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Valacchi G, Zanardi I, Lim Y, Belmonte G, Miracco C, Sticozzi C, Bocci V, Travagli V. Ozonated oils as functional dermatological matrices: effects on the wound healing process using SKH1 mice. Int J Pharm 2013; 458:65-73. [PMID: 24144953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wound tissue repair is a complex and dynamic process of restoring cellular structures and tissue layers. Improvement of this process is crucial for several pathologies characterized by chronic delayed wound closure such as diabetes, and the investigation of new approaches aimed to ameliorate the wound healing process is under continuous evolution. Recently, the usage of vegetable matrices in the form of ozonated oils has been proposed and several researchers have shown a positive effect in the wound, based on their bactericidal, antiviral, and antifungal properties. The present study was undertaken to compare the effect that different ozonated oils (olive, sesame and linseed) with the same level of ozonation have on wound healing rate in SKH1 mice. Several histological parameters and the level of key proteins such as VEGF and PCNA have been analyzed. Only treatment with ozonated sesame oil shows a faster wound closure in the first 7 days. This effect paralleled with the increased VEGF and PCNA levels, NFκB nuclear translocation and 4-HNE formation. The present study shows that not only the ozonation grade is of importance for the improvement of wound healing process but also the typical composition of the oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Valacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Italy; Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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52
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Syed DN, Mukhtar H. Ozone and SIRT3: an unexplored paradigm. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:396. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deeba N. Syed
- Department of Dermatology; University of Wisconsin; Madison; WI; USA
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology; University of Wisconsin; Madison; WI; USA
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53
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Valacchi G, Sticozzi C, Pecorelli A, Cervellati F, Cervellati C, Maioli E. Cutaneous responses to environmental stressors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1271:75-81. [PMID: 23050967 PMCID: PMC3495295 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms are continuously exposed to environmental pollutants. Because of its critical location, the skin is a major interface between the body and the environment and provides a biological barrier against an array of chemical and physical environmental pollutants. The skin can be defined as our first defense against the environment because of its constant exposure to oxidants, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation and other environmental pollutants such as diesel fuel exhaust, cigarette smoke (CS), halogenated hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and ozone (O3). The exposure to environmental pro-oxidant agents leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the generation of bioactive molecules that can damage skin cells. This short review provides an overview of the effects and mechanisms of action of CS, O3, and UV on cutanous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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54
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Zhang H, Newman DR, Bonner JC, Sannes PL. Over-expression of human endosulfatase-1 exacerbates cadmium-induced injury to transformed human lung cells in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 265:27-42. [PMID: 23000194 PMCID: PMC3489971 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to cadmium is known to cause damage to alveolar epithelial cells of the lung, impair their capacity to repair, and result in permanent structural alterations. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) can modulate cell responses to injury through their interactions with soluble effector molecules. These interactions are often sulfate specific, and the removal of sulfate groups from HS side chains could be expected to influence cellular injury, such as that caused by exposure to cadmium. The goal of this study was to define the role 6-O-sulfate plays in cellular responses to cadmium exposure in two pulmonary epithelial cancer cell lines (H292 and A549) and in normal human primary alveolar type II (hAT2) cells. Sulfate levels were modified by transduced transient over-expression of 6-O-endosulfatase (HSulf-1), a membrane-bound enzyme which specifically removes 6-O-sulfate groups from HSPG side chains. Results showed that cadmium decreased cell viability and activated apoptosis pathways at low concentrations in hAT2 cells but not in the cancer cells. HSulf-1 over-expression, on the contrary, decreased cell viability and activated apoptosis pathways in H292 and A549 cells but not in hAT2 cells. When combined with cadmium, HSulf-1 over-expression further decreased cell viability and exacerbated the activation of apoptosis pathways in the transformed cells but did not add to the toxicity in hAT2 cells. The finding that HSulf-1 sensitizes these cancer cells and intensifies the injury induced by cadmium suggests that 6-O-sulfate groups on HSPGs may play important roles in protection against certain environmental toxicants, such as heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Molecular Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Donna R. Newman
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Molecular Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - James C. Bonner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Philip L. Sannes
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, Center for Comparative Molecular Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
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Gardi C, Valacchi G. Cigarette smoke and ozone effect on murine inflammatory responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1259:104-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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56
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Tyihák E, Móricz Á, Mátyási J, Ott P, Balla J. Indirect and direct methods for the detection and measurement of endogenous ozone in biological samples. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.25.2012.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sticozzi C, Pecorelli A, Lim Y, Maioli E, Pagnin E, Davis PA, Valacchi G. Modulation of skin oxidative stress and inflammatory markers by environmental stressors. Differences between young and old. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 65:226-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sagai M, Bocci V. Mechanisms of Action Involved in Ozone Therapy: Is healing induced via a mild oxidative stress? Med Gas Res 2011; 1:29. [PMID: 22185664 PMCID: PMC3298518 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-1-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential mechanisms of action of ozone therapy are reviewed in this paper. The therapeutic efficacy of ozone therapy may be partly due the controlled and moderate oxidative stress produced by the reactions of ozone with several biological components. The line between effectiveness and toxicity of ozone may be dependent on the strength of the oxidative stress. As with exercise, it is well known that moderate exercise is good for health, whereas excessive exercise is not.Severe oxidative stress activates nuclear transcriptional factor kappa B (NFκB), resulting in an inflammatory response and tissue injury via the production of COX2, PGE2, and cytokines. However, moderate oxidative stress activates another nuclear transcriptional factor, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 then induces the transcription of antioxidant response elements (ARE). Transcription of ARE results in the production of numerous antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, GPx, glutathione-s-transferase(GSTr), catalase (CAT), heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NADPH-quinone-oxidoreductase (NQO-1), phase II enzymes of drug metabolism and heat shock proteins (HSP). Both free antioxidants and anti-oxidative enzymes not only protect cells from oxidation and inflammation but they may be able to reverse the chronic oxidative stress. Based on these observations, ozone therapy may also activate Nrf2 via moderate oxidative stress, and suppress NFκB and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, activation of Nrf2 results in protection against neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Mild immune responses are induced via other nuclear transcriptional factors, such as nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) and activated protein-1 (AP-1).Additionally, the effectiveness of ozone therapy in vascular diseases may also be explained by the activation of another nuclear transcriptional factor, hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1a), which is also induced via moderate oxidative stress. Recently these concepts have become widely accepted. The versatility of ozone in treating vascular and degenerative diseases as well as skin lesions, hernial disc and primary root carious lesions in children is emphasized. Further researches able to elucidate whether the mechanisms of action of ozone therapy involve nuclear transcription factors, such as Nrf2, NFAT, AP-1, and HIF-1α are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Sagai
- Department of Physiology, Viale A, Moro 2, 53100, University of Siena, Italy.
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Impact of ozone exposure on prostaglandin release in nasal polyps. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 269:1623-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-011-1856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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60
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Kadiiska MB, Hatch GE, Nyska A, Jones DP, Hensley K, Stocker R, George MM, Van Thiel DH, Stadler K, Barrett JC, Mason RP. Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress Study IV: ozone exposure of rats and its effect on antioxidants in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1636-42. [PMID: 21824516 PMCID: PMC3195517 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether acutely exposing rats to ozone would result in the loss of antioxidants from plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Additional goals were to compare analyses of the same antioxidant concentration between different laboratories, to investigate which methods have the sensitivity to detect decreased levels of antioxidants, and to identify a reliable measure of oxidative stress in ozone-exposed rats. Male Fisher rats were exposed to either 2.0 or 5.0 ppm ozone inhalation for 2h. Blood plasma and BALF samples were collected 2, 7, and 16 h after the exposure. It was found that ascorbic acid in plasma collected from rats after the higher dose of ozone was lower at 2h, but not later. BALF concentrations of ascorbic acid were decreased at both 2 and 7h postexposure. Tocopherols (α, δ, γ), 5-nitro-γ-tocopherol, tocol, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and cysteine (Cys/CySS) were not decreased, regardless of the dose or postexposure time point used for sample collection. Uric acid was significantly increased by the low dose at 2h and the high dose at the 7h point, probably because of the accumulation of blood plasma in the lung from ozone-increased alveolar capillary permeability. We conclude that measurements of antioxidants in plasma are not sensitive biomarkers for oxidative damage induced by ozone and are not a useful choice for the assessment of oxidative damage by ozone in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Kadiiska
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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61
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Role of oxidants in interstitial lung diseases: pneumoconioses, constrictive bronchiolitis, and chronic tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2011:407657. [PMID: 22131646 PMCID: PMC3205778 DOI: 10.1155/2011/407657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidants such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and myeloperoxidase from activated inflammatory cells in the lower respiratory tract contribute to inflammation and injury. Etiologic agents include inorganic particulates such as asbestos, silica, or coal mine dust or mixtures of inorganic dust and combustion materials found in World Trade Center dust and smoke. These etiologic agents are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages or bronchial epithelial cells and release chemotactic factors that recruit inflammatory cells to the lung. Chemotactic factors attract and activate neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes and further activate macrophages to release more oxidants. Inorganic dusts target alveolar macrophages, World Trade Center dust targets bronchial epithelial cells, and eosinophils characterize tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) caused by filarial organisms. The technique of bronchoalveolar lavage in humans has recovered alveolar macrophages (AMs) in dust diseases and eosinophils in TPE that release increased amounts of oxidants in vitro. Interestingly, TPE has massively increased eosinophils in the acute form and after treatment can still have ongoing eosinophilic inflammation. A course of prednisone for one week can reduce the oxidant burden and attendant inflammation and may be a strategy to prevent chronic TPE and interstitial lung disease.
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62
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Black AT, Hayden PJ, Casillas RP, Heck DE, Gerecke DR, Sinko PJ, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Regulation of Hsp27 and Hsp70 expression in human and mouse skin construct models by caveolae following exposure to the model sulfur mustard vesicant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 253:112-20. [PMID: 21457723 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dermal exposure to the vesicant sulfur mustard causes marked inflammation and tissue damage. Basal keratinocytes appear to be a major target of sulfur mustard. In the present studies, mechanisms mediating skin toxicity were examined using a mouse skin construct model and a full-thickness human skin equivalent (EpiDerm-FT™). In both systems, administration of the model sulfur mustard vesicant, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES, 100-1000μM) at the air surface induced mRNA and protein expression of heat shock proteins 27 and 70 (Hsp27 and Hsp70). CEES treatment also resulted in increased expression of caveolin-1, the major structural component of caveolae. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Hsp27, Hsp70 and caveolin-1 were localized in basal and suprabasal layers of the epidermis. Caveolin-1 was also detected in fibroblasts in the dermal component of the full thickness human skin equivalent. Western blot analysis of caveolar membrane fractions isolated by sucrose density centrifugation demonstrated that Hsp27 and Hsp70 were localized in caveolae. Treatment of mouse keratinocytes with filipin III or methyl-β-cyclodextrin, which disrupt caveolar structure, markedly suppressed CEES-induced Hsp27 and Hsp70 mRNA and protein expression. CEES treatment is known to activate JNK and p38 MAP kinases; in mouse keratinocytes, inhibition of these enzymes suppressed CEES-induced expression of Hsp27 and Hsp70. These data suggest that MAP kinases regulate Hsp 27 and Hsp70; moreover, caveolae-mediated regulation of heat shock protein expression may be important in the pathophysiology of vesicant-induced skin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne T Black
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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63
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Valacchi G, Lim Y, Belmonte G, Miracco C, Zanardi I, Bocci V, Travagli V. Ozonated sesame oil enhances cutaneous wound healing in SKH1 mice. Wound Repair Regen 2010; 19:107-15. [PMID: 21134039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2010.00649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ozone is well recognized as a bactericidal agent and its beneficial effect on wound healing could be a consequence of this property. Because ozone itself does not penetrate the cells but immediately reacts with polyunsaturated fatty acids, its effects should be the results of oxidative reaction. For this reason, ozonated oils could be a way to deliver ozone messengers to the skin. This paper evaluated the therapeutic effects of three different grades of ozonated sesame oil in acute cutaneous wounds made in the skin of SKH1 mice. Specifically, wound closure rate, histological parameters, and the level of key proteins such as vascular endothelial growth factors and cyclin D1 have been analyzed in relation to the peroxide level present in the ozonated oil. Treatment with moderately ozonated sesame oil--expressed as peroxide value about 1,500)--has a faster wound closure rate in the first 7 days than treatment with oil containing either lower or higher peroxide value, and even with controls. Moreover, under the same treatment, an earlier and higher response of cells involved in wound repair, a higher angiogenesis, as well as an enhanced vascular endothelial growth factors and cyclin D1 expression were observed. The present study shows the validity of ozonated sesame oil in cutaneous wound healing and emphasizes the importance of the ozonation grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Valacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
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64
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Cigarette smoke affects ABCAl expression via liver X receptor nuclear translocation in human keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:3375-86. [PMID: 20957101 PMCID: PMC2956101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11093375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous tissue is the first barrier against outdoor insults. The outer most layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), is formed by corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix (cholesterol, ceramide and fatty acids). Therefore, the regulation of lipids and, in particular, of cholesterol homeostasis in the skin is of great importance. ABCA1 is a membrane transporter responsible for cholesterol efflux and plays a key role in maintaining cellular cholesterol levels. Among the many factors that have been associated with skin diseases, the environmental stressor cigarette smoke has been recently studied. In the present study, we demonstrate that ABCA1 expression in human cells (HaCaT) was increased (both mRNA and protein levels) after CS exposure. This effect was mediated by the inhibition of NFkB (aldehydes adducts formation) that allows the translocation of liver X receptor (LXR). These findings suggest that passive smoking may play a role in skin cholesterol levels and thus affect cutaneous tissues functions.
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65
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Evaluation of ozone for preventing fungal influenced corrosion of reinforced concrete bridges over the River Nile, Egypt. Biodegradation 2010; 22:243-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-010-9391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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66
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Ozone and ozonated oils in skin diseases: a review. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:610418. [PMID: 20671923 PMCID: PMC2910505 DOI: 10.1155/2010/610418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although orthodox medicine has provided a variety of topical anti-infective agents, some of them have become scarcely effective owing to antibiotic- and chemotherapeutic-resistant pathogens. For more than a century, ozone has been known to be an excellent disinfectant that nevertheless had to be used with caution for its oxidizing properties. Only during the last decade it has been learned how to tame its great reactivity by precisely dosing its concentration and permanently incorporating the gas into triglycerides where gaseous ozone chemically reacts with unsaturated substrates leading to therapeutically active ozonated derivatives. Today the stability and efficacy of the ozonated oils have been already demonstrated, but owing to a plethora of commercial products, the present paper aims to analyze these derivatives suggesting the strategy to obtain products with the best characteristics.
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67
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Kosmider B, Loader JE, Murphy RC, Mason RJ. Apoptosis induced by ozone and oxysterols in human alveolar epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:1513-24. [PMID: 20219673 PMCID: PMC2965594 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of ozone-induced lung cell injury is poorly understood. One hypothesis is that ozone induces lipid peroxidation and that these peroxidated lipids produce oxidative stress and DNA damage. Oxysterols are lipid peroxides formed by the direct effects of ozone on pulmonary surfactant and cell membranes. We studied the effects of ozone and the oxysterol 5beta,6beta-epoxycholesterol (beta-epoxide) and its metabolite cholestan-6-oxo-3,5-diol (6-oxo-3,5-diol) on human alveolar epithelial type I-like cells (ATI-like cells) and type II cells (ATII cells). Ozone and oxysterols induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity in ATI-like cells. They also generated reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Ozone and beta-epoxide were strong inducers of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heat shock protein 70, and Fos-related antigen 1 protein expression. Furthermore, we found higher sensitivity of ATI-like cells compared to ATII cells exposed to ozone or treated with beta-epoxide or 6-oxo-3,5-diol. In general the response to the cholesterol epoxides was similar to the effect of ozone. Understanding the response of human ATI-like cells and ATII cells to oxysterols may be useful for further studies, because these compounds may represent useful biomarkers in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kosmider
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - Joan E. Loader
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206
| | - Robert C. Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Robert J. Mason
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206
- Address correspondence to Dr. Robert J. Mason, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206. Fax: +1 303 270 2353; phone: +1 303 398 1302;
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68
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Martínez-Sánchez G, Pérez-Davison G, Re L, Giuliani A. Ozone As U-Shaped Dose Responses Molecules (Hormetins). Dose Response 2010. [DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.10-0001.martinez-sanchez] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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69
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Martínez-Sánchez G, Pérez-Davison G, Re L, Giuliani A. Ozone as u-shaped dose responses molecules (hormetins). Dose Response 2010; 9:32-49. [PMID: 21431076 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.10-001.martinez-sanchez] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox environment involves a broad network of pro-oxidant and antioxidant components. Health benefit or damage can be induced as a consequence of an adaptive cellular stress response. A consequence of hormetic amplification is an increase in the homeodynamic space of a living system in terms of an increased defense capacity and a reduced load of damaged macromolecules. Ozone, when used at appropriate doses, promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides allows them to become late and long-lasting messengers. Healthy aging may be achieved by hormesis through mild and periodic, but not severe or chronic, physical and mental challenges, and by the use of nutritional hormesis incorporating mild stress-inducing molecules called hormetins. The paradoxical concept that ozone eventually induces an antioxidant response capable of reversing a chronic oxidative stress is common in the animal and vegetal kingdom; it is already supported by findings of an increased level of antioxidant enzymes during ozone therapy. Those facts can include ozone as a hormetin. The established scientific foundations of hormesis are ready to pave the way for new and effective approaches in redox-related disease research and intervention; ozone therapy can be a good candidate.
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70
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Vasu VT, Oommen S, Lim Y, Valacchi G, Hobson B, Eirserich JP, Leonard SW, Traber MG, Cross CE, Gohil K. Modulation of ozone-sensitive genes in alpha-tocopherol transfer protein null mice. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:1-16. [PMID: 19555225 DOI: 10.3109/08958370902838145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (ATTP) null mice (ATTP-/-) have a systemic alpha-tocopherol (AT) deficiency, with their lung AT levels being < 10% of those in AT-replete ATTP(+/+) mice when fed a standard rodent chow diet. ATTP(+/+) and ATTP(-/-) mice (4 wk old male mice, n = 16 per group) were fed a standard diet (35 IU AT/kg diet) for 8-12 wk, exposed 6 h/day for 3 days to either to O(3) (0.5 ppm) or filtered air, then sacrificed. No significant differences in plasma or lung AT concentrations were observed in response to this level of O(3) exposure. Lung genomic responses of the lungs to O(3) were determined using Affymetrix 430A 2.0 arrays containing over 22,600 probe sets representing 14,000 well-characterized mouse genes. As compared with filtered air exposure, O(3) exposure resulted in 99 genes being differentially expressed in ATTP(-/-) mice, as compared to 52 differentially expressed genes in ATTP(+/+) mice. The data revealed an O(3)-induced upregulation of genes related to cell proliferation/DNA repair and inflammatory-immune responses in both ATTP(+/+) and ATTP(-/-) mice, with the expression of 22 genes being common to both, whereas 30 and 77 genes were unique to ATTP(+/+) and ATTP(-/-) mice, respectively. The expressions of O(3) sensitive genes-Timp1, Areg, Birc5 and Tnc-were seen to be further modulated by AT status. The present study reveals AT modulation of adaptive response of lung genome to O(3) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vihas T Vasu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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71
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Valacchi G, Pecorelli A, Mencarelli M, Maioli E, Davis PA. Beta-carotene prevents ozone-induced proinflammatory markers in murine skin. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25:241-7. [PMID: 19651793 DOI: 10.1177/0748233709103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beta-carotene has been thought to protect against oxidative stress generated by ultraviolet radiation and thus prevents skin cancer and skin aging (Biesalski and Obermueller-Jevic, 2001). However, nothing is known about its potential effects against other environmental sources of oxidative stress such as ozone (O3) in skin. Intake of oral beta-carotene supplements before exposure to sunlight (and thus inevitably also to (O3) has been recommended on a population-wide basis. However, although some studies have shown beta-carotene as providing skin protection as an antioxidant, other studies using skin cells in culture have shown that beta-carotene may have unexpected prooxidant properties (Obermüller-Jevic, et al., 2001). Given this, there is an ongoing debate regarding the protective or potentially harmful role(s) of beta-carotene in human skin. In this study, the effect of beta-carotene on ozone's effects on the skin of hairless mice was assessed. After feeding a diet supplemented with 0.5% beta-carotene for 1 month, mice were subjected to O3 exposure (0.8 ppm 6 h/day; 7 days) and the induction of proinflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and markers of oxidative stress, heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), were quantitated. The data showed that beta-carotene downregulated the induction of TNFalpha, MIP2, iNOS, and HO-1 in response to O3. We conclude that beta-carotene provides protection against O3-induced skin oxidative stress in vivo, which is consistent with a protective role for beta-carotene in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Valacchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, Siena, Italy.
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72
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Pavlou P, Rallis M, Deliconstantinos G, Papaioannou G, Grando SA. In-vivo data on the influence of tobacco smoke and UV light on murine skin. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25:231-9. [PMID: 19651792 DOI: 10.1177/0748233709103209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled tobacco smoke comes in direct contact with few organs such as mouth, lungs, and stomach. Cigarette smoke (CS) in lungs has been extensively studied. However, limited data exist on its effect on skin, and there are no long-term experimental studies suggesting toxic effects on skin. Even though it is generally accepted that CS is among the main factors of skin aging, the number of experimental studies showing this aging effect is limited. We hereby studied the effect of long-term exposure to CS on the skin of hairless mice in combination with or without ultraviolet (UV) light. In addition, we investigated potential skin protection by a potent antioxidant namely procyanidine-rich French maritime pine bark extract (PBE) pycnogenol. Male and female hairless SKH-2 mice were exposed for 10 months to tobacco smoke and/or UV light in vivo, and their effects on skin were investigated. Some biophysical parameters such as development of erythema, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and skin elasticity were measured. The results show that UV and CS may be acting synergistically, as shown by the enhanced TEWL, erythema values, epitheliomas, and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) observed, whereas PBE seems to protect skin against SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pavlou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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73
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Afaq F, Zaid MA, Pelle E, Khan N, Syed DN, Matsui MS, Maes D, Mukhtar H. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Is an Ozone Sensor in Human Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2396-403. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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74
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Kim HS, Noh SU, Han YW, Kim KM, Kang H, Kim HO, Park YM. Therapeutic effects of topical application of ozone on acute cutaneous wound healing. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24:368-74. [PMID: 19543419 PMCID: PMC2698179 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.3.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic effects of topical ozonated olive oil on acute cutaneous wound healing in a guinea pig model and also to elucidate its therapeutic mechanism. After creating full-thickness skin wounds on the backs of guinea pigs by using a 6 mm punch biopsy, we examined the wound healing effect of topically applied ozonated olive oil (ozone group), as compared to the pure olive oil (oil group) and non-treatment (control group). The ozone group of guinea pig had a significantly smaller wound size and a residual wound area than the oil group, on days 5 (P<0.05) and 7 (P<0.01 and P<0.05) after wound surgery, respectively. Both hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson-trichrome staining revealed an increased intensity of collagen fibers and a greater number of fibroblasts in the ozone group than that in the oil group on day 7. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated upregulation of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressions, but not fibroblast growth factor expression in the ozone group on day 7, as compared with the oil group. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that topical application of ozonated olive oil can accelerate acute cutaneous wound repair in a guinea pig in association with the increased expression of PDGF, TGF-beta, and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Su Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Up Noh
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye Won Han
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Moon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Ok Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Min Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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75
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Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Pulmonary toxicity and environmental contamination: radicals, electron transfer, and protection by antioxidants. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 201:41-69. [PMID: 19484588 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0032-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The atmosphere is replete with a mixture of toxic substances, both natural and man-made. Inhalation of toxic substances produces a variety of insults to the pulmonary system. Lung poisons include industrial materials, particulates from mining and combustion, agricultural chemicals, cigarette smoke, ozone, and nitrogen oxides, among a large number of other chemicals and environmental contaminants. Many proposals have been advanced to explain the mode of action of pulmonary toxicants. In this review we focus on mechanisms of pulmonary toxicity that involve ET, ROS, and OS. The vast majority of toxicants or their metabolites possess chemical ET functionalities that can undergo redox cycling. Such recycling may generate ROS that can injure various cellular constituents in the lung and in other tissues. ET agents include quinones, metal complexes, aromatic nitro compounds, and conjugated iminium ions. Often, these agents are formed metabolically from parent toxicants. Such metabolic reactions are often catalytic and require only small amounts of the offending material. Oxidative attack is commonly associated with lipid peroxidation and oxidation of DNA, and it may result in strand cleavage and 8-OH-DG production. Toxicity is often accompanied by depletion of natural AOs, which further exacerbates the toxic effect. It is not surprising that the use of AOs, both natural in fruits and vegetables, as well as synthetic, may provide protection from the adverse effects of toxicant exposure. The mechanistic framework described earlier is also applicable to some of the more prominent pulmonary illnesses, such as asthma, COPD, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA.
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76
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Ciencewicki J, Trivedi S, Kleeberger SR. Oxidants and the pathogenesis of lung diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:456-68; quiz 469-70. [PMID: 18774381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of population-based and epidemiologic associations between oxidant pollutant exposures and cardiopulmonary disease exacerbation, decrements in pulmonary function, and mortality underscores the important detrimental effects of oxidants on public health. Because inhaled oxidants initiate a number of pathologic processes, including inflammation of the airways, which may contribute to the pathogenesis and/or exacerbation of airways disease, it is critical to understand the mechanisms through which exogenous and endogenous oxidants interact with molecules in the cells, tissues, and epithelial lining fluid of the lung. Furthermore, it is clear that interindividual variation in response to a given exposure also exists across an individual lifetime. Because of the potential impact that oxidant exposures may have on reproductive outcomes and infant, child, and adult health, identification of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that may influence susceptibility to oxidants remains an important issue. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of oxidant stress in the lung, the role of oxidants in lung disease pathogenesis and exacerbation (eg, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and acute respiratory distress syndrome), and the potential risk factors (eg, age, genetics) for enhanced susceptibility to oxidant-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ciencewicki
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 600:117-22. [PMID: 18926814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is a potent oxidant and causes airway hyperresponsiveness and neutrophilia. To determine the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, we studied the effect of a p38alpha inhibitor SD-282 (Scios Inc, Fremont, CA USA) on ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and neutrophilia. Balb/c mice received SD-282 (30 or 90 mg/kg i.p) or vehicle 1 h before exposure to either ozone (3 ppm, 3 h) or air. Three hours after exposure, lungs were analysed for cytokine levels and bronchoalveolar lavage was performed. Another set of mice were dosed 6 h after exposure and 1 h before assessing airway hyperresponsiveness. SD-282 (90 mg/kg) significantly inhibited ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (-LogPC(150): SD-282: -1.73+/-0.14 vs. vehicle: -0.99+/-0.15, P<0.05). Bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophil numbers were time-dependently increased in vehicle-dosed, ozone-exposed mice, greatest at 20-24 h after exposure. SD-282 (30 and 90 mg/kg) significantly inhibited ozone induced neutrophil numbers at 3 h and 20-24 h after ozone SD-282 significantly inhibited ozone-induced increases in phosphorylated p38 MAPK expression, and in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1beta but not MIP-1alpha gene expression. We conclude that p38 MAPK is involved in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and lung neutrophilia. Inhibition of p38 MAPK with small molecule kinase inhibitors may be a means of reducing ozone-induced inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness.
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78
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Increased oxidative stress and antioxidant expression in mouse keratinocytes following exposure to paraquat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 231:384-92. [PMID: 18620719 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium) is a widely used herbicide known to induce skin toxicity. This is thought to be due to oxidative stress resulting from the generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) during paraquat redox cycling. The skin contains a diverse array of antioxidant enzymes which protect against oxidative stress including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), metallothionein-2 (MT-2), and glutathione-S-transferases (GST). In the present studies we compared paraquat redox cycling in primary cultures of undifferentiated and differentiated mouse keratinocytes and determined if this was associated with oxidative stress and altered expression of antioxidant enzymes. We found that paraquat readily undergoes redox cycling in both undifferentiated and differentiated keratinocytes, generating superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide as well as increased protein oxidation which was greater in differentiated cells. Paraquat treatment also resulted in increased expression of HO-1, Cu,Zn-SOD, catalase, GSTP1, GSTA3 and GSTA4. However, no major differences in expression of these enzymes were evident between undifferentiated and differentiated cells. In contrast, expression of GSTA1-2 was significantly greater in differentiated relative to undifferentiated cells after paraquat treatment. No changes in expression of MT-2, Mn-SOD, GPx-1, GSTM1 or the microsomal GST's mGST1, mGST2 and mGST3, were observed in response to paraquat. These data demonstrate that paraquat induces oxidative stress in keratinocytes leading to increased expression of antioxidant genes. These intracellular proteins may be important in protecting the skin from paraquat-mediated cytotoxicity.
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79
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Martínez-Canabal A, Angoa-Pérez M, Rugerio-Vargas C, Borgonio-Perez G, Rivas-Arancibia S. Effect of growth hormone on Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the hippocampus of rats chronically exposed to ozone. Int J Neurosci 2008; 118:455-69. [PMID: 18300015 DOI: 10.1080/00207450701593160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine GH-effects on Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression on hippocampus alterations caused by ozone exposure. Seventy male rats were divided into: (1) control; (2) exposed to ozone for 7, 15, and 30 days; (3) exposed to ozone and treated with GH, for 7, 15, and 30 days. Results showed that lipoperoxidation levels and number of COX-2-positive cells increased in all groups exposed to ozone compared to control. In the groups treated with GH, COX-2 immunoreactive cell number decreased with respect to the ozone group. Therefore, GH could provide protection against damage induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Martínez-Canabal
- Physiology Department, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico-City, Mexico DF
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80
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Valacchi G, Vasu VT, Yokohama W, Corbacho AM, Phung A, Lim Y, Aung HH, Cross CE, Davis PA. Lung vitamin E transport processes are affected by both age and environmental oxidants in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 222:227-34. [PMID: 17602719 PMCID: PMC2770005 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the physiological importance of alpha-tocopherol (AT), the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining cellular and tissue tocopherol levels remain to be fully characterized. Scavenger receptor B1 (SRB1), one of a large family of scavenger receptors, has been shown to facilitate AT transfer from HDL to peripheral tissues via apo A-1-mediated processes and to be important in the delivery of AT to the lung cells. In the present studies the effects of age and two environmental oxidants ozone (O(3)) (0.25 ppm 6 h/day) and cigarette smoke (CS) (60 mg/m(3) 6 h/day) for 4 days on selected aspects of AT transport in murine lung tissues were assessed. While AT levels were 25% higher (p<0.05) and 15% lower (p<0.05) in plasma and lung tissue, respectively, in aged versus young mice, acute environmental exposure to O(3) or CS at the doses used had no effect. Gene expression levels, determined by RT-PCR of AT transport protein (ATTP), SRB1, CD36, ATP binding cassette 3 (ABCA3) and ABCA1 and protein levels, determined by Western blots for SRB1, ATTP and ABCA1 were assessed. Aged mouse lung showed a lower levels of ATTP, ABCA3 and SRB1 and a higher level CD36 and ABCA1. Acute exposure to either O(3) or CS induced declines in ATTP and SRB1 in both aged and young mice lung. CD36 increased in both young and aged mice lung upon exposure to O(3) and CS. These findings suggest that both age and environmental oxidant exposure affect pathways related to lung AT homeostasis and do so in a way that favors declines in lung AT. However, given the approach taken, the effects cannot be traced to changes in these pathways or AT content in any specific lung associated cell type and thus highlight the need for further follow-up studies looking at specific lung associated cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Valacchi
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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81
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Kooter IM, Pennings JLA, Fokkens PHB, Leseman DLAC, Boere AJF, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Cassee FR, Schalk JAC, Orzechowski TJH, Schaap MM, Breit TM, Dormans JAMA, van Oostrom CTM, de Vries A, van Steeg H. Ozone induces clear cellular and molecular responses in the mouse lung independently of the transcription-coupled repair status. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 102:1185-92. [PMID: 17095637 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00796.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidant ozone is a well-known air pollutant, inhalation of which is associated with respiratory tract inflammation and functional alterations of the lung. It is well established as an inducer of intracellular oxidative stress. We investigated whether Cockayne syndrome B, transcription-coupled, repair-deficient mice (Csb(-/-)), known to be sensitive to oxidative stressors, respond differently to ozone than repair-proficient controls (Csb(+/-)). Mice were exposed to 0.8 parts/million ozone for 8 h, and we examined a wide range of biological parameters in the lung at the gene expression, protein, and cellular level 4 h after the ozone exposure. Relevant biological responses to ozone for both repair-deficient Csb(-/-) and repair-proficient Csb(+/-) mice, as determined by biochemical analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (e.g., increases of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, alkaline phosphatase, macrophage-inflammatory protein-2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), pathological examinations, and gene expression (upregulation of oxidative-stress-related genes) analyses were observed. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed significantly more tumor necrosis factor-alpha in repair-deficient Csb(-/-) mice than in repair-proficient Csb(+/-) mice after ozone exposure. In addition, a clear trend was observed toward fewer differentially expressed genes with a lower fold ratio in repair-deficient Csb(-/-) mice than in repair-proficient Csb(+/-) mice. However, repair-deficient Csb(-/-) mice do not respond significantly more sensitively to ozone compared with repair-proficient Csb(+/-) mice at the level of gene expression. We conclude that, under the conditions employed here, although small differences at the transcriptional level exist between repair-proficient Csb(+/-) mice and transcription-coupled repair defective Csb(-/-) mice, these do not have a significant effect on the ozone-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg M Kooter
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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He QC, Tavakkol A, Wietecha K, Begum-Gafur R, Ansari SA, Polefka T. Effects of environmentally realistic levels of ozone on stratum corneum function. Int J Cosmet Sci 2006; 28:349-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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83
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Cecarini V, Gee J, Fioretti E, Amici M, Angeletti M, Eleuteri AM, Keller JN. Protein oxidation and cellular homeostasis: Emphasis on metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1773:93-104. [PMID: 17023064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as the result of a number of physiological and pathological processes. Once formed ROS can promote multiple forms of oxidative damage, including protein oxidation, and thereby influence the function of a diverse array of cellular processes. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which ROS are generated in a variety of cell types, outlines the mechanisms which control the levels of ROS, and describes specific proteins which are common targets of ROS. Additionally, this review outlines cellular processes which can degrade or repair oxidized proteins, and ultimately describes the potential outcomes of protein oxidation on cellular homeostasis. In particular, this review focuses on the relationship between elevations in protein oxidation and multiple aspects of cellular metabolism. Together, this review describes a potential role for elevated levels of protein oxidation contributing to cellular dysfunction and oxidative stress via impacts on cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cecarini
- Post Graduate School of Clinical Biochemistry, Departments of Molecular and Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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84
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Ryter SW, Alam J, Choi AMK. Heme oxygenase-1/carbon monoxide: from basic science to therapeutic applications. Physiol Rev 2006; 86:583-650. [PMID: 16601269 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1761] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme oxygenases, which consist of constitutive and inducible isozymes (HO-1, HO-2), catalyze the rate-limiting step in the metabolic conversion of heme to the bile pigments (i.e., biliverdin and bilirubin) and thus constitute a major intracellular source of iron and carbon monoxide (CO). In recent years, endogenously produced CO has been shown to possess intriguing signaling properties affecting numerous critical cellular functions including but not limited to inflammation, cellular proliferation, and apoptotic cell death. The era of gaseous molecules in biomedical research and human diseases initiated with the discovery that the endothelial cell-derived relaxing factor was identical to the gaseous molecule nitric oxide (NO). The discovery that endogenously produced gaseous molecules such as NO and now CO can impart potent physiological and biological effector functions truly represented a paradigm shift and unraveled new avenues of intense investigations. This review covers the molecular and biochemical characterization of HOs, with a discussion on the mechanisms of signal transduction and gene regulation that mediate the induction of HO-1 by environmental stress. Furthermore, the current understanding of the functional significance of HO shall be discussed from the perspective of each of the metabolic by-products, with a special emphasis on CO. Finally, this presentation aspires to lay a foundation for potential future clinical applications of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W Ryter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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85
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Montaño Velázquez BB, Jáuregui-Renaud K, Bañuelos Arias ADC, Ayala JC, Martínez MDM, Campillo Navarrete R, Rosalia ISV, Salazar MDRC, Serrano HAC, Mondragón AO, Perez RL. Vitamin E effects on nasal symptoms and serum specific IgE levels in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 96:45-50. [PMID: 16440532 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that vitamin E intake may reduce IgE production. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of vitamin E supplementation on the severity of nasal symptoms and the serum levels of specific IgE in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. METHODS Sixty-three patients (mean +/- SD age, 12 +/- 2.4 years) with a history of perennial allergic rhinitis participated in this study. None of the patients had evidence of acute infectious disease or used tobacco, corticosteroids, antihistamines, or vitamins. Patients were randomized to receive either vitamin E (400 IU/d) or placebo for 4 weeks, with loratadine-pseudoephedrine (0.2/0.5 mg/kg) during the first 2 weeks of treatment. The severity of nasal symptoms was evaluated using a validated questionnaire, which was administered weekly for 4 weeks. The serum concentrations of specific IgE to 5 common inhalant allergens and lipid peroxides were measured before treatment and at the end of the study. RESULTS Before, during, and after treatment, the symptom severity scores were similar in the 2 groups; within each group, a significant decrease was observed after the first week of follow-up (P < .05), with no further changes. Serum levels of specific IgE and lipid peroxides did not show any significant changes related to vitamin E intake within and between groups. CONCLUSIONS In patients with perennial allergic rhinitis, vitamin E supplementation (400 IU/d) did not have any significant effects on nasal symptom severity or on serum concentrations of specific IgE to 5 common allergens.
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Wilson M, Widdicombe JH, Gohil K, Burtis KC, Reznick AZ, Cross CE, Eiserich JP. Are Drosophila a useful model for understanding the toxicity of inhaled oxidative pollutants: a review. Inhal Toxicol 2006; 17:765-74. [PMID: 16195212 DOI: 10.1080/08958370500225141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative atmospheric pollutants represent a significant stress and cause injury to both vertebrate and invertebrate species. In both, the biosurfaces of their respiratory apparatus are directly exposed to oxidizing pollutant-induced stresses. Respiratory-tract surfaces contain integrated antioxidant systems that appear to provide a primary defense against environmental insults caused by inhaled atmospheric reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), whether gaseous or particulate. When the biosurface antioxidant defenses are overwhelmed, oxidative and nitrosative stress to the acellular and cellular components of the exposed biosurfaces can ensue via direct chemical reactions that lead to the induction of inflammatory, adaptive, injurious, and reparative processes. The study of model invertebrates (e.g., Drosophila) has a long history of yielding valuable insights into both fundamental biology and pathobiology. Mutants and/or transgenic insects, with specific alterations in key components of innate and/or adaptive antioxidant defense systems and immune genes, offer opportunities to dissect the complex systems that maintain respiratory tract surface defenses against environmental oxidants and the ensuing host responses. In this article, we use a comparative absfont approach to consider interactions of atmospheric oxidant pollutants with selected biosystems. We focused primarily on ozone (O(3)) as the pollutant, vertebrate and invertebrate respiratory tracts as the exposed biosystems, and nonenzymatic micronutrient antioxidants as significant contributors to overall antioxidant defense strategies. We present parallels among these diverse organisms with regard to their protective strategies against environmental atmospheric oxidants, with particular focus given to using the invertebrate Drosophila as a potentially useful model for vertebrate respiratory-tract responses to inhaled oxidants specifically and pollutants in general. We conclude that the insect respiratory system has considerable promise toward understanding novel aspects of vertebrate respiratory tract responses to inhaled oxidative environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinda Wilson
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95817, USA
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Lim Y, Phung AD, Corbacho AM, Aung HH, Maioli E, Reznick AZ, Cross CE, Davis PA, Valacchi G. Modulation of cutaneous wound healing by ozone: Differences between young and aged mice. Toxicol Lett 2006; 160:127-34. [PMID: 16129572 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous tissues are frequently exposed to prooxidative environments, including UV radiation and air pollutants. Among the latter, ozone (O(3)) is of particular concern because of its high and dominating presence in photochemical smog. It is well known that O(3) depletes small molecular weight antioxidants, oxidizes proteins, induces lipid peroxidation and activates cellular responses in various tissues. Using an in vivo model (SKH-1 hairless mice), the interaction between O(3) exposure (0.5ppmx6h/day) and age was examined in relation to cutaneous wound healing. Compared to younger (8 weeks) mice, older (18 months) mice exposed to O(3) (day 0 to day 9 after wounding) exhibited delayed wound closure, increased lipid peroxidation (measured as 4-HNE protein adducts) and protein oxidation (measured as carbonyls concentration) and decreased levels of P-IkappaBalpha and TGFbeta protein. These findings support the hypothesis that oxidant pollutant exposure and age interact so as to disrupt normal wound healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsook Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis, CA, USA
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88
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Abstract
The aim of this brief review is to summarize the recent literature on the effect of ozone (O3) on cutaneous tissues. Recently it has been reported that a chronic contact with O3 can be deleterious for the skin. Our group and others have shown a progressive depletion of antioxidant content in the stratum corneum and this can then lead to a cascade of effects resulting in an active cellular response in the deeper layers of the skin. Using an in vivo model we have shown an increase of proliferative, adaptive and proinflammatory cutaneous tissue responses. On the other hand the well known activity of O3 as a potent disinfectant and oxygen (O2) donor has been also studied for therapeutic use. Two approaches have been described. The first consists of a quasi-total body exposure in a thermostatically controlled cabin. This treatment has proved to be useful in patients with chronic limb ischaemia. The second approach is based on the topical application of ozonated olive oil in several kinds of skin infection (from soreness to diabetic ulcers, burns, traumatic and surgical wounds, abscesses and skin reactions after radiotherapy). We and other authors have observed a striking cleansing effect with improved oxygenation and enhanced healing of these conditions. It is now clear that, on the skin, O3, like other drugs, poisons and radiation, can display either a damaging effect from a long exposure or a beneficial effect after a brief exposure to O2 and O3 or to the application of ozonated oil to chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Valacchi
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy.
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89
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Foucaud L, Bennasroune A, Klestadt D, Laval-Gilly P, Falla J. Oxidative stress induction by short time exposure to ozone on THP-1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 20:101-8. [PMID: 16055301 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ozone is a major component of air pollution mainly formed by photochemical reactions of nitrogen oxides with volatile organic compounds and/or carbon monoxide. Numerous studies have shown the association between ozone exposure with pulmonary injuries. This pollutant is a strong oxidant exerting its biological action either by direct reaction with target molecules or by generating reactive oxygen species which result in its biological effects and its toxicity. In order to study the effects of an induced oxidative stress by ozone on THP-1 cell, a human macrophage-like cell line, we used an in vitro system which has been previously used to study the rapid responses to ozone exposure. Using this system, THP-1 cells were subjected to short time exposure (30 min) followed by different incubation times ranging from 4 to 24 h. Our results show that ozone exposure provokes an alteration of the cell membrane translating an induction of lipid peroxidation resulting in a 3.2-fold increase of thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS), an increase by 35% of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, and significant modifications of the redox status evaluated by glutathione measurement and of antioxidant enzyme activities in THP-1 cells. Our in vitro model constitutes a very interesting tool for the measurement of ozone effect on rapid modifications induced by this pollutant as well as intracellular modifications due to an oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Foucaud
- IUT de Thionville-Yutz, Laboratoire d'Immunologie-Microbiologie (ESE-CNRS, UMR 7146), 1, Impasse A. Kastler, F-57970 Yutz, France.
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90
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Ahmad S, Ahmad A, McConville G, Schneider BK, Allen CB, Manzer R, Mason RJ, White CW. Lung epithelial cells release ATP during ozone exposure: signaling for cell survival. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:213-26. [PMID: 15964513 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The common air pollutant ozone causes acute toxicity to human airways. In primary and transformed epithelial cells from all levels of human or rat airways, ozone levels relevant to air pollution (50-200 ppb) increased extracellular [ATP] within 7-30 min. A human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE14o(-)) that forms electrically resistant polarized monolayers had up to 10-fold greater apical than basolateral surface extracellular [ATP] within 7 min of ozone exposure. Increased extracellular [ATP] appeared due to ATP secretion or release because (1) inhibition of ectonucleotidase (cell surface enzyme(s) which degrade ATP) by ozone did not occur until >120 min of ozone exposure and (2) brefeldin A, a secretory inhibitor, eliminated elevation of extracellular [ATP] without affecting intracellular ATP. Extracellular ATP protected against ozone toxicity in a P2Y receptor-dependent manner as (1) removal of ATP and adenosine by apyrase and adenosine deaminase, respectively, potentiated ozone toxicity, (2) extracellular supplementation with ATP, a poorly hydrolyzable ATP analog ATPgammaS, or UTP inhibited apoptotic and necrotic ozone-mediated cell death, and (3) ATP-mediated protection was eliminated by P2 and P2Y receptor inhibitors suramin and Cibacron blue (reactive blue 2), respectively. The decline in glucose uptake caused by prolonged ozone exposure was prevented by supplemental extracellular ATP, an effect blocked by suramin. Further, Akt and ERK phosphorylation resulted from exposure to supplemental extracellular ATP. Thus, extracellularly released ATP signals to prevent ozone-induced death and supplementation with ATP or its analogs can augment protection, at least in part via Akt and /or ERK signaling pathways and their metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Ahmad
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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91
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Abstract
The skin is directly and frequently exposed to a pro-oxidative environment, including ozone and UV-radiation. While ozone in the stratosphere protects against mutagenic UVC-radiation, it is also a major air pollutant in urban areas. With its strong oxidizing potential, ozone is perhaps one of the most reactive chemicals the skin ever encounters. Although a large body of evidence exists for ozone- induced oxidative stress in the respiratory tract, the current knowledge on its in vivo effect on cutaneous tissues is based on studies of the last 10 years. Acute ozone exposure damages the stratum corneum, depletes skin vitamin C and E and induces lipid and protein oxidation in upper epidermal layers. Secondary products penetrate into deeper skin layers and are capable of activating signal transduction pathways and inducing cell damage. It has been shown in a murine model, that environmentally relevant ozone concentrations can induce a stress response in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Podda
- Zentrum der Dermatologie, Klinikum der J.W.-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt.
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92
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Haddad JJ. On the antioxidant mechanisms of Bcl-2: a retrospective of NF-kappaB signaling and oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 322:355-63. [PMID: 15325238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant and prooxidant signaling pathways are emanating as major players in, and regulators of, cell death and apoptosis. Redox conception of the critical role of oxidative stress in determining cell fate is being established-a foundation that craves deeper than the basic understanding of physiochemical interactions to extend beyond that into the realms of deciphering the molecular codes implicated with apoptosis. The proto-oncogene Bcl-2 is no stranger being a major player and decoder in controlling apoptosis, ostensibly via the regulation of redox equilibrium and disequilibrium. One of those potential mechanisms exhibited by Bcl-2 is its ability to counteract the detrimental effects of cell damage caused by free radicals, thereby gaining its well-known property of being an antioxidant. But the question is: what are the molecular mechanisms involved with the antioxidant role of Bcl-2 in the face of cell damage and apoptosis? Currently, a stance is being upheld in that the Bcl-2 antioxidant efficacy should be weighed against its ability to manipulate transcriptional control, through the regulation of specific transcription factors. NF-kappaB is no doubt one of the best candidates when it comes to the arena of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Therein, current themes in the burgeoning antioxidant role of Bcl-2 are exposed within the context of transcriptional control of NF-kappaB, thereby holding potential avenues for alleviating therapeutic approaches in the regulation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Severinghaus-Radiometer Research Laboratories, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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