protective agent. Curcumin has shown also anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. Curcumin is a natural product, which can be a therapeutic option in a variety of retinal diseases due to its pleiotropic properties. Some drawbacks are its poor solubility, bioavailability and lack of stability at physiological conditions; which have been shown in curcumin skeptical publications. In this review, we provide some lights and shadows on curcumin administration on the major retinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel López-Malo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (D.L.-M.); (C.A.V.-C.)
| | | | - Jorge Alarcón-Jiménez
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Maria Miranda
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, 46315 Moncada, Spain; (M.M.); (V.M.V.)
| | - Manuel Díaz-Llopis
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universitat de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Francisco J. Romero
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (D.L.-M.); (C.A.V.-C.)
- Hospital General de Requena, Conselleria de Sanitat, Generalitat Valenciana, 46340 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-961-0438-83
| | - Vincent M. Villar
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, 46315 Moncada, Spain; (M.M.); (V.M.V.)
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Locri F, Cammalleri M, Dal Monte M, Rusciano D, Bagnoli P. Protective Efficacy of a Dietary Supplement Based on Forskolin, Homotaurine, Spearmint Extract, and Group B Vitamins in a Mouse Model of Optic Nerve Injury. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122931. [PMID: 31816880 PMCID: PMC6950150 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial blinding disease with a major inflammatory component ultimately leading to apoptotic retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. Pharmacological treatments lowering intraocular pressure can help slow or prevent vision loss although the damage caused by glaucoma cannot be reversed. Recently, nutritional approaches have been evaluated for their efficacy in preventing degenerative events in the retina although mechanisms underlying their effectiveness remain to be elucidated. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of a diet supplement consisting of forskolin, homotaurine, spearmint extract, and vitamins of the B group in counteracting retinal dysfunction in a mouse model of optic nerve crush (ONC) used as an in vivo model of glaucoma. After demonstrating that ONC did not affect retinal vasculature by fluorescein angiography, we determined the effect of the diet supplement on the photopic negative response (PhNR) whose amplitude is strictly related to RGC integrity and is therefore drastically reduced in concomitance with RGC death. We found that the diet supplementation prevents the reduction of PhNR amplitude (p < 0.001) and concomitantly counteracts RGC death, as in supplemented mice, RGC number assessed immunohistochemically is significantly higher than that in non-supplemented animals (p < 0.01). Major determinants of the protective efficacy of the compound are due to a reduction of ONC-associated cytokine secretion leading to decreased levels of apoptotic markers that in supplemented mice are significantly lower than in non-supplemented animals (p < 0.001), ultimately causing RGC survival and ameliorated visual dysfunction. Overall, our data suggest that the above association of compounds plays a neuroprotective role in this mouse model of glaucoma thus offering a new perspective in inflammation-associated neurodegenerative diseases of the inner retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Locri
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.C.)
| | - Maurizio Cammalleri
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Dal Monte
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.D.M.); (P.B.); Tel.: +39-050-2211426 (M.D.M.)
| | - Dario Rusciano
- Sooft Italia SpA, Contrada Molino 17, 63833 Montegiorgio (FM), Italy;
| | - Paola Bagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno, 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.M.); (P.B.); Tel.: +39-050-2211426 (M.D.M.)
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Kurose T, Sugano E, Sugai A, Shiraiwa R, Kato M, Mitsuguchi Y, Takai Y, Tabata K, Honma Y, Tomita H. Neuroprotective effect of a dietary supplement against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in retina. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1231-1237. [PMID: 31456911 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.08.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of a dietary supplement (ClearVision EX®; CV) against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in retina. METHODS We evaluated the protective effects CV on glutamate-induced cell toxicity of an immortalized mouse hippocampal cell line (HT-22) in vitro and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) induced retinal injury in vivo. Once-daily oral administration of CV or vehicle (5% Arabic gum) was started the day before the NMDA injection and continued until the end of the study. Electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded to evaluate the retinal function at 2d after NMDA injection. Furthermore, a histological evaluation, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry were performed for assessing the signal transduction pathway. RESULTS HT-22 cell death was induced by the addition of glutamate and co-incubation with CV protected against it. Oral administration of CV inhibited the decrease in scotopic threshold response amplitudes induced by the intravitreal injection of NMDA and those of the thickness of the inner retinal layer in the histological evaluation. The increased phosphorylated levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but not cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) or Akt were observed 1h after NMDA injection in both the vehicle- and CV-treated rats; however, pERK activation was no more upregulated at 3h after NMDA injection. pERK upregulation was observed in Müller cells. CONCLUSION CV shows a protective effect against both glutamate-induced HT-22 cell death and NMDA-induced retinal damage. pERK upregulation in the Müller cells plays a key role in the protective effect of CV against glutamate-induced retinal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kurose
- Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-5-4 Kunimidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0216, Japan
| | - Eriko Sugano
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Graduate Course in Biological Sciences, Iwate University Division of Science and Engineering, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Akihisa Sugai
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Graduate Course in Biological Sciences, Iwate University Division of Science and Engineering, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Raki Shiraiwa
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Graduate Course in Biological Sciences, Iwate University Division of Science and Engineering, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Mariyo Kato
- Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-5-4 Kunimidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0216, Japan
| | - Yoko Mitsuguchi
- Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-5-4 Kunimidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0216, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takai
- Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-5-4 Kunimidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0216, Japan
| | - Kitako Tabata
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Graduate Course in Biological Sciences, Iwate University Division of Science and Engineering, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Yoichi Honma
- Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-5-4 Kunimidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0216, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomita
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Graduate Course in Biological Sciences, Iwate University Division of Science and Engineering, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan.,Clinical Research, Innovation and Education Center, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
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Chien HW, Wu PH, Wang K, Sun CC, Huang JY, Yang SF, Chen HC, Lee CY. Increased Incidence of Glaucoma in Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Population-Based Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162907. [PMID: 31416136 PMCID: PMC6720936 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the incidence of glaucoma in patients diagnosed with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) via the application of the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Patients with a diagnosis of SNHL were enrolled in the study group after an exclusion procedure and a propensity score matched group without SNHL was served as the control group with a 1:2 ratio. The main outcome was regarded as the emergence of glaucoma diagnostic codes. Cox proportional hazard regression was applied to analyze the incidence and adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of glaucoma in the multivariate model. A total of 15,686 patients diagnosed with SNHL were enrolled in the study group while another 31,372 non-SNHL individuals served as the control group. There were 444 glaucoma events in the study group and 647 glaucoma events in those non-SNHL individuals after the follow-up interval of 16 years. The study group demonstrated a significantly higher aHR compared to the control group after adjusting for multiple possible risk factors. In the subgroup analysis, both the normal tension glaucoma and angle closure glaucoma subgroups revealed a higher aHR in the study group. In conclusion, the patients with SNHL demonstrated a higher incidence of developing glaucoma. Moreover, the incidence was more prominent for patients diagnosed with normal tension glaucoma and angle closure glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Wen Chien
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City 221, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City 221, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chin Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yang Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yi Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
- Department of Optometry, College of Medicine and Life Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
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Shah M, Cabrera-Ghayouri S, Christie LA, Held KS, Viswanath V. Translational Preclinical Pharmacologic Disease Models for Ophthalmic Drug Development. Pharm Res 2019; 36:58. [PMID: 30805711 PMCID: PMC6394514 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical models of human diseases are critical to our understanding of disease etiology, pathology, and progression and enable the development of effective treatments. An ideal model of human disease should capture anatomical features and pathophysiological mechanisms, mimic the progression pattern, and should be amenable to evaluating translational endpoints and treatment approaches. Preclinical animal models have been developed for a variety of human ophthalmological diseases to mirror disease mechanisms, location of the affected region in the eye and severity. These models offer clues to aid in our fundamental understanding of disease pathogenesis and enable progression of new therapies to clinical development by providing an opportunity to gain proof of concept (POC). Here, we review preclinical animal models associated with development of new therapies for diseases of the ocular surface, glaucoma, presbyopia, and retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We have focused on summarizing the models critical to new drug development and described the translational features of the models that contributed to our understanding of disease pathogenesis and establishment of preclinical POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Shah
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Sara Cabrera-Ghayouri
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Lori-Ann Christie
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Katherine S Held
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Veena Viswanath
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA.
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