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Muthamil S, Devi VA, Balasubramaniam B, Balamurugan K, Pandian SK. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles demonstrating enhanced in vitro and in vivo antibiofilm activity against Candida
spp. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 58:343-357. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Muthamil
- Department of Biotechnology; Science Campus; Alagappa University; Karaikudi Tamil Nadu India
| | - Vivekanandham Amsa Devi
- Department of Biotechnology; Science Campus; Alagappa University; Karaikudi Tamil Nadu India
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Huang MC, Shen M, Huang YJ, Lin HC, Chen CT. Photodynamic Inactivation Potentiates the Susceptibility of Antifungal Agents against the Planktonic and Biofilm Cells of Candida albicans. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020434. [PMID: 29389883 PMCID: PMC5855656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has been shown to be a potential treatment modality against Candida infection. However, limited light penetration might leave some cells alive and undergoing regrowth. In this study, we explored the possibility of combining PDI and antifungal agents to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Candida albicans and drug-resistant clinical isolates. We found that planktonic cells that had survived toluidine blue O (TBO)-mediated PDI were significantly susceptible to fluconazole within the first 2 h post PDI. Following PDI, the killing efficacy of antifungal agents relates to the PDI dose in wild-type and drug-resistant clinical isolates. However, only a 3-log reduction was found in the biofilm cells, suggesting limited therapeutic efficacy under the combined treatment of PDI and azole antifungal drugs. Using confocal microscopic analysis, we showed that TBO-mediated PDI could partially remove the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of biofilm. Finally, we showed that a combination of PDI with caspofungin could result in the complete killing of biofilms compared to those treated with caspofungin or PDI alone. These results clearly indicate that the combination of PDI and antifungal agents could be a promising treatment against C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Ching Huang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Mandy Shen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jhen Huang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Chi Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Tin Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Smith RJ, Klieger SB, Sulieman SE, Berger E, Treat JR, Fisher BT. Retrospective review of immunocompromised children undergoing skin biopsy for suspected invasive infection: Analysis of factors predictive of invasive mold. Pediatr Dermatol 2018; 35:104-111. [PMID: 29231258 DOI: 10.1111/pde.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cutaneous lesions are often the first marker of invasive mold infection, which can cause substantial morbidity in immunocompromised children. The purpose of this study was to describe the evaluation and outcomes of immunocompromised children who presented with findings requiring skin biopsy because of concern about invasive infection. In children who were biopsied, we sought to determine the factors predictive of invasive mold infection. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Patients included in the study were immunocompromised individuals younger than 26 years old who underwent skin biopsy by the inpatient dermatology consultation team between January 1, 2003, and March 15, 2015, because of development of new cutaneous lesions that were suspected of being invasive infection. RESULTS One hundred five encounters met the inclusion criteria. Fifty (47.6%) biopsied individuals had an infectious pathogen identified on histopathology or culture. Mold was the most common (36%) pathogen, followed by bacteria (32%) and yeast (26%). The presence of a single lesion (P = .001) and prior occlusion at the site of the lesion (P < .001) were associated with mold on biopsy. The combination of a single lesion, history of occlusion, and tissue necrosis on examination was highly predictive for invasive mold infection (86.3% [95% confidence interval 55.1-97.0%]). Of the 18 individuals with confirmed invasive mold infection, 13 (72%) underwent surgical resection, of whom 12 (92%) survived the 30-day follow-up period. CONCLUSION Skin biopsy enabled the detection of a pathogen that informed directed therapeutic interventions in nearly half of participants. Institutions caring for immunocompromised children should ensure adequate staffing of clinical personnel approved to perform skin biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Smith
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah B Klieger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Salwa E Sulieman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals & Clinics and University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Emily Berger
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James R Treat
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian T Fisher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Nasirian H. Contamination of cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria) to medically fungi: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Mycol Med 2017; 27:427-448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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55
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Comparison and analysis of the structures and binding modes of antifungal SE and CYP51 inhibitors. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 77:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ma X, Bibby K. Free chlorine and monochloramine inactivation kinetics of Aspergillus and Penicillium in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 120:265-271. [PMID: 28501787 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are near-ubiquitous in potable water distribution systems, but the disinfection kinetics of commonly identified fungi are poorly studied. In the present study, laboratory scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the inactivation kinetics of Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus versicolor, and Penicillium purpurogenum by free chlorine and monochloramine. The observed inactivation data were then fit to a delayed Chick-Watson model. Based on the model parameter estimation, the Ct values (integrated product of disinfectant concentration C and contact time t over defined time intervals) for 99.9% inactivation of the tested fungal strains ranged from 48.99 mg min/L to 194.7 mg min/L for free chlorine and from 90.33 mg min/L to 531.3 mg min/L for monochloramine. Fungal isolates from a drinking water system (Aspergillus versicolor and Penicillium purpurogenum) were more disinfection resistant than Aspergillus fumigatus type and clinical isolates. The required 99.9% inactivation Ct values for the tested fungal strains are higher than E. coli, a commonly monitored indicator bacteria, and within a similar range for bacteria commonly identified within water distribution systems, such as Mycobacterium spp. and Legionella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Potent In Vitro Synergism of Fluconazole and Osthole against Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00436-17. [PMID: 28607012 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00436-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osthole is a natural coumarin that exhibits wide biological and pharmacological activities such as neuroprotective, osteogenic, immunomodulation, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the antifungal effects of osthole in vitro A checkerboard microdilution assay showed that osthole has significant synergistic effect with fluconazole against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans Similar results were obtained from a growth curve assay. Meanwhile, XTT reduction assay demonstrated the synergism of fluconazole and osthole against C. albicans biofilm formation. Microarray results showed that the expression of genes involved in the oxidation-reduction process, energy metabolism, and transportation changed significantly after the combined treatment with fluconazole and osthole, and further results showed that endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly increased in the combination group. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the synergism of fluconazole and osthole against fluconazole-resistant C. albicans and indicate that endogenous ROS augmentation might contribute to the synergism of fluconazole and osthole.
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Ma X, Vikram A, Casson L, Bibby K. Centralized Drinking Water Treatment Operations Shape Bacterial and Fungal Community Structure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:7648-7657. [PMID: 28562026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water microbial communities impact opportunistic pathogen colonization and corrosion of water distribution systems, and centralized drinking water treatment represents a potential control for microbial community structure in finished drinking water. In this article, we examine bacterial and fungal abundance and diversity, as well as the microbial community taxonomic structure following each unit operation in a conventional surface water treatment plant. Treatment operations drove the microbial composition more strongly than sampling time. Both bacterial and fungal abundance and diversity decreased following sedimentation and filtration; however, only bacterial abundance and diversity was significantly impacted by free chlorine disinfection. Similarly, each treatment step was found to shift bacterial and fungal community beta-diversity, with the exception of disinfection on the fungal community structure. We observed the enrichment of bacterial and fungal taxa commonly found in drinking water distribution systems through the treatment process, for example, Sphingomonas following filtration and Leptospirillium and Penicillium following disinfection. Study results suggest that centralized drinking water treatment processes shape the final drinking water microbial community via selection of community members and that the bacterial community is primarily driven by disinfection while the eukaryotic community is primarily controlled by physical treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Amit Vikram
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Leonard Casson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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Demirel R, Sen B, Kadaifciler D, Yoltas A, Okten S, Ozkale E, Berikten D, Samson RA, Haliki Uztan A, Yilmaz N, Abaci Gunyar O, Aydogdu H, Asan A, Kivanc M, Ozdil S, Sakartepe E. Indoor airborne fungal pollution in newborn units in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:362. [PMID: 28667414 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic and/or opportunistic fungal species are major causes of nosocomial infections, especially in controlled environments where immunocompromised patients are hospitalized. Indoor fungal contamination in hospital air is associated with a wide range of adverse health effects. Regular determination of fungal spore counts in controlled hospital environments may help reduce the risk of fungal infections. Because infants have inchoate immune systems, they are given immunocompromised patient status. The aim of the present study was to evaluate culturable airborne fungi in the air of hospital newborn units in the Thrace, Marmara, Aegean, and Central Anatolia regions of Turkey. A total of 108 air samples were collected seasonally from newborn units in July 2012, October 2012, January 2013, and April 2013 by using an air sampler and dichloran 18% glycerol agar (DG18) as isolation media. We obtained 2593 fungal colonies comprising 370 fungal isolates representing 109 species of 28 genera, which were identified through multi-loci gene sequencing. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Talaromyces, and Alternaria were the most abundant genera identified (35.14, 25.40, 17.57, 2.70, and 6.22% of the total, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasime Demirel
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Burhan Sen
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Duygu Kadaifciler
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Yoltas
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suzan Okten
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Evrim Ozkale
- Faculty of Science and Art Department of Biology, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Derya Berikten
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Robert A Samson
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alev Haliki Uztan
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Neriman Yilmaz
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Halide Aydogdu
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Asan
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Merih Kivanc
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Soner Ozdil
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Erhan Sakartepe
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Camplesi M, Silva HM, Arantes AM, Costa CR, Ataides FS, Silva TC, Reis MDPCD, Silva MDRR. Invasive fungal infection in patients with hematologic disorders in a Brazilian tertiary care hospital. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:80-85. [PMID: 28327806 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0191-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are an important complication in immunocompromised individuals, particularly neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies. In this study, we aimed to verify the epidemiology and diagnosis of IFIs in patients with hematologic problems at a tertiary hospital in Goiânia-GO, Brazil. METHODS: Data from 117 patients, involving 19 cases of IFIs, were collected. The collected data included diagnosis methods, demographics, clinical characteristics, and in vitro susceptibility to different antifungal agents. Among the 19 cases, 12 were classified as proven IFI and 7 as probable invasive aspergillosis with detection of galactomannan in blood and presence of lung infiltrates in radiographic images. Logistic regression analysis showed that the proven and probable IFIs were associated with increased risk of death. Statistical analysis demonstrated that age, sex, and underlying disease were not independently associated with risk of death in IFI patients. RESULTS: Most bloodstream isolates of Candida spp. exhibited low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to all antifungal agents tested. Voriconazole and amphotericin had the lowest MICs for Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp., but Fusarium spp. showed the least susceptibility to all antifungals tested. Amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole were found to be inactive in vitro against Acremonium kiliense; but this fungus was sensitive to voriconazole. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the high number of IFI cases, with crude mortality rate of 6%, we could conclude that IFIs remain a common infection in patients with hematological malignancies and underdiagnosed ante mortem. Thus, IFIs should be monitored closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Camplesi
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Universidade Paulista, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Hildene Meneses Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | | | - Carolina Rodrigues Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Fábio Silvestre Ataides
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Thaisa Cristina Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Maysa de Paula Costa Dos Reis
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Maria do Rosário Rodrigues Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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Monapathi ME, Bezuidenhout CC, Rhode OHJ. Water quality and antifungal susceptibility of opportunistic yeast pathogens from rivers. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 75:1319-1331. [PMID: 28333048 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Yeasts from water sources have been associated with diseases ranging from superficial mucosal infections to life threatening diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the water quality as well as diversity and antifungal susceptibility of yeasts from two rivers. Yeast levels and physico-chemical parameter data were analyzed by principal component analysis to determine correlations between physico-chemical data and yeast levels. Yeast morphotypes were identified by biochemical tests and 26S rRNA gene sequencing. Disk diffusion antifungal susceptibility tests were conducted. Physico-chemical parameters of the water were within target water quality range (TWQR) for livestock farming. For irrigational use, total dissolved solids and nitrates were not within the TWQR. Yeast levels ranged between 27 ± 10 and 2,573 ± 306 cfu/L. Only non-pigmented, ascomycetous yeasts were isolated. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida glabrata were most frequently isolated. Several other opportunistic pathogens were also isolated. A large number of isolates were resistant to azoles, especially fluconazole, but also to other antifungal classes. Candida species were resistant to almost all the antifungal classes. These water sources are used for recreation and religious as well as for watering livestock and irrigation. Of particular concern is the direct contact of individuals with opportunistic yeast, especially the immune-compromised. Resistance of these yeast species to antifungal agents is a further health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Monapathi
- Unit for Environmental Science and Management - Microbiology, North-West University, Environmental Sciences, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa E-mail:
| | - C C Bezuidenhout
- Unit for Environmental Science and Management - Microbiology, North-West University, Environmental Sciences, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa E-mail:
| | - O H J Rhode
- Agricultural Research Council-Grain Crops Institute, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Ruiz-González R, Setaro F, Gulías Ò, Agut M, Hahn U, Torres T, Nonell S. Cationic phthalocyanine dendrimers as potential antimicrobial photosensitisers. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9008-9017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02270k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis, photophysical properties and photoantimicrobial efficiency of cationic Zn(ii) and Ru(ii) dendrimeric phthalocyanines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Setaro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Òscar Gulías
- Institut Químic de Sarriá
- Universitat Ramon Llull
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Montserrat Agut
- Institut Químic de Sarriá
- Universitat Ramon Llull
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Uwe Hahn
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarriá
- Universitat Ramon Llull
- Barcelona
- Spain
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63
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Norbury W, Herndon DN, Tanksley J, Jeschke MG, Finnerty CC. Infection in Burns. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2016; 17:250-5. [PMID: 26978531 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2013.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developments in critical care and surgical approaches to treating burn wounds, together with newer antimicrobial treatments, have significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality rates associated with this injury. METHODS Review of the pertinent English-language literature. RESULTS Several resistant organisms have emerged as the maleficent cause of invasive infection in burn patients, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, non-albicans Candida spp., and Aspergillus. Advances in antimicrobial therapies and the release of new classes of antibiotics have certainly added to the armamentarium of therapeutic resources for the clinician. CONCLUSION Strict infection control measures, constant wound surveillance with regular sampling of tissues for quantitative culture, and early excision and wound closure remain the principal adjuncts to control of invasive infections in burn patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David N Herndon
- 1 Shriners Hospitals for Children , Galveston, Texas.,2 Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Jessica Tanksley
- 1 Shriners Hospitals for Children , Galveston, Texas.,2 Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- 3 Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celeste C Finnerty
- 1 Shriners Hospitals for Children , Galveston, Texas.,2 Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas.,4 Institute for Translational Science and Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas
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de Abreu LCL, Todaro V, Sathler PC, da Silva LCRP, do Carmo FA, Costa CM, Toma HK, Castro HC, Rodrigues CR, de Sousa VP, Cabral LM. Development and Characterization of Nisin Nanoparticles as Potential Alternative for the Recurrent Vaginal Candidiasis Treatment. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:1421-1427. [PMID: 26810491 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was the development and characterization of nisin-loaded nanoparticles and the evaluation of its potential antifungal activity. Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida sp. considered as one of the major public health problem currently. The discovery of antifungal agents that present a reduced or null resistance of Candida sp. and the development of more efficient drug release mechanisms are necessary for the improvement of candidiasis treatment. Nisin, a bacteriocin commercially available for more than 50 years, exhibits antibacterial action in food products with potential antifungal activity. Among several alternatives used to modulate antifungal activity of bacteriocins, polymeric nanoparticles have received great attention due to an effective drug release control and reduction of therapeutic dose, besides the minimization of adverse effects by the preferential accumulation in specific tissues. The nisin nanoparticles were prepared by double emulsification and solvent evaporation methods. Nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Antifungal activity was accessed by pour plate method and cell counting using Candida albicans strains. The in vitro release profile and in vitro permeation studies were performed using dialysis bag method and pig vaginal mucosa in Franz diffusion cell, respectively. The results revealed nisin nanoparticles (300 nm) with spherical shape and high loading efficiency (93.88 ± 3.26%). In vitro test results suggest a promising application of these nanosystems as a prophylactic agent in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis and other gynecological diseases.
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65
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Gonzalez JM, Rodriguez CA, Agudelo M, Zuluaga AF, Vesga O. Antifungal pharmacodynamics: Latin America's perspective. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 21:79-87. [PMID: 27821250 PMCID: PMC9425464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current increment of invasive fungal infections and the availability of new broad-spectrum antifungal agents has increased the use of these agents by non-expert practitioners, without an impact on mortality. To improve efficacy while minimizing prescription errors and to reduce the high monetary cost to the health systems, the principles of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) are necessary. A systematic review of the PD of antifungals agents was performed aiming at the practicing physician without expertise in this field. The initial section of this review focuses on the general concepts of antimicrobial PD. In vitro studies, fungal susceptibility and antifungal serum concentrations are related with different doses and dosing schedules, determining the PD indices and the magnitude required to obtain a specific outcome. Herein the PD of the most used antifungal drug classes in Latin America (polyenes, azoles, and echinocandins) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier M Gonzalez
- Clinica CARDIO VID, Medellín, Colombia; Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas (GRIPE), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Rodriguez
- Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas (GRIPE), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria Agudelo
- Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas (GRIPE), Medellín, Colombia; Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andres F Zuluaga
- Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas (GRIPE), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Omar Vesga
- Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo Investigador de Problemas en Enfermedades Infecciosas (GRIPE), Medellín, Colombia; Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Medellín, Colombia.
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Barbosa GM, Dos Santos EG, Capella FNC, Homsani F, de Pointis Marçal C, Dos Santos Valle R, de Araújo Abi-Chacra É, Braga-Silva LA, de Oliveira Sales MH, da Silva Neto ID, da Veiga VF, Dos Santos ALS, Holandino C. Direct electric current modifies important cellular aspects and ultrastructure features of Candida albicans yeasts: Influence of doses and polarities. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 38:95-108. [PMID: 27783424 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Available treatments against human fungal pathogens present high levels of resistance, motivating the development of new antifungal therapies. In this context, the present work aimed to analyze direct electric current (DC) antifungal action, using an in vitro apparatus equipped with platinum electrodes. Candida albicans yeast cells were submitted to three distinct conditions of DC treatment (anodic flow-AF; electroionic flow-EIF; and cathodic flow-CF), as well as different charges, ranging from 0.03 to 2.40 C. Our results indicated C. albicans presented distinct sensibility depending on the DC intensity and polarity applied. Both the colony-forming unit assay and the cytometry flow with propidium iodide indicated a drastic reduction on cellular viability after AF treatment with 0.15 C, while CF- and EIF-treated cells stayed alive when DC doses were increased up to 2.40 C. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy revealed important ultrastructural alterations in AF-treated yeasts, including cell structure disorganization, ruptures in plasmatic membrane, and cytoplasmic rarefaction. This work emphasizes the importance of physical parameters (polarity and doses) in cellular damage, and brings new evidence for using electrotherapy to treat C. albicans pathology process. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:95-108, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleyce Moreno Barbosa
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eldio Gonçalves Dos Santos
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francielle Neves Carvalho Capella
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fortune Homsani
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carina de Pointis Marçal
- Peptidases Research Laboratory, Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Dos Santos Valle
- Peptidases Research Laboratory, Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Érika de Araújo Abi-Chacra
- Peptidases Research Laboratory, Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lys Adriana Braga-Silva
- Peptidases Research Laboratory, Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Venicio Feo da Veiga
- Microscopy Sector of Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Peptidases Research Laboratory, Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Holandino
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Falaise C, François C, Travers MA, Morga B, Haure J, Tremblay R, Turcotte F, Pasetto P, Gastineau R, Hardivillier Y, Leignel V, Mouget JL. Antimicrobial Compounds from Eukaryotic Microalgae against Human Pathogens and Diseases in Aquaculture. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E159. [PMID: 27598176 PMCID: PMC5039530 DOI: 10.3390/md14090159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for novel compounds of marine origin has increased in the last decades for their application in various areas such as pharmaceutical, human or animal nutrition, cosmetics or bioenergy. In this context of blue technology development, microalgae are of particular interest due to their immense biodiversity and their relatively simple growth needs. In this review, we discuss about the promising use of microalgae and microalgal compounds as sources of natural antibiotics against human pathogens but also about their potential to limit microbial infections in aquaculture. An alternative to conventional antibiotics is needed as the microbial resistance to these drugs is increasing in humans and animals. Furthermore, using natural antibiotics for livestock could meet the consumer demand to avoid chemicals in food, would support a sustainable aquaculture and present the advantage of being environmentally friendly. Using natural and renewable microalgal compounds is still in its early days, but considering the important research development and rapid improvement in culture, extraction and purification processes, the valorization of microalgae will surely extend in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Falaise
- FR CNRS 3473 IUML Mer-Molécules-Santé (MMS), Université du Maine, Avenue O. Messiaen, Le Mans 72085, France.
| | - Cyrille François
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, La Tremblade 17390, France.
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, La Tremblade 17390, France.
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, La Tremblade 17390, France.
| | - Joël Haure
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Laboratoire de Génétique et de Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Avenue Mus de Loup, La Tremblade 17390, France.
| | - Réjean Tremblay
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada.
| | - François Turcotte
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada.
| | - Pamela Pasetto
- UMR CNRS 6283 Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), Université du Maine, Avenue O. Messiaen, Le Mans 72085, France.
| | - Romain Gastineau
- FR CNRS 3473 IUML Mer-Molécules-Santé (MMS), Université du Maine, Avenue O. Messiaen, Le Mans 72085, France.
| | - Yann Hardivillier
- FR CNRS 3473 IUML Mer-Molécules-Santé (MMS), Université du Maine, Avenue O. Messiaen, Le Mans 72085, France.
| | - Vincent Leignel
- FR CNRS 3473 IUML Mer-Molécules-Santé (MMS), Université du Maine, Avenue O. Messiaen, Le Mans 72085, France.
| | - Jean-Luc Mouget
- FR CNRS 3473 IUML Mer-Molécules-Santé (MMS), Université du Maine, Avenue O. Messiaen, Le Mans 72085, France.
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Voltan AR, Quindós G, Alarcón KPM, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Chorilli M. Fungal diseases: could nanostructured drug delivery systems be a novel paradigm for therapy? Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:3715-30. [PMID: 27540288 PMCID: PMC4982498 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s93105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive mycoses are a major problem for immunocompromised individuals and patients in intensive care units. Morbidity and mortality rates of these infections are high because of late diagnosis and delayed treatment. Moreover, the number of available antifungal agents is low, and there are problems with toxicity and resistance. Alternatives for treating invasive fungal infections are necessary. Nanostructured systems could be excellent carriers for antifungal drugs, reducing toxicity and targeting their action. The use of nanostructured systems for antifungal therapy began in the 1990s, with the appearance of lipid formulations of amphotericin B. This review encompasses different antifungal drug delivery systems, such as liposomes, carriers based on solid lipids and nanostructure lipids, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and others. All these delivery systems have advantages and disadvantages. Main advantages are the improvement in the antifungal properties, such as bioavailability, reduction in toxicity, and target tissue, which facilitates innovative therapeutic techniques. Conversely, a major disadvantage is the high cost of production. In the near future, the use of nanosystems for drug delivery strategies can be used for delivering peptides, including mucoadhesive systems for the treatment of oral and vaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Raquel Voltan
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Quindós
- Immunology, Microbiology, and Parasitology Department, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kaila P Medina Alarcón
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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The fungal resistome: a risk and an opportunity for the development of novel antifungal therapies. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1503-20. [PMID: 27485839 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The risks for toxicity of novel antifungal compounds, together with the emergence of resistance, makes the use of inhibitors of resistance, in combination with antifungal compounds, a suitable strategy for developing novel antifungal formulations. Among them, inhibitors of efflux pumps are suitable candidates. Increasing drug influx or interfering with the stress response may also improve the efficacy of antifungals. Therapies as induction of fungal apoptosis or immunostimulation are also good strategies for reducing the risks for resistance and to improve antifungals' efficacy. Understanding the effect of the acquisition of resistance on the fungal physiology and determining the collateral sensitivity networks are useful for the development of novel strategies based on combination of antifungals for improving the efficacy of the therapy.
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Peron IH, Reichert-Lima F, Busso-Lopes AF, Nagasako CK, Lyra L, Moretti ML, Schreiber AZ. Resistance Surveillance in Candida albicans: A Five-Year Antifungal Susceptibility Evaluation in a Brazilian University Hospital. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158126. [PMID: 27414653 PMCID: PMC4945058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans caused 44% of the overall candidemia episodes from 2006 to 2010 in our university tertiary care hospital. As different antifungal agents are used in therapy and also immunocompromised patients receive fluconazole prophylaxis in our institution, this study aimed to perform an antifungal susceptibility surveillance with the C.albicans bloodstream isolates and to characterize the fluconazole resistance in 2 non-blood C.albicans isolates by sequencing ERG11 gene. The study included 147 C. albicans bloodstream samples and 2 fluconazole resistant isolates: one from oral cavity (LIF 12560 fluconazole MIC: 8μg/mL) and one from esophageal cavity (LIF-E10 fluconazole MIC: 64μg/mL) of two different patients previously treated with oral fluconazole. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility to amphotericin B (AMB), 5-flucytosine (5FC), fluconazole (FLC), itraconazole (ITC), voriconazole (VRC), caspofungin (CASP) was performed by broth microdilution methodology recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute documents (M27-A3 and M27-S4, CLSI). All blood isolates were classified as susceptible according to CLSI guidelines for all evaluated antifungal agents (MIC range: 0,125–1.00 μg/mL for AMB, ≤0.125–1.00 μg/mL for 5FC, ≤0.125–0.5 μg/mL for FLC, ≤0.015–0.125 μg/mL for ITC, ≤0.015–0.06 μg/mL for VRC and ≤0.015–0.125 μg/mL for CASP). In this study, we also amplified and sequenced the ERG11 gene of LIF 12560 and LIF-E10 C.albicans isolates. Six mutations encoding distinct amino acid substitutions were found (E116D, T128K, E266D, A298V, G448V and G464S) and these mutations were previously described as associated with fluconazole resistance. Despite the large consumption of antifungals in our institution, resistant blood isolates were not found over the trial period. Further studies should be conducted, but it may be that the very prolonged direct contact with the oral antifungal agent administered to the patient from which was isolated LIF E-10, may have contributed to the development of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Haddad Peron
- Clinical Pathology Department Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Franqueline Reichert-Lima
- Clinical Pathology Department Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariane Fidelis Busso-Lopes
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Kibune Nagasako
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luzia Lyra
- Clinical Pathology Department Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Moretti
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Sidiq F, Hoostal M, Rogers SO. Rapid identification of fungi in culture-negative clinical blood and respiratory samples by DNA sequence analyses. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:293. [PMID: 27268007 PMCID: PMC4895986 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical diagnoses of fungal infections often rely upon culture techniques followed by microscopic examination of positive cultures and histopathological specimens. Culturing of microorganisms is prone to false negatives, while microscopy methods can be complicated by atypical phenotypes and organisms that are morphologically indistinguishable in tissues. Delays in diagnoses (or the lack thereof) and inaccurate identification of infectious organisms contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in patients. Methods Two-hundred randomized, heterogeneous patient blood and respiratory samples that were culture-negative were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal RNA genes utilizing panfungal primers. Amplicons were sequenced, subjected to sequence similarity searches, and compared using phylogenetic analyses. Results Thirteen fungal sequences were detected in three whole-blood samples and nine respiratory samples. Bioinformatic analyses were performed which indicated the presence of multiple pathogens and potential pathogens. Conclusions The results from this pilot study demonstrate the utility of PCR assays and sequence analyses in clinical tests for fungi to facilitate rapid diagnosis and appropriate treatments to deal with the false negatives from culture results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Sidiq
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Matt Hoostal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Scott O Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
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Patin EC, Jones AV, Thompson A, Clement M, Liao CT, Griffiths JS, Wallace LE, Bryant CE, Lang R, Rosenstiel P, Humphreys IR, Taylor PR, Jones GW, Orr SJ. IL-27 Induced by Select Candida spp. via TLR7/NOD2 Signaling and IFN-β Production Inhibits Fungal Clearance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:208-21. [PMID: 27259855 PMCID: PMC4911616 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Candida spp. elicit cytokine production downstream of various pathogen recognition receptors, including C-type lectin-like receptors, TLRs, and nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)–like receptors. IL-12 family members IL-12p70 and IL-23 are important for host immunity against Candida spp. In this article, we show that IL-27, another IL-12 family member, is produced by myeloid cells in response to selected Candida spp. We demonstrate a novel mechanism for Candida parapsilosis–mediated induction of IL-27 in a TLR7-, MyD88-, and NOD2-dependent manner. Our data revealed that IFN-β is induced by C. parapsilosis, which in turn signals through the IFN-α/β receptor and STAT1/2 to induce IL-27. Moreover, IL-27R (WSX-1)–deficient mice systemically infected with C. parapsilosis displayed enhanced pathogen clearance compared with wild-type mice. This was associated with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the serum and increased IFN-γ and IL-17 responses in the spleens of IL-27R–deficient mice. Thus, our data define a novel link between C. parapsilosis, TLR7, NOD2, IFN-β, and IL-27, and we have identified an important role for IL-27 in the immune response against C. parapsilosis. Overall, these findings demonstrate an important mechanism for the suppression of protective immune responses during infection with C. parapsilosis, which has potential relevance for infections with other fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C Patin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Adam V Jones
- University Dental Hospital, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Chia-Te Liao
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - James S Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Leah E Wallace
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; and
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth W Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
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Shah PJ, Sundareshan V, Miller B, Bergman SJ. Micafungin and a case of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. J Clin Pharm Ther 2016; 41:362-364. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Shah
- Department of Pharmacy; HSHS St. John's Hospital; Springfield IL USA
| | - V. Sundareshan
- Division of Infectious Diseases; Southern Illinois University School of Medicine; Springfield IL USA
| | - B. Miller
- Prairie Cardiovascular; Springfield IL USA
| | - S. J. Bergman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice; School of Pharmacy; Southern Illinois University Edwardsville; Edwardsville IL USA
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Zomorodian K, Bandegani A, Mirhendi H, Pakshir K, Alinejhad N, Poostforoush Fard A. In Vitro Susceptibility and Trailing Growth Effect of Clinical Isolates of Candida Species to Azole Drugs. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e28666. [PMID: 27127587 PMCID: PMC4841996 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.28666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Emergence of resistance to respective antifungal drugs is a primary concern for the treatment of candidiasis. Hence, determining antifungal susceptibility of the isolated yeasts is of special importance for effective therapy. For this purpose, the clinical laboratory standard institute (CLSI) has introduced a broth microdilution method to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). However, the so-called “Trailing effect” phenomenon might sometimes pose ambiguity in the interpretation of the results. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the in vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of Candida against azoles and the frequency of the Trailing effect. Materials and Methods: A total of 193 Candida isolates were prospectively collected and identified through the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Using a broth microdilution test, according to the guidelines of CLSI M27-A3, antifungal susceptibilities of the isolated yeasts against Fluconazole (FLU), Itraconazole (ITR), Ketoconazole (KET) and Voriconazole (VOR) were assessed. Moreover, trailing growth was determined when a susceptible MIC was incubated for 24 hours, and turned into a resistant one after 48 hours of incubation. Results: Among the tested antifungal drugs in this study, the highest rate of resistance was observed against ITR (28.5%) followed by VOR (26.4%), FLU (20.8%) and KET (1.5%). The trailing effect was induced in 27 isolates (14.0%) by VOR, in 26 isolates (13.5%) by ITR, in 24 isolates (12.4%) by FLU, and in 19 isolates (9.8%) by KET. Conclusions: The monitoring of antifungal susceptibilities of Candida species isolated from clinical sources is highly recommended for the efficient management of patients. Moreover, the trailing effect should be taken into consideration once the interpretation of the results is intended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamiar Zomorodian
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Azadeh Bandegani
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Keyvan Pakshir
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Navvab Alinejhad
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Ali Poostforoush Fard
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Ali Poostforoush Fard, Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-7112305291, Fax: +98-7112305291, E-mail:
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Holý O, Matoušková I, Kubátová A, Hamal P, Svobodová L, Jurásková E, Raida L. Monitoring of Microscopic Filamentous Fungi in Indoor Air of Transplant Unit. Cent Eur J Public Health 2016; 23:331-4. [PMID: 26841147 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a4062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to control the microbial contamination of indoor air monitored monthly at the Transplant Unit of the University Hospital Olomouc from August 2010 to July 2011. METHODS The unit is equipped with a three-stage air filtration system with HEPA filters. The MAS-100 air sampler (Merck, GER) was used. Twenty locations were singled out for the purposes of collecting a total of 720 samplings of the indoor air. Swabs of the HVAC diffusers at the sampling locations were always carried out after the sampling of the indoor air. RESULTS In total, 480 samples of the indoor air were taken for Sabouraud chloramphenicol agar. In 11 cases (2.29%) the cultivation verified the presence of microscopic filamentous fungi. Only two cases involved the sanitary facilities of a patient isolation box; the other positive findings were from the facilities. The most frequent established genus was Aspergillus spp. (4x), followed by Trichoderma spp. (2x) and Penicillium spp. (2x), Paecilomyces spp., Eurotium spp., and Chrysonilia spp. (1x each). In 2 cases the cultivation established sterile aerial mycelium, unfortunately no further identification was possible. A total of 726 swabs of HVAC diffusers were collected (2 positive-0.28%). The study results demonstrated the efficacy of the HVAC equipment. CONCLUSIONS With the continuing increase in the number of severely immunocompromised patients, hospitals are faced with the growing problem of invasive aspergillosis and other opportunistic infections. Preventive monitoring of microbial air contaminants is of major importance for the control of invasive aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Holý
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ivanka Matoušková
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hamal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Svobodová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Jurásková
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Raida
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Drogari-Apiranthitou M, Panayiotides I, Galani I, Konstantoudakis S, Arvanitidis G, Spathis A, Gouloumi AR, Tsakiraki Z, Tsiodras S, Petrikkos G. Diagnostic value of a semi-nested PCR for the diagnosis of mucormycosis and aspergillosis from paraffin-embedded tissue: A single center experience. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:393-7. [PMID: 26874574 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main aim of our study was to investigate the diagnostic value of a molecular method for the diagnosis of mucormycosis and aspergillosis from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. METHODS A retrospective chart review identified all cases with histology reports mentioning the presence of fungi with morphological characteristics of either Aspergillus or mucormycetes, for the period 2005-2012. Paraffin blocks were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Pathology. A semi-nested PCR specific for the detection of mucormycetes and Aspergillus species was applied in FFPE tissue from the above blocks. Results were compared with those of histological (gold standard) and microbiological methods. RESULTS Twenty cases with fungal hyphae in tissue were revealed. Mucormycetes were detected in 9 cases (45%) by PCR, in only 4 of which culture was available. Species of Aspergillus were detected in 8 cases (40%) by PCR, two of which were co-infection with mucormycetes. Five patients had other fungi, non-detectable with this specific PCR. At least one sample per patient was positive by PCR. Seven out of 30 samples tested overall were false negative. The calculated sensitivity of this method in our setting was 79.3% (95% CI: 60.3-91.9%); specificity was 100%. CONCLUSIONS The specific PCR used appears to be an easy and useful tool for the prompt and accurate diagnosis of mucormycosis and aspergillosis, in combination with histology and direct examination. Mucormycosis was more frequent than aspergillosis during the study period, highlighting the importance of continuous epidemiological surveillance of these serious infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Drogari-Apiranthitou
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, 4th Dept. of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Panayiotides
- 2nd Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Galani
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, 4th Dept. of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stefanos Konstantoudakis
- 2nd Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Arvanitidis
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, 4th Dept. of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Aris Spathis
- 2nd Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alina-Roxani Gouloumi
- 2nd Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi Tsakiraki
- 2nd Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, 4th Dept. of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Petrikkos
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, 4th Dept. of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Chandrika NT, Garneau-Tsodikova S. A review of patents (2011-2015) towards combating resistance to and toxicity of aminoglycosides. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015; 7:50-68. [PMID: 27019689 PMCID: PMC4806794 DOI: 10.1039/c5md00453e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first aminoglycoside (AG), streptomycin, in 1943, these broad-spectrum antibiotics have been extensively used for the treatment of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial infections. The inherent toxicity (ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity) associated with their long-term use as well as the emergence of resistant bacterial strains have limited their usage. Structural modifications of AGs by AG-modifying enzymes, reduced target affinity caused by ribosomal modification, and decrease in their cellular concentration by efflux pumps have resulted in resistance towards AGs. However, the last decade has seen a renewed interest among the scientific community for AGs as exemplified by the recent influx of scientific articles and patents on their therapeutic use. In this review, we use a non-conventional approach to put forth this renaissance on AG development/application by summarizing all patents filed on AGs from 2011-2015 and highlighting some related publications on the most recent work done on AGs to overcome resistance and improving their therapeutic use while reducing ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. We also present work towards developing amphiphilic AGs for use as fungicides as well as that towards repurposing existing AGs for potential newer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishad Thamban Chandrika
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA. Fax: 859-257-7585; Tel: 859-218-1686
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA. Fax: 859-257-7585; Tel: 859-218-1686
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Photodynamic inactivation of Candida albicans by a tetracationic tentacle porphyrin and its analogue without intrinsic charges in presence of fluconazole. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 13:334-340. [PMID: 26498876 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The photodynamic inactivation mediated by 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(3-N,N-dimethylaminopropoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (TAPP) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(3-N,N,N-trimethylaminepropoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (TAPP(4+)) were compared in Candida albicans cells. A strong binding affinity was found between these porphyrins and the yeast cells. Photosensitized inactivation of C. albicans increased with both photosensitizer concentration and irradiation time. After 30 min irradiation, a high photoinactivation (∼5 log) was found for C. albicans treated with 5 μM porphyrin. Also, the photoinactivation of yeast cells was still elevated after two washing steps. However, the photocytotoxicity decreases with an increase in the cell density from 10(6) to 10(8) cells/mL. The high photodynamic activity of these porphyrins was also established by growth delay experiments. This C. albicans strain was susceptible to fluconazole with a MIC of 1.0 μg/mL. The effect of photosensitization and the action of fluconazole were combined to eradicate C. albicans. After a PDI treatment with 1 μM porphyrin and 30 min irradiation, the value of MIC decreased to 0.25 μg/mL. In addition, a complete arrest in cell growth was found by combining both effects. TAPP was similarly effective to photoinactivate C. albicans than TAPP(4+). This porphyrin without intrinsic positive charges contains basic amino groups, which can be protonated at physiological pH. Moreover, an enhancement in the antifungal action was found using both therapies because lower doses of the agents were required to achieve cell death.
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79
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Mangoni ML, Luca V, McDermott AM. Fighting microbial infections: A lesson from amphibian skin-derived esculentin-1 peptides. Peptides 2015; 71:286-95. [PMID: 25959536 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Due to the growing emergence of resistance to commercially available antibiotics/antimycotics in virtually all clinical microbial pathogens, the discovery of alternative anti-infective agents, is greatly needed. Gene-encoded antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold promise as novel therapeutics. In particular, amphibian skin is one of the richest storehouses of AMPs, especially that of the genus Rana, with esculentins-1 being among the longest (46 amino acids) AMPs found in nature to date. Here, we report on the recently discovered in vitro and in vivo activities and mechanism of action of two derivatives of the N-terminal part of esculentin-1a and -1b peptides, primarily against two relevant opportunistic microorganisms causing a large number of life-threatening infections worldwide; i.e. the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the yeast Candida albicans. Because of distinct advantages compared to several mammalian AMPs, the two selected frog skin AMP-derivatives represent attractive candidates for the development of new antimicrobial compounds with expanded properties, for both human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Luca
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alison M McDermott
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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80
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Prieto D, Pla J. Distinct stages during colonization of the mouse gastrointestinal tract by Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:792. [PMID: 26300861 PMCID: PMC4525673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a member of the human microbiota, colonizing both the vaginal and gastrointestinal tracts. This yeast is devoid of a life style outside the human body and the mechanisms underlying the adaptation to the commensal status remain to be determined. Using a model of mouse gastrointestinal colonization, we show here that C. albicans stably colonizes the mouse gut in about 3 days starting from a dose as low as 100 cells, reaching steady levels of around 107 cells/g of stools. Using fluorescently labeled strains, we have assessed the competition between isogenic populations from different sources in cohoused animals. We show that long term (15 days) colonizing cells have increased fitness in the gut niche over those grown in vitro or residing in the gut for 1–3 days. Therefore, two distinct states, proliferation and adaptation, seem to exist in the adaptation of this fungus to the mouse gut, a result with potential significance in the prophylaxis and treatment of Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Prieto
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pla
- Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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81
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Lehnert T, Timme S, Pollmächer J, Hünniger K, Kurzai O, Figge MT. Bottom-up modeling approach for the quantitative estimation of parameters in pathogen-host interactions. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:608. [PMID: 26150807 PMCID: PMC4473060 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic fungal pathogens can cause bloodstream infection and severe sepsis upon entering the blood stream of the host. The early immune response in human blood comprises the elimination of pathogens by antimicrobial peptides and innate immune cells, such as neutrophils or monocytes. Mathematical modeling is a predictive method to examine these complex processes and to quantify the dynamics of pathogen-host interactions. Since model parameters are often not directly accessible from experiment, their estimation is required by calibrating model predictions with experimental data. Depending on the complexity of the mathematical model, parameter estimation can be associated with excessively high computational costs in terms of run time and memory. We apply a strategy for reliable parameter estimation where different modeling approaches with increasing complexity are used that build on one another. This bottom-up modeling approach is applied to an experimental human whole-blood infection assay for Candida albicans. Aiming for the quantification of the relative impact of different routes of the immune response against this human-pathogenic fungus, we start from a non-spatial state-based model (SBM), because this level of model complexity allows estimating a priori unknown transition rates between various system states by the global optimization method simulated annealing. Building on the non-spatial SBM, an agent-based model (ABM) is implemented that incorporates the migration of interacting cells in three-dimensional space. The ABM takes advantage of estimated parameters from the non-spatial SBM, leading to a decreased dimensionality of the parameter space. This space can be scanned using a local optimization approach, i.e., least-squares error estimation based on an adaptive regular grid search, to predict cell migration parameters that are not accessible in experiment. In the future, spatio-temporal simulations of whole-blood samples may enable timely stratification of sepsis patients by distinguishing hyper-inflammatory from paralytic phases in immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lehnert
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute Jena, Germany ; Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Timme
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute Jena, Germany ; Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Pollmächer
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute Jena, Germany ; Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hünniger
- Fungal Septomics, Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology Hans-Knöll-Institute Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena, Germany ; Fungal Septomics, Septomics Research Center, Friedrich Schiller University and Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology Hans-Knöll-Institute Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute Jena, Germany ; Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena, Germany
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82
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Seddiki S, Boucherit-Otmani Z, Boucherit K, Kunkel D. Infectivités fongiques des cathéters implantés dues à Candida sp. Formation des biofilms et résistance. J Mycol Med 2015; 25:130-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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83
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Neufeld PM, Melhem MDSC, Szeszs MW, Ribeiro MD, Amorim EDLT, da Silva M, Lazéra MDS. Nosocomial candidiasis in Rio de Janeiro State: Distribution and fluconazole susceptibility profile. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:477-84. [PMID: 26273262 PMCID: PMC4507539 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246220120023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred and forty-one Candida species isolated from clinical specimens of hospitalized patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during 2002 to 2007, were analized in order to evaluate the distribution and susceptibility of these species to fluconazole. Candida albicans was the most frequent species (45.4%), followed by C. parapsilosis sensu lato (28.4%), C. tropicalis (14.2%), C. guilliermondii (6.4%), C. famata (2.8%), C. glabrata (1.4%), C. krusei (0.7%) and C. lambica (0.7%). The sources of fungal isolates were blood (47.5%), respiratory tract (17.7%), urinary tract (16.3%), skin and mucous membrane (7.1%), catheter (5.6%), feces (2.1%) and mitral valve tissue (0.7%). The susceptibility test was performed using the methodology of disk-diffusion in agar as recommended in the M44-A2 Document of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The majority of the clinical isolates (97.2%) was susceptible (S) to fluconazole, although three isolates (2.1%) were susceptible-dose dependent (S-DD) and one of them (0.7%) was resistant (R). The S-DD isolates were C. albicans, C. parapsilosis sensu lato and C. tropicalis. One isolate of C. krusei was resistant to fluconazole. This work documents the high susceptibility to fluconazole by Candida species isolated in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Murillo Neufeld
- Universidade Federal do Rio de
Janeiro, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e
Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de
Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e
Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em
Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em
Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcia de Souza Carvalho Melhem
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Serviço de Parasitologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, Serviço de Parasitologia, Instituto Adolfo
Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Walderez Szeszs
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Serviço de Parasitologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, Serviço de Parasitologia, Instituto Adolfo
Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Dornelas Ribeiro
- Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Instituto Estadual de Hematologia Arthur da
Siqueira Cavalcante, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Instituto
Estadual de Hematologia Arthur da Siqueira Cavalcante, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
Brazil
| | - Efigênia de Lourdes Teixeira Amorim
- Setor de Microbiologia e Urinálise, Laboratório Sérgio Franco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Setor de Microbiologia e Urinálise, Laboratório
Sérgio Franco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Manuela da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em
Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em
Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcia dos Santos Lazéra
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Hospital Evandro
Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto de Pesquisa
Clínica Hospital Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
Brazil
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84
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Could Histoplasma capsulatum Be Related to Healthcare-Associated Infections? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:982429. [PMID: 26106622 PMCID: PMC4461736 DOI: 10.1155/2015/982429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are described in diverse settings. The main etiologic agents of HAI are bacteria (85%) and fungi (13%). Some factors increase the risk for HAI, particularly the use of medical devices; patients with severe cuts, wounds, and burns; stays in the intensive care unit, surgery, and hospital reconstruction works. Several fungal HAI are caused by Candida spp., usually from an endogenous source; however, cross-transmission via the hands of healthcare workers or contaminated devices can occur. Although other medically important fungi, such as Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and Histoplasma capsulatum, have never been considered nosocomial pathogens, there are some factors that point out the pros and cons for this possibility. Among these fungi, H. capsulatum infection has been linked to different medical devices and surgery implants. The filamentous form of H. capsulatum may be present in hospital settings, as this fungus adapts to different types of climates and has great dispersion ability. Although conventional pathogen identification techniques have never identified H. capsulatum in the hospital environment, molecular biology procedures could be useful in this setting. More research on H. capsulatum as a HAI etiologic agent is needed, since it causes a severe and often fatal disease in immunocompromised patients.
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85
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Matthaiou DK, Christodoulopoulou T, Dimopoulos G. How to treat fungal infections in ICU patients. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:205. [PMID: 25930035 PMCID: PMC4419464 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a major burden in the critical care setting with increasing morbidity and mortality. Candidiasis is the leading cause of such infections, with C. albicans being the most common causative agent, followed by Aspergillosis and Mucormycosis. The diagnosis of such infections is cumbersome requiring increased clinical vigilance and extensive laboratory testing, including radiology, cultures, biopsies and other indirect methods. However, it is not uncommon for definitive evidence to be unavailable. Risk and host factors indicating the probability of infections may greatly help in the diagnostic approach. Timely and adequate intervention is important for their successful treatment. The available therapeutic armamentarium, although not very extensive, is effective with low resistance rates for the newer antifungal agents. However, timely and prudent use is necessary to maximize favorable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios K Matthaiou
- Department of Critical Care, University Hospital ATTIKON, Medical School, University of Athens, 1 Rimini str, Haidari-Athens, 12462, Greece.
| | - Theodora Christodoulopoulou
- Department of Critical Care, University Hospital ATTIKON, Medical School, University of Athens, 1 Rimini str, Haidari-Athens, 12462, Greece.
| | - George Dimopoulos
- Department of Critical Care, University Hospital ATTIKON, Medical School, University of Athens, 1 Rimini str, Haidari-Athens, 12462, Greece.
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86
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Amsden JR. Fungal Biomarkers, Antifungal Susceptibility Testing, and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring—Practical Applications for the Clinician in a Tertiary Care Center. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-015-0223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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87
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Ma X, Baron JL, Vikram A, Stout JE, Bibby K. Fungal diversity and presence of potentially pathogenic fungi in a hospital hot water system treated with on-site monochloramine. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 71:197-206. [PMID: 25618520 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, our knowledge of fungal ecology in engineered drinking water systems is limited, despite the potential for these systems to serve as a reservoir for opportunistic pathogens. In this study, hot water samples were collected both prior to and following the addition of monochloramine as an on-site disinfectant in a hospital hot water system. Fungal ecology was then analyzed by high throughput sequencing of the fungal ITS1 region. The results demonstrate that the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Peniophora, Cladosporium and Rhodosporidium comprised the core fungal biome of the hospital hot water system. Penicillium dominated the fungal community with an average relative abundance of 88.89% (±6.37%). ITS1 sequences of fungal genera containing potential pathogens such as Aspergillus, Candida, and Fusarium were also detected in this study. No significant change in fungal community structure was observed before and after the initiation of on-site monochloramine water treatment. This work represents the first report of the effects of on-site secondary water disinfection on fungal ecology in premise plumbing system, and demonstrates the necessity of considering opportunistic fungal pathogens during the evaluation of secondary premise plumbing disinfection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Julianne L Baron
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Special Pathogens Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Amit Vikram
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Janet E Stout
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Special Pathogens Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Bitar D, Lortholary O, Le Strat Y, Nicolau J, Coignard B, Tattevin P, Che D, Dromer F. Population-based analysis of invasive fungal infections, France, 2001-2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1149-55. [PMID: 24960557 PMCID: PMC4073874 DOI: 10.3201/eid2007.140087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
These infections are underrecognized as a cause of death in the general population and high-risk groups. To determine the epidemiology and trends of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in France, we analyzed incidence, risk factors, and in-hospital death rates related to the most frequent IFIs registered in the national hospital discharge database during 2001–2010. The identified 35,876 IFI cases included candidemia (43.4%), Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (26.1%), invasive aspergillosis (IA, 23.9%), cryptococcosis (5.2%), and mucormycosis (1.5%). The overall incidence was 5.9/100,000 cases/year and the mortality rate was 27.6%; both increased over the period (+1.5%, +2.9%/year, respectively). Incidences substantially increased for candidemia, IA, and mucormycosis. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia incidence decreased among AIDS patients (−14.3%/year) but increased in non-HIV–infected patients (+13.3%/year). Candidemia and IA incidence was increased among patients with hematologic malignancies (>+4%/year) and those with chronic renal failure (>+10%/year). In-hospital deaths substantially increased in some groups, e.g., in those with hematologic malignancies. IFIs occur among a broad spectrum of non–HIV-infected patients and should be a major public health priority.
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89
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Vandecandelaere I, Coenye T. Microbial composition and antibiotic resistance of biofilms recovered from endotracheal tubes of mechanically ventilated patients. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 830:137-55. [PMID: 25366226 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11038-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In critically ill patients, breathing is impaired and mechanical ventilation, using an endotracheal tube (ET) connected to a ventilator, is necessary. Although mechanical ventilation is a life-saving procedure, it is not without risk. Because of several reasons, a biofilm often forms at the distal end of the ET and this biofilm is a persistent source of bacteria which can infect the lungs, causing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). There is a link between the microbial flora of ET biofilms and the microorganisms involved in the onset of VAP. Culture dependent and independent techniques were already used to identify the microbial flora of ET biofilms and also, the antibiotic resistance of microorganisms obtained from ET biofilms was determined. The ESKAPE pathogens play a dominant role in the onset of VAP and these organisms were frequently identified in ET biofilms. Also, antibiotic resistant microorganisms were frequently present in ET biofilms. Members of the normal oral flora were also identified in ET biofilms but it is thought that these organisms initiate ET biofilm formation and are not directly involved in the development of VAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Vandecandelaere
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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90
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Benouagueni S, Ranque S, Gacemi Kirane D. A non-polyenic antifungal produced by a Streptomyces yatensis strain isolated from Mellah Lake in El Kala, North-East of Algeria. J Mycol Med 2014; 25:2-10. [PMID: 25458364 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at describing one actinomycete strain E65 that was isolated from the water of Mellah Lake in El Kala, North-East of Algeria that produces a non-polyenic antifungal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Actinomycetes were isolated from Mellah Lake water and screened for antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial assays were performed on ISP2 agar. The taxonomic position of the strain E65 was determined regarding phenotypic and 16S DNA sequences features. Time course of antifungal metabolites production was evaluated against Candida albicans on ISP2, ISP1 and GYEA broth. The active antifungal compound was extracted using dichloromethane and revealed by a thin layer of chromatography, chemical reagents, UV-visible and infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS A total of 104 actinomycetes were isolated and screened for antimicrobial activity; 21 strains were active against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The strain E65 showed a high in vitro activity against S. aureus and C. albicans and a good antifungal activity against a clinical C. albicans strain resistant to 5-fluorocytosine. Its 16S rRNA sequence shared 99% similarity with the Streptomyces yatensis type strain within the Streptomyces violaceusniger subclade of the Streptomyces hygroscopicus clade. It produced a non-polyenic antifungal, the IR spectrum of the antifungal extract corresponded to none of the antimicrobials compounds known to be produced by actinomycete of the S. hygroscopicus clade. CONCLUSION The wetlands of El Kala, Algeria are a potential source of bioactive actinomycete that deserves to be explored and exploited. The Streptomyces yatensis E65 strain isolated from Mellah Lake brackish water produces a remarkable antifungal compound which original non-polyenic structure warrants further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Benouagueni
- Laboratory of genetic improvement of plants and adaptation, Team of water, soil, and microorganisms, Department of Biology, Badji Mokhtar University, PO box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria.
| | - S Ranque
- IP-TPT UMR MD3, Aix-Marseille Université, 13885 Marseille, France; APHM, CHU Timone-Adultes, Parasitology & Mycology, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - D Gacemi Kirane
- Laboratory of genetic improvement of plants and adaptation, Team of water, soil, and microorganisms, Department of Biology, Badji Mokhtar University, PO box 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria
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91
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Nurkanto A, Julistiono H. Screening and study of antifungal activity of leaf litter actinomycetes isolated from Ternate Island, Indonesia. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7S1:S238-43. [PMID: 25312129 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize abundance of leaf litter actinomycetes from Ternate Island and to assess the antifungal activity of actinomycetes isolates against Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), and Aspergillus niger. METHODS Actinomycetes were isolated from leaf litter of Durio species, Syzygium aromaticum, Piper betle, Myristica fragrans, or Pandanus species and unknown plants. Actinomycetes isolates were cultured in a liquid medium. Bioactive compounds were extracted and tested against fungal using Beury-Kirby method with modification. Minimum inhibitor concentration and cell leakages were conducted. Actinomycetes that produced the highest antifungal activity were indentified using molecular sequence data in 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS Out of 50 selected isolates, two isolates MG-500-1-4 and SR-2-2 has highest activity against S. cerevisiae. Concentration of material containing nucleic acids, proteins, Ca(+) and K(+) ions and morphological observations indicated that extracts of MG-500-1-4 and SR-2-2 caused cell leakage and invagination of S. cerevisiae cells. Based on 16S rRNA gene identification, MG-500-1-4 and SR-2-2 isolates are similar to Streptomyces misakiensis and Streptomyces tricolor respectively. CONCLUSIONS Ternate Island contains interesting biodiversity of actinomycetes that has potential use in agriculture, fisheries, and human health to reduce problem of fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Nurkanto
- Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Jakarta-Bogor KM 46 Cibinong, West Java-16911, Indonesia.
| | - Heddy Julistiono
- Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Jakarta-Bogor KM 46 Cibinong, West Java-16911, Indonesia
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92
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Monitoring of the environment at the transplant unit-hemato-oncology clinic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:9480-90. [PMID: 25222472 PMCID: PMC4199030 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110909480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Aim of this study was to monitor the environment at the Transplant Unit—Hemato-Oncology Clinic, University Hospital Olomouc (Olomouc, Czech Republic) and identify risks for the patients. Methods and Results: Microorganisms were cultivated under standard aerobic conditions. Strains were biochemically identified using the BD Phoenix™ PID Panel (USA). Legionella pneumophila was identified by DNA sequencing. From the air, the most frequently isolated strains were coagulase-negative staphylococci (94.3%), Micrococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. No Gram-negative strains were isolated from the air. From the surfaces, the most frequently isolated Gram-positive strains were coagulase-negative staphylococci (67.4%), Bacillus spp., enterococci (5.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (2.3%) and Micrococcus spp. (1.7%). From the surfaces, the most frequently isolated Gram-negative strains were from genera Pseudomonas (28%), Enterobacter (28%), E. coli (6%), and Klebsiella spp. (5%). From the personnel, the most frequently isolated Gram-positive strains were coagulase-negative staphylococci (59.6%), Bacillus spp. (24.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus (9.8%). From the personnel, the most frequently isolated Gram-negative strains were Enterobacter spp. (61%), Klebsiella oxytoca (18%), and E. coli (11%). Microscopic filamentous fungi were isolated in 13 cases (2.71%). Isolated strains were Aspergillus spp. (4), Trichoderma spp. (2), Penicillium spp. (2), one case of the strains Paecilomyces spp., Eurotium spp., Monilia spp. Conclusions: The study found no significant deviations in the microbial contamination of the cleanroom air. The personnel entrance of the Transplant Unit represent a high risk area, an extreme value (7270 CFU/m3) was recorded. Regime measures are fully effective, no other deficiencies were found. Significance and Impact of the Study: This epidemiological study, which was held for the duration of one year at the Transplant Unit—Hemato-Oncology Clinic, University Hospital Olomouc. The study monitored microbial contamination of the cleanroom air, surfaces, water, colonization of the personnel by bacterial strains of epidemiological consequence.
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93
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Kusuma IW, Murdiyanto, Arung ET, Syafrizal, Kim YU. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of medicinal plants used by the Bentian tribe from Indonesia. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Salci TP, Batilana AP, Pietrobon R, Caparroz-Assef SM. Problems related to antifungal prescription: a qualitative study of the views of intensivists. J Eval Clin Pract 2014; 20:460-6. [PMID: 24840772 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE The choice of the appropriate antifungal medication is essential for therapeutic success. Although guidelines are available in the literature that regulate the consistent use of antifungal, no previous qualitative studies have addressed the difficulties related to the use of antifungal medication, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU). Our objective was to qualitatively investigate how intensivists consider antifungal prescriptions in an adult ICU. METHODS The Grounded Theory analytical method was used for the data analysis. Physicians who worked in the adult ICU and prescribed antifungal medications were individually interviewed. A semi-structured interview was used to ask core questions, followed by follow-up questions at the discretion of the interviewer. RESULTS Our analysis generated eight main emerging themes that were classified into three related groups. The main insights were that various interconnected reasons were given for the lack of conformity with regard to prescription patterns for antifungals. A negative cycle was perceived based on issues related to prescriptions and the search for knowledge. If problems related to individual actions and multidisciplinary team integration are resolved and local protocols are implemented based on local epidemiology, then barriers to proper prescriptions can be overcome when intensivists are faced with the unusual practice of prescribing antifungals. CONCLUSIONS Our investigation indicates the need for prescription assistance with support from a well-trained multidisciplinary team and consensus among its members and the importance of well-designed protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Pereira Salci
- Post Graduate Program in Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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95
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Cassone A. VulvovaginalCandida albicansinfections: pathogenesis, immunity and vaccine prospects. BJOG 2014; 122:785-794. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Cassone
- Department of Experimental Medicine; Center of Functional Genomics; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
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96
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Luca V, Olivi M, Di Grazia A, Palleschi C, Uccelletti D, Mangoni ML. Anti-Candida activity of 1-18 fragment of the frog skin peptide esculentin-1b: in vitro and in vivo studies in a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2535-46. [PMID: 24221134 PMCID: PMC11113354 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans represents one of the most prevalent species causing life-threatening fungal infections. Current treatments to defeat Candida albicans have become quite difficult, due to their toxic side effects and the emergence of resistant strains. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are fascinating molecules with a potential role as novel anti-infective agents. However, only a few studies have been performed on their efficacy towards the most virulent hyphal phenotype of this pathogen. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the anti-Candida activity of the N-terminal 1-18 fragment of the frog skin AMP esculentin-1b, Esc(1-18), under both in vitro and in vivo conditions using Caenorhabditis elegans as a simple host model for microbial infections. Our results demonstrate that Esc(1-18) caused a rapid reduction in the number of viable yeast cells and killing of the hyphal population. Esc(1-18) revealed a membrane perturbing effect which is likely the basis of its mode of action. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing the ability of a frog skin AMP-derived peptide (1) to kill both growing stages of Candida; (2) to promote survival of Candida-infected living organisms and (3) to inhibit transition of these fungal cells from the roundish yeast shape to the more dangerous hyphal form at sub-inhibitory concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Olivi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Grazia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Palleschi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Uccelletti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Patwari P, Cutrell J, Bhaskaran A, Trevino S, Sreeramoju P. Surveillance of patients identified with fungal mold at a public academic medical center. Am J Infect Control 2014; 42:776-80. [PMID: 24799119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study describes the epidemiology of patients with fungal mold infection or colonization at a large academic medical center during a period of ongoing construction of a new hospital building. METHODS This is an observational retrospective cohort study performed at a public academic hospital. We performed focused medical record review of all patients with fungal mold isolated on microbiologic culture over a 3-year period from May 2009 through April 2012. We established case definitions by modifying criteria used in previously published studies. We established 4 categories for invasiveness: proven invasive fungal disease (IFD), probable IFD, clinical infection not meeting IFD criteria, or colonization/contamination. We also established 3 categories for association with our health care facilities: health care-associated hospital onset (HO), health care-associated community onset (HACO), or community associated (CA). RESULTS Of the 188 cases included in the study, 15 (7.9%) and 23 (12.2%) met criteria for proven and probable IFD, respectively. Of the cases, 114 (60.6%) represented contamination or colonization, and 36 (19.1%) had clinical infection not meeting IFD criteria. Epidemiologically, 46 (24.5%) cases were HO, 42 (22.3%) cases were HACO, and 100 (53.2%) cases were CA. CONCLUSION The surveillance methods we established were helpful for characterizing and monitoring fungal mold infections at the study institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti Patwari
- Department of Medicine-Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - James Cutrell
- Department of Medicine-Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Archana Bhaskaran
- Division of Infectious Disease, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvia Trevino
- Department of Infection Prevention, Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX
| | - Pranavi Sreeramoju
- Department of Medicine-Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Department of Infection Prevention, Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX.
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98
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Fabien L, Foroni L, Brion JP, Maubon D, Stahl JP, Pavese P. [Adequacy of antifungal agents in a teaching hospital: too many inappropriate prescriptions despite training]. Presse Med 2014; 43:e241-50. [PMID: 24972851 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess adequacy and conformity of systemic antifungal drugs prescriptions in comparison with local, French, European and international recent guidelines in the Grenoble Teaching Hospital. METHODS Each prescription of itraconazole, liposomal amphotericin B, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, posaconazole and anidulafungin made between February and October 2010 were reviewed by an infectious diseases specialist. Fluconazole prescriptions' were reviewed only for 15 days. RESULTS Two hundred and eight patients received 295 systemic antifungal prescriptions. Most of them had at least one risk factor and immunodeficiency was one of the most common. Antifungal treatment starting, molecules choice, administrations conformity (dosage, administration way) were appropriate in 126 cases on 208 (60.5 %) at the treatment beginning evaluation and in 171 cases on 295 (58 %) at the treatment ending evaluation. Antifungal combinations (9.4 %) were less frequent than in the study carried out in Grenoble teaching hospital in 2007 (16.3 %). Most common non-conformities encountered were use of caspofungin instead of fluconazole, antifungal combinations prescription, administration modalities misguiding. The economy that could have been generated by appropriate prescriptions represented 18 % of the antifungal budget of 2010 in the Grenoble Teaching Hospital. CONCLUSION An improvement was highlighted in the antifungal prescriptions in comparison to the previous study led in 2007 in the Universitary Grenoble Hospital. However, the antifungal use was not optimal and further training is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Fabien
- Université Joseph-Fourier-Grenoble 1, maladies infectieuses, centre hospitalier universitaire de Grenoble, 38700 La Tronche, France.
| | - Luc Foroni
- Université Joseph-Fourier-Grenoble 1, pharmacie hospitalière, centre hospitalier universitaire de Grenoble, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Jean-Paul Brion
- Université Joseph-Fourier-Grenoble 1, maladies infectieuses, centre hospitalier universitaire de Grenoble, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Danièle Maubon
- Université Joseph-Fourier-Grenoble 1, laboratoire de parasitologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Grenoble, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Jean-Paul Stahl
- Université Joseph-Fourier-Grenoble 1, maladies infectieuses, centre hospitalier universitaire de Grenoble, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Patricia Pavese
- Université Joseph-Fourier-Grenoble 1, maladies infectieuses, centre hospitalier universitaire de Grenoble, 38700 La Tronche, France
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Cluster of Fusarium verticillioides bloodstream infections among immunocompetent patients in an internal medicine department after reconstruction works in Larissa, Central Greece. J Hosp Infect 2014; 86:267-71. [PMID: 24650721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium spp. can cause disseminated infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Fusarium verticillioides is a human pathogen, and sporadic cases of fusariosis have been reported. AIM To report a nosocomial cluster of F. verticillioides bloodstream infections among seven immunocompetent inpatients following reconstruction works. METHODS Identification was performed using macroscopic and microscopic morphology, and molecular assays (sequencing the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region and translation elongation factor-1α gene). Susceptibility testing was performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Environmental surveillance specimens were taken and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar plates. FINDINGS In total, 16 blood cultures obtained from the seven patients were positive for F. verticillioides. All surveillance cultures were negative. CONCLUSIONS In order to prevent fungaemia, it is important to implement effective infection control measures, before, during and after demolition and construction activities in healthcare settings.
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In vitro and in vivo activities of pterostilbene against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:2344-55. [PMID: 24514088 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01583-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterostilbene (PTE) is a stilbene-derived phytoalexin that originates from several natural plant sources. In this study, we evaluated the activity of PTE against Candida albicans biofilms and explored the underlying mechanisms. In 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) reduction assays, biofilm biomass measurement, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, we found that ≤16 μg/ml PTE had a significant effect against C. albicans biofilms in vitro, while it had no fungicidal effect on planktonic C. albicans cells, which suggested a unique antibiofilm effect of PTE. Then we found that PTE could inhibit biofilm formation and destroy the maintenance of mature biofilms. At 4 μg/ml, PTE decreased cellular surface hydrophobicity (CSH) and suppressed hyphal formation. Gene expression microarrays and real-time reverse transcription-PCR showed that exposure of C. albicans to 16 μg/ml PTE altered the expression of genes that function in morphological transition, ergosterol biosynthesis, oxidoreductase activity, and cell surface and protein unfolding processes (heat shock proteins). Filamentation-related genes, especially those regulated by the Ras/cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway, including ECE1, ALS3, HWP1, HGC1, and RAS1 itself, were downregulated upon PTE treatment, indicating that the antibiofilm effect of PTE was related to the Ras/cAMP pathway. Then, we found that the addition of exogenous cAMP reverted the PTE-induced filamentous growth defect. Finally, with a rat central venous catheter infection model, we confirmed the in vivo activity of PTE against C. albicans biofilms. Collectively, PTE had strong activities against C. albicans biofilms both in vitro and in vivo, and these activities were associated with the Ras/cAMP pathway.
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