The marijuana, cannabinoids, and female reproductive system

The marijuana is considered as widely used recreational illicit drug that has become popular among women of reproductive age. It is believed that the marijuana use may have negative impacts on the female fertility. However, the exact mechanisms of its reproductive toxicity remain unclear. The studies suggest that the exogenous cannabinoids may interfere with endocannabinoid system and disrupt hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis. Consequently, it impacts the female fertility by disruption of normal secretion of ovarian sex hormones and menstrual cycles. However, other studies have shown that medical marijuana is useful analgesic agent for pain management. But, given that the wide range of cannabinoids side effects are reported, it seems that caution should be taken in the recreational use of these substances. In summary, this article aimed to review the possible impacts of marijuana and its derivatives on the main female reproductive organs and embryonic growth and development.

Therapeutic effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L) on female reproductive system disorders: A systematic review

The effect of Crocus sativus on several disorders has been discussed or even confirmed, but the efficacy of this herb on the female reproductive system has not been well presented. In this regard, this systematic review comprehensively discussed the efficacy of C. sativus and its main phytochemical compounds on the female reproductive system and its disorders for the first time. In this systematic review, scientific databases, including PubMed, Web of Sciences, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Scientific Information Database, were explored profoundly. In vivo, in vitro, and human studies published until the end of July 2023, which had investigated the pharmacological properties of C. sativus, crocin, crocetin, safranal, or picrocrocin on the female reproductive system, were selected. A total of 50 studies conducted on the effect of C. sativus on the female reproductive system were acquired. These studies confirmed the efficacy of C. sativus or its main phytochemical ingredients in several aspects of the female reproductive system, including regulation of sex hormones, folliculogenesis, ovulation, and protection of the ovary and uterus against several oxidative stress. Several retrieved studies indicated that this herb also can alleviate the symptoms of patients suffering from dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, menopause, polycystic ovary disease (PCOD), and sexual dysfunction. Furthermore, it is a promising candidate for future studies or even trials regarding ovarian and cervical cancers. This review concluded that C. sativus can improve the symptoms of several female reproductive system disorders, which is particularly due to the presence of phytochemical ingredients, such as crocin, crocetin, and safranal.

Effect of COVID-19 on Menstruation and Lower Reproductive Tract Health

Background

To evaluate the dynamically impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the female reproductive system.

Methods

An online survey was shared to women of reproductive age who had been infected with COVID-19 and recovered in China between January and March 2023.

Results

In total, 610 women of childbearing age completed the menstrual component of the survey and 82.6% (n=504) women self-purchased medications without hospitalization. 254 women were menstruating during COVID-19 infection. 66.9% of them reported changes in menstruation, including cycle length (64.7%), menstrual flow (72.4%), and duration (53%), compared to pre-COVID-19. COVID-19-related chest tightness (OR: 9.5; 95% CI: 1.9-46.3), COVID-19-related stress (OR: 18.4; 95% CI: 1.4-249.7), and COVID-19-related low mood (OR: 6.2; 95% CI: 1.4-28.2) were associated with these menstrual changes. However, over 73% of women who menstruated during and after COVID-19 regained their pre-infection menstrual cycle (73%), duration (79.6%), and flow (75.2%) during their first menstruation after COVID-19 recovery. Compared to pre-infection, 19.7% (n=124) women reported changes in lower reproductive tract during COVID-19, including volume and color of vaginal discharge, vulvar pruritus, and vaginitis. These changes were significantly increased in those with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease (OR: 12.1; 95% CI: 3.1-48.2), ovarian cysts (OR: 4.9; 95% CI: 1.2-19.4), and vaginitis (OR: 5.5; 95% CI: 2.1-14.4) prior to COVID-19. However, 52.4% reported that their lower reproductive tract health had returned to its pre-infection within the first month after recovery from COVID-19, while 73.5% reported a return to the pre-infection within 2 months.

Conclusion

Changes in menstruation and lower reproductive tract associated with COVID-19 are transient. Menstruation and lower reproductive tract health will gradually return to pre-COVID-19 status within 2 months of recovery, which can help alleviate excessive concerns about the effects of COVID-19 on the reproductive system.

Destination integration: linking physiology, histology, and embryology content in foundational sciences

Anatomy and physiology are tightly linked disciplines that complement each other, however, in medical education delivery of this content is often siloed and divided. To address this, we created combined anatomy and physiology content for the female reproductive system, and team-taught designated histology and embryology topics integrated with the physiology content. Collectively, this created a more holistic incorporation of topics for student learning. Here we describe the format and approach for this teaching innovation.

Analysis of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Levels in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the Context of Hormonal and Metabolic Alterations and Across the Classical Phenotypes

Introduction: Ovarian folliculogenesis requires a fine balance between extra- and intra-ovarian factors. Endocannabinoids are found in the female reproductive system and are essential for a normal follicular growing process and ovulation. First, our study aimed to analyze levels of the endocannabinoid-2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to compare with healthy controls. In addition, the study aimed to explore the association of 2-AG with hormonal and metabolic alterations, ovulatory dysfunction, and the presence of polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) across the classical PCOS phenotypes. Methods: Fifty-four women with PCOS were compared with 26 healthy controls. PCOS patients were diagnosed and phenotyped according to the Rotterdam criteria. Further analyses were performed with the classical PCOS phenotypes A and B comprising hyperandrogenism with oligo-anovulation with or without PCOM, respectively. Full medical history, clinical investigations, anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests, and ultrasound investigations were carried out in the follicular phase. Serum levels of 2-AG were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: PCOS patients (n=54) and healthy controls (n=26) showed similar metabolic parameters and anthropometric characteristics. PCOS patients were more hirsute than healthy women (p=0.001). Luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio and serum levels of androgens were significantly higher in the patient than in the control group (p=0.035, p<0.001, respectively). Free androgen index was also higher in the patient group (p=0.002). Serum levels of 2-AG did not significantly differ when comparing all PCOS patients versus healthy controls; however, further analysis of individual phenotype groups revealed that 2-AG levels in PCOS patients with phenotyope A (n=30) were significantly lower when compared with PCOS patients with phenotype B (n=20) and healthy controls (n=26). Conclusion: Serum levels of 2-AG were similar between PCOS patients and healthy controls. Nevertheless, phenotype A PCOS patients had significantly lower levels of the endocannabinoid compared with phenotype B patients and healthy controls. Collectively, these results suggest that overall serum levels of 2-AG are not a diagnostic marker for PCOS; however, their altered secretion or activity may influence normal follicular processes.

Systematic Sampling of the Female Reproductive System for Molecular Characterization

As part of the National Institutes of Health Human BioMolecular Atlas Program to develop a global platform to map the 37 trillion cells in the adult human body, we are generating a comprehensive molecular characterization of the female reproductive system. Data gathered from multiple single-cell/single-nucleus and spatial molecular assays will be used to build a 3D molecular atlas. Herein, we describe our multistep protocol, beginning with an optimized organ procurement workflow that maintains functional characteristics of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes by perfusing these organs with preservation solution. We have also developed a structured tissue sampling procedure that retains information on individual-level anatomic, physiologic, and individual diversity of the female reproductive system, toward full exploration of the function and structure of female reproductive cells. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation and preservation of the female reproductive system (ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus) prior to procurement Basic Protocol 2: Removal of the female reproductive system en bloc Basic Protocol 3: Postsurgical dissection of ovaries Basic Protocol 4: Postsurgical dissection of fallopian tubes Basic Protocol 5: Postsurgical dissection of cervix Basic Protocol 6: Postsurgical dissection of uterine body Support Protocol 1: OCT-embedded tissue protocol Support Protocol 2: Tissue fixation protocol Support Protocol 3: Snap-frozen tissue protocol Basic Protocol 7: Tissue slice preparation for Visium analysis Support Protocol 4: Hematoxylin and eosin staining for 10X Visium imaging Basic Protocol 8: Manual tissue dissociation for Multiome analysis Basic Protocol 9: Tissue dissociation for Multiome analysis using S2 Singulator.

Effects of N6-methyladenosine modification on the function of the female reproductive system

In recent years, the rate of female infertility in China has been increasing, posing an urgent challenge to improve fertility. A healthy reproductive system is essential for successful reproduction, and N⁶-methyladenosine (m⁶A) is the most abundant chemical modification in eukaryotes and plays a critical role in cellular processes. Recent studies have shown that m⁶A modifications also have a keying effect in various physiological and pathological processes in the female reproductive system, although their regulatory mechanisms and biological functions remain unclear. In this review, we first introduce the reversible regulatory mechanisms of m⁶A and its functions, discuss the role of m⁶A in female reproductive function and disorders of the reproductive system, and present recent advances in m⁶A detection technologies and methods. Our review provides new insights into the biological role of m⁶A and its potential application in the treatment of female reproductive disorders.

COVID-19-The Shift of Homeostasis into Oncopathology or Chronic Fibrosis in Terms of Female Reproductive System Involvement

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus remains a global public health concern due to the systemic nature of the infection and its long-term consequences, many of which remain to be elucidated. SARS-CoV-2 targets endothelial cells and blood vessels, altering the tissue microenvironment, its secretion, immune-cell subpopulations, the extracellular matrix, and the molecular composition and mechanical properties. The female reproductive system has high regenerative potential, but can accumulate damage, including due to SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 is profibrotic and can change the tissue microenvironment toward an oncogenic niche. This makes COVID-19 and its consequences one of the potential regulators of a homeostasis shift toward oncopathology and fibrosis in the tissues of the female reproductive system. We are looking at SARS-CoV-2-induced changes at all levels in the female reproductive system.

The Structure of the Female Genital System of the Diving Beetle Scarodytes halensis (Fabricius, 1787) (Hydroporinae, Dytiscidae), and the Organization of the Spermatheca and the Spermathecal Gland Complex

The fine structure of the female reproductive organs of the diving beetle Scarodytes halensis has been described, with particular attention to the complex organization of the spermatheca and the spermathecal gland. These organs are fused in a single structure whose epithelium is involved in a quite different activity. The secretory cells of the spermathecal gland have a large extracellular cistern with secretions; duct-forming cells, by their efferent duct, transport the secretions up to the apical cell region where they are discharged into the gland lumen. On the contrary, the spermatheca, filled with sperm, has a quite simple epithelium, apparently not involved in secretory activity. The ultrastructure of the spermatheca is almost identical to that described in a closely related species Stictonectes optatus. Sc. halensis has a long spermathecal duct connecting the bursa copulatrix to the spermatheca-spermathecal gland complex. This duct has a thick outer layer of muscle cells. Through muscle contractions, sperm can be pushed forwarding up to the complex of the two organs. A short fertilization duct allows sperm to reach the common oviduct where eggs will be fertilized. The different organization of the genital systems of Sc. halensis and S. optatus might be related to a different reproductive strategy of the two species.

Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma within an Endometriotic Cyst in the Mesosalpinx: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Endometriosis-related neoplasms may arise within endometriotic cysts of organs of the female genital tract or other organ systems. Herein, we present a case of endometrioid adenocarcinoma arising within an endometriotic cyst in the mesosalpinx. A 27-year-old single female presented to the clinic with a history of right hypochondrial pain. Pelvic MRI revealed a bulky uterus with three intramural uterine fibroids and a complex cyst in the mesosalpinx. The excised cyst showed predominantly confluent growth of relatively well-defined glands resembling proliferative-phase endometrium in a background of endometriosis. The tumor was diagnosed as endometrioid adenocarcinoma within an endometriotic cyst, pathologic stage pT1a. She was referred to the oncology team, where a positron emission tomography scan showed unremarkable results. Although these neoplasms have been reported in various locations within the female genital tract, endometrioid adenocarcinoma arising from endometriosis in the mesosalpinx is seldom reported.

Glyphosate effects on the female reproductive systems: a systematic review

Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are organophosphate pesticides, which interrupt the chemicals involved in the endocrine system and cause lifelong disorders in women's reproductive system. The current study was designed to systematically evaluate the association between GBH exposure and the female reproductive tract. According to PRISMA Guidelines, the systematic review was performed, searching online databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, throughout April 2020. Studies with Rodent, lamb, and fish or exposed to GBH to affect the female reproductive system were selected. All studies were in the English language. Two investigators independently assessed the articles. The first author's name, publication date, animal model, age, sample size, gender, dose, duration, and route of exposure and outcomes were extracted from each publication. The present review summarizes 14 publications on uterus alterations and oocytes, histological changes ovary, and assessed mRNA expression, protein expression, serum levels progesterone, and estrogen and intracellular Reaction Oxygen Species (ROS) in rodents, fish, and lamb exposed to GHB exposure. Most of the studies reported histological changes in ovarian and uterus tissue, alterations in serum levels, and increased oxidative stress level following exposure to GBH. Additionally, due to alterations in the reproductive systems (e.g., histomorphological changes, reduction of the mature follicles, higher atretic follicles, and interstitial fibrosis), it seems the GBH-induced female these alterations are both dose- and time-dependent. The present findings support an association between GBH exposure and female reproductive system diseases. However, more studies are needed to identify the mechanisms disrupting the effects of GBH and their underlying mechanisms. Considering the current literature, it is recommended that further investigations be focused on the possible effects of various pesticides on the human reproductive system.

Advanced bioengineering of female germ cells to preserve fertility

Oogenesis and folliculogenesis are considered as complex and species-specific cellular differentiation processes, which depend on the in vivo ovarian follicular environment and endocrine cues. Considerable efforts have been devoted to driving the differentiation of female primordial germ cells toward mature oocytes outside of the body. The recent experimental attempts have laid stress on offering a suitable microenvironment to assist the in vitro folliculogenesis and oogenesis. Despite developing a variety of bioengineering techniques and generating functional mature gametes through in vitro oogenesis in earlier studies, we still lack knowledge of appropriate microenvironment conditions for building biomimetic culture systems for female fertility preservation. Therefore, this review paper can provide a source for a large body of scientists developing cutting-edge in vitro culture systems for female germ cells or setting up the next generation of reproductive medicine as feasible options for female infertility treatment. The focal point of this review outlines advanced bioengineering technologies such as 3D biofabricated hydrogels/scaffolds and microfluidic systems utilized with female germlines for fertility preservation through in vitro folliculogenesis and oogenesis.

The Effects of Prenatal and Lactational Bisphenol A and/or Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate Exposure on Female Reproductive System

Bisphenol A (BPA) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) which are abundantly used in polyvinyl chloride plastics, polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Prenatal and early postnatal exposures to EDCs are suggested to be more critical. Such exposures can lead to reprotoxic effects, hormonal and metabolic consequences in adulthood. Moreover, combined exposure to different EDCs can lead to more serious adverse effects, some of which cannot be predicted by examining their individual toxicity profiles. This study aimed to evaluate effects of single and combined prenatal and lactational exposures to BPA and/or DEHP on female reproductive hormones and ovarian follicle development. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly to four groups (n = 3/group): Control (received vehicle only); DEHP (30 mg/kg/day); BPA (50 mg/kg/day) and BPA + DEHP (30 mg/kg/day DEHP; 50 mg/kg/day BPA) through 6-21 gestational days and lactation by intra-gastric lavage. Female offspring (n = 6/group) were fed until the end of twelfth postnatal week and then euthanized. Reproductive hormones, ovarian follicle numbers and ovarian development were determined. Plasma testosterone and estradiol levels of BPA and BPA + DEHP groups were significantly lower than control. In BPA group, the number of tertiary ovarian follicles decreased significantly compared to control. In the combined exposure group, the number of corpus luteum (29%) as well as the number of primordial follicles (36%) showed marked decreases compared to control group.It can be suggested that early life exposure to BPA and DEHP may cause late life adverse effects in female reproductive system especially after combined exposure.

Ultrastructural Changes in the Ovariole of Isophya nervosa Ramme, 1931 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) and Egg Morphology

This study was conducted to assess the morphology of eggs and histology of the ovaries in female Isophya nervosa Ramme, 1931 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). While the egg morphology of I. nervosa was studied and examined by a stereomicroscope, a light microscope, and a scanning electron microscope, respectively, the morphology and histology of the ovary of this species were studied and examined by a stereomicroscope, a light microscope, a scanning electron microscope, and a transmission electron microscope, respectively. We found that the adult female had two pairs of ovaries, lateral oviduct, common oviduct, and spermatheca. Morphological study of the ovariole revealed that it is categorized under panoistic type of ovariole which is divided into three regions, the terminal filament, the germarium, and the vitellarium. We also observed that the eggs in I. nervosa have an ellipsoidal shape and are brown in color. Three different layers such as extrachorion, exochorion, and endochorion were observed. When the egg morphology is examined, it is understood that the surface pattern of the egg and the features of the micropylar areas may be distinguishing characters at the subfamily level, in addition to known classical taxonomic characters.

Burden of breast and gynecological cancers in Tunisia between 1990 and 2030: Trend and projection

AIM

To describe the burden of breast and gynecological cancers in Tunisia in 2017, to analyze the trend between 1990 and 2017 and to performit's prediction by 2030.

METHODS

This was a study using data estimated by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) for years of life by breast cancer and gynecological cancers: ovary, cervix and uterus (endometrium and other unspecified parts of the uterus) in Tunisia in 2017.The trend analysis of age standardized DALYrate between 1990 and 2017 was analyzed by using Join Point software.The projection of number of DALY and YLL by 2030 was conducted by SPSS software using Age-Period-Cohort (APC) models.

RESULTS

In 2017, the age standardized DALYs rate for breast and gynecological cancers was 538.5/100,000 women. Breast cancer proved observed the highest rate of standardized DALY rate with 378.5/100,000 women followed by ovarian cancer (rate standardized DALY=72.7/100,000 women).The standardized DALY rate increased between 1990 and 2017 except for cervix cancer and uterine cancer which have been on a downward trend. According to the same conditions between 1990 and 2017, the age standardized DALY rate in 2030 will reach 674.6/100,000 women (95% CI=667.2/100,000-682.1/100,000).

CONCLUSION

Strengthening prevention strategy against cancer in general and women's cancers in particularis strongly recommended to reduce cancer burden and to changeits trend.

The Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Female Fertility: A Review of the Literature

As the coronavirus pandemic is far from ending, more questions regarding the female reproductive system, particularly fertility issues, arise. The purpose of this paper is to bring light upon the possible link between COVID-19 and women’s reproductive health. This review emphasizes the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the hormones, endometrium and menstrual cycle, ovarian reserve, follicular fluid, oocytes, and embryos. The results showed that endometrial samples did not express SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Regarding the menstrual cycle, there is a large range of alterations, but they were all reversible within the following months. The ovarian reserve was not significantly affected in patients recovering from both mild and severe infection in most cases, except one, where the levels of AMH were significantly lower and basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were increased. All COVID-19 recovered patients had positive levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgG in the follicular fluid. The amount of retrieved and mature oocytes and the fertilization rate were unharmed in three studies, except for one study, where the quantity of retrieved and mature oocytes was reduced in patients with higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The numbers of blastocysts, top-quality embryos, and euploid embryos were affected in most of the studies reviewed.

Progress of Adipokines in the Female Reproductive System: A Focus on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Adipose tissue, one type of loose connective tissue in the human body, maintains the primary task of energy storage. Adipose tissue is not only an energy reservoir but also plays a vital role as the largest endocrine organ of the whole body via releasing a variety of adipokines, which participate in many pathophysiological processes, such as energy metabolism regulation, glucose and lipid metabolism, and inflammation. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder that mainly involves the female reproductive system, affecting women of childbearing age particularly. Insulin resistance (IR) and hyperandrogenemia (HA) have been implicated as a critical link involving the etiology and outcome of PCOS. A great deal of studies has bridged the gap between adipokines (such as Adiponectin, Chemerin, Metrnl, Apelin, Resistin, Visfatin, Leptin, Vaspin, Lipocalin 2, and Omentin) and reproductive fitness. In this review, we will focus on the adipokines' functions on PCOS and come up with some points of view on the basis of current research.

Essentiality of Trace Elements in Pregnancy, Fertility, and Gynecologic Cancers-A State-of-the-Art Review

Gynecological neoplasms pose a serious threat to women's health. It is estimated that in 2020, there were nearly 1.3 million new cases worldwide, from which almost 50% ended in death. The most commonly diagnosed are cervical and endometrial cancers; when it comes to infertility, it affects ~48.5 million couples worldwide and the number is continually rising. Ageing of the population, environmental factors such as dietary habits, environmental pollutants and increasing prevalence of risk factors may affect the reproductive potential in women. Therefore, in order to identify potential risk factors for these issues, attention has been drawn to trace elements. Trace mineral imbalances can be caused by a variety of causes, starting with hereditary diseases, finishing with an incorrect diet or exposure to polluted air or water. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding trace elements imbalances in the case of gynecologic cancers as well as female fertility and during pregnancy.

Ovary Structure and Oogenesis of Trypophloeus klimeschi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Simple Summary

Coleoptera is the largest animal taxon, with many species being agricultural and forest pests. The phylogeny of these species has aroused great interest among scientists. The characteristics of ovariole structure and ultrastructure are useful for phylogenetic work, especially with the improvement of micro technology in recent years. The types of ovarioles are varied. Usually, each family conforms to one type or another. However, in this study, we report on the ovaries of Trypophloeus klimeschi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), and find a different ovariole type from that of other known species of Curculionidae. We describe the features of the female reproductive system, ovary and oogenesis of T. klimeschi and also compare these features with those found in other Curculionidae. This study provides novel information on the reproductive biology of the Curculionidae.

Abstract

The female reproductive system, ovary structure and ultrastructure of Trypophloeus klimeschi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) were investigated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Its female reproductive system is comprised of two ovaries (each ovary has two ovarioles), lateral oviducts, common oviduct, spermathecal sac, spermathecal pump, two accessory glands and bursa copulatrix. Well-developed endoplasmic reticulum can be clearly seen in the secretory cells of spermathecal sac. This species has telotrophic meroistic ovarioles that are comprised of terminal filament, tropharium, vitellarium and pedicel. The terminal filaments are simple; each is comprised of cellular peritoneal sheath. The presence of several clusters of nurse cells in the tropharium is indicative that its ovarioles conform to the transition stage. This indicates that there are at least two different types (transition stage and secondary stage) of ovarioles in Curculionidae.

The Role of BMP Signaling in Female Reproductive System Development and Function

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of multifunctional growth factors that belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins. Originally identified by their ability to induce bone formation, they are now known as essential signaling molecules that regulate the development and function of the female reproductive system (FRS). Several BMPs play key roles in aspects of reproductive system development. BMPs have also been described to be involved in the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into reproductive system tissues or organoids. The role of BMPs in the reproductive system is still poorly understood and the use of FRS tissue or organoids generated from hPSCs would provide a powerful tool for the study of FRS development and the generation of new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of FRS diseases. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about BMP signaling in FRS development and function.

Studies on the Stenothemusharmandi species-group (Coleoptera, Cantharidae), with descriptions of two new species from China

Background

The Stenothemusharmandi species-group has 10 species at present. They are S.harmandi (Bourgeois, 1902) (located in N. India, Nepal); S.holosericus Švihla, 2005, S.orbiculatus Švihla, 2005 and S.subnitidus Švihla, 2005 (N. India); S.distortirudis Y. Yang & X. Yang, 2014, S.laticollis Y. Yang & X. Yang, 2014, S.parallelus Y. Yang & X. Yang, 2014 and S.septimus Y. Yang & X. Yang, 2014 (China: Xizang); S.fugongensis Y. Yang & X. Yang, 2014 (China: Yunnan) and S.leishanensis Y. Yang & X. Yang, 2014 (China: Guizhou). In the present study, two previously-known species are classified into this species-group, S.dentatus Wittmer, 1974 and S.alexandrae Švihla, 2004, of which the latter as a subspecies of the former is upgraded to the specific level and another two new species are discovered and described.

New information

Two new species of the Stenothemusharmandi species-group are described, S.acuticollissp. n. (China: Yunnan) and S.nigricolorsp. n. (China: Xizang), which are illustrated with habitus photos and aedeagi of males, abdominal sternites VIII and internal genitalia of females. S.alexandrae Švihla, 2004 stat. n. is upgraded from a subspecies of S.dentatus Wittmer, 1974 and the two species are classified into this species-group. Characters of the female reproductive system are described for the first time for the following species: S.distortirudis Y. Yang & X. Yang, 2014; S.laticollis Y. Yang & X. Yang, 2014; S.leishanensis Y. Yang & X. Yang, 2014; S.orbiculatus Švihla, 2005; S.septimus Y. Yang & X. Yang, 2014 and S.subnitidus Švihla, 2005. Meanwhile, some additional distribution information is added for previously-described species. A key for the identification of all species is updated.

Educational Case: High-Grade Serous Carcinoma of the Ovary

The following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a set of national standards for teaching pathology. These are divided into three basic competencies: Disease Mechanisms and Processes, Organ System Pathology, and Diagnostic Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology. For additional information, and a full list of learning objectives for all three competencies, seehttp://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2374289517715040.¹.

Augmentation of the Female Reproductive System Using Honey: A Mini Systematic Review

Phytochemical contents of honey are presumed to be beneficial to the female reproductive system (FRS). However, the biological effects of honey supplementation (HS) in vivo on the FRS remain unclear. This review aims to investigate the current literature on the effects of HS on the FRS, particularly on the sex hormone profile and reproductive organs (uterus and vagina). A systematic literature search using Scopus, MEDLINE via Ovid and Cochrane Library databases was conducted. Records were screened and identified for preclinical and clinical studies addressing the effects of HS on the FRS. Data on populations, interventions, outcomes and methodological quality were extracted. Studies were synthesised using tables and written summaries. Of the 198 identified records, six fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All six records were used for data extraction: two experimental studies using rats as the model organism and four human clinical studies of honey on female reproductive health. HS elevated the progesterone levels, restrained body weight increase, prevented uterine and vaginal atrophies in ovariectomised rats, attenuated symptoms of candidiasis and improved oxidative status in patients. Current evidence shows that short-term HS following surgical or physiological menopause exerts an oestrogenic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect on the FRS. However, insufficient long-term studies preclude any definitive conclusions.

The Emerging Roles of π Subunit-Containing GABAA Receptors in Different Cancers

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in both developed and developing countries. Due to its heterogenous nature, it occurs in various regions of the body and often goes undetected until later stages of disease progression. Feasible treatment options are limited because of the invasive nature of cancer and often result in detrimental side-effects and poor survival rates. Therefore, recent studies have attempted to identify aberrant expression levels of previously undiscovered proteins in cancer, with the hope of developing better diagnostic tools and pharmaceutical options. One class of such targets is the π-subunit-containing γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. Although these receptors were discovered more than 20 years ago, there is limited information available. They possess atypical functional properties and are expressed in several non-neuronal tissues. Prior studies have highlighted the role of these receptors in the female reproductive system. New research focusing on the higher expression levels of these receptors in ovarian, breast, gastric, cervical, and pancreatic cancers, their physiological function in healthy individuals, and their pro-tumorigenic effects in these cancer types is reviewed here.

The Relevance of Aquaporins for the Physiology, Pathology, and Aging of the Female Reproductive System in Mammals

Aquaporins constitute a group of water channel proteins located in numerous cell types. These are pore-forming transmembrane proteins, which mediate the specific passage of water molecules through membranes. It is well-known that water homeostasis plays a crucial role in different reproductive processes, e.g., oocyte transport, hormonal secretion, completion of successful fertilization, blastocyst formation, pregnancy, and birth. Further, aquaporins are involved in the process of spermatogenesis, and they have been reported to be involved during the storage of spermatozoa. It is noteworthy that aquaporins are relevant for the physiological function of specific parts in the female reproductive system, which will be presented in detail in the first section of this review. Moreover, they are relevant in different pathologies in the female reproductive system. The contribution of aquaporins in selected reproductive disorders and aging will be summarized in the second section of this review, followed by a section dedicated to aquaporin-related proteins. Since the relevance of aquaporins for the male reproductive system has been reviewed several times in the recent past, this review aims to provide an update on the distribution and impact of aquaporins only in the female reproductive system. Therefore, this paper seeks to determine the physiological and patho-physiological relevance of aquaporins on female reproduction, and female reproductive aging.

Development of a Physiological Age-Grading System for Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The southern green stink bug (SGSB), Nezara viridula (L.), is an important agricultural pest in the United States. Limited information is available on the morphology of the female's reproductive system in relation to morphological changes associated with the number of eggs produced and egg masses oviposited. The ability to assess reproductive health and reproductive status based on ovarian morphology (i.e., physiological age-grading) can be an important tool for evaluating field populations and laboratory colonies intended for the application of different management strategies and experimental trials. Thus, the goal of this study was to develop a physiological age-grading system for SGSB. Females aged from 0 to 79 d chronologically randomly selected from laboratory colonies and dissected to assess ovarian morphology. Specific morphological differences in ovarian structures including differentiation of the ovarioles, deposition of yolk in the most proximal follicle, quantity and appearance of follicular relics, expansion of the lateral oviducts, and number of developing follicles per ovariole were related to chronological age, the number of eggs produced and number of egg masses. Based on specific combinations of these morphological characteristics, the continuum of ovarian development was divided into three nulliparous (i.e., 'no eggs'; N1, N2, and N3) and three parous stages (i.e., 'with eggs'; P1, P2, and P3). Direct relationships were noted between number of eggs produced and physiological age with over 7-fold higher number of eggs and 14-fold higher number of egg masses associated with the P2 and P3 stages, respectively.

Potential influence of COVID-19/ACE2 on the female reproductive system

The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) appeared in December 2019 and then spread throughout the world rapidly. The virus invades the target cell by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 and modulates the expression of ACE2 in host cells. ACE2, a pivotal component of the renin-angiotensin system, exerts its physiological functions by modulating the levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang-(1-7). We reviewed the literature that reported the distribution and function of ACE2 in the female reproductive system, hoping to clarify the potential harm of 2019-nCoV to female fertility. The available evidence suggests that ACE2 is widely expressed in the ovary, uterus, vagina and placenta. Therefore, we believe that apart from droplets and contact transmission, the possibility of mother-to-child and sexual transmission also exists. Ang II, ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) regulate follicle development and ovulation, modulate luteal angiogenesis and degeneration, and also influence the regular changes in endometrial tissue and embryo development. Taking these functions into account, 2019-nCoV may disturb the female reproductive functions through regulating ACE2.

Microbiota and Human Reproduction: The Case of Female Infertility

During the last decade, the availability of next-generation sequencing-based approaches has revealed the presence of microbial communities in almost all the human body, including the reproductive tract. As for other body sites, this resident microbiota has been involved in the maintenance of a healthy status. As a consequence, alterations due to internal or external factors may lead to microbial dysbiosis and to the development of pathologies. Female reproductive microbiota has also been suggested to affect infertility, and it may play a key role in the success of assisted reproductive technologies, such as embryo implantation and pregnancy care. While the vaginal microbiota is well described, the uterine microbiota is underexplored. This could be due to technical issues, as the uterus is a low biomass environment. Here, we review the state of the art regarding the role of the female reproductive system microbiota in women's health and human reproduction, highlighting its contribution to infertility.

Educational Case: Ectopic Pregnancy

The following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a set of national standards for teaching pathology. These are divided into three basic competencies: Disease Mechanisms and Processes, Organ System Pathology, and Diagnostic Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology. For additional information, and a full list of learning objectives for all three competencies, seehttp://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2374289517715040.¹

A New World of Biomarkers and Therapeutics for Female Reproductive System and Breast Cancers: Circular RNAs

As one of the most recently (re)discovered types of non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), circular RNAs (circRNAs) differentiate from other ncRNAs by a specific biogenesis, high stability, and distinct functions. The biogenesis of circRNAs can be categorized into three mechanisms that permit the back-splicing reaction: exon-skipping, pairing of neighboring introns, and dimerization of RNA-binding proteins. Regarding their stability, circRNAs have no free ends, specific to linear RNA molecules, prompting a longer half-life and resistance to exonuclease-mediated activity by RNase R, bypassing the common RNA turnover process. Regarding their functions, circular transcripts can be categorized into four broad roles: miRNA sponging, protein binding, regulation of transcription, and coding for proteins and peptides. Female reproductive system (including mainly ovarian, corpus, and cervix uteri cancers) and breast cancers are the primary causes of death in women worldwide, accounting for over 1,212,772 deaths in 2018. We consider that a better understanding of the molecular pathophysiology through the study of coding and non-coding RNA regulators could improve the diagnosis and therapeutics of these cancers. Developments in the field of circRNA in regard to breast or gynecological cancers are recent, with most circRNA-related discoveries having been made in the last 2 years. Therefore, in this review we summarize the newly detected roles of circRNAs in female reproductive system (cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer) and breast cancers. We argue that circRNAs can become essential elements of the diagnostic and therapeutic tools for female reproductive system cancers in the future.

Arsenic and smokeless tobacco exposure induces DNA damage and oxidative stress in reproductive organs of female Swiss albino mice

Arsenic contamination in the groundwater of Southern Assam, India is well-documented. A specific type of smokeless tobacco (sadagura, SG) is highly prevalent among the local population. Thus, the present study is aimed to evaluate the toxicological implications of arsenic and smokeless tobacco co-exposure on the reproductive health of female mice. The estrous cycle of experimental animals was monitored for 30 days. Histopathological studies and comet assay of ovarian and uterine tissues were performed after 30 days of exposure to SG and arsenic (sodium arsenite, SA). Oxidative stress was estimated biochemically by taking tissue glutathione, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and superoxide dismutase activity as endpoints. Our findings indicated a prolonged diestrus phase in the SG + L + SA group (p < 0.001). Histopathological study revealed abnormal tissue architecture in treated groups. Comet assay study showed that SG + SA exposure significantly induced DNA damage in test animals. The elevated LPO level in the SG + SA group indicated oxidative stress generation in the reproductive tissues. The present study suggests that female reproductive organs are vulnerable to SA and SG and oxidative stress generation may be the possible mechanism behind DNA damage, impaired follicular growth, atresia, and altered estrous cycle in the mice test system.

Toxicopathological, Cytogenetic Effects of Acetothioamide on Female Albino Mice Reproductive System

AIM:

To determine toxicopathological and cytogenetic effects of Acetothioamide (ATA) on the female reproductive system.

METHODS:

Twenty albino female mice were divided equally into two groups: the first group (control) fed with diet pellet. The second group (treated) were inoculated intraperitoneally with a single dose of ATA (100 mg/kg Bw) for 15 days. All mice were sacrificed at the end of the experiment and blood was collected for evaluation of (FSH and LH), serum peroxy nitrate radical concentration. Cytogenetic analysis (chromosomal aberration, micronuclei, mitotic index and blast index) and the histopathological examination on ovary and uterus were done.

RESULTS:

ATA causes significant reduction (p < 0.0001) for FSH, LH and serum peroxy nitrate radical concentration among treated females. Oophoritis, pyometria, thrombosis and endometrial hyperplasia with granulomatous reaction were reported among treated females mainly in uterus tissue and ovary.

CONCLUSION:

ATA causes significant reduction for FSH, LH and serum peroxy nitrate concentration among treated females. Oophoritis, pyometria, thrombosis and endometrial hyperplasia with granulomatous reaction were the main pathological changes in uterus tissue and ovary among treated females.

Species Comparison of Postnatal Development of the Female Reproductive System

The postnatal development of the female reproductive system in laboratory animals and humans is reviewed. To enable a meaningful species comparison of the developing female reproductive system, common definitions of developmental processes were established with a focus made on aspects that are similar across species. A species comparison of the key endocrine, morphologic, and functional (onset of ovarian cycles and ability to reproduce) features of postnatal development of the female reproductive system is provided for human, nonhuman primate, dog, rat, and also mouse, minipig, and rabbit where possible. Species differences in the timing and control of female sexual maturation are highlighted. Additionally, a species comparison of the type and timing of female reproductive ovarian cycles was compiled. Human development provided the frame of reference, and then other common laboratory species were compared. The comparison has inherent challenges because the processes involved and sequence of events can differ greatly across species. Broad strokes were taken to assign a particular average age to an event and are to be used with caution. Methods of evaluation of postnatal female reproductive development in laboratory animals are discussed. Lastly, control rodent data from one of the author's laboratory on vaginal opening, first estrus, estrous cyclicity, and the histopathology involved with the developing female rat and mouse are presented. The information provided in this review is intended to be a resource for the design and interpretation of juvenile animal toxicity testing and ultimately, the relevance of the data to characterize potential risks for women and girls. Birth Defects Research 110:163-189, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Signaling mechanisms in mammalian sperm motility

The goal of sperm is to fertilize the oocyte. To achieve that purpose, it must acquire motility in the epididymis and hyperactivated motility in the female reproductive tract. Motility is only achieved when the sperm presents a fully functional flagellum, is capable of producing energy to fuel the movement, and suffers epididymal maturation and capacitation. Since sperm is a transcriptionally silent cell, motility depends on the activation and/or inhibitions of key signaling pathways. This review describes and discusses the main signaling pathways involved in primary and hyperactivated motility, as well as the bioenergetic mechanisms necessary to produce energy to fuel sperm motility. Although the complete human sperm motility process is far from being fully known, we believe that in the upcoming decades extensive progress will be made. Understanding the signaling pathways behind sperm motility can help pinpoint the cause of male infertility and uncover targets for male contraception.

Discovery of Antimicrobial Peptides in Cervical-Vaginal Fluid from Healthy Nonpregnant Women via an Integrated Proteome and Peptidome Analysis

Cervical-vaginal fluid (CVF) covers the lower part of the female reproductive system and functions in the homeostasis and immunity of the surrounding tissues. In contrast to the CVF proteome of both nonpregnant and pregnant women, the CVF peptidome has not been reported to date. In the current study, we identified 1087 proteins in CVF, of which 801 proteins were not previously identified in CVF proteomes. The presence of the tissue-specific proteins oviductal glycoprotein 1 and tubulin polymerization-promoting protein family member 3 strongly suggests that the tissues of the upper female reproductive tract contribute to the protein composition of CVF. The tremendous catalytic potential of CVF was highlighted by the identification of 85 proteases and the detection of pH-dependent trypsin-like proteolytic activity. Over 1000 endogenous peptides were detected in the CVF peptidome, and 39 peptides are predicted to have antimicrobial activity. The detailed proteomic and peptidomic analysis of CVF will further aid in the delineation of pathways related to reproduction, immunity and host defense, and assist in developing new biomarkers for malignant and other diseases of the female reproductive tract. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD004450 (CVF peptidome) and PDX004363 (CVF proteome).

General morphology and ultrastructure of the female reproductive apparatus of Trichomalopsis shirakii crawford (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae)

The morphology and ultrastructure of the female reproductive system were examined for a larval-pupal parasitoid Trichomalopsis shirakii Crawford of Oulema oryzae Kuwayama using light and electron microscopes. The reproductive system includes two ovaries, two pairs of accessory glands, an unbranched venom gland, a large venom reservoir and a Dufour gland. Each ovariole contains follicles and oocytes at different stages of maturation. A fibrous layer covers the surface of mature egg. The accessory glands are made up of a layer of secretory cells surrounded by muscle fibers. In these secretory cells, numerous mitochondria, electron-dense secretory granules and vesicles filled with dense granular particles are present. These granular particles appear as virus-like particles (VLPs). The venom gland consists of a single layer of secretory cells which are organelle rich with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and vesicular organelles, a layer of duct cells and an inner intima. The reservoir consists of a muscular sheath, epidermal cells with few organelles and an intima layer. The Dufour gland has a relatively large lumen surrounded by a single layer of columnar epithelial cells which are characterized by clusters of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets. Aside from the venom, the fibrous layer coating the egg and the granular particles which may be VLPs have been discovered in our study. They may serve as one of the parasitoid-associated factors in their host-parasitoid relationship and play a role in host immune suppression. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:625-636, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Evaluation of protective action of α-tocopherol in chromium-induced oxidative stress in female reproductive system of rats

The present study was aimed to investigate whether α-tocopherol could protect the chromium (Cr) VI-induced oxidative stress in female reproductive system of rats and to explore the underlying mechanisms of the same. A total of 24 Wistar adult female rats were equally divided into four groups. Group 1 served as control, while groups 2 and 3 were administered K2Cr2O7 (10 mg/kg b.wt. s.c. single dose). In addition to Cr, group 3 also received α-tocopherol @ 125 mg/kg daily by oral gavage for 14 days. Group 4 was maintained as α-tocopherol control (dose as above). Body weights were recorded at the beginning and at the end of experiment. Further, the rats were observed for occurrence of estrus cycle. At the end of 14 days, blood samples were drawn for sero-biochemical analysis. Subsequently, all the rats were sacrificed to collect uterus along with ovaries for assay of tissue peroxidation, anti-oxidant and functional markers, and histopathology. Administration of chromium (Cr) VI to rats revealed a significant (P < 0.05) accumulation of cholesterol and a prolonged diestrus phase leading to impaired fertility in rats. Administration of chromium (Cr) VI significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the antioxidant markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH), along with significant (P < 0.05) increase in peroxidation markers such as malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls in ovaries. The functional marker in serum such as total protein was decreased, whereas other functional markers viz alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were increased. Prominent pathological changes were observed in the uterus and ovaries of Cr-treated group. Co-treatment with α-tocopherol significantly (P < 0.05) reversed the (Cr) VI induced changes.

Anti-fertility effects of different fractions of Anethum graveolens L. extracts on female rats

Our previous studies showed the effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Anethum graveolens L. (dill) on female infertility. In the present study we investigated whether different fractions of this herb extract can cause infertility in rats. Female rats were divided into the control groups, the groups receiving either a low (0.5 g/kg)) or a high dose (5g/kg) of water, N-butanol, chloroform and ether fractions of the aqueous plant extract, and the groups receiving either a low (0.045 g/kg) or a high dose (0.45 g/kg) of the same fractions of ethanol extract. The mentioned doses were gavaged in 1mL for 10 days. Vaginal smears were prepared daily. Estradiol and progesterone levels were measured. The left oviduct and ovary were removed, their tissue subsequently being prepared in form of histology slides and stained using haematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. Female rats assigned to each group were mated with males; after that, crown-rump lengths and weights of newborn rats were measured. Results showed that each fraction produced some changes such as hormonal level reduction (chloroform fraction), diestrus phase prolongation and infertility (water fraction), and increase in pregnancy duration (chloroform and ether fractions). We concluded that each fraction comprises only some of the mentioned components and therefore recommended the usage of crude extract, especially the aqueous one, in case infertility aims to be induced.

(Linnaeus, 1758): a morphological and histological study of the female reproductive system

Rhyncophorus palmarum (Coleoptera) is a pest of great economic importance because of the damage caused in the plants of the Palmae family. This study showed that the female reproductive system of this beetle is composed of two ovaries of the telotrophic meroistic type invariably containing two ovarioles per ovary. Each ovariole is home to about 50 oocytes at different stages of maturation. The proximal region of the ovary is rather peculiar because it houses inside it a large quantity of bacilliform structures immersed in a glycolipoprotein substance, which has never before been described in the literature. The function of these structures is still unknown. However, it is suggested that they can function as a method of neutralizing the resistance of the plant because these insects are responsible for the transmission of the red ring disease to the palm plants.