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Colobatiu L, Tabaran A, Flonta M, Oniga O, Mirel S, Mihaiu M. First description of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants and β-lactamase encoding genes in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from humans, one companion animal and food in Romania. Gut Pathog 2015; 7:16. [PMID: 26120367 PMCID: PMC4482042 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-015-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroenteritis attributable to Salmonella enterica and the continuous increase in antimicrobial resistance of this gut pathogen, which compromises the use of previously effective treatments, is of great concern for public health. This study was conducted in order to investigate the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants and β-lactamase-encoding genes, in S. enterica, isolated from humans, one companion animal and food. Moreover, the study aimed to identify potential vehicles of transmission of resistant strains to humans, with focus on food products (meat). METHODS A total of 20 S. enterica isolates recovered from food (chicken and pork meat), one companion animal and humans (stool samples), were examined for their serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of PMQR and β-lactamase-encoding genes. Moreover, the genetic relatedness of nine Salmonella Infantis and ten Salmonella Enteritidis isolates was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS Among all isolates, 15 (75%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and the majority of them proved to be resistant to nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolones (FQs) (ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin). Twelve isolates (60%) harboured at least one PMQR gene [qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, aac (6')-Ib-cr or qepA] while seven isolates (35%) carried at least one β-lactamase-encoding gene (bla TEM, bla PSE-1, bla SHV or bla CTX-M). Moreover, two or more PMQR or β-lactamase-encoding genes co-existed in a single S. enterica isolate. A number of nine Salmonella Infantis, as well as the majority of Salmonella Enteritidis isolates analyzed by PFGE proved to be closely related. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated the co-existence of PMQR and β-lactamase-encoding genes among the Salmonella isolates recovered and confirmed that multiple mechanisms might be involved in the acquisition and spread of resistance determinants. The close genetic relatedness between the clinical and foodborne S. enterica isolates, suggested that chicken meat might be a possible cause of human salmonellosis in our country, during the study period. Results of this study might improve understanding of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and transmission dynamics of Salmonella spp. Here, we report for the first time the presence of PMQR and β-lactamase-encoding genes in S. enterica isolates, recovered from humans, one companion animal and food, in Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora Colobatiu
- />Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Tabaran
- />Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mirela Flonta
- />Infectious Diseases Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Oniga
- />Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona Mirel
- />Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marian Mihaiu
- />Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Machuca J, Briales A, Díaz-de-Alba P, Martínez-Martínez L, Pascual Á, Rodríguez-Martínez JM. Effect of the efflux pump QepA2 combined with chromosomally mediated mechanisms on quinolone resistance and bacterial fitness in Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:2524-7. [PMID: 26041043 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine the interplay between the plasmid-mediated qepA2 gene and multiple chromosomally mediated fluoroquinolone resistance determinants in the development of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli and its influence on bacterial fitness. METHODS E. coli ATCC 25922 and derived isogenic strains harbouring different chromosomally mediated fluoroquinolone resistance determinants were electroporated with pBK-CMV vector encoding QepA2. The MICs of fluoroquinolones were determined by standardized microdilution. The mutant prevention concentration (MPC) was evaluated. Bacterial fitness was analysed using ΔlacZ system competition assays. RESULTS The ciprofloxacin MIC for strains harbouring the qepA2 gene was 4- to 8-fold higher compared with strains without the qepA2 gene. The qepA2 gene also increased the MPC of ciprofloxacin 4- to 16-fold. Combination of the qepA2 gene plus two to three additional mechanisms conferred a clinically relevant resistance level. The presence of the qepA2 gene was associated with fitness costs in strains with mutations in the gyrA and/or parC genes, although the presence of an additional deletion of the marR gene compensated for this fitness cost by increasing bacterial fitness by 5%-23%. CONCLUSIONS The additive effect of chromosomally mediated fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms and the qepA2 gene led to clinical levels of fluoroquinolone resistance. Under competitive conditions, the qepA2 gene had a biological cost in E. coli that was compensated for by the presence of an additional deletion in the marR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Machuca
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alejandra Briales
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luis Martínez-Martínez
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla and Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Álvaro Pascual
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Manuel Rodríguez-Martínez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Yang H, Chen G, Cheng J, Liu Y, Hu L, Ye Y, Li J. Discovery of a fluoroquinolone-resistant Serratia marcescens clinical isolate without quinolone resistance-determining region mutations. Ann Lab Med 2014; 34:487-8. [PMID: 25368830 PMCID: PMC4215420 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2014.34.6.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China. ; Anhui Center for Surveillance of Bacterial Resistance, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lifen Hu
- Department of Center Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China. ; Anhui Center for Surveillance of Bacterial Resistance, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiabin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China. ; Anhui Center for Surveillance of Bacterial Resistance, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Marti E, Huerta B, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Barceló D, Jofre J, Balcázar JL. Characterization of ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates from a wastewater treatment plant and its receiving river. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 61:67-76. [PMID: 24880958 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study we characterised the ciprofloxacin-resistant strains isolated in biofilm and sediments from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharge point and its receiving river. We also examined the prevalence of qnrA, qnrB, qnrS and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes in these isolates and determined whether they harbour plasmid-encoded β-lactamases such as TEM, SHV and CTX-M. Moreover, antibiotic concentrations were also measured to evaluate the level of contamination of these pharmaceuticals in the sampling area. Antibiotics were found in the range of ng L(-1) in WWTP effluents, but most of them were no longer found in downstream river. However, some fluoroquinolones were detected in sediment downstream demonstrating their high persistence and their capacity to be retained in the river sediments. Most of the ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates belonged to the Gammaproteobacteria class and 17 of them, 8 (7.6%) from the first sampling and 9 (6.1%) from the second sampling, carried a qnr gene. In particular, 15 isolates carried the qnrS gene and 2 carried the qnrB gene. Among the qnr-positive isolates, 12 harboured the aac(6')-lb-cr gene and 2 of them also carried a β-lactamase on the same plasmid, indicating that they may be transferred simultaneously. It is also noteworthy that all qnr-positive isolates identified as Aeromonas species harboured the same qnrS allele, namely the qnrS2. This study reinforces the importance of environmental bacteria as vehicles for dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Marti
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Belinda Huerta
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Jofre
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Balcázar
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Yang CW, Chang YT, Chao WL, Shiung II, Lin HS, Chen H, Ho SH, Lu MJ, Lee PH, Fan SN. An investigation of total bacterial communities, culturable antibiotic-resistant bacterial communities and integrons in the river water environments of Taipei city. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 277:159-168. [PMID: 24411460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The intensive use of antibiotics may accelerate the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). The global geographical distribution of environmental ARB has been indicated by many studies. However, the ARB in the water environments of Taiwan has not been extensively investigated. The objective of this study was to investigate the communities of ARB in Huanghsi Stream, which presents a natural acidic (pH 4) water environment. Waishuanghsi Stream provides a neutral (pH 7) water environment and was thus also monitored to allow comparison. The plate counts of culturable bacteria in eight antibiotics indicate that the numbers of culturable carbenicillin- and vancomycin-resistant bacteria in both Huanghsi and Waishuanghsi Streams are greater than the numbers of culturable bacteria resistant to the other antibiotics tested. Using a 16S rDNA sequencing approach, both the antibiotic-resistant bacterial communities (culture-based) and the total bacterial communities (metagenome-based) in Waishuanghsi Stream exhibit a higher diversity than those in Huanghsi Stream were observed. Of the three classes of integron, only class I integrons were identified in Waishuanghsi Stream. Our results suggest that an acidic (pH 4) water environment may not only affect the community composition of antibiotic-resistant bacteria but also the horizontal gene transfer mediated by integrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Wen Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shih-Lin, Taipei 111, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yi-Tang Chang
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shih-Lin, Taipei 111, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Liang Chao
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shih-Lin, Taipei 111, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Iau-Iun Shiung
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shih-Lin, Taipei 111, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Han-Sheng Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shih-Lin, Taipei 111, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsuan Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shih-Lin, Taipei 111, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Szu-Han Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shih-Lin, Taipei 111, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Min-Jheng Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shih-Lin, Taipei 111, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pin-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shih-Lin, Taipei 111, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shao-Ning Fan
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Shih-Lin, Taipei 111, Taiwan, ROC
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Rincón G, Radice M, Giovanakis M, Di Conza JA, Gutkind G. First report of plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone efflux pump QepA in Escherichia coli clinical isolate ST68, in South America. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 79:70-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Molecular analysis of ciprofloxacin resistance mechanisms in Malaysian ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and development of mismatch amplification mutation assays (MAMA) for rapid detection of gyrA and parC mutations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:601630. [PMID: 24860827 PMCID: PMC4000930 DOI: 10.1155/2014/601630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ninety-three Malaysian extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were investigated for ciprofloxacin resistance. Two mismatch amplification mutation (MAMA) assays were developed and used to facilitate rapid detection of gyrA and parC mutations. The isolates were also screened for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes including aac(6′)-Ib-cr, qepA, and qnr. Ciprofloxacin resistance (MICs 4– ≥ 32 μg/mL) was noted in 34 (37%) isolates, of which 33 isolates had multiple mutations either in gyrA alone (n = 1) or in both gyrA and parC regions (n = 32). aac(6′)-Ib-cr was the most common PMQR gene detected in this study (n = 61), followed by qnrB and qnrS (n = 55 and 1, resp.). Low-level ciprofloxacin resistance (MICs 1-2 μg/mL) was noted in 40 (43%) isolates carrying qnrB accompanied by either aac(6′)-Ib-cr (n = 34) or a single gyrA 83 mutation (n = 6). Ciprofloxacin resistance was significantly associated with the presence of multiple mutations in gyrA and parC regions. While the isolates harbouring gyrA and/or parC alteration were distributed into 11 PFGE clusters, no specific clusters were associated with isolates carrying PMQR genes. The high prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance amongst the Malaysian ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates suggests the need for more effective infection control measures to limit the spread of these resistant organisms in the hospital.
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Fàbrega A, Soto SM, Ballesté-Delpierre C, Fernández-Orth D, Jiménez de Anta MT, Vila J. Impact of quinolone-resistance acquisition on biofilm production and fitness in Salmonella enterica. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:1815-24. [PMID: 24706735 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the potential relationship between quinolone resistance and biofilm production in a collection of Salmonella enterica clinical isolates and in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium serial mutants with increasing resistance to ciprofloxacin. METHODS Nalidixic acid susceptibility and biofilm formation were assessed in a collection of 122 S. enterica clinical isolates. An in vitro quinolone-resistant mutant, 59-64, was obtained from a biofilm-producing and quinolone-susceptible clinical isolate, 59-wt, in a multistep selection process after increasing ciprofloxacin concentrations. The quinolone resistance mechanisms [target gene and multidrug resistance (MDR) regulatory mutations, MICs of several antibiotics, cell envelope protein analysis, real-time PCR and ciprofloxacin accumulation] were characterized for mutant strains. In addition, analysis of fitness, biofilm formation, rdar morphotype and expression of biofilm-related genes by real-time PCR were also determined. RESULTS Nalidixic acid-susceptible S. enterica strains were more prevalent in producing biofilm than the resistant counterparts. Strain 59-64 acquired five target gene mutations and showed an MDR phenotype. AcrAB and acrF overexpression were ruled out, whereas TolC did show increased expression in 59-64, which, in addition, accumulated less ciprofloxacin. Consistently, increased ramA expression was seen in 59-64 and attributed to a mutation within its promoter. Reduced biofilm production related to diminished csgB expression as well as reduced fitness was seen for 59-64, which was unable to form the rdar morphotype. CONCLUSIONS Quinolone resistance acquisition may be associated with decreased production of biofilm due to lower csgB expression. Efflux, biofilm production and fitness seem to be interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fàbrega
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara M Soto
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Ballesté-Delpierre
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dietmar Fernández-Orth
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Teresa Jiménez de Anta
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clínic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Vila
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clínic, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Multiple transmissible genes encoding fluoroquinolone and third-generation cephalosporin resistance co-located in non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from food-producing animals in China. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 43:242-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Yang T, Zeng Z, Rao L, Chen X, He D, Lv L, Wang J, Zeng L, Feng M, Liu JH. The association between occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance and ciprofloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli isolates of different origins. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170:89-96. [PMID: 24553411 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to determine the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants and characterize the ciprofloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from different sources in China. PMQR determinants were detected by PCR amplification and sequencing in 2297 E. coli isolates randomly collected from animals, food and humans during 2004 to 2011. MICs of ciprofloxacin were determined by agar dilution method. Of the 2297 E. coli isolates, 43.6% harbored at least one PMQR gene. The most common PMQR gene was oqxAB (29.3%), followed by qnr (13.6%), aac(6')-Ib-cr (11.6%), and qepA (3.3%). 12.0% isolates carried two or more PMQR genes. The prevalence of PMQR genes in food animal isolates increased over time, from 38.7% in 2004 to 69.8% in 2011. The prevalence of PMQR/ciprofloxacin resistance among isolates from pig, chicken, duck, companion animals, animal food and human volunteers were 65.2%/69.6%, 42.4%/60.0%, 59.4%/65.0%, 28.6%/57.5%, 29.3%/25.6%, and 14.0/8.7%, respectively. Most isolates carrying qnr along showed susceptible to ciprofloxacin, and only 21.6% the isolates exhibited resistance to ciprofloxacin, which was significantly lower than those carrying other PMQR genes (65.2-89.9%) and those that do not (43.1%) (p<0.01). In conclusion, high frequency of ciprofloxacin resistance and PMQR genes was observed among E. coli isolates of different origins in China, with oqxAB being the most frequent. qnr-positive E. coli isolates have relatively low ciprofloxacin resistance rate compared with other PMQR determinants-carrying isolates and PMQR-negative isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Rao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Luchao Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Minsha Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Pons MJ, Mosquito S, Gomes C, Del Valle LJ, Ochoa TJ, Ruiz J. Analysis of quinolone-resistance in commensal and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolates from infants in Lima, Peru. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2013; 108:22-8. [PMID: 24306130 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trt106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance is an increasing problem, particularly in countries where antibiotic use is frequently not controlled. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of the molecular mechanisms of quinolone-resistance in E. coli isolated from faeces of healthy Peruvian children or those presenting diarrhoea. METHODS The presence of target mutations, transferable quinolone-resistance mechanisms and the role of Phe-Arg-β-Naphtylamyde inhibitible efflux pumps were studied in 96 Escherichia coli (46 diarrheogenic and 50 non-diarrheogenic) isolates exhibiting resistance or diminished susceptibility to quinolones. RESULTS The most resistant phenotype, Nal(R) and Cip(R), was most frequently present in isolates of healthy children. The distribution of quinolone resistance mechanisms between diarrheogenic (DEC) and commensal (non DEC) isolates was equitable, although the aac(6')Ib-cr gene was mainly detected in DEC isolates: 17 (34%) vs non DEC isolates nine (20%). QnrB was present in five (10%) DEC vs three (6%) non DEC isolates. CONCLUSIONS Point mutations in gyrA and parC genes play a relevant role in quinolone resistance acquisition and highlight the role of efflux pumps also. This study provides knowledge about the molecular mechanisms involved in quinolone resistance in isolates in a non exposed population under high community antibiotic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Pons
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB-Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona) Ed. CEK, pl1, C/ Rosselló 153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Allocati N, Masulli M, Alexeyev MF, Di Ilio C. Escherichia coli in Europe: an overview. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:6235-54. [PMID: 24287850 PMCID: PMC3881111 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10126235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli remains one of the most frequent causes of several common bacterial infections in humans and animals. E. coli is the prominent cause of enteritis, urinary tract infection, septicaemia and other clinical infections, such as neonatal meningitis. E. coli is also prominently associated with diarrhoea in pet and farm animals. The therapeutic treatment of E. coli infections is threatened by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli strains is increasing worldwide principally due to the spread of mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids. The rise of multidrug-resistant strains of E. coli also occurs in Europe. Therefore, the spread of resistance in E. coli is an increasing public health concern in European countries. This paper summarizes the current status of E. coli strains clinically relevant in European countries. Furthermore, therapeutic interventions and strategies to prevent and control infections are presented and discussed. The article also provides an overview of the current knowledge concerning promising alternative therapies against E. coli diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerino Allocati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti I-66013, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (C.D.I.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-0871-355-4807; Fax: +39-0871-355-4808
| | - Michele Masulli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti I-66013, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (C.D.I.)
| | - Mikhail F. Alexeyev
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Carmine Di Ilio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti I-66013, Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (C.D.I.)
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Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, Zaidi AKM, Wertheim HFL, Sumpradit N, Vlieghe E, Hara GL, Gould IM, Goossens H, Greko C, So AD, Bigdeli M, Tomson G, Woodhouse W, Ombaka E, Peralta AQ, Qamar FN, Mir F, Kariuki S, Bhutta ZA, Coates A, Bergstrom R, Wright GD, Brown ED, Cars O. Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013; 13:1057-98. [PMID: 24252483 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2490] [Impact Index Per Article: 226.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The causes of antibiotic resistance are complex and include human behaviour at many levels of society; the consequences affect everybody in the world. Similarities with climate change are evident. Many efforts have been made to describe the many different facets of antibiotic resistance and the interventions needed to meet the challenge. However, coordinated action is largely absent, especially at the political level, both nationally and internationally. Antibiotics paved the way for unprecedented medical and societal developments, and are today indispensible in all health systems. Achievements in modern medicine, such as major surgery, organ transplantation, treatment of preterm babies, and cancer chemotherapy, which we today take for granted, would not be possible without access to effective treatment for bacterial infections. Within just a few years, we might be faced with dire setbacks, medically, socially, and economically, unless real and unprecedented global coordinated actions are immediately taken. Here, we describe the global situation of antibiotic resistance, its major causes and consequences, and identify key areas in which action is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanan Laxminarayan
- Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy, Washington, DC, USA; Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
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64
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Association of Transferable Quinolone Resistance Determinant qnrB19 with Extended-Spectrum β -Lactamases in Salmonella Give and Salmonella Heidelberg in Venezuela. Int J Microbiol 2013; 2013:628185. [PMID: 24187555 PMCID: PMC3800642 DOI: 10.1155/2013/628185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four nontyphoidal Salmonella strains with resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and nonclassical quinolone resistance phenotype were studied. Two S. Give were isolated from pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis, and two S. Heidelberg were recovered from raw chicken meat. Phenotypic characterization included antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) by the double-disc synergy method. The detection of quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of gyrA, gyrB, and gyrC genes, blaESBLs genes, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants was carried out by molecular methods. Plasmid analysis included Southern blot and restriction patterns. Transferability of resistance genes was examined by transformation. blaTEM-1 + blaSHV-12 genes were detected in S. Give SG9611 and blaTEM-1 + blaCTX-M-2 in the other three strains: S. Give SG9811, S. Heidelberg SH7511, and SH7911. Regardless of origin and serovars, the qnrB19 gene was detected in the 4 strains studied. All determinants of resistance were localized in plasmids and successfully transferred by transformation. This study highlights the circulation of qnrB19 associated with blaTEM-1, blaSHV-12, and blaCTX-M-2 in S. Give and S. Heidelberg in Venezuela. The recognition of factors associated with increasing resistance and the study of the molecular mechanisms involved can lead to a more focused use of antimicrobial agents.
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65
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Yang Y, Li B, Ju F, Zhang T. Exploring variation of antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge over a four-year period through a metagenomic approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10197-205. [PMID: 23919449 DOI: 10.1021/es4017365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the profiles of ARGs in activated sludge from the Shatin WWTP of Hong Kong were investigated using metagenomic analysis over a four-year period. Forty giga base pairs of metagenomic data were generated from eight activated sludge samples collected biannually at two seasons (winter and summer) from July 2007 to January 2011. A structured database of ARGs was proposed and constructed to facilitate the classification of ARGs in the collected samples from metagenomic data using a customized script. Analysis of the data showed the existence of a broad-spectrum of different ARGs, some of which have never been reported in activated sludge before. The most abundant ARGs were aminoglycoside and tetracycline resistance genes, followed by resistance genes of sulfonamide, multidrug, and chloramphenicol. Seasonal fluctuations were observed for 3 types of ARGs, that is, resistance genes of tetracycline, sulfonamide, and vancomycin. The abundances of these resistance genes were generally higher in the samples collected in the winters than the samples collected in the contiguous summer. Further analyses were carried out for the presence of subtypes of ARGs for aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and beta-lactam. The abundances of some ARGs subtypes were inconsistent with those reported in previous studies of activated sludge using the PCR approach. Statistical analyses showed that the activated sludge data sets from this study can be distinguished from other types of samples based on their ARGs profiles. Furthermore, the results of this study demonstrate that a high throughput-based metagenomic approach combined with a structured database of ARGs provides a powerful tool for a comprehensive survey of the various ARGs not only in the activated sludge of a WWTP but in other environmental samples as well. Thus, the profiling of ARGs in other ecologically important environmental matrixes may help elucidate those environmental factors contributing to the spread of ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
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66
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Jechalke S, Focks A, Rosendahl I, Groeneweg J, Siemens J, Heuer H, Smalla K. Structural and functional response of the soil bacterial community to application of manure from difloxacin-treated pigs. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 87:78-88. [PMID: 23962048 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Difloxacin (DIF) belongs to the class of fluoroquinolone antibiotics that have been intensively used for the treatment of bacterial infections in veterinary and human medicine. The aim of this field study was to compare the effect of manure from DIF-treated pigs and untreated pigs on the bacterial community structure and resistance gene abundance in bulk soil and rhizosphere of maize. A significant effect of DIF manure on the bacterial community composition in bulk soil was revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of bacterial 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from total community DNA. In few samples, quinolone resistance genes qnrB and qnrS1/qnrS2 were detected by PCR and subsequent hybridization, while qnrA was not detected. Quantitative PCR revealed an increased abundance of the integrase gene intI1 of class I integrons and sulfonamide resistance genes sul1 and sul2 in DIF manure-treated bulk soil and rhizosphere, relative to 16S rRNA genes, while traN genes specific for LowGC-type plasmids were increased only in bulk soil. Principal component analysis of DGGE profiles suggested a manure effect in soil until day 28, but samples of days 71 and 140 were found close to untreated soil, indicating resilience of soil community compositions from disturbances by manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Jechalke
- Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany
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Al-Gallas N, Abbassi MS, Gharbi B, Manai M, Ben Fayala MN, Bichihi R, Al-Gallas A, Ben Aissa R. Occurrence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinants andrmtBGene inSalmonella entericaSerovar Enteritidis and Typhimurium Isolated from Food-Animal Products in Tunisia. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:813-9. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nazek Al-Gallas
- Laboratoire de Contrôle des Eaux et Denrées Alimentaires, Centre National de Salmonella, Shigella, et Vibrio spp.—Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Salah Abbassi
- Laboratoire de Recherche de Bactériologie, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Bab Saadoun, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Becher Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Contrôle des Eaux et Denrées Alimentaires, Centre National de Salmonella, Shigella, et Vibrio spp.—Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Molka Manai
- Laboratoire de Contrôle des Eaux et Denrées Alimentaires, Centre National de Salmonella, Shigella, et Vibrio spp.—Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed N. Ben Fayala
- Laboratoire de Contrôle des Eaux et Denrées Alimentaires, Centre National de Salmonella, Shigella, et Vibrio spp.—Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raghda Bichihi
- Laboratoire de Contrôle des Eaux et Denrées Alimentaires, Centre National de Salmonella, Shigella, et Vibrio spp.—Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amna Al-Gallas
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (affiliated with Harvard Medical School), Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ridha Ben Aissa
- Laboratoire de Contrôle des Eaux et Denrées Alimentaires, Centre National de Salmonella, Shigella, et Vibrio spp.—Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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68
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High rates of quinolone-resistant strains of Shigella sonnei in HIV-infected MSM. Infection 2013; 41:999-1003. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-013-0501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ramirez MS, Nikolaidis N, Tolmasky ME. Rise and dissemination of aminoglycoside resistance: the aac(6')-Ib paradigm. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:121. [PMID: 23730301 PMCID: PMC3656343 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic modification is a prevalent mechanism by which bacteria defeat the action of antibiotics. Aminoglycosides are often inactivated by aminoglycoside modifying enzymes encoded by genes present in the chromosome, plasmids, and other genetic elements. The AAC(6′)-Ib (aminoglycoside 6′-N-acetyltransferase type Ib) is an enzyme of clinical importance found in a wide variety of gram-negative pathogens. The AAC(6′)-Ib enzyme is of interest not only because of his ubiquity but also because of other characteristics, it presents significant microheterogeneity at the N-termini and the aac(6′)-Ib gene is often present in integrons, transposons, plasmids, genomic islands, and other genetic structures. Excluding the highly heterogeneous N-termini, there are 45 non-identical AAC(6′)-Ib related entries in the NCBI database, 32 of which have identical name in spite of not having identical amino acid sequence. While some variants conserved similar properties, others show dramatic differences in specificity, including the case of AAC(6′)-Ib-cr that mediates acetylation of ciprofloxacin representing a rare case where a resistance enzyme acquires the ability to utilize an antibiotic of a different class as substrate. Efforts to utilize antisense technologies to turn off expression of the gene or to identify enzymatic inhibitors to induce phenotypic conversion to susceptibility are under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S Ramirez
- Department of Biological Science, Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University Fullerton Fullerton, CA, USA
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Pons MJ, Gomes C, Ruiz J. QnrVC, a new transferable Qnr-like family. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2012; 31:191-2. [PMID: 23098826 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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