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Pathogenesis of α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease: From a Neuron-Glia Crosstalk Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314753. [PMID: 36499080 PMCID: PMC9739123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The classical behavioral defects of PD patients involve motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, as well as non-motor symptoms such as anosmia, depression, and cognitive impairment. Pathologically, the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn)-composed Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) are key hallmarks. Glia are more than mere bystanders that simply support neurons, they actively contribute to almost every aspect of neuronal development and function; glial dysregulation has been implicated in a series of neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Importantly, amounting evidence has added glial activation and neuroinflammation as new features of PD onset and progression. Thus, gaining a better understanding of glia, especially neuron-glia crosstalk, will not only provide insight into brain physiology events but also advance our knowledge of PD pathologies. This review addresses the current understanding of α-syn pathogenesis in PD, with a focus on neuron-glia crosstalk. Particularly, the transmission of α-syn between neurons and glia, α-syn-induced glial activation, and feedbacks of glial activation on DA neuron degeneration are thoroughly discussed. In addition, α-syn aggregation, iron deposition, and glial activation in regulating DA neuron ferroptosis in PD are covered. Lastly, we summarize the preclinical and clinical therapies, especially targeting glia, in PD treatments.
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Jiao W, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhao Y, Fan X, Tian L, Li X, Mi J. Ferroptosis and its role in skeletal muscle diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1051866. [PMID: 36406272 PMCID: PMC9669482 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1051866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is characterized by the accumulation of iron and lipid peroxidation products, which regulates physiological and pathological processes in numerous organs and tissues. A growing body of research suggests that ferroptosis is a key causative factor in a variety of skeletal muscle diseases, including sarcopenia, rhabdomyolysis, rhabdomyosarcoma, and exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue. However, the relationship between ferroptosis and various skeletal muscle diseases has not been investigated systematically. This review’s objective is to provide a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms and signaling factors that regulate ferroptosis, including lipid peroxidation, iron/heme, amino acid metabolism, and autophagy. In addition, we tease out the role of ferroptosis in the progression of different skeletal muscle diseases and ferroptosis as a potential target for the treatment of multiple skeletal muscle diseases. This review can provide valuable reference for the research on the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle diseases, as well as for clinical prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zepeng Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Weikai Jiao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiuge Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yunyun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xuechun Fan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lulu Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangyan Li, ; Jia Mi,
| | - Jia Mi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangyan Li, ; Jia Mi,
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Abstract
LUBAC-mediated linear ubiquitination plays a pivotal role in regulation of cell death and inflammatory pathways. Genetic deficiency in LUBAC components leads to severe immune dysfunction or embryonic lethality. LUBAC has been extensively studied for its role in mediating TNF signaling. However,
Tnfr1
knockout is not able to fully rescue the embryonic lethality of LUBAC deficiency, suggesting that LUBAC may modify additional key cellular substrates in promoting cell survival. GPx4 is an important selenoprotein involved in regulating cellular redox homeostasis in defense against lipid peroxidation-mediated cell death known as ferroptosis. Here we demonstrate that LUBAC deficiency sensitizes to ferroptosis by promoting GPx4 degradation and downstream lipid peroxidation. LUBAC binds and stabilizes GPx4 by modulating its linear ubiquitination both in normal condition and under oxidative stress. Our findings identify GPx4 as a key substrate of LUBAC and a previously unrecognized role of LUBAC-mediated linear ubiquitination in regulating cellular redox status and cell death.
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Shimada BK, Swanson S, Toh P, Seale LA. Metabolism of Selenium, Selenocysteine, and Selenoproteins in Ferroptosis in Solid Tumor Cancers. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111581. [PMID: 36358931 PMCID: PMC9687593 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential target of precision nutrition in cancer therapeutics is the micronutrient selenium (Se). Se is metabolized and incorporated as the amino acid selenocysteine (Sec) into 25 human selenoproteins, including glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) and thioredoxin reductases (TXNRDs), among others. Both the processes of Se and Sec metabolism for the production of selenoproteins and the action of selenoproteins are utilized by cancer cells from solid tumors as a protective mechanism against oxidative damage and to resist ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death mechanism. Protection against ferroptosis in cancer cells requires sustained production of the selenoprotein GPX4, which involves increasing the uptake of Se, potentially activating Se metabolic pathways such as the trans-selenation pathway and the TXNRD1-dependent decomposition of inorganic selenocompounds to sustain GPX4 synthesis. Additionally, endoplasmic reticulum-resident selenoproteins also affect apoptotic responses in the presence of selenocompounds. Selenoproteins may also help cancer cells adapting against increased oxidative damage and the challenges of a modified nutrient metabolism that result from the Warburg switch. Finally, cancer cells may also rewire the selenoprotein hierarchy and use Se-related machinery to prioritize selenoproteins that are essential to the adaptations against ferroptosis and oxidative damage. In this review, we discuss both the evidence and the gaps in knowledge on how cancer cells from solid tumors use Se, Sec, selenoproteins, and the Se-related machinery to promote their survival particularly via resistance to ferroptosis.
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Ferroptosis, a Rising Force against Renal Fibrosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7686956. [PMID: 36275899 PMCID: PMC9581688 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7686956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of programmed cell death characterized by iron overload, oxidative stress, imbalance in lipid repair, and mitochondria-specific pathological manifestations. Growing number of molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways have been found to be involved in ferroptosis progression, including iron metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy metabolism. It is worth noting that ferroptosis is involved in the progression of fibrotic diseases such as liver cirrhosis, cardiomyopathy, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and inhibition of ferroptosis has acquired beneficial outcomes in rodent models, while studies on ferroptosis and renal fibrosis remains limited. Recent studies have revealed that targeting ferroptosis can effectively mitigate chronic kidney injury and renal fibrosis. Moreover, myofibroblasts suffer from ferroptosis during fiber and extracellular matrix deposition in the fibrotic cascade reaction and pharmacological modulation of ferroptosis shows great therapeutic effect on renal fibrosis. Here, we summarize the latest molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis from high-quality studies and review its therapeutic potential in renal fibrosis.
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56
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Chen L, Wu D, Zhou L, Ye Y. Platelet-rich plasma promotes diabetic ulcer repair through inhibition of ferroptosis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1121. [PMID: 36388823 PMCID: PMC9652541 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-4654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferroptosis, a newly discovered form of cell death, can accumulation activates lipid peroxidation and excessive oxidative stress in a high glucose environment. These phenomena suggest there may be ferroptosis pathways in the pathological processes associated with diabetic ulcer (DU). Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) promotes the healing of DU wounds, which may be achieved by the regulation of ferroptosis pathways. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate this association and uncover the potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS Cell injury models induced by high glucose were constructed using EA.HY926 (vascular endothelial cells), HSF (fibroblasts), and rat DU models. The MDA, total ROS, total SOD content, the gene and protein expression of GPX4, SLC7A11, and ACSL4, and the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-10, and NLRP3 was subsequently used to evaluate the important role of ferroptosis in the pathological process of DU, and elucidating the molecular mechanism of PRP in ulcer repair. RESULTS The results show that compared with the DU control group, the healing rate of the dorsal ulcer wound in the PRP intervention group was accelerated, and the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-10, and NLRP3 in the granulation tissue of ulcer wounds was lower. Further, the expression levels of CD31 and VEGF were higher, the gene and protein expression levels of GPX4 and SLC7A11 were increased, the expression levels of ACSL4 were less, the SOD content was higher, and the MDA content was lower. CONCLUSIONS In this study, ferroptosis was preliminarily verified in DUs at the cellular and animal levels, while PRP could inhibit ferroptosis and significantly improve the migration and regeneration ability of fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells induced by high glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Daoai Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lili Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yan Ye
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Georgiev T, Hadzhibozheva P, Karamalakova Y, Georgieva E, Perinkadakatt F, Ilinov Z, Petkov K, Ananiev J. Therapeutic approach of glutathione/glutathione peroxidase-4 axis modulation in the light of ferroptosis. PHARMACIA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.69.e87716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 21st century beginning, the evidence of a new type of programmed cell death, different from apoptosis, began to accumulate. In 2012, the ferroptosis concept was officially introduced. It refers to a kind of cell death that is associated with iron accumulation in the cell, impaired redox potential, and ROS increment with concomitant lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis plays an important role in the pathophysiology of several organ damages such as tumors, neurodegenerative, ischemia-reperfusion, inflammatory diseases, and others. In ferroptosis, the leading mechanism is the glutathione (GSH) depletion and inactivation of Glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPX4), which strongly shifts the oxidative balance in the cell, leading to the activation of certain signalling pathways to induce oxidative death. The article aims to focus attention on the modulation of the GSH/GPX axis as a key factor in the treatment of these diseases.
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Feng J, Wang J, Wang Y, Huang X, Shao T, Deng X, Cao Y, Zhou M, Zhao C. Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation: Prospective Associations Between Ferroptosis and Delayed Wound Healing in Diabetic Ulcers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:898657. [PMID: 35874833 PMCID: PMC9304626 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.898657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic ulcers are one of the major complications of diabetes, and patients usually suffer from amputation and death due to delayed ulcer wound healing. Persistent inflammation and oxidative stress at the wound site are the main manifestations of delayed wound healing in diabetic ulcers. In addition, chronic hyperglycemia in patients can lead to circulatory accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and impaired iron metabolism pathways leading to the presence of multiple free irons in plasma. Ferroptosis, a newly discovered form of cell death, is characterized by intracellular iron overload and accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxides. These indicate that ferroptosis is one of the potential mechanisms of delayed wound healing in diabetic ulcers and will hopefully be a novel therapeutic target for delayed wound healing in diabetic patients. This review explored the pathogenesis of diabetic ulcer wound healing, reveals that oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are common pathological mechanisms of ferroptosis and delayed wound healing in diabetic ulcers. Based on strong evidence, it is speculated that ferroptosis and diabetic ulcers are closely related, and have value of in-depth research. We attempted to clarify prospective associations between ferroptosis and diabetic ulcers in terms of GPX4, iron overload, ferroptosis inhibitors, AGEs, and HO-1, to provide new ideas for exploring the clinical treatment of diabetic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Feng
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Wang
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengteng Shao
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Deng
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yemin Cao
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingmei Zhou
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Medicine Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Mingmei Zhou, ; Cheng Zhao,
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Mingmei Zhou, ; Cheng Zhao,
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59
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Ferroptosis as a mechanism of non-ferrous metal toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2391-2417. [PMID: 35727353 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered form of regulated cell death, implicated in multiple pathologies. Given that the toxicity elicited by some metals is linked to alterations in iron metabolism and induction of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, ferroptosis might be involved in such toxicity. Although direct evidence is insufficient, certain pioneering studies have demonstrated a crosstalk between metal toxicity and ferroptosis. Specifically, the mechanisms underlying metal-induced ferroptosis include induction of ferritinophagy, increased DMT-1 and TfR cellular iron uptake, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) generation, inhibition of Xc-system and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity, altogether resulting in oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. In addition, there is direct evidence of the role of ferroptosis in the toxicity of arsenic, cadmium, zinc, manganese, copper, and aluminum exposure. In contrast, findings on the impact of cobalt and nickel on ferroptosis are scant and nearly lacking altogether for mercury and especially lead. Other gaps in the field include limited studies on the role of metal speciation in ferroptosis and the critical cellular targets. Although further detailed studies are required, it seems reasonable to propose even at this early stage that ferroptosis may play a significant role in metal toxicity, and its modulation may be considered as a potential therapeutic tool for the amelioration of metal toxicity.
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60
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Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death characterized by an excessive lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes caused by the disruption of the antioxidant defense system and/or an imbalanced cellular metabolism. Ferroptosis differentiates from other forms of regulated cell death in that several metabolic pathways and nutritional aspects, including endogenous antioxidants (such as coenzyme Q10, vitamin E, and di/tetrahydrobiopterin), iron handling, energy sensing, selenium utilization, amino acids, and fatty acids, directly regulate the cells' sensitivity to lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. As hallmarks of ferroptosis have been documented in a variety of diseases, including neurodegeneration, acute organ injury, and therapy-resistant tumors, the modulation of ferroptosis using pharmacological tools or by metabolic reprogramming holds great potential for the treatment of ferroptosis-associated diseases and cancer therapy. Hence, this review focuses on the regulation of ferroptosis by metabolic and nutritional cues and discusses the potential of nutritional interventions for therapy by targeting ferroptosis. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 42 is August 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eikan Mishima
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; .,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; .,Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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61
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Yuan W, Xia H, Xu Y, Xu C, Chen N, Shao C, Dai Z, Chen R, Tao A. The role of ferroptosis in endothelial cell dysfunction. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:1897-1914. [PMID: 35579940 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2079054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of iron-dependent cell death caused by an excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. The importance of ferroptosis in the occurrence and progression of various diseases is gradually being recognized; however, the exact biological effects and potential mechanisms of endothelial cell ferroptosis remain unclear. The endothelium forms the innermost layer of the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. It acts as an important functional interface, responds to various pathological stimuli and causes endothelial dysfunction. Here, we review recent findings to elucidate the role of ferroptosis in endothelial cells under different pathophysiologic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyin Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aibin Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Si C, Zhou X, Deng J, Ye S, Kong L, Zhang B, Wang W. Role of ferroptosis in gastrointestinal tumors: From mechanisms to therapies. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:997-1008. [PMID: 35476364 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent nonapoptotic regulated cell death, which is mainly caused by an abnormal increase in lipid oxygen free radicals and an imbalance in redox homeostasis. Recently, ferroptosis has been shown to have implications in various gastrointestinal cancers, such as gastric carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and pancreatic cancer. This review summarises the latest research on ferroptosis, its mechanism of action, and its role in the progression of different gastrointestinal tumors to provide more information regarding the prevention and treatment of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenli Si
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shijie Ye
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lingming Kong
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Baofu Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiming Wang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Greenough MA, Lane DJR, Balez R, Anastacio HTD, Zeng Z, Ganio K, McDevitt CA, Acevedo K, Belaidi AA, Koistinaho J, Ooi L, Ayton S, Bush AI. Selective ferroptosis vulnerability due to familial Alzheimer’s disease presenilin mutations. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:2123-2136. [PMID: 35449212 PMCID: PMC9613996 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMutations in presenilin 1 and 2 (PS1 and PS2) cause autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD). Ferroptosis has been implicated as a mechanism of neurodegeneration in AD since neocortical iron burden predicts Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression. We found that loss of the presenilins dramatically sensitizes multiple cell types to ferroptosis, but not apoptosis. FAD causal mutations of presenilins similarly sensitizes cells to ferroptosis. The presenilins promote the expression of GPX4, the selenoprotein checkpoint enzyme that blocks ferroptosis by quenching the membrane propagation of lethal hydroperoxyl radicals. Presenilin γ-secretase activity cleaves Notch-1 to signal LRP8 expression, which then controls GPX4 expression by regulating the supply of selenium into the cell since LRP8 is the uptake receptor for selenoprotein P. Selenium uptake is thus disrupted by presenilin FAD mutations, suppressing GPX4 expression. Therefore, presenilin mutations may promote neurodegeneration by derepressing ferroptosis, which has implications for disease-modifying therapeutics.
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64
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The Selenoprotein Glutathione Peroxidase 4: From Molecular Mechanisms to Novel Therapeutic Opportunities. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040891. [PMID: 35453641 PMCID: PMC9027222 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is one of the main antioxidant mediators in the human body. Its central function involves the reduction of complex hydroperoxides into their respective alcohols often using reduced Glutathione (GSH) as a reducing agent. GPX4 has become a hotspot therapeutic target in biomedical research following its characterization as a chief regulator of ferroptosis, and its subsequent recognition as a specific pharmacological target for the treatment of an extensive variety of human diseases including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Several recent studies have provided insights into how GPX4 is distinguished from the rest of the glutathione peroxidase family, the unique biochemical properties of GPX4, how GPX4 is related to lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis, and how the enzyme may be modulated as a potential therapeutic target. This current report aims to review the literature underlying all these insights and present an up-to-date perspective on the current understanding of GPX4 as a potential therapeutic target.
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65
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Ferroptosis in hematological malignancies and its potential network with abnormal tumor metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112747. [PMID: 35240523 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a new type of regulated cell death, displays characteristics that transparently differ from apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis. There is growing appreciation that targeting ferroptosis is potentially a novel strategy in anti-tumor therapy, especially for invasive malignancies demonstrating resistance to chemotherapy. Almost all types of cancer cells depend on abnormal metabolic activities to participate in vicious progression, giving the possibility to interfere with underlying metabolic preferences and compromise malignant cells by inducing ferroptosis. In this perspective, we give an overview of potential interactions between ferroptosis and abnormal tumor metabolism, with special focus on systematic researches in hematological malignancies.
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66
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Qiu C, Liu T, Luo D, Luan D, Cheng L, Wang S. Novel Therapeutic Savior for Osteosarcoma: The Endorsement of Ferroptosis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:746030. [PMID: 35402247 PMCID: PMC8987436 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.746030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis has recently been discovered as an iron-dependent and non-apoptotic regulated mechanism of cell death. The induction of ferroptosis in tumor cells improves tumor treatment, making it a current research hotspot. Mechanistically, it starts by lipid peroxidation, iron accumulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and glutathione deprivation, highlighting novel treatment opportunities for many tumors and neurodegenerative disorders. Several tumor cell lines are resistant to ferroptosis inducers, even when the ferroptosis key enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is blocked, indicating that other important elements are also involved in this process. Ferroptosis-suppressor-protein 1 (FSP1) was discovered to be one of these elements in addition to a few others such as ferroptotic gatekeepers like GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor observed most frequently in children and adolescents. Several studies demonstrated that ferroptosis plays a critical role in the treatment of osteosarcoma, in particular drug-resistant osteosarcoma cells. We outlined four primary regulators involved in ferroptosis in this article, reviewed previously published studies of ferroptosis in osteosarcoma to provide covert insights about osteosarcoma treatment, and highlighted several critical issues to point out future research possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Luo
- College of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongyang Luan
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Cheng, ; Songgang Wang,
| | - Songgang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Lin Cheng, ; Songgang Wang,
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67
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Zhang W, Jiang B, Liu Y, Xu L, Wan M. Bufotalin induces ferroptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells by facilitating the ubiquitination and degradation of GPX4. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 180:75-84. [PMID: 35038550 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a new form of regulated cell death that is dependent on iron- and lipid reactive oxygen species. Emerging evidence indicate that induction of ferroptosis could inhibit the proliferation of diverse cancer cells, which functions as a potent tumor suppressor in cancer. Here, we firstly reported Bufotalin (BT), a natural small molecule, was a novel glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inhibitor, which could trigger the ferroptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells. In vitro, BT significantly inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells and induced the ferroptosis, whereas ferroptosis inhibitor or iron chelator significantly reversed the cytotoxicity of BT on A549 cells. Moreover, BT also increased the intracellular Fe2+. Subsequently, immunoblotting showed that BT could inhibit the protein expression of GPX4. Notably, BT dramatically accelerated the degradation of GPX4 in A549 cells. Immunoprecipitation assay further certified the increased ubiquitination of GPX4 induced by BT. Nevertheless, BT could not further increase the lipid ROS after silencing of GPX4, suggesting the induction of ferroptosis by BT was dependent on GPX4. Furthermore, BT also observably inhibited tumor growth and promoted lipid peroxidation in vivo. In conclusion, our findings indicated that BT could induce ferroptosis and cause lipid peroxidation by accelerating the degradation of GPX4 and raising the intracellular Fe2+, and BT will hopefully serve as a lead compound in developing anti-tumor agents for targeting ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Baoping Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunxin Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Li Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Meng Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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68
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Research progress on the mechanism of ferroptosis and its clinical application. Exp Cell Res 2021; 409:112932. [PMID: 34800540 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a mode of cell death dependent on iron ions, which is mainly induced by the decrease of the biological activity of glutathione peroxidase or the accumulation of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is significantly different from autophagy and other forms of cell death in terms of cell morphology and biochemistry. The exact mechanisms of ferroptosis are not clear. More and more studies have shown that various tumor diseases and nervous system diseases are closely related to ferroptosis. The occurrence and development of related diseases can be tolerated by stimulating or inhibiting the occurrence of ferroptosis. Therefore, ferroptosis has occupied a very important position in recent years. This article reviews the discovery process, characteristics, mechanisms, inducers, inhibitors of ferroptosis and its related clinical applications to lay a foundation for follow-up researchers to study ferroptosis and provide some reference value.
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69
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Zhu PF, Wang MX, Chen ZL, Yang L. Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment: A Literature Review of the Novel Anti-Tumor Mechanism of Statins. Front Oncol 2021; 11:761107. [PMID: 34858839 PMCID: PMC8632059 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.761107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins is widely used in clinical practice as lipid-lowering drugs and has been proven to be effective in the treatment of cardiovascular, endocrine, metabolic syndrome and other diseases. The latest preclinical evidence shows that statins have anti-proliferation, pro-apoptotic, anti-invasion and radiotherapy sensitization effects on tumor cells, suggesting that statins may become a new type of anti-tumor drugs. For a long time, mevalonate pathway has been proved to play a supporting role in the development of tumor cells. As an effective inhibitor of mevalonate pathway, statins have been proved to have a direct auxiliary anti-tumor effect in a large number of studies. In addition, anti-tumor effects of statins through ferroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy and tumor microenvironment (TME) have also been gradually discovered. However, the specific mechanism of the antitumor effect of statins in the tumor microenvironment has not been clearly elucidated. Herein, we reviewed the antitumor effects of statins in tumor microenvironment, focusing on hypoxia microenvironment, immune microenvironment, metabolic microenvironment, acid microenvironment and mechanical microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Zhu
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Graduate School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Ming-Xing Wang
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Graduate School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhe-Ling Chen
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Graduate School of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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70
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Valashedi MR, Nikoo A, Najafi-Ghalehlou N, Tomita K, Kuwahara Y, Sato T, Roushandeh AM, Roudkenar MH. Pharmacological Targeting of Ferroptosis in Cancer Treatment. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 22:108-125. [PMID: 34856903 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666211202091523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic mode of Regulated Cell Death (RCD) driven by excessive accumulation of toxic lipid peroxides and iron overload. Ferroptosis could be triggered by inhibiting the antioxidant defense system and accumulating iron-dependent Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that react with polyunsaturated fatty acids in abundance. Emerging evidence over the past few years has revealed that ferroptosis is of great potential in inhibiting growth and metastasis and overcoming tumor cell resistance. Thus, targeting this form of cell death could be perceived as a potentially burgeoning approach in cancer treatment. This review briefly presents the underlying mechanisms of ferroptosis and further aims to discuss various types of existing drugs and natural compounds that could be potentially repurposed for targeting ferroptosis in tumor cells. This, in turn, will provide critical perspectives on future studies concerning ferroptosis-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rabiee Valashedi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht. Iran
| | - Amirsadegh Nikoo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht. Iran
| | - Nima Najafi-Ghalehlou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran
| | - Kazuo Tomita
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima. Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kuwahara
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima. Iran
| | - Tomoaki Sato
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima. Iran
| | - Amaneh Mohammadi Roushandeh
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima. Iran
| | - Mehryar Habibi Roudkenar
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima. Iran
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71
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Tao J, Li C, Zheng Y, Wang F, Zhang M, Wu X, Chen Y, Zeng Q, Chen F, Fei W. Biological protein mediated ferroptotic tumor nanotherapeutics. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:9262-9284. [PMID: 34730601 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01289d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a cell death pathway involving iron-related generation of lipid hydroperoxides for achieving incredible tumor suppression, has reignited the hope of chemotherapy in tumor treatment in the past decade. With extensive research studies, various bioactive proteins and cellular pathways have been demonstrated to regulate the occurrence and development of ferroptosis. The gradually established ferroptotic regulatory network is conducive to find effective proteins from a holistic perspective and guides better designs for future ferroptotic tumor therapies. The first section of this review summarizes the recent advances in ferroptotic regulatory mechanisms of proteins and attempts to clarify their latent function in the ferroptotic regulatory network. Second, the existing protein-mediated ferroptotic tumor nanotherapeutic strategies were reviewed, including the protein-mediated iron supplement, cell membrane transporter inhibition, glutathione peroxidase 4 interference, glutathione depletion, bioenzyme-mediated reactive oxygen species generation, heat shock protein inhibition, and tumor-overexpressed protein-triggered drug release for ferroptotic therapy. Finally, the future expectations and challenges of ferroptotic tumor nanotherapeutics for clinical cancer therapy are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyang Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Fengmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Qingquan Zeng
- Eye Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Fengying Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Weidong Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
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72
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Huang J, Wang J, He H, Huang Z, Wu S, Chen C, Liu W, Xie L, Tao Y, Cong L, Jiang Y. Close interactions between lncRNAs, lipid metabolism and ferroptosis in cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4493-4513. [PMID: 34803512 PMCID: PMC8579446 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.66181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal lipid metabolism including synthesis, uptake, modification, degradation and transport has been considered a hallmark of malignant tumors and contributes to the supply of substances and energy for rapid cell growth. Meanwhile, abnormal lipid metabolism is also associated with lipid peroxidation, which plays an important role in a newly discovered type of regulated cell death termed ferroptosis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been proven to be associated with the occurrence and progression of cancer. Growing evidence indicates that lncRNAs are key regulators of abnormal lipid metabolism and ferroptosis in cancer. In this review, we mainly summarized the mechanism by which lncRNAs regulate aberrant lipid metabolism in cancer, illustrated that lipid metabolism can also influence the expression of lncRNAs, and discussed the mechanism by which lncRNAs affect ferroptosis. A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between lncRNAs, lipid metabolism and ferroptosis could help us to develop novel strategies for precise cancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210013 Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua He
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Zichen Huang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210013 Jiangsu, China
| | - Sufang Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210013 Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbing Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 Hunan, China
| | - Li Cong
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
| | - Yiqun Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animal and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China.,School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, China
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73
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The molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and its role in cardiovascular disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112423. [PMID: 34800783 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a programmed iron-dependent cell death characterized by accumulation of lipid peroxides (LOOH) and redox disequilibrium. Ferroptosis shows unique characteristics in biology, chemistry, and gene levels, compared to other cell death forms. The metabolic disorder of intracellular LOOH catalyzed by iron causes the inactivity of GPX4, disrupts the redox balance, and triggers cell death. Metabolism of amino acid, iron, and lipid, including associated pathways, is considered as a specific hallmark of ferroptosis. Epidemiological studies and animal experiments have shown that ferroptosis plays an important character in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI), ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), heart failure (HF), cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). This review systematically summarized the latest research progress on the mechanisms of ferroptosis. Then we report the contribution of ferroptosis in cardiovascular diseases. Finally, we discuss and analyze the therapeutic approaches targeting for ferroptosis associated with cardiovascular diseases.
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74
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Zhao Y, Huang Z, Peng H. Molecular Mechanisms of Ferroptosis and Its Roles in Hematologic Malignancies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743006. [PMID: 34778060 PMCID: PMC8582018 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is essential for the normal metabolism of human organisms. Ferroptosis is a unique regulated cell death (RCD) mode characterized by excess accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared with other well-known programmed cell death modes. It has been currently recognized that ferroptosis plays a rather important role in the occurrence, development, and treatment of traumatic brain injury, stroke, acute kidney injury, liver damage, ischemia–reperfusion injury, tumor, etc. Of note, ferroptosis may be explained by the expression of various molecules and signaling components, among which iron, lipid, and amino acid metabolism are the key regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis. Meanwhile, tumor cells of hematological malignancies, such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma (MM), are identified to be sensitive to ferroptosis. Targeting potential regulatory factors in the ferroptosis pathway may promote or inhibit the disease progression of these malignancies. In this review, a systematic summary was conducted on the key molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and the current potential relationships of ferroptosis with leukemia, lymphoma, and MM. It is expected to provide novel potential therapeutic approaches and targets for hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Hunan Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zineng Huang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Hunan Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongling Peng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Hunan Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Changsha, China
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75
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Liu L, Wang M, Gong N, Tian P, Deng H. Se improves GPX4 expression and SOD activity to alleviate heat-stress-induced ferroptosis-like death in goat mammary epithelial cells. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2021; 25:283-295. [PMID: 34745435 PMCID: PMC8567913 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2021.1988704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is a vital element of life, which has an important impact on the growth, development, production performance and stress-tolerance of animals. However, it is not entirely clear that how exactly Se works during these processes. Herein, we investigate the role of Se in regulating the functions of goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) under heat-stress condition. We found that heat stress caused ferroptosis-like death in GMECs, manifested by a robust increase in iron ion concentration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death ratio, and a decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and expression level of glutathione peroxidases 4 (GPX4). Se incubation had no obvious effect on GMEC viability, but alleviated heat-stress-induced ferroptosis-like cell death and improved GPX4 expression and SOD activity in a dose-dependent manner. Also, we found that overexpression of GPX4 could improve the activity of SOD. And Se incubation inhibited activation of mTOR signaling in heat-stress-induced GMECs, which could be eliminated by the mTOR activator MHY1485, and treatment with mTOR inhibitor AY-22989 had the same effect as Se. In conclusion, Se improves GPX4 expression and SOD activity and inhibits the activation of mTOR to alleviate heat-stress-induced ferroptosis-like death in GMECs, which may be a protective agent for heat stress in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agricultural & Forestry University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Manjiang Wang
- Fuping County Animal Epidemic Prevention Control Center, Xianyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Gong
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agricultural & Forestry University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Tian
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agricultural & Forestry University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Deng
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agricultural & Forestry University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
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76
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Savio LEB, Leite-Aguiar R, Alves VS, Coutinho-Silva R, Wyse ATS. Purinergic signaling in the modulation of redox biology. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102137. [PMID: 34563872 PMCID: PMC8479832 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is a cell communication pathway mediated by extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides. Tri- and diphosphonucleotides are released in physiological and pathological circumstances activating purinergic type 2 receptors (P2 receptors): P2X ion channels and P2Y G protein-coupled receptors. The activation of these receptors triggers the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and alters antioxidant defenses, modulating the redox biology of cells. The activation of P2 receptors is controlled by ecto-enzymes named ectonucleotidases, E-NTPDase1/CD39 and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73) being the most relevant. The first enzyme hydrolyzes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and the second catalyzes the hydrolysis of AMP to adenosine. The activity of these enzymes is diminished by oxidative stress. Adenosine actives P1 G-coupled receptors that, in general, promote the maintenance of redox hemostasis by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increase antioxidant enzymes. Intracellular purine metabolism can also contribute to ROS generation via xanthine oxidase activity, which converts hypoxanthine into xanthine, and finally, uric acid. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of redox biology modulated by purinergic signaling and how this signaling may be affected by disturbances in the redox homeostasis of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Raíssa Leite-Aguiar
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Santos Alves
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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77
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Fratta Pasini AM, Stranieri C, Girelli D, Busti F, Cominacini L. Is Ferroptosis a Key Component of the Process Leading to Multiorgan Damage in COVID-19? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111677. [PMID: 34829548 PMCID: PMC8615234 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though COVID-19 is mostly well-known for affecting respiratory pathology, it can also result in several extrapulmonary manifestations, leading to multiorgan damage. A recent reported case of SARS-CoV-2 myocarditis with cardiogenic shock showed a signature of myocardial and kidney ferroptosis, a novel, iron-dependent programmed cell death. The term ferroptosis was coined in the last decade to describe the form of cell death induced by the small molecule erastin. As a specific inducer of ferroptosis, erastin inhibits cystine-glutamate antiporter system Xc-, blocking transportation into the cytoplasm of cystine, a precursor of glutathione (GSH) in exchange with glutamate and the consequent malfunction of GPX4. Ferroptosis is also promoted by intracellular iron overload and by the iron-dependent accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-derived lipid peroxides. Since depletion of GSH, inactivation of GPX4, altered iron metabolism, and upregulation of PUFA peroxidation by reactive oxygen species are peculiar signs of COVID-19, there is the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 may trigger ferroptosis in the cells of multiple organs, thus contributing to multiorgan damage. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and its possible relationship with SARS-CoV-2 infection and multiorgan damage. Finally, we analyze the potential interventions that may combat ferroptosis and, therefore, reduce multiorgan damage.
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78
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Cheff DM, Muotri AR, Stockwell BR, Schmidt EE, Ran Q, Kartha RV, Johnson SC, Mittal P, Arnér ESJ, Wigby KM, Hall MD, Ramesh SK. Development of therapies for rare genetic disorders of GPX4: roadmap and opportunities. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:446. [PMID: 34688299 PMCID: PMC8542321 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extremely rare progressive diseases like Sedaghatian-type Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia (SSMD) can be neonatally lethal and therefore go undiagnosed or are difficult to treat. Recent sequencing efforts have linked this disease to mutations in GPX4, with consequences in the resulting enzyme, glutathione peroxidase 4. This offers potential diagnostic and therapeutic avenues for those suffering from this disease, though the steps toward these treatments is often convoluted, expensive, and time-consuming. Main body The CureGPX4 organization was developed to promote awareness of GPX4-related diseases like SSMD, as well as support research that could lead to essential therapeutics for patients. We provide an overview of the 21 published SSMD cases and have compiled additional sequencing data for four previously unpublished individuals to illustrate the genetic component of SSMD, and the role of sequencing data in diagnosis. We outline in detail the steps CureGPX4 has taken to reach milestones of team creation, disease understanding, drug repurposing, and design of future studies. Conclusion The primary aim of this review is to provide a roadmap for therapy development for rare, ultra-rare, and difficult to diagnose diseases, as well as increase awareness of the genetic component of SSMD. This work will offer a better understanding of GPx4-related diseases, and help guide researchers, clinicians, and patients interested in other rare diseases find a path towards treatments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-021-02048-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian M Cheff
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.,Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Qitao Ran
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Research and Development Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Reena V Kartha
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Orphan Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Simon C Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Selenoprotein Research, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, 1521, Hungary
| | - Kristen M Wigby
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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79
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Li Q, Liu C, Deng L, Xie E, Yadav N, Tie Y, Cheng Z, Deng J. Novel function of fluvastatin in attenuating oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced endothelial cell ferroptosis in a glutathione peroxidase4- and cystine-glutamate antiporter-dependent manner. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1275. [PMID: 34594412 PMCID: PMC8456483 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) induces endothelial cell apoptosis and dysfunction. Statins are drugs that are clinically used to lower serum cholesterol levels, and they have been shown to exert vascular protective effects. In the present study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were transfected with scramble control siRNA or siRNA specific for glutathione peroxidase (GPx)4 or cystine-glutamate antiporter (xCT). MTT, Matrigel and Transwell assays were used to evaluate cell proliferation, tube formation and migration, respectively. The levels of TNF-α, IL-α, 4-hydroxynonenal, GPx4 and xCT expression were detected by western blot analysis. It was demonstrated that ox-LDL promoted cytokine production and reduced the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of endothelial cells. It was also observed that ox-LDL decreased GPx4 and xCT expression and induced ferroptosis. Furthermore, the inhibition of ferroptosis by deferoxamine mesylate attenuated ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell dysfunction and restored ox-LDL-decreased GPx4 and xCT expression. Consistent with these results, GPx4 and xCT knockdown by siRNA transfection aggravated ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell dysfunction and inhibition of proliferation. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to discover that fluvastatin may protect endothelial cells from ox-LDL-induced ferroptosis and dysfunction. Furthermore, knockdown of GPx4 and xCT expression blunted the protective effects of fluvastatin on ox-LDL-treated endothelial cells. These data indicated a novel function of fluvastatin in the protection of endothelial cells from ox-LDL-induced ferroptosis, the mechanism of which involves the regulation of GPx4 and xCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Liang Deng
- The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Datong University, Datong, Shanxi 037009, P.R. China
| | - Enrui Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Nishant Yadav
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Tie
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jie Deng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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80
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Wang X, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. Ferroptosis Mechanisms Involved in Hippocampal-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189902. [PMID: 34576065 PMCID: PMC8472822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly recognized type of cell death that is different from traditional forms of cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. It is caused by the accumulation of intracellular iron, promoting lipid peroxidation and leading to cell death. Iron is essential as a redox metal in several physiological functions. The brain is one of the organs known to be affected by iron homeostatic balance disruption. An increased concentration of iron in the central nervous system has been associated with oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation of proteins, and cell death. The hippocampus is an important brain region for learning, memory, and emotional responses, and is also a sensitive part of the brain to the dysfunctional homeostasis of transition metals. Damage of hippocampal structure and function are intimately involved in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, ferroptosis is playing an increasingly important role in treatment areas of central nervous system diseases. Thus, we provide an overview of ferroptosis regulatory mechanisms, such as lipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and iron metabolism in this review. We also highlight the role of ferroptosis in hippocampal-related diseases and investigate a theoretical basis for further research on the role of ferroptosis in nervous system disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yaoxing Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62733778; Fax: +86-10-62733199
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81
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Li W, Li M, Qi J. Nano-Drug Design Based on the Physiological Properties of Glutathione. Molecules 2021; 26:5567. [PMID: 34577040 PMCID: PMC8469141 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is involved in and regulates important physiological functions of the body as an essential antioxidant. GSH plays an important role in anti-oxidation, detoxification, anti-aging, enhancing immunity and anti-tumor activity. Herein, based on the physiological properties of GSH in different diseases, mainly including the strong reducibility of GSH, high GSH content in tumor cells, and the NADPH depletion when GSSH is reduced to GSH, we extensively report the design principles, effect, and potential problems of various nano-drugs in diabetes, cancer, nervous system diseases, fluorescent probes, imaging, and food. These studies make full use of the physiological and pathological value of GSH and develop excellent design methods of nano-drugs related to GSH, which shows important scientific significance and prominent application value for the related diseases research that GSH participates in or responds to.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minghui Li
- Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, 39 Xinyang Rd., Daqing 163319, China;
| | - Jing Qi
- Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, 39 Xinyang Rd., Daqing 163319, China;
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82
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Wang X, Wang Y, Li Z, Qin J, Wang P. Regulation of Ferroptosis Pathway by Ubiquitination. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:699304. [PMID: 34485285 PMCID: PMC8414903 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.699304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death, which plays crucial roles in tumorigenesis, ischemia–reperfusion injury and various human degenerative diseases. Ferroptosis is characterized by aberrant iron and lipid metabolisms. Mechanistically, excess of catalytic iron is capable of triggering lipid peroxidation followed by Fenton reaction to induce ferroptosis. The induction of ferroptosis can be inhibited by sufficient glutathione (GSH) synthesis via system Xc– transporter-mediated cystine uptake. Therefore, induction of ferroptosis by inhibition of cystine uptake or dampening of GSH synthesis has been considered as a novel strategy for cancer therapy, while reversal of ferroptotic effect is able to delay progression of diverse disorders, such as cardiopathy, steatohepatitis, and acute kidney injury. The ubiquitin (Ub)–proteasome pathway (UPP) dominates the majority of intracellular protein degradation by coupling Ub molecules to the lysine residues of protein substrate, which is subsequently recognized by the 26S proteasome for degradation. Ubiquitination is crucially involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Modulation of ubiquitination system has been exhibited to be a potential strategy for cancer treatment. Currently, more and more emerged evidence has demonstrated that ubiquitous modification is involved in ferroptosis and dominates the vulnerability to ferroptosis in multiple types of cancer. In this review, we will summarize the current findings of ferroptosis surrounding the viewpoint of ubiquitination regulation. Furthermore, we also highlight the potential effect of ubiquitination modulation on the perspective of ferroptosis-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjin Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zan Li
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieling Qin
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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83
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Liu W, Zhou Y, Duan W, Song J, Wei S, Xia S, Wang Y, Du X, Li E, Ren C, Wang W, Zhan Q, Wang Q. Glutathione peroxidase 4-dependent glutathione high-consumption drives acquired platinum chemoresistance in lung cancer-derived brain metastasis. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e517. [PMID: 34586745 PMCID: PMC8473645 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platinum-based chemotherapy is effective in inducing shrinkage of primary lung cancer lesions; however, it shows finite therapeutic efficacy in patients suffering from brain metastasis (BM). The intrinsic changes of BM cells, which contribute to the poor results remain unknown. METHODS Platinum drug-sensitivity was assessed by utilizing a preclinical BM model of PC9 lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. High consumption of glutathione (GSH) and two associated upregulated proteins (GPX4 and GSTM1) in BM were identified by integrated metabolomics and proteomics in cell lines and verified by clinical serum sample. Gain-of-function and rescue experiments were implemented to reveal the impact and mechanism of GPX4 and GSTM1 on the chemosensitivity in BM. The interaction between GPX4 and GSTM1 was examined by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. The mechanism of upregulation of GPX4 was further uncovered by luciferase reporter assay, immunoprecipitation, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS The derivative brain metastatic subpopulations (PC9-BrMs) of parental cells PC9 developed obvious resistance to platinum. Radically altered profiles of BM metabolism and protein expression compared with primary lung cancer cells were described and GPX4 and GSTM1 were identified as being responsible for the high consumption of GSH, leading to decreased chemosensitivity by negatively regulating ferroptosis. Besides, GSTM1 was found regulated by GPX4, which was transcriptionally activated by the Wnt/NR2F2 signaling axis in BM. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our findings demonstrated that Wnt/NR2F2/GPX4 promoted acquired chemoresistance by suppressing ferroptosis with high consumption of GSH. GPX4 inhibitor was found to augment the anticancer effect of platinum drugs in lung cancer BM, providing novel strategies for lung cancer patients with BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- Cancer Translational Medicine Research Center, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Lung Cancer, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenzhe Duan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Song Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shengkai Xia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yingyan Wang
- Laboratory Center for Diagnostics, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Lung Cancer, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Encheng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Caixia Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qimin Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Cancer Translational Medicine Research Center, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Lung Cancer, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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84
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Li W, Liu X, Cheng X, Zhang W, Gong C, Gao C, Peng H, Yang B, Tang S, Tao H. Effect of Malt-PEG-Abz@RSL3 micelles on HepG2 cells based on NADPH depletion and GPX4 inhibition in ferroptosis. J Drug Target 2021; 30:208-218. [PMID: 34236257 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1953511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a regulated cell death pathway which depends on iron. Ferroptosis can be induced by limiting intracellular glutathione (GSH) synthesis, or inhibiting the activity of GPX4, or increasing intracellular accumulation of PE-AA-OOH, all of which involve NADPH. Therefore, NADPH depletion, excessive PE-AA-OOH, and GPX4 deficiency are generally considered to be the main characteristics of ferroptosis. In this research, the novel self-assembly nanomicelles modified by maltose ligand (Malt-PEG-Abz@RSL3) with superior nano characteristics were designed and fabricated. Malt-PEG-Abz@RSL3 micelles achieved active targeted drug delivery due to the high expression of glucose transporter (GLUT) and high uptake by HepG2 cells. Maltose-polyethylene glycol broke to release RSL3 for inhibiting GPX4 activity when Malt-PEG-Abz@RSL3 micelles entered the cells. Meanwhile, key coenzyme NADPH that participated in synthesis of GSH and Trx(SH)2 was depleted by azobenzene moiety, resulting in decreasing GSH and Trx(SH)2, which dually induced ferroptosis in tumour cells and promoted cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Li
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Campus of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Campus of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Campus of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Campus of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Chen Gong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Campus of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Chuya Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Campus of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Haisheng Peng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Campus of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Shukun Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Campus of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Haiquan Tao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Daqing Campus of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China.,Cerebrovascular Diseases Department, Zhuhai Hospital affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
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85
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Jiang W, Hu JW, He XR, Jin WL, He XY. Statins: a repurposed drug to fight cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:241. [PMID: 34303383 PMCID: PMC8306262 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As competitive HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, statins not only reduce cholesterol and improve cardiovascular risk, but also exhibit pleiotropic effects that are independent of their lipid-lowering effects. Among them, the anti-cancer properties of statins have attracted much attention and indicated the potential of statins as repurposed drugs for the treatment of cancer. A large number of clinical and epidemiological studies have described the anticancer properties of statins, but the evidence for anticancer effectiveness of statins is inconsistent. It may be that certain molecular subtypes of cancer are more vulnerable to statin therapy than others. Whether statins have clinical anticancer effects is still an active area of research. Statins appear to enhance the efficacy and address the shortcomings associated with conventional cancer treatments, suggesting that statins should be considered in the context of combined therapies for cancer. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the potential of statins in anti-cancer treatments. We discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer properties of statins and their effects on different malignancies. We also provide recommendations for the design of future well-designed clinical trials of the anti-cancer efficacy of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Wei Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Ran He
- Department of Finance, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, 230001, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.
| | - Xin-Yang He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, 230001, P. R. China.
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86
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Sha W, Hu F, Xi Y, Chu Y, Bu S. Mechanism of Ferroptosis and Its Role in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:9999612. [PMID: 34258295 PMCID: PMC8257355 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9999612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a novel form of nonapoptotic regulated cell death (RCD). It features iron-dependent lipid peroxide accumulation accompanied by inadequate redox enzymes, especially glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). RAS-selective lethal 3 (RSL3), erastin, and ferroptosis inducing 56 (FIN56) induce ferroptosis via different manners targeting GPX4 function. Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family 4 (ACSL4), lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3), and lipoxygenases (LOXs) participate in the production of lipid peroxides. Heat shock protein family B member 1 (HSPB1) and nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) regulate iron homeostasis preventing ferroptosis caused by the high concentration of intracellular iron. Ferroptosis is ubiquitous in our body as it exists in both physiologic and pathogenic processes. It is involved in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) impairment and arsenic-induced pancreatic damage in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Moreover, iron and the iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster influence each other, causing mitochondrial iron accumulation, more reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, failure in biosynthesis of insulin, and ferroptosis in β-cells. In addition, ferroptosis also engages in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications such as myocardial ischemia and diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). In this review, we summarize the mechanism of ferroptosis and especially its association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Sha
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fei Hu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi 315300, China
| | - Yang Xi
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yudong Chu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Department of Nephrology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Shizhong Bu
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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87
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Lei G, Zhuang L, Gan B. mTORC1 and ferroptosis: Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100093. [PMID: 34121197 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death triggered by lipid hydroperoxide accumulation, has an important role in a variety of diseases and pathological conditions, such as cancer. Targeting ferroptosis is emerging as a promising means of therapeutic intervention in cancer treatment. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, reactive oxygen species, and labile iron constitute the major underlying triggers for ferroptosis. Other regulators of ferroptosis have also been discovered recently, among them the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a central controller of cell growth and metabolism. Inhibitors of mTORC1 have been used in treating diverse diseases, including cancer. In this review, we discuss recent findings linking mTORC1 to ferroptosis, dissect mechanisms underlying the establishment of mTORC1 as a key ferroptosis modulator, and highlight the potential of co-targeting mTORC1 and ferroptosis in cancer treatment. This review will provide valuable insights for future investigations of ferroptosis and mTORC1 in fundamental biology and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Lei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Zhuang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Boyi Gan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
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88
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Li Y, Wei X, Tao F, Deng C, Lv C, Chen C, Cheng Y. The potential application of nanomaterials for ferroptosis-based cancer therapy. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34038885 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac058a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a new type of programmed cell death, which is expected to become an important strategy of cancer treatment. Traditional strategies for inducing iron death are small molecule inducers based on biological agents. However, because of their poor water solubility, low cell targeting ability and fast metabolismin vivo, it is difficult for molecular drugs to play the long-acting role of ferroptosis induction. With the further study of ferroptosis and development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials have been proved to be more efficient drugs for inducing ferroptosis than those biological drugs. Therein, iron-based nanomaterials can directly release high concentrations of irons and increase reactive oxygen species levels in cells, which produce a better induction effect for ferroptosis. Whereas, it is challenging to differentiate nanoparticle-induced ferroptosis and traditional inducing strategies, elucidate the detailed mechanisms and further classify the synthetical methods of nanomaterials. For better guidance on the development of anticancer strategies, comprehensive summary of the latest developments of ferroptosis related nanomaterials, especially iron-based nanomaterials are in urgent need. In the paper, we summarized the main mechanisms of ferroptosis, highlighted the latest developments of nanomaterials for ferroptosis, and emphasized the advantages of iron-based nanomaterials for ferroptosis. The future prospect in this field was also discussed, paving the way for the related nanomaterials in the clinical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingze Li
- The Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Wei
- The Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Tao
- The Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuijun Deng
- The Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Lv
- The Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cheng
- The Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital; The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, People's Republic of China
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89
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Wu L, Liu M, Liang J, Li N, Yang D, Cai J, Zhang Y, He Y, Chen Z, Ma T. Ferroptosis as a New Mechanism in Parkinson's Disease Therapy Using Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:659584. [PMID: 34163356 PMCID: PMC8215498 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.659584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. To date, among medications used to treat PD, only levodopa exhibits a limited disease-modifying effect on early-onset PD, but it cannot delay the progression of the disease. In 2018, for the first time, the World Health Organization included traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in its influential global medical compendium. The use of TCM in the treatment of PD has a long history. At present, TCM can help treat and prevent PD. Iron metabolism is closely associated with PD. Ferroptosis, which is characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides, is a recently discovered form of iron-dependent cell death. The research literature indicates that ferroptosis in dopaminergic neurons is an important pathogenetic mechanism of PD. TCM may thus play unique roles in the treatment of PD and provide new ideas for the treatment of PD by regulating pathways associated with ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Meijun Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingtao Liang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Nannan Li
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Yang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Cai
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan He
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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90
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Xia X, Zhang X, Liu M, Duan M, Zhang S, Wei X, Liu X. Toward improved human health: efficacy of dietary selenium on immunity at the cellular level. Food Funct 2021; 12:976-989. [PMID: 33443499 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03067h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Selenium, an essential trace element in the body, participates in various biological processes in the form of selenoproteins. In humans, a suitable concentration of selenium is essential for maintaining normal cellular function. Decreased levels of selenoproteins can lead to obstruction of the normal physiological functions of tissues and cells and even death. In addition, the level of selenium in the body affects cellular immunity, humoral immunity, and the balance between type 2 and type 1 helper T cells. Selenium can affect the immune function of the body through the reactive oxygen species (ROS), NF-κB, ferroptosis and NRF2 pathways. This paper reviews the immune effect of selenium on the body and the process of signal transduction and aims to serve as a reference for follow-up studies of immune function and research on the development of new selenium compounds and active targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China.
| | - Xiulin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Mingcheng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China.
| | - Mingyuan Duan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China.
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China.
| | - Xiaobing Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China.
| | - Xingyou Liu
- Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China.
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91
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Tan Q, Fang Y, Gu Q. Mechanisms of Modulation of Ferroptosis and Its Role in Central Nervous System Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:657033. [PMID: 34149412 PMCID: PMC8213017 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.657033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a new form of programmed cell death characterized by intracellular iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxide and primarily associated with iron metabolism, glutathione-dependent pathway, and coenzyme Q10-dependent pathway. Recent studies demonstrate that ferroptosis is associated with central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. This review summarizes the key regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis and its role in CNS diseases. These updates may provide novel perspective for the development of therapeutical agents against CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qiong Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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92
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A new role of glutathione peroxidase 4 during human erythroblast enucleation. Blood Adv 2021; 4:5666-5680. [PMID: 33211827 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), the only member of the glutathione peroxidase family able to directly reduce cell membrane-oxidized fatty acids and cholesterol, was recently identified as the central regulator of ferroptosis. GPX4 knockdown in mouse hematopoietic cells leads to hemolytic anemia and to increased spleen erythroid progenitor death. The role of GPX4 during human erythropoiesis is unknown. Using in vitro erythroid differentiation, we show here that GPX4-irreversible inhibition by 1S,3R-RSL3 (RSL3) and its short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown strongly impaired enucleation in a ferroptosis-independent manner not restored by tocopherol or iron chelators. During enucleation, GPX4 localized with lipid rafts at the cleavage furrows between reticulocytes and pyrenocytes. Its inhibition impacted enucleation after nuclear condensation and polarization and was associated with a defect in lipid raft clustering (cholera toxin staining) and myosin-regulatory light-chain phosphorylation. Because selenoprotein translation and cholesterol synthesis share a common precursor, we investigated whether the enucleation defect could represent a compensatory mechanism favoring GPX4 synthesis at the expense of cholesterol, known to be abundant in lipid rafts. Lipidomics and filipin staining failed to show any quantitative difference in cholesterol content after RSL3 exposure. However, addition of cholesterol increased cholera toxin staining and myosin-regulatory light-chain phosphorylation, and improved enucleation despite GPX4 knockdown. In summary, we identified GPX4 as a new actor of human erythroid enucleation, independent of its function in ferroptosis control. We described its involvement in lipid raft organization required for contractile ring assembly and cytokinesis, leading in fine to nucleus extrusion.
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93
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Lei G, Mao C, Yan Y, Zhuang L, Gan B. Ferroptosis, radiotherapy, and combination therapeutic strategies. Protein Cell 2021; 12:836-857. [PMID: 33891303 PMCID: PMC8563889 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death driven by peroxidative damages of polyunsaturated-fatty-acid-containing phospholipids in cellular membranes, has recently been revealed to play an important role in radiotherapy-induced cell death and tumor suppression, and to mediate the synergy between radiotherapy and immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize known as well as putative mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between radiotherapy and ferroptosis, discuss the interactions between ferroptosis and other forms of regulated cell death induced by radiotherapy, and explore combination therapeutic strategies targeting ferroptosis in radiotherapy and immunotherapy. This review will provide important frameworks for future investigations of ferroptosis in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Lei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.,Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chao Mao
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuelong Yan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Li Zhuang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Boyi Gan
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,The University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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94
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Moosmann B, Schindeldecker M, Hajieva P. Cysteine, glutathione and a new genetic code: biochemical adaptations of the primordial cells that spread into open water and survived biospheric oxygenation. Biol Chem 2021; 401:213-231. [PMID: 31318686 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Life most likely developed under hyperthermic and anaerobic conditions in close vicinity to a stable geochemical source of energy. Epitomizing this conception, the first cells may have arisen in submarine hydrothermal vents in the middle of a gradient established by the hot and alkaline hydrothermal fluid and the cooler and more acidic water of the ocean. To enable their escape from this energy-providing gradient layer, the early cells must have overcome a whole series of obstacles. Beyond the loss of their energy source, the early cells had to adapt to a loss of external iron-sulfur catalysis as well as to a formidable temperature drop. The developed solutions to these two problems seem to have followed the principle of maximum parsimony: Cysteine was introduced into the genetic code to anchor iron-sulfur clusters, and fatty acid unsaturation was installed to maintain lipid bilayer viscosity. Unfortunately, both solutions turned out to be detrimental when the biosphere became more oxidizing after the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. To render cysteine thiol groups and fatty acid unsaturation compatible with life under oxygen, numerous counter-adaptations were required including the advent of glutathione and the addition of the four latest amino acids (methionine, tyrosine, tryptophan, selenocysteine) to the genetic code. In view of the continued diversification of derived antioxidant mechanisms, it appears that modern life still struggles with the initially developed strategies to escape from its hydrothermal birthplace. Only archaea may have found a more durable solution by entirely exchanging their lipid bilayer components and rigorously restricting cysteine usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Moosmann
- Evolutionary Biochemistry and Redox Medicine, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mario Schindeldecker
- Evolutionary Biochemistry and Redox Medicine, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Parvana Hajieva
- Cellular Adaptation Group, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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95
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Zheng K, Dong Y, Yang R, Liang Y, Wu H, He Z. Regulation of ferroptosis by bioactive phytochemicals: Implications for medical nutritional therapy. Pharmacol Res 2021; 168:105580. [PMID: 33781874 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron- and lipotoxicity-dependent regulated cell death that has been implicated in various diseases, such as cancer, neurodegeneration and stroke. The biosynthesis of phospholipids, coenzyme Q10, and glutathione, and the metabolism of iron, amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acid, are tightly associated with cellular sensitivity to ferroptosis. Up to now, only limited drugs targeting ferroptosis have been documented and exploring novel effective ferroptosis-modulating compound is needed. Natural bioactive products are conventional resources for drug discovery, and some of them have been clinically used against cancers and neurodegenerative diseases as dietary supplements or pharmaceutic agents. Notably, increasing evidence demonstrates that natural compounds, such as saponins, flavonoids and isothiocyanates, can either induce or inhibit ferroptosis, further expanding their therapeutic potentials. In this review, we highlight current advances of the emerging molecular mechanisms and disease relevance of ferroptosis. We also systematically summarize the regulatory effects of natural phytochemicals on ferroptosis, and clearly indicate that saponins, terpenoids and alkaloids induce ROS- and ferritinophagy-dependent ferroptosis, whereas flavonoids and polyphenols modulate iron metabolism and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling to inhibit ferroptosis. Finally, we explore their clinical applications in ferroptosis-related diseases, which may facilitate the development of their dietary usages as nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
| | - Yun Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Rong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Youfang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Haiqiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Zhendan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
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96
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Effect of Selenium and Iodine on Oxidative Stress in the First Trimester Human Placenta Explants. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030800. [PMID: 33671070 PMCID: PMC7997475 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalanced maternal micronutrient status, poor placentation, and oxidative stress are associated with greater risk of pregnancy complications, which impact mother and offspring health. As selenium, iodine, and copper are essential micronutrients with key roles in antioxidant systems, this study investigated their potential protective effects on placenta against oxidative stress. First trimester human placenta explants were treated with different concentrations of selenium (sodium selenite), iodine (potassium iodide), their combination or copper (copper (II) sulfate). The concentrations represented deficient, physiological, or super physiological levels. Oxidative stress was induced by menadione or antimycin. Placenta explants were collected, fixed, processed, and embedded for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA ICP-MS) element imaging or immunohistochemical labelling. LA ICP-MS showed that placenta could uptake selenium and copper from the media. Sodium selenite and potassium iodide reduced DNA damage and apoptosis (p < 0.05). Following oxidative stress induction, a higher concentration of sodium selenite (1.6 µM) was needed to reduce DNA damage and apoptosis while both concentrations of potassium iodide (0.5 and 1 µM) were protective (p < 0.05). A high concentration of copper (40 µM) increased apoptosis and DNA damage but this effect was no longer significant after induction of oxidative stress. Micronutrients supplementation can increase their content within the placenta and an optimal maternal micronutrient level is essential for placenta health.
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97
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Lee N, Carlisle AE, Peppers A, Park SJ, Doshi MB, Spears ME, Kim D. xCT-Driven Expression of GPX4 Determines Sensitivity of Breast Cancer Cells to Ferroptosis Inducers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020317. [PMID: 33672555 PMCID: PMC7923775 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducers of ferroptosis such as the glutathione depleting agent Erastin and the GPX4 inhibitor Rsl-3 are being actively explored as potential therapeutics in various cancers, but the factors that determine their sensitivity are poorly understood. Here, we show that expression levels of both subunits of the cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT determine the expression of GPX4 in breast cancer, and that upregulation of the xCT/selenocysteine biosynthesis/GPX4 production axis paradoxically renders the cancer cells more sensitive to certain types of ferroptotic stimuli. We find that GPX4 is strongly upregulated in a subset of breast cancer tissues compared to matched normal samples, and that this is tightly correlated with the increased expression of the xCT subunits SLC7A11 and SLC3A2. Erastin depletes levels of the antioxidant selenoproteins GPX4 and GPX1 in breast cancer cells by inhibiting xCT-dependent extracellular reduction which is required for selenium uptake and selenocysteine biosynthesis. Unexpectedly, while breast cancer cells are resistant compared to nontransformed cells against oxidative stress inducing drugs, at the same time they are hypersensitive to lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis induced by Erastin or Rsl-3, indicating that they are 'addicted' to the xCT/GPX4 axis. Our findings provide a strategic basis for targeting the anti-ferroptotic machinery of breast cancer cells depending on their xCT status, which can be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namgyu Lee
- Cell and Cancer Biology, Department of Molecular, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA; (N.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.P.); (M.B.D.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Anne E. Carlisle
- Cell and Cancer Biology, Department of Molecular, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA; (N.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.P.); (M.B.D.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Austin Peppers
- Cell and Cancer Biology, Department of Molecular, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA; (N.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.P.); (M.B.D.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Sung Jin Park
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA;
| | - Mihir B. Doshi
- Cell and Cancer Biology, Department of Molecular, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA; (N.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.P.); (M.B.D.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Meghan E. Spears
- Cell and Cancer Biology, Department of Molecular, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA; (N.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.P.); (M.B.D.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Dohoon Kim
- Cell and Cancer Biology, Department of Molecular, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA; (N.L.); (A.E.C.); (A.P.); (M.B.D.); (M.E.S.)
- Correspondence:
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98
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Köhrle J. Selenium in Endocrinology-Selenoprotein-Related Diseases, Population Studies, and Epidemiological Evidence. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6056471. [PMID: 33382424 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se), apart from iodine, iron, and calcium, is one of the nutrient-derived key elements strongly affecting the endocrine system. However, no specific hormonal "feedback" regulation for Se status has yet been identified, in contrast to the fine-tuned hormone network regulating Ca2+ and phosphate balance or hepcidin-related iron status. Since its discovery as an essential trace element, the effects of Se excess or deficiency on the endocrine system or components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-periphery feedback circuits, the thyroid hormone axis, glucoregulatory and adrenal hormones, male and female gonads, the musculoskeletal apparatus, and skin have been identified. Analysis of the Se status in the blood or via validated biomarkers such as the hepatically derived selenoprotein P provides valuable diagnostic insight and a rational basis for decision making on required therapeutic or preventive supplementation of risk groups or patients. Endocrine-related epidemiological and interventional evidence linking Se status to beneficial or potentially adverse actions of selected selenoproteins mediating most of the (patho-) physiological effects are discussed in this mini-review. Autoimmune thyroid disease, diabetes and obesity, male fertility, as well as osteoporosis are examples for which observational or interventional studies have indicated Se effects. The currently prevailing concept relating Se and selenoproteins to "oxidative stress," reactive oxygen species, radical hypotheses, and related strategies of pharmacological approaches based on various selenium compounds will not be the focus. The crucial biological function of several selenoproteins in cellular redox-regulation and specific enzyme reactions in endocrine pathways will be addressed and put in clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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99
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Jin Y, Zhuang Y, Liu M, Che J, Dong X. Inhibiting ferroptosis: A novel approach for stroke therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:916-930. [PMID: 33412287 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stroke ranks as the second leading cause of death across the globe. Despite advances in stroke therapeutics, no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs that can minimize neuronal injury and restore neurological function are clinically available. Ferroptosis, a regulated iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death, has been shown to contribute to stroke-mediated neuronal damage. Inhibitors of ferroptosis have also been validated in several stroke models of ischemia or intracerebral hemorrhage. Herein, we review the therapeutic activity of inhibitors of ferroptosis in stroke models. We further summarize previously reported neuroprotectants that show protective effects in stroke models that have been recently validated as ferroptosis inhibitors. These findings reveal new mechanisms for neuroprotection and highlight the importance of ferroptosis during stroke processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Jin
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yuxin Zhuang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Mei Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
| | - Jinxin Che
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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100
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Chen S, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Kuang X, Liu Y, Guo M, Ma L, Zhang D, Li Q. Iron Metabolism and Ferroptosis in Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:601193. [PMID: 33424539 PMCID: PMC7793792 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.601193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a disease characterized by recurrent, episodic, and transient central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction resulting from an excessive synchronous discharge of brain neurons. It is characterized by diverse etiology, complex pathogenesis, and difficult treatment. In addition, most epileptic patients exhibit social cognitive impairment and psychological impairment. Iron is an essential trace element for human growth and development and is also involved in a variety of redox reactions in organisms. However, abnormal iron metabolism is associated with several neurological disorders, including hemorrhagic post-stroke epilepsy and post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). Moreover, ferroptosis is also considered a new form of regulation of cell death, which is attributed to severe lipid peroxidation caused by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron overload found in various neurological diseases, including epilepsy. Therefore, this review summarizes the study on iron metabolism and ferroptosis in epilepsy, in order to elucidate the correlation between iron and epilepsy. It also provides a novel method for the treatment, prevention, and research of epilepsy, to control epileptic seizures and reduce nerve injury after the epileptic seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yongmin Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yukang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xi Kuang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Health Vocational College, Haikou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Meiwen Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Daqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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