51
|
SENGUPTA P, DUTTA S, SLAMA P, ROYCHOUDHURY S. COVID-19, Oxidative Stress, and Male Reproductive Dysfunctions: Is Vitamin C a Potential Remedy? Physiol Res 2022; 71:47-54. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Few peculiarities have been observed in the etiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), one such being its greater prevalence in men than women partly due to the higher expressions of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) in the male reproductive tissues. Recent scientific reports are in line with some of the evidence-based hypotheses in the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, regarding the involvement of oxidative stress (OS) and oxidant-sensitive pathways in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection-mediated male reproductive disruptions. The seminal dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 or its components, testicular disruptions due to viral infection and oxidative damage in the testis have all been evidenced recently. High-dose of antioxidants, such as vitamin C, have been shown to be a useful treatment for COVID-19 patients, to alleviate systemic inflammation and OS. In addition, vitamin C is a major testicular antioxidant that neutralizes excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), prevents sperm agglutination, prevents lipid peroxidation, recycles vitamin E, and protects against DNA damage. Thus, the present review aims to discuss the mechanism of COVID-19-mediated male reproductive dysfunctions, based on the evidence available so far, and explore the possibility of using vitamin C in alleviating testicular OS and associated damage caused by COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P SENGUPTA
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, Malaysian Allied Health Sciences Academy, Jenjarom, Malaysia
| | - S DUTTA
- School of Medical Sciences, Bharath Institute of Health Sciences and Research, Chennai, India
| | - P SLAMA
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - S ROYCHOUDHURY
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Mirza SA, Sheikh AAE, Barbera M, Ijaz Z, Javaid MA, Shekhar R, Pal S, Sheikh AB. COVID-19 and the Endocrine System: A Review of the Current Information and Misinformation. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:184-197. [PMID: 35314653 PMCID: PMC8938795 DOI: 10.3390/idr14020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection primarily involves the respiratory system but has many noteworthy extra pulmonary manifestations as well. We write this review to highlight the basis of some pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID-19 infection-induced endocrine dysfunction. Different scientific databases and institutional websites were searched to collect and consolidate the most up-to-date data relating to COVID-19 infection and endocrine systems. Hypopituitarism, central diabetes insipidus, SIADH, thyroid abnormalities, hyperglycemia, adrenal insufficiency, orchitis and alteration in sperm morphology have been reported in case reports of patients with COVID-19 infection. Data focusing on COVID-19 vaccination was also searched to summarize the effect, if any, on the endocrine system. Endocrinopathies noted post COVID-19 vaccination, including cases of adrenal hemorrhage, new onset Type II Diabetes Mellitus and subacute thyroiditis, are also discussed in this review. This review calls attention to the misinformation relating to COVID-19 vaccination with supposed endocrine effects such as infertility and problems with pregnancy. Rebutting these misconceptions can help increase compliance and maximize COVID-19 vaccination to the public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Ahmed Mirza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Karachi 74200, Pakistan; (S.A.M.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Abdul Ahad Ehsan Sheikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, Scranton, PA 18505, USA;
| | - Michaela Barbera
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (M.B.); (R.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Zainab Ijaz
- Department of Psychiatry, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA;
| | - Muhammad Ali Javaid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Karachi 74200, Pakistan; (S.A.M.); (M.A.J.)
| | - Rahul Shekhar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (M.B.); (R.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Suman Pal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (M.B.); (R.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Abu Baker Sheikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (M.B.); (R.S.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
D’Ippolito S, Turchiano F, Vitagliano A, Scutiero G, Lanzone A, Scambia G, Greco P. Is There a Role for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 on the Female Reproductive System? Front Physiol 2022; 13:845156. [PMID: 35309055 PMCID: PMC8924447 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.845156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has emerged as a very serious pandemic caused by the rapidly evolving transmission of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Since its outbreak in 2020, the SARS CoV-2 has represented an important challenge for the physicians due to its well known respiratory sequelae. To date, the role of SARS-CoV-2 infection on organs and systems other than lungs and respiratory tract remains less clear. In particular, it remains to be investigated whether the reproductive system can be affected by the SARS-CoV-2 in the long term-period or, in alternative, drugs used to treat COVID-19 might impact the reproductive systems and, in turn, fertility. What is known is that SARS-Cov-2 binds to target cells of host through different receptors including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), neuropilin-1, AXL and antibody-FcɣR complexes. ACE2 physiologically regulates both the expression of angiotensin II (Ang II) as well as Ang-(1-7) to exerts its physiological functions. The reproductive system abundantly expresses ACE2 and produces Ang-(1-7), starting from precursors which are locally generated or derived from systemic circulation. Ang-(1-7) plays an important role of stimulus to the growth and maturation of ovarian follicle as well as to ovulation. Also human endometrium expresses Ang-(1-7), mainly during the post-ovulatory phase. Animal and human observational studies demonstrated that Ang-(1-7) is involved in the maternal immune response to pregnancy and its deficiency is associated with a defective placenta development. In our manuscript, we review the current knowledge about whether SARS-CoV-2 may impact the female reproductive system. We further explain the possible molecular mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 might affect ovarian, endometrial and female genital tract cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia D’Ippolito
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Silvia D’Ippolito, , orcid.org/0000-0002-6160-0558
| | - Francesca Turchiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
| | - Amerigo Vitagliano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università degli studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gennaro Scutiero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università degli studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Lanzone
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Antonio Lanzone, , orcid.org/0000-0003-4119-414X
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.), Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Pantaleo Greco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università degli studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Verrienti P, Cito G, Di Maida F, Tellini R, Cocci A, Minervini A, Natali A. The impact of COVID-19 on the male genital tract: A qualitative literature review of sexual transmission and fertility implications. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2022; 49:9-15. [PMID: 35255654 PMCID: PMC8923629 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2021.04511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) appears to be widely expressed in cells in the testes, predominantly in spermatogonia, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells, and its co-expression with transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) is essential for the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). For this reason, the male reproductive system could be considered a potential target for SARS-CoV-2, as well as a possible reservoir of infection. However, to date, there is very little evidence about the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen and testicular samples. The aim of this paper was to review the current evidence regarding the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on male fertility and sexual health, with a particular focus on reproductive hormones, the presence of the virus in seminal fluid and testis, and its impact on fertility parameters. We found very limited evidence reporting the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen and testicular samples, and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on reproductive hormones and fertility parameters is unclear. The quality of the examined studies was poor due to the small sample size and several selection biases, precluding definitive conclusions. Hence, future well-designed prospective studies are needed to assess the real impact of SARS-CoV-2 on male reproductive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierangelo Verrienti
- Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Corresponding author: Pierangelo Verrienti Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3 50134 Florence, Italy Tel: +39-0557949203 E-mail:
| | - Gianmartin Cito
- Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Di Maida
- Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Tellini
- Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Cocci
- Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Minervini
- Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Natali
- Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The COVID-19 pandemic has led to devastating health outcomes across the world. Initially thought to primarily affect the respiratory system, there is now clear and abundant evidence that COVID-19 can impact upon the male genitourinary system and overall men's health. In this review article, we explore the potential mechanisms by which COVID-19 specifically affects men and we review the literature examining the adverse effects of the disease on men's health. RECENT FINDINGS Studies suggest that men are at higher risk for severe COVID-19 infection and death. COVID-19 infection has a negative impact on men's health including worsening semen parameters, potentially lower testosterone levels, and an increased risk of erectile dysfunction. SUMMARY COVID-19 is a highly pathogenic virus that exerts adverse effects upon the male genitourinary system in myriad ways. The COVID-19 infection can impact serum testosterone, fertility, sexual function, and mental health. Fortunately, the COVID-19 vaccine is safe and effective in preventing COVID-19 infection and many of these sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Dubin
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Han AR, Lee D, Kim SK, Choo CW, Park JC, Lee JR, Choi WJ, Jun JH, Rhee JH, Kim SH. Effects and safety of COVID-19 vaccination on assisted reproductive technology and pregnancy: A comprehensive review and joint statements of the KSRM, the KSRI, and the KOSAR. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2022; 49:2-8. [PMID: 35255653 PMCID: PMC8923627 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2022.05225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanity is in the midst of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and vaccines—including mRNA vaccines—have been developed at an unprecedented speed. It is necessary to develop guidelines for vaccination for people undergoing treatment with assisted reproductive technology (ART) and for pregnancy-related situations based on the extant laboratory and clinical data. COVID-19 vaccines do not appear to adversely affect gametes, embryos, or implantation; therefore, active vaccination is recommended for women or men who are preparing for ART. The use of intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) for the treatment of immune-related infertility is unlikely to impact the effectiveness of the vaccines, so COVID-19 vaccines can be administered around ART cycles in which IVIG is scheduled. Pregnant women have been proven to be at risk of severe maternal and neonatal complications from COVID-19. It does not appear that COVID-19 vaccines harm pregnant women or fetuses; instead, they have been observed to deliver antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to the fetus. Accordingly, it is recommended that pregnant women receive COVID-19 vaccination. There is no rationale for adverse effects, or clinical cases of adverse reactions, in mothers or neonates after COVID-19 vaccination in lactating women. Instead, antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 can be delivered through breast milk. Therefore, breastfeeding mothers should consider vaccination. In summary, active administration of COVID-19 vaccines will help ensure the safe implementation of ART, pregnancy, and breastfeeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ae Ra Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHA Fertility Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayong Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Ki Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Woo Choo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul Maria Fertility Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Cheol Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author: Joon Cheol Park Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1035 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea Tel: +82-53-258-7804 Fax: +82-53-258-4848 E-mail:
| | - Jung Ryeol Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author: Joon Cheol Park Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1035 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea Tel: +82-53-258-7804 Fax: +82-53-258-4848 E-mail:
| | - Won Jun Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyun Jun
- Eulji Medi-Bio Research Institute (EMBRI), Eulji University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School of Eulji University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Rhee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Li X, Chen Z, Geng J, Mei Q, Li H, Mao C, Han M. COVID-19 and Male Reproduction: A Thorny Problem. Am J Mens Health 2022; 16:15579883221074816. [PMID: 35176914 PMCID: PMC8859685 DOI: 10.1177/15579883221074816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the global epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the increasing number of infections, little is known about how SARS-CoV-2 affects the male reproductive system during infection or after recovery. Based on the existing research data, we reviewed the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive system and discussed its possible mechanism of action. SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) pathway, and males are more susceptible than females. After infection, immunopathological damage is noticed in the testicles, and the semen index is significantly reduced. Second, abnormalities of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone (T) levels were also observed, suggesting that there may be dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. Even after recovery, the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive system can last for at least a period. There are still many unresolved questions about the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the male reproductive tract. Other receptors involved during the invasion of human cells by SARS-CoV-2 remain to be identified. Will the mutation of SARS-CoV-2 increase the diversity of receptors? How does SARS-CoV-2 affect the HPG axis? The long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive system remain to be evaluated. SARS-CoV-2 infection can affect male reproductive function. Standard treatment strategies should be developed in time to protect the fertility of infected patients. For recovered patients with fertility requirements, fertility assessments should be performed and professional fertility guidance should be provided at the same time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinke Geng
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qian Mei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Caiping Mao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mutian Han
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Contraception in the COVID-19 pandemic: recommendations from the Korean society of contraception and reproductive health. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2022; 65:125-132. [PMID: 35081676 PMCID: PMC8942754 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.21322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with a systemic inflammatory response that activates coagulation in symptomatic patients. In addition, a rare form of thrombosis has been reported in people who received the COVID-19 vaccine, most of whom were women younger than 50 years of age. Considering that hormonal contraceptive methods that are widely used by women of childbearing age increase the risk of thrombosis, the development of guidelines for the use of hormonal contraceptives in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic is necessary. In this context, the Korean Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health provides guidelines for issues regarding contraception and reproductive health during the pandemic.
Collapse
|
59
|
Carp-Veliscu A, Mehedintu C, Frincu F, Bratila E, Rasu S, Iordache I, Bordea A, Braga M. The Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Female Fertility: A Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020984. [PMID: 35055804 PMCID: PMC8775865 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As the coronavirus pandemic is far from ending, more questions regarding the female reproductive system, particularly fertility issues, arise. The purpose of this paper is to bring light upon the possible link between COVID-19 and women’s reproductive health. This review emphasizes the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the hormones, endometrium and menstrual cycle, ovarian reserve, follicular fluid, oocytes, and embryos. The results showed that endometrial samples did not express SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Regarding the menstrual cycle, there is a large range of alterations, but they were all reversible within the following months. The ovarian reserve was not significantly affected in patients recovering from both mild and severe infection in most cases, except one, where the levels of AMH were significantly lower and basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were increased. All COVID-19 recovered patients had positive levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in the follicular fluid. The amount of retrieved and mature oocytes and the fertilization rate were unharmed in three studies, except for one study, where the quantity of retrieved and mature oocytes was reduced in patients with higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The numbers of blastocysts, top-quality embryos, and euploid embryos were affected in most of the studies reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Carp-Veliscu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.-V.); (F.F.); (E.B.); (I.I.); (A.B.)
- Panait Sarbu Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 060251 Bucharest, Romania; (S.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Claudia Mehedintu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.-V.); (F.F.); (E.B.); (I.I.); (A.B.)
- Nicolae Malaxa Clinical Hospital Bucharest, 022441 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Frincu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.-V.); (F.F.); (E.B.); (I.I.); (A.B.)
- Nicolae Malaxa Clinical Hospital Bucharest, 022441 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elvira Bratila
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.-V.); (F.F.); (E.B.); (I.I.); (A.B.)
- Panait Sarbu Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 060251 Bucharest, Romania; (S.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Simona Rasu
- Panait Sarbu Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 060251 Bucharest, Romania; (S.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Ioana Iordache
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.-V.); (F.F.); (E.B.); (I.I.); (A.B.)
- Panait Sarbu Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 060251 Bucharest, Romania; (S.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Alina Bordea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.C.-V.); (F.F.); (E.B.); (I.I.); (A.B.)
- Panait Sarbu Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 060251 Bucharest, Romania; (S.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Mihaela Braga
- Panait Sarbu Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 060251 Bucharest, Romania; (S.R.); (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Collins AB, Zhao L, Zhu Z, Givens NT, Bai Q, Wakefield MR, Fang Y. Impact of COVID-19 on male fertility. Urology 2022; 164:33-39. [PMID: 35007621 PMCID: PMC8741337 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, the clinical condition caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been associated with massive cytokine storm and damage to multiple organ systems. Although evidence for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the testis remains scarce, testicular damage and dysregulation of gonadotropins associated with inflammation has been reported. Additionally, as a result of the rapidly evolving pandemic, frequently updated medical interventions and public policies leading to delays of care can play a role in fertility. This narrative review aims to summarize the current literature on how COVID-19 may influence male fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Collins
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the 2nd People's Hospital of Hefei and Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ziwen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nathan T Givens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mark R Wakefield
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yujiang Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines, IA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA..
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Rossetti CL, Cazarin J, Hecht F, Beltrão FEDL, Ferreira ACF, Fortunato RS, Ramos HE, de Carvalho DP. COVID-19 and thyroid function: What do we know so far? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1041676. [PMID: 36601011 PMCID: PMC9806267 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1041676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was characterized as a pandemic in March, 2020 by the World Health Organization. COVID-19 is a respiratory syndrome that can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan dysfunction, and eventually death. Despite being considered a respiratory disease, it is known that other organs and systems can be affected in COVID-19, including the thyroid gland. Thyroid gland, as well as hypothalamus and pituitary, which regulate the functioning of most endocrine glands, express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the main protein that functions as a receptor to which SARS-CoV-2 binds to enter host cells. In addition, thyroid gland is extremely sensitive to changes in body homeostasis and metabolism. Immune system cells are targets for thyroid hormones and T3 and T4 modulate specific immune responses, including cell-mediated immunity, natural killer cell activity, the antiviral action of interferon (IFN) and proliferation of T- and B-lymphocytes. However, studies show that patients with controlled hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism do not have a higher prevalence of COVID-19, nor do they have a worse prognosis when infected with the virus. On the other hand, retrospective observational studies, prospective studies, and case reports published in the last two years reported abnormal thyroid function related to acute SARS-CoV-2 infection or even several weeks after its resolution. Indeed, a variety of thyroid disorders have been documented in COVID-19 patients, including non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS), subacute thyroiditis and thyrotoxicosis. In addition, thyroid disease has already been reported as a consequence of the administration of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Overall, the data revealed that abnormal thyroid function may occur during and in the convalescence post-COVID condition phase. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms are not completely understood, the evidence suggests that the "cytokine storm" is an important mediator in this context. Thus, future studies are needed to better investigate the pathophysiology of thyroid dysfunction induced by COVID-19 at both molecular and clinical levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Lüdke Rossetti
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cazarin
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Hecht
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabyan Esberard de Lima Beltrão
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Andrea Cláudia Freitas Ferreira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Campus Duque de Caxias Professor Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Soares Fortunato
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helton Estrela Ramos
- Department of Biorregulation, Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Helton Estrela Ramos,
| | - Denise Pires de Carvalho
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Ducrocq B. Impact de la Covid-19 sur la fertilité et la sexualité durant le confinement : quelles pertes de chance ? PSYCHO-ONCOLOGIE 2022. [DOI: 10.3166/pson-2022-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
La pandémie de Covid-19 liée au virus SARSCoV-2 a imposé un confinement mondial des populations en mars 2020. Outre les effets sur la santé publique et la santé physique, la santé mentale et la santé sexuelle ont été impactées. Les projets personnels des individus ont été bouleversés avec un impact sur les projets de couple et notamment de parentalités. La sexualité des individus s’est adaptée, entraînant des changements importants liés à l’isolement et les incertitudes en lien avec la pandémie mondiale.
Collapse
|
63
|
Tandon A, Tandon VR, Sharma S, Mahajan A. Does Coronavirus Disease 2019 Kill More Elderly Men than Women Due to Different Hormonal Milieu. J Midlife Health 2022; 13:96-99. [PMID: 36276618 PMCID: PMC9583380 DOI: 10.4103/jmh.jmh_37_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preliminary data depicts a much greater prevalence and high case-fatality rate in advanced age males as compared to age-matched women with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infections with high morbidity, mortality, high referral, and admission to intensive care unit with severe sequelae. However, the literature search revealed both for and against studies in this context. Thus, at present, in light of the mixed studies, it cannot be established whether low testosterone levels in aging hypogonadal males create a permissive environment for severe response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and can it increase the morbidity or mortality, or on the contrary if the virus inhibits androgen formation. Hence, it is highly warranted to establish the said hypothesis by conducting large statistically powered clinical studies in future. Further, it is highly indicated that impact of sex hormones and gender on the incidence and case fatality of the disease and hormones as a treatment according to sex and gender for COVID requires further scientific research by the research community before it is actually recommended to mitigate the COVID-19 disease course among elderly men and women at large.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Tandon
- Acharya Shri Chander College of Medical Sciences & Hospital Sidhra Jammu, Sidhra, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Vishal R Tandon
- Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Jammu and Kashmir, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Vishal R Tandon, Professor, PG Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India. E-mail:
| | - Sudhaa Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Government Medical College, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Annil Mahajan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Government Medical College, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Sarkar D, Dutta S, Roychoudhury S, Poduval P, Jha NK, Dhal PK, Roychoudhury S, Kesari KK. Pathogenesis of Viral Infections and Male Reproductive Health: An Evidence-Based Study. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1358:325-343. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89340-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
65
|
Implications of testicular ACE2 and the renin-angiotensin system for SARS-CoV-2 on testis function. Nat Rev Urol 2022; 19:116-127. [PMID: 34837081 PMCID: PMC8622117 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies have focused on SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lungs, comparatively little is known about the potential effects of the virus on male fertility. SARS-CoV-2 infection of target cells requires the presence of furin, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Thus, cells in the body that express these proteins might be highly susceptible to viral entry and downstream effects. Currently, reports regarding the expression of the viral entry proteins in the testes are conflicting; however, other members of the SARS-CoV family of viruses - such as SARS-CoV - have been suspected to cause testicular dysfunction and/or orchitis. SARS-CoV-2, which displays many similarities to SARS-CoV, could potentially cause similar adverse effects. Commonalities between SARS family members, taken in combination with sparse reports of testicular discomfort and altered hormone levels in patients with SARS-CoV-2, might indicate possible testicular dysfunction. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 infection has the potential for effects on testis somatic and germline cells and experimental approaches might be required to help identify potential short-term and long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 on male fertility.
Collapse
|
66
|
Ferreira G, Blasina F, Rodríguez Rey M, Anesetti G, Sapiro R, Chavarría L, Cardozo R, Rey G, Sobrevia L, Nicolson GL. Pathophysiological and molecular considerations of viral and bacterial infections during maternal-fetal and -neonatal interactions of SARS-CoV-2, Zika, and Mycoplasma infectious diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166285. [PMID: 34624499 PMCID: PMC8492386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, a series of physiological changes are determined at the molecular, cellular and macroscopic level that make the mother and fetus more susceptible to certain viral and bacterial infections, especially the infections in this and the companion review. Particular situations increase susceptibility to infection in neonates. The enhanced susceptibility to certain infections increases the risk of developing particular diseases that can progress to become morbidly severe. For example, during the current pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, epidemiological studies have established that pregnant women with COVID-19 disease are more likely to be hospitalized. However, the risk for intensive care unit admission and mechanical ventilation is not increased compared with nonpregnant women. Although much remains unknown with this particular infection, the elevated risk of progression during pregnancy towards more severe manifestations of COVID-19 disease is not associated with an increased risk of death. In addition, the epidemiological data available in neonates suggest that their risk of acquiring COVID-19 is low compared with infants (<12 months of age). However, they might be at higher risk for progression to severe COVID-19 disease compared with older children. The data on clinical presentation and disease severity among neonates are limited and based on case reports and small case series. It is well documented the importance of the Zika virus infection as the main cause of several congenital anomalies and birth defects such as microcephaly, and also adverse pregnancy outcomes. Mycoplasma infections also increase adverse pregnancy outcomes. This review will focus on the molecular, pathophysiological and biophysical characteristics of the mother/placental-fetal/neonatal interactions and the possible mechanisms of these pathogens (SARS-CoV-2, ZIKV, and Mycoplasmas) for promoting disease at this level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Ferreira
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling, Dept. of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay,Corresponding author
| | - Fernanda Blasina
- Dept. of Neonatology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marianela Rodríguez Rey
- Dept. of Neonatology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriel Anesetti
- Dept. of Histology and Development, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rosana Sapiro
- Dept. of Histology and Development, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luisina Chavarría
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling, Dept. of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Romina Cardozo
- Laboratory of Ion Channels, Biological Membranes and Cell Signaling, Dept. of Biophysics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Grazzia Rey
- Dept. of Clinical Ginecology and Obstetrics B, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay
| | - Luis Sobrevia
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville E-41012, Spain,Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil,University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Garth L. Nicolson
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Taşkaldıran I, Vuraloğlu E, Bozkuş Y, Turhan İyidir Ö, Nar A, Başçıl Tütüncü N. Menstrual Changes after COVID-19 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:3199758. [PMID: 36349056 PMCID: PMC9633189 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3199758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several factors such as stress, depression, infection, and vaccination influenced the menstrual cycle in women during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We investigated whether there were changes in the menstrual cycle in women after COVID-19 vaccination or infection and, if so, the nature of the change. METHODS This study was designed as a descriptive, cross-sectional study. A face-to-face survey was conducted among menstruating women aged 18-50 years from May 31 to July 31, 2022. Women were inquired about their first three menstrual cycles that occurred after COVID-19 infection or vaccination. RESULTS Of 241 women with COVID-19 infection, 86 (35.7%) mentioned that they experienced various changes in their menstrual patterns in the first three cycles after infection. Of 537 participants who received various COVID-19 vaccines, 82 (15.1%) stated that they experienced changes in their menstrual patterns after vaccination. The incidence of postvaccination menstrual change was higher in women who received Pfizer-BioNTech and Sinovac (CoronaVac) vaccines. Only 10.9% of women who reported a change in their menstrual pattern after vaccination or infection consulted a physician. CONCLUSION COVID-19 infection and vaccination can affect the menstrual cycle in women. It is important to be aware of the menstrual changes after COVID-19 infection and vaccination and to warn and inform women about this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Işılay Taşkaldıran
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Vuraloğlu
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Bozkuş
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlem Turhan İyidir
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aslı Nar
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Başçıl Tütüncü
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Chen F, Zhu S, Dai Z, Hao L, Luan C, Guo Q, Meng C, Zhang Y. Effects of COVID-19 and mRNA vaccines on human fertility. Hum Reprod 2021; 37:5-13. [PMID: 34734259 PMCID: PMC8689912 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has precipitated a global health crisis of unprecedented proportions. Because of its severe impact, multiple COVID-19 vaccines are being rapidly developed, approved and manufactured. Among them, mRNA vaccines are considered as ideal candidates with special advantages to meet this challenge. However, some serious adverse events have been reported after their application, significantly increasing concerns about the safety and efficacy of the vaccines and doubts about the necessity of vaccination. Although several fertility societies have announced that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are unlikely to affect fertility, there is no denying that the current evidence is very limited, which is one of the reasons for vaccine hesitancy in the population, especially in pregnant women. Herein, we provide an in-depth discussion on the involvement of the male and female reproductive systems during SARS-CoV-2 infection or after vaccination. On one hand, despite the low risk of infection in the male reproductive system or fetus, COVID-19 could pose an enormous threat to human reproductive health. On the other hand, our review indicates that both men and women, especially pregnant women, have no fertility problems or increased adverse pregnancy outcomes after vaccination, and, in particular, the benefits of maternal antibodies transferred through the placenta outweigh any known or potential risks. Thus, in the case of the rapid spread of COVID-19, although further research is still required, especially a larger population-based longitudinal study, it is obviously a wise option to be vaccinated instead of suffering from serious adverse symptoms of virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shiheng Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhiqing Dai
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Lanting Hao
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chun Luan
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chaofan Meng
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yankun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Knížatová N, Massányi M, Roychoudhury S, Guha P, Greifová H, Tokárová K, Jambor T, Massányi P, Lukáč N. Is there impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on steroidogenesis and fertility? Physiol Res 2021; 70:S161-S175. [PMID: 34913350 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In December of 2019, several cases of unknown atypical respiratory diseases emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province in China. After preliminary research, it was stated that the disease is transmittable between humans and was named COVID-19. Over the course of next months, it spread all over the world by air and sea transport and caused a global pandemic which affects life of everyone now-a-days. A large number of countries, have since been forced to take precautions such as curfews, lockdowns, wearing facemasks etc. Even with vaccines being produced in mass numbers, lack of targeted therapy continues to be a major problem. According to studies so far it seems that elderly people are more vulnerable to severe symptoms while children tend to by asymptomatic or have milder form the disease. In our review, we focused on gathering data about the virus itself, its characteristics, paths of transmission, and its effect on hormone production and secretion. In such, there is insufficient information in the literature worldwide, especially the ones that focus on the effect of COVID-19 on individual organs systems within the human body. Hence, the present evidence-based study focused on the possible effects of COVID-19 on adrenal gland and gonads i.e. on the process of steroidogenesis and fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Knížatová
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Delaroche L, Bertine M, Oger P, Descamps D, Damond F, Genauzeau E, Meicler P, Le Hingrat Q, Lamazou F, Gschwind R, Ruppé E, Visseaux B. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 in semen, seminal plasma, and spermatozoa pellet of COVID-19 patients in the acute stage of infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260187. [PMID: 34905541 PMCID: PMC8670700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, there is limited information about the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen especially in the acute phase of the infection. While available data from cohort studies including a total of 342 patients in the acute or recovery phase of the infection are reassuring, one study mentioned detecting virus in the semen of 6/38 COVID-19 patients. Here we assessed SARS-CoV-2 presence in the semen of COVID-19 positive patients in the acute stage of infection, within 24 hours of the positive nasopharyngeal swabs. Semen, seminal plasma and spermatozoa pellet were screened for SARS-CoV-2 and manual or airborne contamination during semen sampling. Among the 32 COVID-19 volunteers, the median interval from the onset of symptoms to semen collection was 4 days [IQR: 0-8]. Only one presented positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR in semen and seminal plasma fractions, although the spermatozoa pellet was negative. Viral cultures were all negative. We observed slightly higher concentrations of bacterial DNA in the SARS-CoV-2 positive specimen than in all negative samples. The bacteria identified neither confirm nor rule out contamination by oropharyngeal secretions during collection. SARS-CoV-2 was rarely present in semen during the acute phase of the disease. This very rare situation could be connected to oral or manual contamination during semen collection. The possible presence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen calls for nasopharyngeal viral testing and strict hygiene protocols during semen collection before assisted reproductive attempts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Delaroche
- Ramsay Santé, Hôpital Privé de Parly 2, Institut Fertilité Maternité Parly 2, Le Chesnay, France
- Centre de Biologie Médicale, Hôpital Privé de Parly 2, Le Chesnay, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Mélanie Bertine
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Oger
- Ramsay Santé, Hôpital Privé de Parly 2, Institut Fertilité Maternité Parly 2, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Diane Descamps
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Florence Damond
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Genauzeau
- Ramsay Santé, Hôpital Privé de Parly 2, Institut Fertilité Maternité Parly 2, Le Chesnay, France
- Centre de Biologie Médicale, Hôpital Privé de Parly 2, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Philippe Meicler
- Ramsay Santé, Hôpital Privé de Parly 2, Institut Fertilité Maternité Parly 2, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Quentin Le Hingrat
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Lamazou
- Ramsay Santé, Hôpital Privé de Parly 2, Institut Fertilité Maternité Parly 2, Le Chesnay, France
| | | | - Etienne Ruppé
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Visseaux
- Université de Paris, INSERM, IAME, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Haouzi D, Entezami F, Tuaillon E, Gala A, Ferrières-Hoa A, Brouillet S, Thierry AR, Hamamah S. SARS-CoV-2 and Implantation Window: Gene Expression Mapping of Human Endometrium and Preimplantation Embryo. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121378. [PMID: 34947909 PMCID: PMC8706202 DOI: 10.3390/life11121378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding whether SARS-CoV-2 could infect cells and tissues handled during ART is crucial for risk mitigation, especially during the implantation window when either endometrial biopsies are often practiced for endometrial receptivity assessment or embryo transfer is performed. To address this question, this review analyzed current knowledge of the field and retrospectively examined the gene expression profiles of SARS-CoV-2-associated receptors and proteases in a cohort of ART candidates using our previous Affymetrix microarray data. Human endometrial tissue under natural and controlled ovarian stimulation cycles and preimplantation embryos were analyzed. A focus was particularly drawn on the renin-angiotensin system, which plays a prominent role in the virus infection, and we compared the gene expression levels of receptors and proteases related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the samples. High prevalence of genes related to the ACE2 pathway during both cycle phases and mainly during the mid-secretory phase for ACE2 were reported. The impact of COS protocols on endometrial gene expression profile of SARS-CoV-2-associated receptors and proteases is minimal, suggesting no additional potential risks during stimulated ART procedure. In blastocysts, ACE2, BSG, CTSL, CTSA and FURIN were detectable in the entire cohort at high expression level. Specimens from female genital tract should be considered as potential targets for SARS-CoV-2, especially during the implantation window.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Haouzi
- Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1203, DEFE, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.H.); (F.E.); (A.G.); (A.F.-H.); (S.B.)
- IRMB (Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Biotherapy), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France
- CHU Montpellier, ART/PGD Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Global ART Innovation Network, IRMB, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Frida Entezami
- Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1203, DEFE, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.H.); (F.E.); (A.G.); (A.F.-H.); (S.B.)
- ART Department, American Hospital of Paris, 92200 Neuilly-Sur-Seine, France
| | - Edward Tuaillon
- CHU Montpellier, Bacteriology-Virology Department, 34295 Montpellier, France;
| | - Anna Gala
- Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1203, DEFE, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.H.); (F.E.); (A.G.); (A.F.-H.); (S.B.)
- CHU Montpellier, ART/PGD Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Alice Ferrières-Hoa
- Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1203, DEFE, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.H.); (F.E.); (A.G.); (A.F.-H.); (S.B.)
- CHU Montpellier, ART/PGD Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Brouillet
- Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1203, DEFE, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.H.); (F.E.); (A.G.); (A.F.-H.); (S.B.)
- IRMB (Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Biotherapy), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France
- CHU Montpellier, ART/PGD Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Alain R. Thierry
- Regional Institute of Cancer of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Samir Hamamah
- Univ Montpellier, INSERM U1203, DEFE, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.H.); (F.E.); (A.G.); (A.F.-H.); (S.B.)
- IRMB (Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Biotherapy), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France
- CHU Montpellier, ART/PGD Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Global ART Innovation Network, IRMB, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-04-67-33-64-04; Fax: +33-04-67-33-62-90
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Lee D. The impact of COVID-19 on human reproduction and directions for fertility treatment during the pandemic. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2021; 48:273-282. [PMID: 34875734 PMCID: PMC8651760 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2021.04504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly, resulting in a pandemic. The virus enters host cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2). These enzymes are widely expressed in reproductive organs; hence, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could also impact human reproduction. Current evidence suggests that sperm cells may provide an inadequate environment for the virus to penetrate and spread. Oocytes within antral follicles are surrounded by cumulus cells, which rarely express ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Thus, the possibility of transmission of the virus through sexual intercourse and assisted reproductive techniques seems unlikely. Early human embryos express coronavirus entry receptors and proteases, implying that human embryos are potentially vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 in the early stages of development. Data on the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the human endometrium are sparse. Moreover, it remains unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 directly affects the embryo and its implantation. A study of the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on pregnancy showed an increase in preterm delivery. Thus, vertical transmission of the virus from mother to fetus in the third trimester is possible, and further data on human reproduction are required to establish this possibility. Based on analyses of existing data, major organizations in this field have published guidelines on the treatment of infertility. Regarding these guidelines, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, reproductive treatment is crucial for the well-being of society and must be continued under suitable regulations and good standard laboratory practice protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Paoli D, Pallotti F, Nigro G, Mazzuti L, Hirsch MN, Valli MB, Colangelo S, Mastroianni CM, Antonelli G, Lenzi A, Turriziani O, Lombardo F. Molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in seminal fluid. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:2675-2684. [PMID: 33929709 PMCID: PMC8085093 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to relevant repercussions on reproductive medicine, we aimed to evaluate feasibility of RT-PCR as a detection method of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in seminal fluid. METHODS A qualitative determination of the RT-PCR assays in semen was performed through different approaches: (1) efficiency of RNA extraction from sperm and seminal plasma was determined using PRM1 and PRM2 mRNA and a heterologous system as control; (2) samples obtained by diluting viral preparation from a SARS-CoV-2 panel (virus cultured in Vero E6 cell lines) were tested; (3) viral presence in different fractions of seminal fluid (whole sample, seminal plasma and post-centrifugation pellet) was evaluated. Semen samples from mild and recovered COVID-19 subjects were collected by patients referring to the Infectious Disease Department of the Policlinico Umberto I Hospital - "Sapienza" University of Rome. Control subjects were recruited at the Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank "Loredana Gandini'' of the same hospital. RESULTS The control panel using viral preparations diluted in saline and seminal fluid showed the capability to detect viral RNA presence with Ct values depending on the initial viral concentration. All tested semen samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2, regardless of the nasopharyngeal swab result or seminal fluid fraction. CONCLUSION These preliminary data show that RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 RNA testing appears to be a feasible method for the molecular diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in seminal fluid, supported by results of the control panel. The ability to detect SARS-CoV-2 in semen is extremely important for reproductive medicine, especially in assisted reproductive technology and sperm cryopreservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Paoli
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - F. Pallotti
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - G. Nigro
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - L. Mazzuti
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M. N. Hirsch
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M. B. Valli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, INMI (Istituto Nazionale Per Le Malattie Infettive), “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - S. Colangelo
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - C. M. Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Antonelli
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Lenzi
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - O. Turriziani
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - F. Lombardo
- Laboratory of Seminology-Sperm Bank “Loredana Gandini”, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
High cryo-resistance of SARS-CoV-2 virus: Increased risk of re-contamination at transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue after COVID-19 pandemic. Cryobiology 2021; 103:1-6. [PMID: 34571024 PMCID: PMC8463116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation and re-transplantation of ovarian tissue after anticancer treatment is important medical technology. Today, during a pandemic, the risk of contamination of transplanted cells with SARS-CoV-2 virus is extremely high. Data about cryo-resistance (virulence and/or infectivity) of SARS-CoV-2 are limited. Analysis and systematization of literature data allow us to draw the following conclusions: 1) The cytoplasmic membrane of somatic cell, like envelope of corona viruses, consists of lipid bilayer and this membrane, like envelope of corona virus, contains membrane proteins. Thus, we can consider the cytoplasmic membrane of an ordinary somatic cell as a model of the envelope membrane of SARS-CoV-2. It is expected that the response of the virus to cryopreservation is similar to that of a somatic cell. SARS-CoV-2 is more poor-water and more protein-rich than somatic cell, and this virus is much more cryo-resistant. 2) The exposure of somatic cells at low positive temperatures increases a viability of these cells. The safety of the virus is also in direct proportion to the decrease in temperature: the positive effect of low temperatures on SARS-CoV-2 virus has been experimentally proven. 3) Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 to cryoprotectant-free cryopreservation is extremely high. The high viability rate of SARS-CoV-2 after freezing-drying confirms its high cryo-resistance. 4) The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection after transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissues that have been contaminated with this virus, increases significantly. Our own experimental data on the increase in the viability of cancer cells after cryopreservation allow us to formulate a hypothesis about increasing of viability (virulence and/or infectivity) of SARS-CoV-2 virus after cryopreservation.
Collapse
|
75
|
Wang Q, Wang F, Chen R, Liu W, Gao N, An J, Chen Y, Wu H, Han D. Differential Effects of Viral Nucleic Acid Sensor Signaling Pathways on Testicular Sertoli and Leydig Cells. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6359040. [PMID: 34453520 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human testis can be infected by a large number of RNA and DNA viruses. While various RNA virus infections may induce orchitis and impair testicular functions, DNA virus infection rarely affects the testis. Mechanisms underlying the differential effects of RNA and DNA viral infections on the testis remain unclear. In the current study, we therefore examined the effects of viral RNA and DNA sensor signaling pathways on mouse Sertoli cells (SC) and Leydig cells (LC). The local injection of viral RNA analogue polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] into the testis markedly disrupted spermatogenesis, whereas the injection of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA analogue HSV60 did not affect spermatogenesis. Poly(I:C) dramatically induced the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 in SC and LC through Toll-like receptor 3 and interferon β promoter stimulator 1 signaling pathways, impairing the integrity of the blood-testis barrier and testosterone synthesis. Poly(I:C)-induced TNF-α production thus plays a critical role in the impairment of cell functions. In contrast, HSV60 predominantly induced the expression of type 1 interferons and antiviral proteins via the DNA sensor signaling pathway, which did not affect testicular cell functions. Accordingly, the Zika virus induced high levels of TNF-α in SC and LC and impaired their respective cellular functions, whereas Herpes simplex virus type 2 principally induced antiviral responses and did not impair such functions. These results provide insights into the mechanisms by which RNA viral infections impair testicular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daishu Han
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Siregar MFG, Siregar EKH. The Effect of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Reproduction System and Fertility. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As of October 9, 2020, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was recorded to have infected more than 235 countries and 36,361,054 people globally, and 1,056,186 people died from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In early October 2020, it was reported that the rate of increase in new cases reached 300,000 cases per day. A scientific reference source about COVID-19 in pregnancy and fertility system based on the results of previous research. By conducting a literature search that was carried out until October 12, 2020, through the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the keyword COVID-19 and pregnancy, 20 articles were used as a reference source. Human SARS-CoV appeared in China, causing a deadly epidemic 18 years ago. Novel coronavirus-2019 infects target cells by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its surface spike protein. nCoV-2 modulates ACE2 expression and causes serious injury, similar to SARS-CoV. There is the possibility that the SARS-CoV-2 mechanism can affect fertility on female, namely, SARS-CoV-2 can harm ovarian tissue and granulosa cells, and reduce ovarian function and quality of oocytes, and can make infertility or miscarriage; also damage the endometrial epithelium and affect early embryo implantation. COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 which is an acute infectious disease that mostly affects the respiratory system, but can also attack the reproductive system.
Collapse
|
77
|
Aguilar-Pineda JA, Albaghdadi M, Jiang W, Vera-Lopez KJ, Nieto-Montesinos R, Alvarez KLF, Davila Del-Carpio G, Gómez B, Lindsay ME, Malhotra R, Lino Cardenas CL. Structural and Functional Analysis of Female Sex Hormones against SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11508. [PMID: 34768939 PMCID: PMC8584232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that males are more susceptible to severe infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus than females. A variety of mechanisms may underlie the observed gender-related disparities including differences in sex hormones. However, the precise mechanisms by which female sex hormones may provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infectivity remains unknown. Here we report new insights into the molecular basis of the interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and the human ACE2 receptor. We further report that glycosylation of the ACE2 receptor enhances SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Importantly, estrogens can disrupt glycan-glycan interactions and glycan-protein interactions between the human ACE2 and the SARS-CoV-2 thereby blocking its entry into cells. In a mouse model of COVID-19, estrogens reduced ACE2 glycosylation and thereby alveolar uptake of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These results shed light on a putative mechanism whereby female sex hormones may provide protection from developing severe infection and could inform the development of future therapies against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alberto Aguilar-Pineda
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (J.A.A.-P.); (K.J.V.-L.); (R.N.-M.); (K.L.F.A.); (G.D.D.-C.); (B.G.)
| | - Mazen Albaghdadi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.A.); (W.J.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Wanlin Jiang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.A.); (W.J.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Karin J. Vera-Lopez
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (J.A.A.-P.); (K.J.V.-L.); (R.N.-M.); (K.L.F.A.); (G.D.D.-C.); (B.G.)
| | - Rita Nieto-Montesinos
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (J.A.A.-P.); (K.J.V.-L.); (R.N.-M.); (K.L.F.A.); (G.D.D.-C.); (B.G.)
| | - Karla Lucia F. Alvarez
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (J.A.A.-P.); (K.J.V.-L.); (R.N.-M.); (K.L.F.A.); (G.D.D.-C.); (B.G.)
| | - Gonzalo Davila Del-Carpio
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (J.A.A.-P.); (K.J.V.-L.); (R.N.-M.); (K.L.F.A.); (G.D.D.-C.); (B.G.)
| | - Badhin Gómez
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (J.A.A.-P.); (K.J.V.-L.); (R.N.-M.); (K.L.F.A.); (G.D.D.-C.); (B.G.)
| | - Mark E. Lindsay
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.A.); (W.J.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.A.); (W.J.); (M.E.L.)
| | - Christian L. Lino Cardenas
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (M.A.); (W.J.); (M.E.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Fraietta R, de Carvalho RC, Camillo J, Groner MF, Truzzi JCCI, Petkov CN, Barradas V, Homsi C, Bellei N, Oehninger S. SARS-CoV-2 is not found in human semen during mild COVID-19 acute stage. Andrologia 2021; 54:e14286. [PMID: 34693544 PMCID: PMC8646908 DOI: 10.1111/and.14286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the seminal sample of men during the acute phase of COVID‐19. A prospective study was performed with inclusion of twenty‐two men diagnosed with COVID‐19 through RT‐PCR from pharyngeal smear samples and who were in the acute phase of infection. These men were evaluated regarding medical history and physical examination. Furthermore, seminal samples of each men were collected 7, 14 and 21 days after the infection was confirmed. The sample were used for seminal analysis, as well as for the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 using RT‐PCR technique. In addition, cell culture was performed with subsequent repetition of the analysis of viral presence. None of the semen samples collected was positive for the detection of the virus that causes COVID‐19. Most of the men evaluated had a mild condition and the loss of smell was the most frequent symptom. There were no significant changes in seminal parameters within the period of study. Based on our pilot data, patients with a mild form of COVID‐19 in the acute stage of the disease are unlikely to have SARS‐CoV‐2 in semen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Fraietta
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Sao Paulo Federal University - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jacqueline Camillo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Sao Paulo Federal University - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Ferreira Groner
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Sao Paulo Federal University - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Nogueira Petkov
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Sao Paulo Federal University - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria Barradas
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Sao Paulo Federal University - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Homsi
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Sao Paulo Federal University - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nancy Bellei
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Sao Paulo Federal University -UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Oehninger
- Reproductive Biology Unit, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Nobre Meirinhos J, Vattaire M, Barry F, Denjean L, Bouricha M, Gala A, Ferrières-Hoa A, Loup V, Gaspari L, Brouillet S, Hamamah S. [Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on fertility, gametes' quality and Assisted Reproduction Technology]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 50:173-181. [PMID: 34506995 PMCID: PMC8423662 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Le contexte actuel de pandémie conduit à s’interroger sur les conséquences de la COVID-19 en Assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP). En effet, suite aux premières recommandations de l’Agence de la biomédecine en mars 2020, les centres d’AMP ont suspendu leurs activités. La reprise progressive des tentatives en mai 2020 s’est accompagnée de nombreux questionnements, concernant les effets directs et indirects du SARS-CoV-2 sur la qualité des gamètes, la gamétogenèse, la fertilité, la grossesse et la santé néonatale. L’objectif de cette revue de la littérature est de synthétiser les données disponibles, pour informer les patient(e)s pris(es) en charge et adapter les pratiques d’AMP en cette période de la COVID-19. La plupart des études récentes se basent sur l’évaluation des effets du syndrome infectieux, sur l’analyse des facteurs hormonaux, et sur l’expression des protéines d’entrée virale (ACE2 et TMPRSS2) au niveau des cellules impliquées dans la gamétogenèse pour évaluer les répercussions de la COVID-19. La transmission materno-fœtale du SARS-CoV-2 n’a pas pu être démontrée à ce jour, mais l’infection néonatale reste possible. Néanmoins, les hommes seraient plus à risque d’être infectés par le SARS-CoV-2, d’être symptomatiques et la spermatogenèse est vraisemblablement affectée. La présence du virus dans le sperme est un évènement rare, mais l’ensemble de ces paramètres sont à prendre en compte dans la prise en charge des couples en AMP. Cependant, aucune conséquence sur la qualité des gamètes féminins n’a été mise en évidence jusqu’à présent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nobre Meirinhos
- Département de biologie de la reproduction, biologie de la reproduction/DPI et CECOS, CHU d'Arnaud de Villeneuve Montpellier, université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Margot Vattaire
- Département de biologie de la reproduction, biologie de la reproduction/DPI et CECOS, CHU d'Arnaud de Villeneuve Montpellier, université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Fatima Barry
- Département de biologie de la reproduction, biologie de la reproduction/DPI et CECOS, CHU d'Arnaud de Villeneuve Montpellier, université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Louise Denjean
- Département de biologie de la reproduction, biologie de la reproduction/DPI et CECOS, CHU d'Arnaud de Villeneuve Montpellier, université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Molka Bouricha
- Département de biologie de la reproduction, biologie de la reproduction/DPI et CECOS, CHU d'Arnaud de Villeneuve Montpellier, université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Gala
- Département de biologie de la reproduction, biologie de la reproduction/DPI et CECOS, CHU d'Arnaud de Villeneuve Montpellier, université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alice Ferrières-Hoa
- Département de biologie de la reproduction, biologie de la reproduction/DPI et CECOS, CHU d'Arnaud de Villeneuve Montpellier, université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vanessa Loup
- Département de biologie de la reproduction, biologie de la reproduction/DPI et CECOS, CHU d'Arnaud de Villeneuve Montpellier, université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Gaspari
- Inserm 1203, développement embryonnaire précoce humain et pluripotence, Embryopluripotency, université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Service de pédiatrie, unité d'endocrinologie-gynécologie pédiatrique, CHU d'Arnaud de Villeneuve Montpellier, université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Brouillet
- Inserm 1203, développement embryonnaire précoce humain et pluripotence, Embryopluripotency, université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Département de biologie de la reproduction, biologie de la reproduction/DPI et CECOS, CHU d'Arnaud de Villeneuve Montpellier, université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Samir Hamamah
- Inserm 1203, développement embryonnaire précoce humain et pluripotence, Embryopluripotency, université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Département de biologie de la reproduction, biologie de la reproduction/DPI et CECOS, CHU d'Arnaud de Villeneuve Montpellier, université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Markiewicz-Gospodarek A, Wdowiak P, Czeczelewski M, Forma A, Flieger J, Januszewski J, Radzikowska-Büchner E, Baj J. The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Fertility and Female and Male Reproductive Systems. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4520. [PMID: 34640536 PMCID: PMC8509208 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains a huge challenge for contemporary healthcare systems. Apart from widely reported acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the virus affects many other systems inducing a vast number of symptoms such as gastrointestinal, neurological, dermatological, cardiovascular, and many more. Currently it has also been hypothesized that the virus might affect female and male reproductive systems; SARS-CoV-2 infection could also have a role in potential disturbances to human fertility. In this article, we aimed to review the latest literature regarding the potential effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on female and male reproductive systems as well as fertility, in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulina Wdowiak
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.M.-G.); (P.W.); (M.C.)
| | - Marcin Czeczelewski
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.M.-G.); (P.W.); (M.C.)
| | - Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jolanta Flieger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jacek Januszewski
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillary Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital MSWiA, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.J.); (E.R.-B.)
| | - Elżbieta Radzikowska-Büchner
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Maxillary Surgery, Central Clinical Hospital MSWiA, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.J.); (E.R.-B.)
| | - Jacek Baj
- Chair and Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (A.M.-G.); (P.W.); (M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Kolanska K, Hours A, Jonquière L, Mathieu d'Argent E, Dabi Y, Dupont C, Touboul C, Antoine JM, Chabbert-Buffet N, Daraï E. Mild COVID-19 infection does not alter the ovarian reserve in women treated with ART. Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 43:1117-1121. [PMID: 34711516 PMCID: PMC8432972 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research question Does mild COVID-19 infection affect the ovarian reserve of women undergoing an assisted reproductive technology (ART) protocol? Design A prospective observational study was conducted between June and December 2020 at the ART unit of Tenon Hospital, Paris. Women managed at the unit for fertility issues by in-vitro fecundation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI), fertility preservation, frozen embryo transfer or artificial insemination, and with an anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) test carried out within 12 months preceding ART treatment, were included. All the women underwent a COVID rapid detection test (RDT) and AMH concentrations between those who tested positive (RDT positive) and those who tested negative (RDT negative). Results The study population consisted of 118 women, 11.9% (14/118) of whom were COVID RDT positive. None of the tested women presented with a history of severe COVID-19 infection. The difference between the initial AMH concentration and AMH concentration tested during ART treatment was not significantly different between the COVID RDT positive group and COVID RDT negative group (–1.33 ng/ml [–0.35 to –1.61) versus –0.59 ng/ml [–0.15 to –1.11], P = 0.22). Conclusion A history of mild COVID-19 infection does not seem to alter the ovarian reserve as evaluated by AMH concentrations. Although these results are reassuring, further studies are necessary to assess the effect of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kolanska
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 4 rue de la Chine, Paris 75020, France; INSERM UMRS 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, PARIS cedex 12 75571, France.
| | - Alice Hours
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 4 rue de la Chine, Paris 75020, France
| | - Laurie Jonquière
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 4 rue de la Chine, Paris 75020, France
| | - Emmanuelle Mathieu d'Argent
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 4 rue de la Chine, Paris 75020, France
| | - Yohann Dabi
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 4 rue de la Chine, Paris 75020, France
| | - Charlotte Dupont
- INSERM UMRS 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, PARIS cedex 12 75571, France; Service de biologie de la reproduction-CECOS, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 4 rue de la Chine, Paris 75020, France
| | - Cyril Touboul
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 4 rue de la Chine, Paris 75020, France; INSERM UMRS 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, PARIS cedex 12 75571, France
| | - Jean-Marie Antoine
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 4 rue de la Chine, Paris 75020, France
| | - Nathalie Chabbert-Buffet
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 4 rue de la Chine, Paris 75020, France; INSERM UMRS 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, PARIS cedex 12 75571, France
| | - Emile Daraï
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique et médecine de la reproduction, Hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, 4 rue de la Chine, Paris 75020, France; INSERM UMRS 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 27 rue Chaligny, PARIS cedex 12 75571, France
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Wu M, Ma L, Xue L, Zhu Q, Zhou S, Dai J, Yan W, Zhang J, Wang S. Co-expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry molecules ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in human ovaries: Identification of cell types and trends with age. Genomics 2021; 113:3449-3460. [PMID: 34418496 PMCID: PMC8372464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The high rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection poses a serious threat to public health. Previous studies have suggested that SARS-CoV-2 can infect human ovary, the core organ of the female reproductive system. However, it remains unclear which type of ovarian cells are easily infected by SARS-CoV-2 and whether ovarian infectivity differs from puberty to menopause. In this study, public datasets containing bulk and single-cell RNA-Seq data derived from ovarian tissues were analyzed to demonstrate the mRNA expression and protein distribution of the two key entry receptors for SARS-CoV-2—angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and type II transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2). Furthermore, an immunohistochemical study of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in human ovaries of different ages was conducted. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis of ovaries of different ages and with varying ovarian reserves was conducted to explore the potential functions of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the ovary. The analysis of the public datasets indicated that the co-expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 was observed mostly in oocytes and partially in granulosa cells. However, no marked difference was observed in ACE2 or TMPRSS2 expression between young and old ovaries and ovaries with low and high reserves. Correspondingly, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were detected in the human ovarian cortex and medulla, especially in oocytes of different stages, with no observed variations in their expression level in ovaries of different ages, which was consistent with the results of bioinformatic analyses. Remarkably, DEG analysis showed that a series of viral infection-related pathways were more enriched in ACE2-positive ovarian cells than in ACE2-negative ovarian cells, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 may potentially target specific ovarian cells and affect ovarian function. However, further fundamental and clinical research is still needed to monitor the process of SARS-CoV-2 entry into ovarian cells and the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the ovarian function in recovered females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingwei Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liru Xue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Su Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Nassau DE, Best JC, Kresch E, Gonzalez DC, Khodamoradi K, Ramasamy R. Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on male reproductive health. BJU Int 2021; 129:143-150. [PMID: 34402155 PMCID: PMC8444635 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has led to more than 160 million infections and 3.5 million deaths globally. Men are disproportionately affected by COVID‐19, having more severe disease with higher mortality rates than women. Androgens have been implicated as the underlying cause for more severe disease, as the androgen receptor has been noted to upregulate the cell surface receptors that mediate viral cell entry and infection. Unfortunately, despite testosterone’s potential role in COVID‐19 prognosis, androgen deprivation therapy is neither protective nor a treatment for COVID‐19. Interestingly, the male reproductive organs have been found to be vulnerable in moderate to severe illness, leading to reports of erectile dysfunction and orchitis. COVID‐19 viral particles have been identified in penile and testis tissue, both in live patients who recovered from COVID‐19 and post mortem in men who succumbed to the disease. Although sexual transmission remains unlikely in recovered men, moderate to severe COVID‐19 infection can lead to germ cell and Leydig cell depletion, leading to decreased spermatogenesis and male hypogonadism. The objective of this review is to describe the impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 on male reproductive health. There are still many unanswered questions as to the specific underlying mechanisms by which COVID‐19 impacts male reproductive organs and the long‐term sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 on male reproductive health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Nassau
- Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jordan C Best
- Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Eliyahu Kresch
- Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Abstract
The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has placed a global challenge on both healthcare and society. So far, studies have shown that men are more prone to become ill than women and are more likely to die compared to female patients. Higher rates of positive cases and fatality in men than women have drawn the attention of scientists to investigate the possible impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive system. In this review, we tried to summarise so far findings on the effect of the SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive function to further assess the potential risks of this novel coronavirus on male reproductive health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marziye Farsimadan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Motamedifar
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Wang M, Yang Q, Ren X, Hu J, Li Z, Long R, Xi Q, Zhu L, Jin L. Investigating the impact of asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection on female fertility and in vitro fertilization outcomes: A retrospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 38:101013. [PMID: 34250457 PMCID: PMC8259363 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The current study aimed to investigate the impact of asymptomatic or mild severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on female fertility and laboratory and clinical outcomes in assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments. Methods: Patients undergoing ART treatments in the Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, from May 2020 to February 2021 were enrolled. Seventy of them were positive for serum SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG and/or IgM), and 3973 patients had negative results. Propensity score matching with a ratio of 1:3 was performed, and there were 65 females in the case group and 195 females in the control group. Findings: The ovarian reserves and ovarian responses between groups after matching were similar. The proportions of mature oocytes, damaged oocytes, fertilized oocytes, cleavage embryos, high-quality embryos, and available blastocysts were also similar, despite a slight decrease in the blastocyst formation rate in the case group. In addition, there were no significant differences in terms of the biochemical pregnancy rate, clinical pregnancy rate, early miscarriage rate, or implantation rate. Interpretation: There is no evidence that a history of asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection in females may negatively affect female fertility, embryo laboratory outcomes, or clinical outcomes in ART treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qiyu Yang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinling Ren
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhou Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Rui Long
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qingsong Xi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lixia Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Lunenfeld E. Specialty Grand Challenge—Assisted Reproduction. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2021; 3:551499. [PMID: 36304062 PMCID: PMC9580703 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2021.551499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
87
|
Moshrefi M, Ghasemi-Esmailabad S, Ali J, Findikli N, Mangoli E, Khalili MA. The probable destructive mechanisms behind COVID-19 on male reproduction system and fertility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:1691-1708. [PMID: 33977466 PMCID: PMC8112744 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aims to summarize the current understanding of probable mechanisms and claims of adverse effects of SARS-CoV-2 on male fertility potential. METHODS Our search was including original articles, reviews, guidelines, letters to the editor, comments on guidelines, and editorials, regarding the male reproductive system. We used the words SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, "2019 ncov," testis, sperm, male factor infertility, fertility treatment, semen, assisted reproductive technology (ART), sexual transmission, and ACE2. RESULTS Data showed coronavirus affects men more than women because of more expression of 2019 nCoV receptors (ACE2 and TMPRSS2) in testicular cells. Also, "Bioinformatics Analysis" suggests that sperm production may be damaged, since "Pseudo Time Analysis" has shown disruption in spermatogenesis. "Gene Ontology" (GO) showed an increase in viral reproduction and a decrease in sperm production-related terms. Recently, SARS-COV-2 mRNA and protein were detected in the semen of patients that had recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, the probable disruption of blood-testis barrier (BTB) in febrile diseases is suspected in the acute phase of the disease enabling viral entry into the testes. Not only is spermatogenesis disturbed, but also disturbs gonadotropin, androgens, and testosterone secretion during SARS-CoV-2 infection. No sexual transmission has been reported yet; however, detection of the virus in semen still makes the sexual transmission an open question. CONCLUSION There is a concern that male fertility may be disturbed after the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, follow-up of the reproductive functions and male fertility may be necessary in recovered cases, especially in aged men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Moshrefi
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Science Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Medical Nanotechnology & Tissue Engineering Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Science Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Jaffar Ali
- Synbios Media, www.synbiosmedia.com, P.O. Box 02042, GPO, Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Necati Findikli
- Bahceci Fulya Assisted Reproduction Center, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Bioengineering, Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esmat Mangoli
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Science Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Khalili
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Science Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Gacci M, Coppi M, Baldi E, Sebastianelli A, Zaccaro C, Morselli S, Pecoraro A, Manera A, Nicoletti R, Liaci A, Bisegna C, Gemma L, Giancane S, Pollini S, Antonelli A, Lagi F, Marchiani S, Dabizzi S, Nicolò S, Torcia M, Degl'innocenti S, Annunziato F, Maggi M, Vignozzi L, Bartoloni A, Rossolini GM, Serni S. Reply: COVID-19: semen impairment may not be related to the virus. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:2065-2066. [PMID: 33793848 PMCID: PMC8083456 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Gacci
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Robotic Urologic Surgery & Kidney Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital (AOUC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Coppi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Baldi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Unit of Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Inconsistency, AOUC and Center of Excellence DeNothe, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Sebastianelli
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Robotic Urologic Surgery & Kidney Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital (AOUC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Zaccaro
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Robotic Urologic Surgery & Kidney Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital (AOUC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Morselli
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Robotic Urologic Surgery & Kidney Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital (AOUC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Pecoraro
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Robotic Urologic Surgery & Kidney Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital (AOUC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alekseja Manera
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Robotic Urologic Surgery & Kidney Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital (AOUC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rossella Nicoletti
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Robotic Urologic Surgery & Kidney Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital (AOUC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Liaci
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Robotic Urologic Surgery & Kidney Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital (AOUC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Bisegna
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Robotic Urologic Surgery & Kidney Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital (AOUC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Gemma
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Robotic Urologic Surgery & Kidney Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital (AOUC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Saverio Giancane
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Robotic Urologic Surgery & Kidney Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital (AOUC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Pollini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Antonelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Lagi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Marchiani
- Unit of Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Inconsistency, AOUC and Center of Excellence DeNothe, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Dabizzi
- Unit of Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Inconsistency, AOUC and Center of Excellence DeNothe, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sabrina Nicolò
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Torcia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Selene Degl'innocenti
- Unit of Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Inconsistency, AOUC and Center of Excellence DeNothe, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Unit of Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Inconsistency, AOUC and Center of Excellence DeNothe, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Unit of Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Inconsistency, AOUC and Center of Excellence DeNothe, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sergio Serni
- Department of Minimally Invasive, Robotic Urologic Surgery & Kidney Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital (AOUC), University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Chandi A, Jain N. State of ART in the COVID-19 era and consequences on human reproductive system. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:808-821. [PMID: 34159367 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 virus has created havoc on the socio-economic aspect of the world. With billions of lives affected by this wrecking pandemic, global fertility services were also not left untouched by its impact. The possibility of sexual transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus, its impact on male and female fertility, pregnancy, its potential teratogenic effect, and handling of gametes in the clinical laboratories were major concerns among reproductive medicine specialists which led down all the reproductive health services including IUI, IVF/ICSI in most of the countries. Even the people did not intend to conceive during the pandemic crisis and were hesitant to avail such services. Discrete evidence regarding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection and its impact on the human reproductive system is not very clear. In this review article, we intend to incorporate all the evidence related to the COVID-19 infection and its impact on human reproduction available to date. It's our responsibility to provide rightful information and to keep our patients familiar with the existing lack of clear evidence. In this COVID-19 era, it's important that the fertility management be prioritized in sub-fertile couples with diminished fertility reserve, and high-risk conditions like malignancies, that may affect their long-term fertility prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anadeep Chandi
- PGIMER, Chandigarh, H No 957, Sector 25, Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Neelam Jain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Borges E, Setti AS, Iaconelli A, Braga DPDAF. Current status of the COVID-19 and male reproduction: A review of the literature. Andrology 2021; 9:1066-1075. [PMID: 33998143 PMCID: PMC8222884 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which causes serious respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia and lung failure, was first reported in mid-December 2019 in China and has spread around the world. In addition to causing serious respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia and lung failure, there have been conflicting reports about the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the semen of patients who were previously diagnosed with COVID-19 and possible implications for the male reproductive tract. OBJECTIVE The goal for the present study was to review the current status of the literature concerning COVID-19 and male reproduction. MATERIAL AND METHODS An electronic literature search was done by using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Relevant papers, concerning SARS-COV-2 and COVID-19 and male reproduction, published between January 2020 and December 2020 were selected, analyzed and eventually included in the present literature review. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 may infect any cell type expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), including reproductive cells. Besides the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, the expression of host proteases, such as transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), is needed to cleave the viral S protein, allowing permanent fusion of the viral and host cell membranes. Here, we aimed to review the current status of the literature concerning COVID-19 and male reproduction. The lack of co-expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the testis suggests that sperm cells may not be at increased risk of viral entry and spread. However, the presence of orchitis in COVID-19-confirmed patients and compromised sex-related hormonal balance among these patients intrigues reproductive medicine. DISCUSSION SARS-CoV-2 may use alternate receptors to enter certain cell types, or the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 may not be detected in healthy individuals. CONCLUSION COVID-19 challenges all medical areas, including reproductive medicine. It is not yet clear what effects, if any, the COVID-19 pandemic will have on male reproduction. Further research is needed to understand the long-term impact of SARS-CoV-2 on male reproductive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edson Borges
- Fertility Medical Group, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Sapientiae - Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reprodução Humana Assistida, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Souza Setti
- Fertility Medical Group, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Sapientiae - Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reprodução Humana Assistida, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Assumpto Iaconelli
- Fertility Medical Group, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Sapientiae - Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reprodução Humana Assistida, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Praissman JL, Wells L. Proteomics-Based Insights Into the SARS-CoV-2-Mediated COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the First Year of Research. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100103. [PMID: 34089862 PMCID: PMC8176883 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In late 2019, a virus subsequently named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China and led to a worldwide pandemic of the disease termed coronavirus disease 2019. The global health threat posed by this pandemic led to an extremely rapid and robust mobilization of the scientific and medical communities as evidenced by the publication of more than 10,000 peer-reviewed articles and thousands of preprints in the first year of the pandemic alone. With the publication of the initial genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2, the proteomics community immediately joined this effort publishing, to date, more than 100 peer-reviewed proteomics studies and submitting many more preprints to preprint servers. In this review, we focus on peer-reviewed articles published on the proteome, glycoproteome, and glycome of SARS-CoV-2. At a basic level, proteomic studies provide valuable information on quantitative aspects of viral infection course; information on the identities, sites, and microheterogeneity of post-translational modifications; and, information on protein-protein interactions. At a biological systems level, these studies elucidate host cell and tissue responses, characterize antibodies and other immune system factors in infection, suggest biomarkers that may be useful for diagnosis and disease-course monitoring, and help in the development or repurposing of potential therapeutics. Here, we summarize results from selected early studies to provide a perspective on the current rapidly evolving literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L Praissman
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Anifandis G, Messini CI, Simopoulou M, Sveronis G, Garas A, Daponte A, Messinis IE. SARS-CoV-2 vs. human gametes, embryos and cryopreservation. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2021; 67:260-269. [PMID: 34060390 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2021.1922537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is an unprecedented global situation, and all countries have adopted their own measurements to mitigate the spread of the virus in the first as well as in the subsequent waves of infection. All measures, especially in the first wave of the pandemic, were in combination with recommendations provided by professional and scientific organizations. Similar measures were applied to specific procedures, such as the management of infertility, including in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) treatments. Although there is no clear scientific evidence yet that the SARS-CoV-2 may exert negative effects on IVF outcome, especially at the early stages, several clinical reports indicate that the virus may impact male fertility through specific receptors presented at the somatic cells of the testis and used by the virus in order to gain entry to the respective cells. Nevertheless, it is not unreasonable to suspect that the virus may affect sperm function as well as oocyte performance directly through specific receptors or indirectly through other signaling pathways. Despite the good practice of IVF laboratory techniques, culture media may also be contaminated during equilibration when airborne virus's particles can contaminate culture media from an already infected embryology area or staff. Furthermore, although there is no clinical evidence, liquid nitrogen could be a route of infection for gametes and embryos when it has been contaminated during production or transportation. Therefore, cryopreservation of gametes and embryos must be virus-free. This communication aims to provide some aspects of the possible impact of the virus on gametes and embryos and how it may affect the cryopreservation procedures.Abbreviations: ACE2: angiotensin- converting enzyme 2; ART: assisted reproductive technology; ASRM: American Society for Reproductive Medicine; CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; ESHRE: European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; ET: embryo transfer; FSH: follicle stimulating hormone; IFFS: International Federation of Fertility Societies; IVF: in vitro fertilization; LH: luteinizing hormone; LN: liquid nitrogen; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; T: testosterone; WHO: World Health Organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Anifandis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christina I Messini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Mara Simopoulou
- Department of Physiology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Sveronis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Antonios Garas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Alexandros Daponte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ioannis E Messinis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Abstract
The novel SARS-CoV-2 has spread to virtually all countries of the world infecting millions of people, the medical burden of this disease obviously being enormous. The gonads of both sexes are among the organs that may be affected by COVID-19 and/or may affect the severity of the disease. The clinical spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infection clearly differs between genders. The current evidence indicates that the underlying mechanism of such an interaction could be associated with genetic, hormonal, and immunological differences, as well as with gender differences in such habits as smoking and alcohol use. On the other hand, there are controversies as to how and to what extent the gonads could be affected by COVID-19, possibly impacting upon sex steroids, fertility, and other functions. This review underlines the possible mechanisms that could clarify these questions concerning COVID-19 and the gonads. In addition, reference is made to potential new treatment modalities presently under investigation, these supported by accumulating data published in the recent literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alev Selek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Umuttepe, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Metin Güçlü
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Şinasi Erol Bolu
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Memorial Atasehir Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Cruz M, Requena A. How to provide fertility treatment during COVID-19 pandemic. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2021; 33:159-163. [PMID: 33769422 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0000000000000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The emergence of the novel coronavirus infection that arose in Wuhan, China in December 2019 has resulted in an epidemic that has quickly expanded to become one of the most significant public health threats in recent times. The objective of this review is to summarize how this pandemic has affected the activity of a Reproductive Medicine Center, which established a series of measures in parallel with governments decisions and scientific societies. RECENT FINDINGS The control measures adopted for restarting the healthcare activity should be equitable and inclusive. Moreover, this pandemic has implied changes in treatments and strategies to be alert regarding the daily changing information. Finally, for ensuring a safe practice both for patients and staff, it is important to detect asymptomatic patients, so Reproductive Medicine centers must take special care with screening and testing procedures. SUMMARY The pandemic has pushed up toward a new reality in terms of Assisted Reproductive treatments, where social distance and responsibility are protagonists. We face a new challenge of balancing between responding to the committed efforts of infertile couples to achieve pregnancy and safeguarding the health of the future parents and their children during this time of pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Cruz
- IVI Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is an unexpected worldwide situation, and all countries have implemented their own policies to curb the spread of the virus. The pathophysiology of COVID-19 has opened numerous hypotheses of functional alterations in different physiological aspects. The direct impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the urogenital organs of males and females is still to be assessed. Nevertheless, based on biological similarities between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, several hypotheses have been proposed. In this study, we will discuss the possible mechanism of action, and potential effects on the male/female reproductive system and fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akash S Mali
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague Czech Republic
| | - Madhuri Magdum
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Samata Hospital, Dombiwali (MH), India
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Ding T, Wang T, Zhang J, Cui P, Chen Z, Zhou S, Yuan S, Ma W, Zhang M, Rong Y, Chang J, Miao X, Ma X, Wang S. Analysis of Ovarian Injury Associated With COVID-19 Disease in Reproductive-Aged Women in Wuhan, China: An Observational Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:635255. [PMID: 33816526 PMCID: PMC8017139 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.635255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study was intended to investigate the relationship between COVID-19 disease and ovarian function in reproductive-aged women. Methods: Female COVID-19 patients of reproductive age were recruited between January 28 and March 8, 2020 from Tongji Hospital in Wuhan. Their baseline and clinical characteristics, as well as menstrual conditions, were recorded. Differentials in ovarian reserve markers and sex hormones (including anti-Müllerian hormone [AMH], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], the ratio of FSH to luteinizing hormone [LH], estradiol [E2], progesterone [P], testosterone [T], and prolactin [PRL] were compared to those of healthy women who were randomly selected and individually matched for age, region, and menstrual status. Uni- and multi-variable hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with ovarian function in COVID-19 women. Results: Seventy eight patients agreed to be tested for serum hormone, of whom 17 (21.79%) were diagnosed as the severe group and 39 (50%) were in the basal level group. Menstrual status (P = 0.55), menstrual volumes (P = 0.066), phase of menstrual cycle (P = 0.58), and dysmenorrhea history (P = 0.12) were similar without significant differences between non-severe and severe COVID-19 women. Significant lower serum AMH level/proportion (0.19/0.28 vs. 1.12 ng/ml, P = 0.003/0.027; AMH ≤
1.1 ng/ml: 75/70.4 vs. 49.7%, P = 0.009/0.004), higher serum T (0.38/0.39 vs. 0.22 ng/ml, P < 0.001/0.001) and PRL (25.43/24.10 vs. 12.12 ng/ml, P < 0.001/0.001) levels were observed in basal level and the all-COVID-19 group compared with healthy age-matched control. When adjusted for age, menstrual status and parity variations in multivariate hierarchical linear regression analysis, COVID-19 disease was significantly associated with serum AMH (β = −0.191; 95% CI: −1.177–0.327; P = 0.001), T (β = 0.411; 95% CI: 11.154–22.709; P < 0.001), and PRL (β = 0.497; 95% CI: 10.787–20.266; P < 0.001), suggesting an independent risk factor for ovarian function, which accounted for 3.2% of the decline in AMH, 14.3% of the increase in T, and 20.7% of the increase in PRL. Conclusion: Ovarian injury, including declined ovarian reserve and reproductive endocrine disorder, can be observed in women with COVID-19. More attention should be paid to their ovarian function under this pandemic, especially regarding reproductive-aged women. Clinical Trial Number: ChiCTR2000030015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Su Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Suzhen Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqing Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Minli Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueguang Rong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Chang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangyi Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Synowiec A, Szczepański A, Barreto-Duran E, Lie LK, Pyrc K. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a Systemic Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00133-20. [PMID: 33441314 PMCID: PMC7849242 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00133-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, seven identified coronaviruses (CoVs) have been found to infect humans; of these, three highly pathogenic variants have emerged in the 21st century. The newest member of this group, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first detected at the end of 2019 in Hubei province, China. Since then, this novel coronavirus has spread worldwide, causing a pandemic; the respiratory disease caused by the virus is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic to mild respiratory tract infections and influenza-like illness to severe disease with accompanying lung injury, multiorgan failure, and death. Although the lungs are believed to be the site at which SARS-CoV-2 replicates, infected patients often report other symptoms, suggesting the involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, heart, cardiovascular system, kidneys, and other organs; therefore, the following question arises: is COVID-19 a respiratory or systemic disease? This review aims to summarize existing data on the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in different tissues in both patients and ex vivo models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Synowiec
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur Szczepański
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Emilia Barreto-Duran
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Laurensius Kevin Lie
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Absence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus) within the IVF laboratory using strict patient screening and safety criteria. Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 42:1067-1074. [PMID: 33814309 PMCID: PMC7937039 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Research question Is there a risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral exposure and potential cross-contamination from follicular fluid, culture media and vitrification solution within the IVF laboratory using strict patient screening and safety measures? Design This was a prospective clinical study. All women undergoing transvaginal oocyte retrieval were required to have a negative SARS-CoV-2 RNA test 3–5 days prior to the procedure. Male partners were not tested. All cases used intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The first tube of follicular fluid aspirated during oocyte retrieval, drops of media following removal of the embryos on day 5, and vitrification solution after blastocyst cryopreservation were analysed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Results In total, medium from 61 patients, vitrification solution from 200 patients and follicular fluid from 300 patients was analysed. All samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA. Conclusions With stringent safety protocols in place, including testing of women and symptom-based screening of men, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in follicular fluid, medium or vitrification solution. This work demonstrates the possibility of implementing a rapid laboratory screening assay for SARS-CoV-2 and has implications for safe laboratory operations, including cryostorage recommendations.
Collapse
|
99
|
Abstract
The novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus. Because of the novelty of the COVID-19 pandemic, few data are available on the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 on the different endocrine glands. Previous studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) have shown a harmful effect on endocrine function. Notably, the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor, which is the entry route of coronaviruses to the host cell, is widely expressed in the endocrine organs including testis, endocrine pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal, and pituitary glands. Clinical and biochemical manifestations have been recorded in COVID-19 patients resulting in changes in endocrine activities, which were also recorded during the SARS outbreak in 2003. This review aims to explore the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the function of endocrine glands, based on the latest research in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adel Abdel-Moneim
- Molecular Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hosni
- Molecular Physiology Division, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Hashem NM, Abdelnour SA, Alhimaidi AR, Swelum AA. Potential impacts of COVID-19 on reproductive health: Scientific findings and social dimension. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:1702-1712. [PMID: 33519273 PMCID: PMC7831751 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 virus is classified as a respiratory disease that can be mainly transmitted via respiratory droplets, however, there are recently published reports suggested its ability to transmit via sexual intercourse, assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments, pregnancy, and nursing. Although SARS-CoV-2 mainly attacks respiratory systems, manifestations of multiple organs have been detected. A significant concern was raised about whether COVID-19 may affect female and male reproductive functions. These findings imposed more restrictions on social relationships between individuals even if inside the family, adding more physiologic load. In this context, there is a crucial need to identify the biological and behavioral reproductive risk factors associated with COVID-19 disease. Questions regarding the potential risks of sexual transmission during intercourse and/or application of ART, vertical transmission (throughout pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding), the health of pregnant and postpartum women, and fetal or postnatal health problems of neonates/children remain largely unanswered. The contribution of individuals to different social and economic activities depends on the maintenance of good quality life and health. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic raised on the end of December 2019 has drastically affected different aspects of human wellbeing. The pandemic not only affected the health of individuals, but also negatively affected mental health and social interaction. This review illustrates: a) scientific findings related to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the reproductive process, considering gender, hormonal balance, gonad functions, pregnancy, and ART, b) the sociosexual dimension of COVID-19 disease and precautions that should be taken to avoid infection via sexual transmission or vertical transmission, which may alleviate the fear associated with continuing normal social relationships and economic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nesrein M. Hashem
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt
| | - Sameh A. Abdelnour
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmad R. Alhimaidi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|