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Li H, Ji HS, Kang JH, Shin DH, Park HY, Choi MS, Lee CH, Lee IK, Yun BS, Jeong TS. Soy Leaf Extract Containing Kaempferol Glycosides and Pheophorbides Improves Glucose Homeostasis by Enhancing Pancreatic β-Cell Function and Suppressing Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in db/db Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7198-210. [PMID: 26211813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidiabetic effect of an ethanol extract of soy leaves (ESL) in db/db mice. Control groups (db/+ and db/db) were fed a normal diet (ND), whereas the db/db-ESL group was fed ND with 1% ESL for 8 weeks. Dietary ESL improved glucose tolerance and lowered plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR, and triglyceride levels. The pancreatic insulin content of the db/db-ESL group was significantly greater than that of the db/db group. ESL supplementation altered pancreatic IRS1, IRS2, Pdx1, Ngn3, Pax4, Ins1, Ins2, and FoxO1 expression. Furthermore, ESL suppressed lipid accumulation and increased glucokinase activity in the liver. ESL primarily contained kaempferol glycosides and pheophorbides. Kaempferol, an aglycone of kaempferol glycosides, improved β-cell proliferation through IRS2-related FoxO1 signaling, whereas pheophorbide a, a product of chlorophyll breakdown, improved insulin secretion and β-cell proliferation through IRS1-related signaling with protein kinase A in MIN6 cells. ESL effectively regulates glucose homeostasis by enhancing IRS-mediated β-cell insulin signaling and suppressing SREBP-1-mediated hepatic lipid accumulation in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- †Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
- §Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seon Ji
- †Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
- ‡College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Kang
- †Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ha Shin
- #Insect Biotech Company Ltd., Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- †Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
- #Insect Biotech Company Ltd., Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sook Choi
- ΔCenter for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- ⊗Laboratory Animal Resource Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyung Lee
- ⊥Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 570-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Sik Yun
- ⊥Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 570-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- †Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
- §Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
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Li H, Kang JH, Han JM, Cho MH, Chung YJ, Park KH, Shin DH, Park HY, Choi MS, Jeong TS. Anti-Obesity Effects of Soy Leaf via Regulation of Adipogenic Transcription Factors and Fat Oxidation in Diet-Induced Obese Mice and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. J Med Food 2015; 18:899-908. [PMID: 25826408 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-obesity effects of extracts from soy leaves (SLE) cultivated for 8 weeks (8W) or 16 weeks (16W) were investigated in diet-induced obese mice. The effects of kaempferol, an aglycone of the kaempferol glycosides that are the major component of 8W-SLE, and coumestrol, the major component of 16W-SLE, were also investigated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into normal diet, high-fat diet (HFD), 8W-SLE (HFD+8W-SLE 50 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), 16W-SLE (HFD+16W-SLE 50 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), and Garcinia cambogia extracts (GE) (HFD+GE 50 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) groups. Body weight gain and fat accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) were highly suppressed by daily oral administration of 8W-SLE and 16W-SLE for 10 weeks. Supplementing a HFD with 8W-SLE and 16W-SLE regulated the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (c/EBPα), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), adipocyte protein 2, and fatty acid synthase (FAS), which are related to adipogenesis, in addition to hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT-1), and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), which are related to fat oxidation in WAT. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, kaempferol and coumestrol exhibited anti-adipogenic effects via downregulation of PPARγ, c/EBPα, SREBP-1, and FAS. Kaempferol and coumestrol increased the expression of HSL, CPT-1, and UCP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- 1 National Research Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Daejeon, Korea
- 2 Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Kang
- 1 National Research Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Daejeon, Korea
- 3 Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Han
- 1 National Research Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Moon-Hee Cho
- 1 National Research Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Chung
- 3 Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ki Hun Park
- 4 Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
| | | | - Ho-Yong Park
- 6 Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Myung-Sook Choi
- 7 Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- 1 National Research Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Daejeon, Korea
- 2 Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon, Korea
- 6 Industrial Bio-Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Daejeon, Korea
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Zhao H, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Shi S. Identification of major α-glucosidase inhibitors in Radix Astragali and its human microsomal metabolites using ultrafiltration HPLC–DAD–MSn. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 104:31-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kim UH, Yoon JH, Li H, Kang JH, Ji HS, Park KH, Shin DH, Park HY, Jeong TS. Pterocarpan-enriched soy leaf extract ameliorates insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell proliferation in type 2 diabetic mice. Molecules 2014; 19:18493-510. [PMID: 25401395 PMCID: PMC6271205 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Korea, soy (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) leaves are eaten as a seasonal vegetable or pickled in soy sauce. Ethyl acetate extracts of soy leaves (EASL) are enriched in pterocarpans and have potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-diabetic effect of EASL in C57BL/6J mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced type 2 diabetes. Mice were randomly divided into normal diet (ND), HFD (60 kcal% fat diet), EASL (HFD with 0.56% (wt/wt) EASL), and Pinitol (HFD with 0.15% (wt/wt) pinitol) groups. Weight gain and abdominal fat accumulation were significantly suppressed by EASL. Levels of plasma glucose, HbA1c, and insulin in the EASL group were significantly lower than those of the HFD group, and the pancreatic islet of the EASL group had greater size than those of the HFD group. EASL group up-regulated neurogenin 3 (Ngn3), paired box 4 (Pax4), and v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (MafA), which are markers of pancreatic cell development, as well as insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), IRS2, and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), which are related to insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, EASL suppressed genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis and steatosis. These results suggest that EASL improves plasma glucose and insulin levels in mice with HDF-induced type 2 diabetes by regulating β-cell proliferation and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Hee Kim
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Jeong-Hyun Yoon
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Hua Li
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyun Kang
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Hyeon-Seon Ji
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Ki Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Dong-Ha Shin
- Insect Biotech Co. Ltd., Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 305-806, Korea.
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Choi MS, Ryu R, Seo YR, Jeong TS, Shin DH, Park YB, Kim SR, Jung UJ. The beneficial effect of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) leaf extracts in adults with prediabetes: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Food Funct 2014; 5:1621-30. [PMID: 24873894 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00199k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of soybean leaf extracts (SLEs) on blood glucose, insulin resistance, body fat and dyslipidemia in prediabetes subjects, and compared them with the effects of banaba extracts (BE) which is known to ameliorate diabetes in several animals and clinical studies. Overweight subjects with mild hyperglycemia (fasting blood glucose level of 100-125 mg dL(-1)) were randomly assigned to three groups and administered four capsules containing starch (2 g per day, Placebo), BE (300 mg per day, 0.3% corosolic acid) or SLE (2 g per day) during regular meals for 12 weeks. The SLE as well as BE significantly decreased the baseline-adjusted final blood glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and transaminase levels compared to the placebo group. The body weight, BMI and WHR were not different between the groups, but the baseline-adjusted final body fat content and waist circumference were lower in the BE and SLE groups than in the placebo group. Furthermore, the baseline-adjusted final plasma triglyceride concentration was lower in the BE and SLE groups compared to the placebo group. There were no significant differences in plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations between the groups. However, the SLE, but not the BE, significantly increased the plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration and the ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol after 12 weeks of supplementation compared to the placebo group, while the atherogenic index was decreased. Taken together, these data suggest that SLE may play an important role in improving blood glucose, insulin resistance, adiposity, and dyslipidemia in prediabetes subjects consuming their habitual diet, similar to or better than BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Sook Choi
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Morgan AMA, Lee HW, Lee SH, Lim CH, Jang HD, Kim YH. Anti-osteoporotic and antioxidant activities of chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Ducrosia ismaelis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3434-9. [PMID: 24953601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A new pterocarpan glycoside, glycinol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), and a new dihydrochalcone glycoside, ismaeloside A (2), were isolated together with 13 known compounds, including several flavonoids (3-8), lignans (9-11), and phenolic compounds (12-15), from the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Ducrosia ismaelis. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated from spectroscopic data and by comparison of these data with previously published results. The anti-osteoporotic and antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds were assessed using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and reducing capacity assays. Compound 15 exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of osteoclastic TRAP activity with a TRAP value of 86.05±6.55% of the control at a concentration of 10 μM. Compounds 1, 3-5, and 8 showed potent peroxyl radical-scavenging capacities with ORAC values of 22.79±0.90, 25.57±0.49, 20.41±0.63, 26.55±0.42, and 24.83±0.12 μM Trolox equivalents (TE) at 10 μM, respectively. Only compound 9 was able to significantly reduce Cu(I) with 23.44 μM TE at a concentration of 10 μM. All of the aforementioned compounds were isolated for the first time from a Ducrosia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubaker M A Morgan
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hwan Lim
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Dong Jang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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Xiao J, Kai G, Yamamoto K, Chen X. Advance in dietary polyphenols as α-glucosidases inhibitors: a review on structure-activity relationship aspect. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 53:818-36. [PMID: 23768145 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.561379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The dietary polyphenols as α-glucosidases inhibitors have attracted great interest among researchers. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the research reports on the structure-activity relationship of dietary polyphenols inhibiting α-glucosidases. The molecular structures that influence the inhibition are the following: (1) The hydroxylation and galloylation of flavonoids including catechins improve the inhibitory activity. (2) The glycosylation of hyroxyl group and hydrogenation of the C2=C3 double bond on flavonoids weaken the inhibition. (3) However, cyaniding glycosides show higher inhibition against than cyanidin. Proanthocyanidins oligomers exhibit a stronger inhibitory activity than their polymers. (4) The hydroxylation on B ring and the glycosylation of stilbenes reduce the inhibitory activity. (5) Caffeoylquinic acids display strong inhibition against α-glucosidases. However, hydroxycinnamic acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid hardly inhibited α-glucosidases. (6) The coupled galloyl structures attached to C-3 and C-6 of the 4C(1) glucose core of ellagitanin gave basic inhibitory activity. (7) The mono-glycosylation of chalcones slightly lowers the inhibition. However, the diglycosylation of chalcones significantly decreased the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Biology, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai 200234, China.
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Lee YH, Yuk HJ, Park KH, Bae YS. Coumestrol induces senescence through protein kinase CKII inhibition-mediated reactive oxygen species production in human breast cancer and colon cancer cells. Food Chem 2013; 141:381-8. [PMID: 23768371 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An inhibitor of the protein kinase CKII (CKII) was purified from leaves of Glycine max (L.) Merrill and was identified as coumestrol by structural analysis. Coumestrol inhibited the phosphotransferase activity of CKII toward β-casein, with an IC50 of about 5 μM. It acted as a competitive inhibitor with respect to ATP as a substrate, with an apparent Ki value of 7.67 μM. Coumestrol at 50μM resulted in 50% and 30% growth inhibition of human breast cancer MCF-7 and colorectal cancer HCT116 cells, respectively. Coumestrol promoted senescence through the p53-p21(Cip1/WAF1) pathway by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in MCF-7 and HCT116 cells. The ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin and p22(phox) siRNA almost completely abolished this event. Overexpression of CKIIα antagonised cellular senescence mediated by coumestrol, indicating that this compound induced senescence via a CKII-dependent pathway. Since senescence is an important tumour suppression process in vivo, these results suggest that coumestrol can function by inhibiting oncogenic disease, at least in part, through CKII inhibition-mediated cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hoon Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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60
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Phan MAT, Wang J, Tang J, Lee YZ, Ng K. Evaluation of α-glucosidase inhibition potential of some flavonoids from Epimedium brevicornum. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Comparative analysis of physicochemicals and antioxidative properties in new red rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Gunganghongmi). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12892-012-0057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wang H, Liu T, Huang D. Starch hydrolase inhibitors from edible plants. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2013; 70:103-136. [PMID: 23722095 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416555-7.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease with gradual deterioration in glucose metabolism, which causes multiple systemic complications. Postprandial hyperglycemia is a concern in the management of type 2 diabetes. Of all the available antidiabetic therapeutic methods, inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase is postulated to be a preventive treatment. Many natural products and herbal medicines have been recommended as being beneficial for mitigation of postprandial hyperglycemia. In this review, recent discoveries of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors from edible plants are described along with their chemical structures. Their inhibition mechanisms, the type of each glucosidase and amylase, and measurement methods for the inhibitory activity are also given. Finally, recent progress on low glycemic index foods incorporated with plants containing starch hydrolase inhibitors is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Simons R, Gruppen H, Bovee TFH, Verbruggen MA, Vincken JP. Prenylated isoflavonoids from plants as selective estrogen receptor modulators (phytoSERMs). Food Funct 2012; 3:810-27. [PMID: 22684228 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10290k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids are a class of secondary metabolites, which comprise amongst others the subclasses of isoflavones, isoflavans, pterocarpans and coumestans. Isoflavonoids are abundant in Leguminosae, and many of them can bind to the human estrogen receptor (hER) with affinities similar to or lower than that of estradiol. Dietary intake of these so-called phytoestrogens has been associated with positive effects on menopausal complaints, hormone-related cancers, and osteoporosis. Therefore, phytoestrogens are used as nutraceuticals in functional foods or food supplements. Most of the isoflavonoids show agonistic activity towards both hERα and hERβ, the extent of which is modulated by the substitution pattern of their skeleton (i.e.-OH, -OCH(3)). Interestingly, substitutions consisting of a five-carbon prenyl group often seem to result in an antiestrogenic activity. There is growing evidence that the action of some of these prenylated isoflavonoids is tissue-specific, suggesting that they act like selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as the well-known chemically synthesized raloxifene and tamoxifen. These so-called phytoSERMS might have high potential for realizing new food and pharma applications. In this review, the structural features of isoflavonoids (i.e. the kind of skeleton and prenylation (e.g. chain or pyran), position of the prenyl group on the skeleton, and the extent of prenylation (single, double)) are discussed in relation to their estrogenic activity. Anti-estrogenic and SERM activity of isoflavonoids was always associated with prenylation, but these activities did not seem to be confined to one particular kind/position of prenylation or isoflavonoid subclass. Few estrogens with agonistic activity were prenylated, but these were not tested for antagonistic activity; possibly, these molecules will turn out to be phytoSERMs as well. Furthermore, the data on the dietary occurrence, bioavailability and metabolism of prenylated isoflavonoids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Simons
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Jeon HY, Seo DB, Shin HJ, Lee SJ. Effect of Aspergillus oryzae-challenged germination on soybean isoflavone content and antioxidant activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:2807-14. [PMID: 22409158 DOI: 10.1021/jf204708n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Application of microbial stress to soybean during germination induces the accumulation of phytoalexins, which have many health benefits. In this study, the effects of stress induced by Aspergillus oryzae on the phytochemical composition of germinating soybeans were investigated, and their radical scavenging activity was compared with those of ungerminated (US) and germinated (GS) soybeans. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of coumestrol, a soybean phytoalexin, against hydrogen peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) was investigated in HepG2 cells. A. oryzae exposure significantly decreased the total isoflavone content and induced coumestrol and glyceollin I. A. oryzae-challenged germinated soybeans exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity (IC(50) = 0.55 mg/mL) as compared to US and GS. Coumestrol exhibited significantly higher radical scavenging activity than daidzein and genistein. Furthermore, coumestrol significantly prevented hydrogen peroxide-induced ROS production and lipid peroxidation and inhibited decreases in cell viability, intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. These results indicate that using food-grade A. oryzae to elicit the biosynthesis of phytoalexins alters the secondary metabolite profiles of the soybeans and offers enhanced bioactivity of soybean as a functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Jeon
- Health Science Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, 314-1 Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Korea
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Yuk HJ, Curtis-Long MJ, Ryu HW, Jang KC, Seo WD, Kim JY, Kang KY, Park KH. Pterocarpan profiles for soybean leaves at different growth stages and investigation of their glycosidase inhibitions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12683-90. [PMID: 21988571 DOI: 10.1021/jf203326c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Soybean leaves are eaten as seasonal edible greens in Korea. Analysis of the ethyl acetate extract of these leaves showed that it exhibited potent and selective neuraminidase inhibition, which began at the R3 stage and peaked at R7. Ten pterocarpans, including the new 6a-hydroxypterocarpan 10, were isolated from soybean leaves and their inhibition activities tested against a range of glycosidases. The relationship between structure and enzyme inhibition was investigated: 6a-hydroxypterocarpans exhibited much higher inhibition against neuraminidase (IC(50) = 2.4-89.4 μM) than α-glucosidase (IC(50) = 90.4- >100 μM). Glyceollin VII (7) displayed 40-fold greater activity (IC(50) = 2.4 μM) against neuraminidase than α-glucosidase (IC(50) = 90.4 μM). On the other hand, coumestanes (1-3) were good α-glucosidase inhibitors (IC(50) = 6.0-42.6 μM). In kinetic analysis, the most potent neuraminidase inhibitors (5-10) were noncompetitive. HPLC analysis indicated that most pterocarpan synthesis began from the R3 stage, and a rapid change of pterocarpan concentrations was observed between the R4 and R7 stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heung Joo Yuk
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), IALS, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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Kim JE, Jeon SM, Park KH, Lee WS, Jeong TS, McGregor RA, Choi MS. Does Glycine max leaves or Garcinia Cambogia promote weight-loss or lower plasma cholesterol in overweight individuals: a randomized control trial. Nutr J 2011; 10:94. [PMID: 21936892 PMCID: PMC3189865 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural food supplements with high flavonoid content are often claimed to promote weight-loss and lower plasma cholesterol in animal studies, but human studies have been more equivocal. The aim of this study was firstly to determine the effectiveness of natural food supplements containing Glycine max leaves extract (EGML) or Garcinia cambogia extract (GCE) to promote weight-loss and lower plasma cholesterol. Secondly to examine whether these supplements have any beneficial effect on lipid, adipocytokine or antioxidant profiles. METHODS Eighty-six overweight subjects (Male:Female = 46:40, age: 20~50 yr, BMI > 23 < 29) were randomly assigned to three groups and administered tablets containing EGML (2 g/day), GCE (2 g/day) or placebo (starch, 2 g/day) for 10 weeks. At baseline and after 10 weeks, body composition, plasma cholesterol and diet were assessed. Blood analysis was also conducted to examine plasma lipoproteins, triglycerides, adipocytokines and antioxidants. RESULTS EGML and GCE supplementation failed to promote weight-loss or any clinically significant change in %body fat. The EGML group had lower total cholesterol after 10 weeks compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). EGML and GCE had no effect on triglycerides, non-HDL-C, adipocytokines or antioxidants when compared to placebo supplementation. However, HDL-C was higher in the EGML group (p < 0.001) after 10 weeks compared to the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Ten weeks of EGML or GCE supplementation did not promote weight-loss or lower total cholesterol in overweight individuals consuming their habitual diet. Although, EGML did increase plasma HDL-C levels which is associated with a lower risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Min Jeon
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 Program), EB-NCRC, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Song Lee
- Eco-Friendly Biomaterial Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sook Jeong
- National Research Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism & Atherosclerosis, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Robin A McGregor
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sook Choi
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Simons R, Vincken JP, Roidos N, Bovee TFH, van Iersel M, Verbruggen MA, Gruppen H. Increasing soy isoflavonoid content and diversity by simultaneous malting and challenging by a fungus to modulate estrogenicity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:6748-58. [PMID: 21561073 DOI: 10.1021/jf2010707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soybeans were germinated on a kilogram-scale, by the application of malting technology used in the brewing industry, and concomitantly challenged with Rhizopus microsporus var. oryzae. In a time-course experiment, samples were taken every 24 h for 10 days, and the isoflavonoid profile was analyzed by RP-UHPLC-MS. Upon induction with R. microsporus, the isoflavonoid composition changed drastically with the formation of phytoalexins belonging to the subclasses of the pterocarpans and coumestans and by prenylation of the various isoflavonoids. The pterocarpan content stabilized at 2.24 mg of daidzein equivalents (DE) per g after ∼9 days. The levels of the less common glyceofuran, glyceollin IV, and V/VI ranged from 0.18 to 0.35 mg DE/g and were comparable to those of the more commonly reported glyceollins I, II, and III (0.22-0.32 mg DE/g) and glycinol (0.42 mg DE/g). The content of prenylated isoflavones after the induction process was 0.30 mg DE/g. The total isoflavonoid content increased by a factor of 10-12 on DW basis after 9 days, which was suggested to be ascribable to de novo synthesis. These changes were accompanied by a gradual increase in agonistic activity of the extracts toward both the estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ during the 10-day induction, with a more pronounced activity toward ERβ. Thus, the induction process yielded a completely different spectrum of isoflavonoids, with a much higher bioactivity toward the estrogen receptors. This, together with the over 10-fold increase in potential bioactives, offers promising perspectives for producing more, novel, and higher potency nutraceuticals by malting under stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Simons
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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