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Totomoch-Serra A, Marquez MF, Cervantes-Barragán DE. Sanger sequencing as a first-line approach for molecular diagnosis of Andersen-Tawil syndrome. F1000Res 2017; 6:1016. [PMID: 29093808 PMCID: PMC5635448 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11610.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1977, Frederick Sanger developed a new method for DNA sequencing based on the chain termination method, now known as the Sanger sequencing method (SSM). Recently, massive parallel sequencing, better known as next-generation sequencing (NGS), is replacing the SSM for detecting mutations in cardiovascular diseases with a genetic background. The present opinion article wants to remark that “targeted” SSM is still effective as a first-line approach for the molecular diagnosis of some specific conditions, as is the case for Andersen-Tawil syndrome (ATS). ATS is described as a rare multisystemic autosomal dominant channelopathy syndrome caused mainly by a heterozygous mutation in the
KCNJ2 gene
. KCJN2 has particular characteristics that make it attractive for “directed” SSM.
KCNJ2 has a sequence of 17,510 base pairs (bp), and a short coding region with two exons (exon 1=166 bp and exon 2=5220 bp), half of the mutations are located in the C-terminal cytosolic domain, a mutational hotspot has been described in residue Arg218, and this gene explains the phenotype in 60% of ATS cases that fulfill all the clinical criteria of the disease. In order to increase the diagnosis of ATS we urge cardiologists to search for facial and muscular abnormalities in subjects with frequent ventricular arrhythmias (especially bigeminy) and prominent U waves on the electrocardiogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Totomoch-Serra
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Manlio F Marquez
- Department of Electrophysiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Mazzanti A, Underwood K, Nevelev D, Kofman S, Priori SG. The new kids on the block of arrhythmogenic disorders: Short QT syndrome and early repolarization. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2017; 28:1226-1236. [PMID: 28569435 DOI: 10.1111/jce.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Short QT syndrome (SQTS) is one of the rarest inheritable cardiac channelopathies, characterized by an accelerated cardiac repolarization, which is also the substrate for the development of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Up to this date, fewer than 200 SQTS cases have been reported in the literature worldwide. Patients with SQTS may experience a cardiac arrest as early as in the neonatal period or as late as 80 years old. The cumulative probability of experiencing a cardiac arrest by the fifth decade of life approaches 40%, highlighting the importance of early recognition and management. SQTS is an autosomal dominant disease with five identified causative genes, including three that encode for potassium channels (KCNH2, KCNQ1, and KCNJ2) and two that encode for subunits of the L-type calcium channels (CACNA1C and CACNB2). The term "early repolarization" (ER) has long been used to refer to a heterogeneous group of specific QRS-T junction patterns that are commonly found on the electrocardiograms of young healthy subjects. In the last decade, it has been suggested that in some individuals, the presence of ER may be associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death, and thus the term "early repolarization syndrome" (ERS) has progressively entered into use. Up to this point, however, whether ER constitutes a true primary arrhythmic disorder or whether it is simply a predisposing substrate that facilitates arrhythmias in the presence of other triggers remains an unresolved issue. In this review paper, we aim to integrate the current literature on SQTS and ERS. For each, we will describe the key steps that first led to the identification of the syndrome before moving into a discussion of our current understanding of each entity, including the epidemiology, genetics, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shanna Kofman
- Molecular Cardiology, IRCCS ICS Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia G Priori
- Molecular Cardiology, IRCCS ICS Maugeri, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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Chorin E, Hu D, Antzelevitch C, Hochstadt A, Belardinelli L, Zeltser D, Barajas-Martinez H, Rozovski U, Rosso R, Adler A, Benhorin J, Viskin S. Ranolazine for Congenital Long-QT Syndrome Type III: Experimental and Long-Term Clinical Data. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2017; 9:CIRCEP.116.004370. [PMID: 27733495 DOI: 10.1161/circep.116.004370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The basic defect in long-QT syndrome type III (LQT3) is an excessive inflow of sodium current during phase 3 of the action potential caused by mutations in the SCN5A gene. Most sodium channel blockers reduce the early (peak) and late components of the sodium current (INa and INaL), but ranolazine preferentially reduces INaL. We, therefore, evaluated the effects of ranolazine in LQT3 caused by the D1790G mutation in SCN5A. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed an experimental study of ranolazine in TSA201 cells expressing the D1790G mutation. We then performed a long-term clinical evaluation of ranolazine in LQT3 patients carrying the D1790G mutation. In the experimental study, INaL was significantly higher in D1790G than in wild-type channels expressed in the TSA201 cells. Ranolazine exerted a concentration-dependent block of INaL of the SCN5A-D1790G channel without reducing peak INa significantly. In the clinical study, among 8 patients with LQT3 and confirmed D1790G mutation, ranolazine had no effects on the sinus rate or QRS width but shortened the QTc from 509±41 to 451±26 ms, a mean decrease of 56±52 ms (10.6%; P=0.012). The QT-shortening effect of ranolazine remained effective throughout the entire study period of 22.8±12.8 months. Ranolazine reduced the QTc at all heart rates but less so during extreme nocturnal bradycardia. A type I Brugada ECG was never noticed. CONCLUSIONS Ranolazine blocks INaL in experimental models of LQT3 harboring the SCN5A-D1790G mutation and shortened the QT interval of LQT3 patients. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01728025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Chorin
- From the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.C., A.H., D.Z., U.R., R.R., A.A., J.B., S.V.); Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY (D.H., C.A., H.B.-M.); Cardiovascular Research Program, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA (C.A.); and Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA (L.B.)
| | - Dan Hu
- From the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.C., A.H., D.Z., U.R., R.R., A.A., J.B., S.V.); Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY (D.H., C.A., H.B.-M.); Cardiovascular Research Program, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA (C.A.); and Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA (L.B.)
| | - Charles Antzelevitch
- From the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.C., A.H., D.Z., U.R., R.R., A.A., J.B., S.V.); Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY (D.H., C.A., H.B.-M.); Cardiovascular Research Program, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA (C.A.); and Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA (L.B.)
| | - Aviram Hochstadt
- From the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.C., A.H., D.Z., U.R., R.R., A.A., J.B., S.V.); Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY (D.H., C.A., H.B.-M.); Cardiovascular Research Program, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA (C.A.); and Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA (L.B.)
| | - Luiz Belardinelli
- From the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.C., A.H., D.Z., U.R., R.R., A.A., J.B., S.V.); Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY (D.H., C.A., H.B.-M.); Cardiovascular Research Program, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA (C.A.); and Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA (L.B.)
| | - David Zeltser
- From the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.C., A.H., D.Z., U.R., R.R., A.A., J.B., S.V.); Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY (D.H., C.A., H.B.-M.); Cardiovascular Research Program, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA (C.A.); and Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA (L.B.)
| | - Hector Barajas-Martinez
- From the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.C., A.H., D.Z., U.R., R.R., A.A., J.B., S.V.); Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY (D.H., C.A., H.B.-M.); Cardiovascular Research Program, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA (C.A.); and Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA (L.B.)
| | - Uri Rozovski
- From the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.C., A.H., D.Z., U.R., R.R., A.A., J.B., S.V.); Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY (D.H., C.A., H.B.-M.); Cardiovascular Research Program, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA (C.A.); and Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA (L.B.)
| | - Raphael Rosso
- From the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.C., A.H., D.Z., U.R., R.R., A.A., J.B., S.V.); Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY (D.H., C.A., H.B.-M.); Cardiovascular Research Program, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA (C.A.); and Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA (L.B.)
| | - Arnon Adler
- From the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.C., A.H., D.Z., U.R., R.R., A.A., J.B., S.V.); Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY (D.H., C.A., H.B.-M.); Cardiovascular Research Program, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA (C.A.); and Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA (L.B.)
| | - Jesaia Benhorin
- From the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.C., A.H., D.Z., U.R., R.R., A.A., J.B., S.V.); Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY (D.H., C.A., H.B.-M.); Cardiovascular Research Program, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA (C.A.); and Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA (L.B.)
| | - Sami Viskin
- From the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.C., A.H., D.Z., U.R., R.R., A.A., J.B., S.V.); Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY (D.H., C.A., H.B.-M.); Cardiovascular Research Program, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA (C.A.); and Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA (L.B.).
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Fryssira H, Psoni S, Amenta S, Tsoutsou E, Sofocleous C, Manolakos E, Gavra M, Lüdecke HJ, Czeschik JC. Cantú Syndrome Associated with Ovarian Agenesis. Mol Syndromol 2017; 8:206-210. [PMID: 28690487 PMCID: PMC5498943 DOI: 10.1159/000471247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cantú syndrome is a very rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by generalized congenital hypertrichosis, neonatal macrosomia, coarse face, cardiomegaly, and occasionally, skeletal abnormalities. The syndrome has been attributed to mutated ABCC9 or KCNJ8 genes. We present a 4-year-old girl with developmental delay, distinctive coarse facial features, and generalized hypertrichosis apparent since birth. The investigation revealed absent ovaries and a hypoplastic uterus which have not been previously described. Conventional karyotyping was normal. DNA sequencing analysis of the ABCC9 gene was performed, and a heterozygous point mutation c.3460C>T (p.Arg1154Trp) was revealed. This missense gain-of-function mutation was located in exon 27 of the ABCC9 gene and has been reported in patients with the full phenotype of Cantú syndrome. However, the absence of the ovaries could be an expansion of the phenotype and not attributed to mutations in other genes important for ovarian development. Unfortunately, it has not been proven so far if the ABCC9 gene is expressed in the ovarian tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Fryssira
- Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula Psoni
- Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Eirini Tsoutsou
- Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Christalena Sofocleous
- Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Gavra
- CT and MRI Department, “Aghia Sophia” Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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Liu X, Shen Y, Xie J, Bao H, Cao Q, Wan R, Xu X, Zhou H, Huang L, Xu Z, Zhu W, Hu J, Cheng X, Hong K. A mutation in the CACNA1C gene leads to early repolarization syndrome with incomplete penetrance: A Chinese family study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177532. [PMID: 28493952 PMCID: PMC5426766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early repolarization syndrome (ERS) may be a near-Mendelian or an oligogenic disease; however, no direct evidence has been provided to support this theory. Methods and results We described a large Chinese family with nocturnal sudden cardiac death induced by ERS in most of the young male adults. One missense mutation (p.Q1916R) was found in the major subunit of the L-type calcium channel gene CACNA1C by the direct sequencing of candidate genes. A concomitant gain-of-function variant in the sodium channel gene SCN5A (p.R1193Q) was found to rescue the phenotype of the female CACNA1C-Q1916R mutation carriers, which led to the incomplete penetrance. The functional studies, via the exogenous expression approach, revealed that the CACNA1C-Q1916R mutation led to a decreasing L-type calcium current and the protein expression defect. The decreased calcium current produced by the mutant channel was improved by isoproterenol but exacerbated by testosterone. The effects of CACNA1C-Q1916R mutation and testosterone on cellular electrophysiology were further confirmed by the human ventricular action potential simulation. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that the loss-of-function CACNA1C-Q1916R mutation contributed to ERS-related sudden cardiac death, and the phenotypic incomplete penetrance was modified by the SCN5A-R1193Q variant and sex. These findings suggest that phenotypes of ERS are modified by multiple genetic factors, which supports the theory that ERS may be an oligogenic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinyan Xie
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Huihui Bao
- Department of Cardiovascular medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing Cao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Rong Wan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhenyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wengen Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinzhu Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoshu Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kui Hong
- Department of Cardiovascular medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang, China
- * E-mail:
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Feng Y, Liu J, Wang M, Liu M, Shi L, Yuan W, Ye J, Hu D, Wan J. The E23K variant of the Kir6.2 subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel increases susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmia in response to ischemia in rats. Int J Cardiol 2017; 232:192-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Antzelevitch C, Yan GX, Ackerman MJ, Borggrefe M, Corrado D, Guo J, Gussak I, Hasdemir C, Horie M, Huikuri H, Ma C, Morita H, Nam GB, Sacher F, Shimizu W, Viskin S, Wilde AA. J-Wave syndromes expert consensus conference report: Emerging concepts and gaps in knowledge. Europace 2017; 19:665-694. [PMID: 28431071 PMCID: PMC5834028 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euw235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gan-Xin Yan
- Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J. Ackerman
- Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Heart Rhythm Services and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,Minnesota
| | - Martin Borggrefe
- 1st Department of Medicine–Cardiology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Jihong Guo
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University of People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ihor Gussak
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Can Hasdemir
- Department of Cardiology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Minoru Horie
- Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Ohtsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Heikki Huikuri
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Changsheng Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hiroshi Morita
- Department of Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Gi-Byoung Nam
- Heart Institute, Asan Medical Center, and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - Frederic Sacher
- Bordeaux University Hospital, LIRYC Institute/INSERM 1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sami Viskin
- Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arthur A.M. Wilde
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands and Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Duffett SA, Roberts JD. Brugada Syndrome: Evolving Insights and Emerging Treatment Strategies. J Innov Card Rhythm Manag 2017; 8:2613-2622. [PMID: 32477767 PMCID: PMC7252778 DOI: 10.19102/icrm.2017.080205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a rare inherited arrhythmia disorder associated with sudden cardiac death secondary to malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Since its first mention approximately 25 years ago, major strides have been made towards unraveling the condition's genetic and mechanistic underpinnings. Despite considerable progress, however, gaps in the understanding of BrS continue to persist, and clinical management of affected individuals remains challenging. Identification of an underlying genetic culprit continues to be elusive in the majority of patients, while discord regarding the condition's underlying pathophysiology also persists, with strong lines of evidence present for both the "depolarization" and "repolarization" hypotheses. Exciting new therapeutic options hold significant promise, including substrate-based catheter ablation and the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, although the decision of when to intervene in the cases of asymptomatic patients remains unclear. Provided that the risk of events in BrS is not truly stochastic, distinct sub-phenotypes of the condition, possessing variable levels of arrhythmic risk, may exist, and their identification may lead to the improved care of BrS patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Duffett
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason D Roberts
- Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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59
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Genetic basis of dilated cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol 2016; 224:461-472. [PMID: 27736720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Steinfurt J, Biermann J, Bode C, Odening KE. The Diagnosis, Risk Stratification, and Treatment of Brugada Syndrome. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 112:394-401. [PMID: 26157012 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2015.0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brugada syndrome (BrS) is among the more common familial arrhythmia syndromes, with an estimated prevalence of 1 to 5 per 10 000 persons. It is characterized by a right ventricular conduction delay, dynamic or persistent ST-segment elevations in the precordial leads V1-3 , and an elevated risk of syncope and sudden cardiac death in young adults without structural heart disease. METHODS This article is based on original and review articles on BrS that appeared in English from 2010 onward and were retrieved by a selective search in PubMed, with special attention to international consensus publications on inherited arrhythmogenic diseases. RESULTS According to the new diagnostic criteria, the diagnosis of BrS requires typical ECG changes in only one precordial lead. This will likely increase sensitivity, but may also lead to an increase in asymptomatic patients. Established risk markers include sudden cardiac arrest and a spontaneous type 1 ECG with arrhythmic syncope. Patients with these findings benefit from the implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator. There is no validated algorithm for risk stratification of asymptomatic patients. Because of the low prevalence of BrS, there have been no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in this disease, and all recommendations are based on expert opinion. BrS is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Recently discovered gene polymorphisms modify the risk of BrS, challenging the conception of BrS as a monogenetic disease. Electro-anatomic mapping studies have revealed, for the first time, an arrhythmogenic substrate over the right ventricular outflow tract in BrS patients. CONCLUSION BrS is one important differential diagnosis to consider in patients presenting with syncope or sudden cardiac arrest. The goal of current research is to achieve a deeper understanding of the genetic and electrophysiological changes underlying BrS. Further insights in these areas will probably enable better risk stratification of asymptomatic BrS patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Steinfurt
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center Freiburg · Bad Krozingen
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Tse G, Liu T, Li KHC, Laxton V, Chan YWF, Keung W, Li RA, Yan BP. Electrophysiological Mechanisms of Brugada Syndrome: Insights from Pre-clinical and Clinical Studies. Front Physiol 2016; 7:467. [PMID: 27803673 PMCID: PMC5067537 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS), is a primary electrical disorder predisposing affected individuals to sudden cardiac death via the development of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation (VT/VF). Originally, BrS was linked to mutations in the SCN5A, which encodes for the cardiac Na+ channel. To date, variants in 19 genes have been implicated in this condition, with 11, 5, 3, and 1 genes affecting the Na+, K+, Ca2+, and funny currents, respectively. Diagnosis of BrS is based on ECG criteria of coved- or saddle-shaped ST segment elevation and/or T-wave inversion with or without drug challenge. Three hypotheses based on abnormal depolarization, abnormal repolarization, and current-load-mismatch have been put forward to explain the electrophysiological mechanisms responsible for BrS. Evidence from computational modeling, pre-clinical, and clinical studies illustrates that molecular abnormalities found in BrS lead to alterations in excitation wavelength (λ), which ultimately elevates arrhythmic risk. A major challenge for clinicians in managing this condition is the difficulty in predicting the subset of patients who will suffer from life-threatening VT/VF. Several repolarization risk markers have been used thus far, but these neglect the contributions of conduction abnormalities in the form of slowing and dispersion. Indices incorporating both repolarization and conduction and based on the concept of λ have recently been proposed. These may have better predictive values than the existing markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Ka H. C. Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle, UK
| | - Victoria Laxton
- Intensive Care Department, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS TrustLondon, UK
| | - Yin W. F. Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Wendy Keung
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong KongPokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ronald A. Li
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetSolna, Sweden
| | - Bryan P. Yan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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62
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Antzelevitch C, Yan GX, Ackerman MJ, Borggrefe M, Corrado D, Guo J, Gussak I, Hasdemir C, Horie M, Huikuri H, Ma C, Morita H, Nam GB, Sacher F, Shimizu W, Viskin S, Wilde AA. J-Wave syndromes expert consensus conference report: Emerging concepts and gaps in knowledge. J Arrhythm 2016; 32:315-339. [PMID: 27761155 PMCID: PMC5063270 DOI: 10.1016/j.joa.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gan-Xin Yan
- Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, PA, United States
| | - Michael J. Ackerman
- Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Heart Rhythm Services and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Martin Borggrefe
- 1st Department of Medicine–Cardiology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Jihong Guo
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University of People׳s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ihor Gussak
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Can Hasdemir
- Department of Cardiology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Minoru Horie
- Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Ohtsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Heikki Huikuri
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Changsheng Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hiroshi Morita
- Department of Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Gi-Byoung Nam
- Heart Institute, Asian Medical Center, and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Frederic Sacher
- Bordeaux University Hospital, LIRYC Institute/INSERM 1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sami Viskin
- Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arthur A.M. Wilde
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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63
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Antzelevitch C, Yan GX, Ackerman MJ, Borggrefe M, Corrado D, Guo J, Gussak I, Hasdemir C, Horie M, Huikuri H, Ma C, Morita H, Nam GB, Sacher F, Shimizu W, Viskin S, Wilde AAM. J-Wave syndromes expert consensus conference report: Emerging concepts and gaps in knowledge. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13:e295-324. [PMID: 27423412 PMCID: PMC5035208 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gan-Xin Yan
- Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Ackerman
- Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pediatrics, and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Divisions of Heart Rhythm Services and Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,Minnesota
| | - Martin Borggrefe
- 1st Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Domenico Corrado
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Jihong Guo
- Division of Cardiology, Peking University of People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ihor Gussak
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Can Hasdemir
- Department of Cardiology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Minoru Horie
- Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Ohtsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Heikki Huikuri
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Changsheng Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hiroshi Morita
- Department of Cardiovascular Therapeutics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Gi-Byoung Nam
- Heart Institute, Asan Medical Center, and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - Frederic Sacher
- Bordeaux University Hospital, LIRYC Institute/INSERM 1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sami Viskin
- Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arthur A M Wilde
- Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands and Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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64
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Conte G, Caputo ML, Regoli F, Moccetti T, Brugada P, Auricchio A. Brugada Syndrome and Early Repolarisation: Distinct Clinical Entities or Different Phenotypes of the Same Genetic Disease? Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2016; 5:84-9. [PMID: 27617086 DOI: 10.15420/aer.2016.23.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada and early repolarisation (ER) syndromes are currently considered two distinct inherited electrical disorders with overlapping clinical and electrocardiographic features. A considerable number of patients diagnosed with ER syndrome have a genetic mutation related to Brugada syndrome (BrS). Due to the high variable phenotypic manifestation, patients with BrS may present with inferolateral repolarisation abnormalities only, resembling the ER pattern. Moreover, the complex genotype-phenotype interaction in BrS can lead to the occurrence of mixed phenotypes with ER syndrome. The first part of this review focuses on specific clinical and electrocardiographic features of BrS and ER syndrome, highlighting the similarity shared by the two primary electrical disorders. The genetic background, with emphasis on the complexity of genotype-phenotype interaction, is explored in the second part of this review.
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65
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Juang JMJ, Horie M. Genetics of Brugada syndrome. J Arrhythm 2016; 32:418-425. [PMID: 27761167 PMCID: PMC5063259 DOI: 10.1016/j.joa.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1992, the Brugada syndrome (BrS) was recognized as a disease responsible for sudden cardiac death, characterized by a right bundle-branch block with ST segment elevation in the leads V1 and V2. This syndrome is highly associated with sudden cardiac death, especially in young males. BrS is currently diagnosed in patients with ST-segment elevation showing type 1 morphology ≥ 2 mm in ≥1 leads among the right precordial leads V1 or V2 positioned in the 2nd, 3rd, or 4th intercostal space, and occurring either spontaneously or after a provocative drug test by the intravenous administration of Class I antiarrhythmic drugs. With accumulated findings, the BrS inheritance model is believed to be an autosomal dominant inheritable model with incomplete penetrance, although most patients with BrS were sporadic cases. SCN5A, which was identified as the first BrS-associated gene in 1998, has emerged as the most common gene associated with BrS, and more than 10 BrS-associated genes have been identified thereafter. Mutation-specific genetic testing is recommended for the family members and appropriate relatives following the identification of BrS-causative mutations in an index patient. In addition, comprehensive or BrS1 (SCN5A) targeted genetic testing could be useful for patients in whom a cardiologist has established a clinical index of suspicion for BrS based on the patient׳s clinical history, family history, and the expressed electrocardiographic (resting 12-lead ECGs and/or provocative drug challenge testing) phenotype. Over the past 20 years, extensive research in this field has allowed better understanding of the pathophysiology, genetic background, and management of BrS even though controversies still exist. In this review article, a background of genetics, the genetic background of BrS, the genotype and phenotype relationship, the role of genetic screening in clinical practice, and the interpretation of the identified genetic variants have been addressed based on this understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Ming Jimmy Juang
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Minoru Horie
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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66
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Veltmann C, Barajas-Martinez H, Wolpert C, Borggrefe M, Schimpf R, Pfeiffer R, Cáceres G, Burashnikov E, Antzelevitch C, Hu D. Further Insights in the Most Common SCN5A Mutation Causing Overlapping Phenotype of Long QT Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome, and Conduction Defect. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003379. [PMID: 27381756 PMCID: PMC5015375 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Phenotypic overlap of type 3 long QT syndrome (LQT3), Brugada syndrome (BrS), cardiac conduction disease (CCD), and sinus node dysfunction (SND) is observed with SCN5A mutations. SCN5A‐E1784K is the most common mutation associated with BrS and LQTS3. The present study examines the genotype–phenotype relationship in a large family carrying SCN5A‐E1784K and SCN5A‐H558R polymorphism. Methods and Results Clinical work‐up, follow‐up, and genetic analysis were performed in 35 family members. Seventeen were SCN5A‐E1784K positive. They also displayed QTc prolongation, and either BrS, CCD, or both. One carrier exhibited SND. The presence of SCN5A‐H558R did not significantly alter the phenotype of SCN5A‐E1784K carriers. Fourteen SCN5A‐E1784K patients underwent implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) implantation; 4 developed VF and received appropriate ICD shocks after 8±3 months of follow‐up. One patient without ICD also developed VF after 6.7 years. These 5 cases carried both SCN5A‐E1784K and SCN5A‐H558R. Functional characterization was achieved by expressing SCN5A variants in TSA201 cells. Peak (INa,P) or late (INa,L) sodium currents were recorded using whole‐cell patch‐clamp techniques. Co‐expression of SCN5A‐E1784K and SCN5A‐WT reduced INa,P to 70.03% of WT, shifted steady‐state inactivation by −11.03 mV, and increased INa,L from 0.14% to 1.86% of INa,P. Similar changes were observed when SCN5A‐E1784K was co‐expressed with SCN5A‐H558R. Conclusions We demonstrate a strong genotype‐phenotype correlation with complete penetrance for BrS, LQTS, or CCD in the largest family harboring SCN5A‐E1784K mutation described so far. Phenotype of LQTS is present during all decades of life, whereas CCD develops with increasing age. Phenotypic overlap may explain the high event rate in carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Veltmann
- Rhythmology and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Christian Wolpert
- Klinik für Innere Medizin, Cardiology Klinikum Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Martin Borggrefe
- 1st Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany DZHK partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Schimpf
- 1st Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany DZHK partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ryan Pfeiffer
- Molecular Genetic Department, Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel Cáceres
- Molecular Genetic Department, Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY, USA
| | - Elena Burashnikov
- Molecular Genetic Department, Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY, USA
| | | | - Dan Hu
- Molecular Genetic Department, Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY, USA
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67
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Mercer BN, Begg GA, Page SP, Bennett CP, Tayebjee MH, Mahida S. Early Repolarization Syndrome; Mechanistic Theories and Clinical Correlates. Front Physiol 2016; 7:266. [PMID: 27445855 PMCID: PMC4927622 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The early repolarization (ER) pattern on the 12-lead electrocardiogram is characterized by J point elevation in the inferior and/or lateral leads. The ER pattern is associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Based on studies in animal models and genetic studies, it has been proposed that J point elevation in ER is a manifestation of augmented dispersion of repolarization which creates a substrate for ventricular arrhythmia. A competing theory regarding early repolarization syndrome (ERS) proposes that the syndrome arises as a consequence of abnormal depolarization. In recent years, multiple clinical studies have described the characteristics of ER patients with VF in more detail. The majority of these studies have provided evidence to support basic science observations. However, not all clinical observations correlate with basic science findings. This review will provide an overview of basic science and genetic research in ER and correlate basic science evidence with the clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben N. Mercer
- West Yorkshire Arrhythmia Service, Leeds General InfirmaryLeeds, UK
| | - Gordon A. Begg
- West Yorkshire Arrhythmia Service, Leeds General InfirmaryLeeds, UK
| | - Stephen P. Page
- West Yorkshire Arrhythmia Service, Leeds General InfirmaryLeeds, UK
- Regional Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions Service, Leeds General InfirmaryLeeds, UK
| | | | | | - Saagar Mahida
- West Yorkshire Arrhythmia Service, Leeds General InfirmaryLeeds, UK
- Regional Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions Service, Leeds General InfirmaryLeeds, UK
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Abstract
Approximately 80 genes in the human genome code for pore-forming subunits of potassium (K(+)) channels. Rare variants (mutations) in K(+) channel-encoding genes may cause heritable arrhythmia syndromes. Not all rare variants in K(+) channel-encoding genes are necessarily disease-causing mutations. Common variants in K(+) channel-encoding genes are increasingly recognized as modifiers of phenotype in heritable arrhythmia syndromes and in the general population. Although difficult, distinguishing pathogenic variants from benign variants is of utmost importance to avoid false designations of genetic variants as disease-causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad S Amin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A M Wilde
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands; King Abdulaziz University, Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, PO Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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69
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Gourraud JB, Barc J, Thollet A, Le Scouarnec S, Le Marec H, Schott JJ, Redon R, Probst V. The Brugada Syndrome: A Rare Arrhythmia Disorder with Complex Inheritance. Front Cardiovasc Med 2016; 3:9. [PMID: 27200363 PMCID: PMC4842929 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2016.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last 10 years, applying new sequencing technologies to thousands of whole exomes has revealed the high variability of the human genome. Extreme caution should thus be taken to avoid misinterpretation when associating rare genetic variants to disease susceptibility. The Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a rare inherited arrhythmia disease associated with high risk of sudden cardiac death in the young adult. Familial inheritance has long been described as Mendelian, with autosomal dominant mode of transmission and incomplete penetrance. However, all except 1 of the 23 genes previously associated with the disease have been identified through a candidate gene approach. To date, only rare coding variants in the SCN5A gene have been significantly associated with the syndrome. However, the genotype/phenotype studies conducted in families with SCN5A mutations illustrate the complex mode of inheritance of BrS. This genetic complexity has recently been confirmed by the identification of common polymorphic alleles strongly associated with disease risk. The implication of both rare and common variants in BrS susceptibility implies that one should first define a proper genetic model for BrS predisposition prior to applying molecular diagnosis. Although long remains the way to personalized medicine against BrS, the high phenotype variability encountered in familial forms of the disease may partly find an explanation into this specific genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Gourraud
- Service de Cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6291, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; l'institut du thorax, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Julien Barc
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6291, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; l'institut du thorax, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Aurélie Thollet
- Service de Cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nantes, l'institut du thorax , Nantes , France
| | - Solena Le Scouarnec
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6291, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; l'institut du thorax, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Hervé Le Marec
- Service de Cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6291, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; l'institut du thorax, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Schott
- Service de Cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6291, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; l'institut du thorax, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Richard Redon
- Service de Cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6291, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; l'institut du thorax, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Probst
- Service de Cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6291, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France; l'institut du thorax, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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Pastore CA, Samesima N, Filho HGP, Madaloso BA. Controversial and similar aspects of the Brugada and J wave patterns: The vectorcardiogram point of view-Revision 2. J Electrocardiol 2016; 49:439-45. [PMID: 27133525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The J-wave electrocardiographic patterns include early repolarization (ER) and Brugada syndrome; especially when ER is located in the anteroseptal leads (V1-V3), it can mimic the Brugada syndrome (BrS) ECG pattern and therefore mislead the diagnosis. We aimed to define the vectorcardiographic characteristics of BrS and ER using aspects of QRS complex loop, J-point and ST-segment. METHODS/RESULTS Vectorcardiographic loops in the transverse plane (TP) of 14 BrS patients and 26 individuals with ER were analyzed and defined, and then a third group of 17 patients with non-characteristic ECG patterns were analyzed and compared with them. All QRS loops showed end-conduction delay (ECD) located in the right posterior-anterior quadrant (BrS) or left posterior-anterior quadrant (ER). In 100% cases a "break" in the QRS loop end, resembling a "nose" identified BrS, and a "fish-hook" shape identified ER. Non-coincidental QRS complex onset-end defined J-point resulting vector. BrS showed a significantly longer end-conduction delay (100% right anterior quadrant), shorter J-point amplitude oriented to the right, and "nose-like" QRS end loop. Analysis of group 3 confirmed the accuracy of the qualitative aspects to distinguish this "atypical" population: "fish-hook" shape of ER in the transverse plane in 6 individuals; and the "nose" shape of BrS in 14 patients, among which 2 patients had both patterns simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS Vectorcardiographic characteristics could clearly differentiate BrS from ER qualitatively and quantitatively even in atypical ECGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Pastore
- Clinical Unit of Electrocardiography-Heart Institute (InCor) from Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Nelson Samesima
- Clinical Unit of Electrocardiography-Heart Institute (InCor) from Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Horácio G Pereira Filho
- Clinical Unit of Electrocardiography-Heart Institute (InCor) from Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna A Madaloso
- Clinical Unit of Electrocardiography-Heart Institute (InCor) from Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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71
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Abstract
Brugada syndrome might stay undetected in patients until surviving cardiac arrest. Despite the prominent advances in exploring the disease in the past 2 decades, many questions remain unanswered and the controversies continue. Despite all mutations identified to be associated with the disease, two-thirds of cases have a negative genetic test. Future studies should be more directed on modulating factors and their impact on patients' risk for sudden death to help physicians in risk stratifying their patients and optimally implementing an implantable cardioverter defibrillator to prevent sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan M Refaat
- Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, 3 Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10017, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, 3 Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, 8th Floor, New York, NY 10017, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon; Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Mostafa Hotait
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Melvin Scheinman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Cristoforetti Y, Biasco L, Giustetto C, De Backer O, Castagno D, Astegiano P, Ganzit G, Gribaudo CG, Moccetti M, Gaita F. J-wave duration and slope as potential tools to discriminate between benign and malignant early repolarization. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13:806-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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73
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Abstract
KATP channels are integral to the functions of many cells and tissues. The use of electrophysiological methods has allowed for a detailed characterization of KATP channels in terms of their biophysical properties, nucleotide sensitivities, and modification by pharmacological compounds. However, even though they were first described almost 25 years ago (Noma 1983, Trube and Hescheler 1984), the physiological and pathophysiological roles of these channels, and their regulation by complex biological systems, are only now emerging for many tissues. Even in tissues where their roles have been best defined, there are still many unanswered questions. This review aims to summarize the properties, molecular composition, and pharmacology of KATP channels in various cardiovascular components (atria, specialized conduction system, ventricles, smooth muscle, endothelium, and mitochondria). We will summarize the lessons learned from available genetic mouse models and address the known roles of KATP channels in cardiovascular pathologies and how genetic variation in KATP channel genes contribute to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique N Foster
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - William A Coetzee
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology & Neuroscience, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Guo Q, Ren L, Chen X, Hou C, Chu J, Pu J, Zhang S. A novel mutation in the SCN5A gene contributes to arrhythmogenic characteristics of early repolarization syndrome. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:727-33. [PMID: 26820605 PMCID: PMC4771109 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genetic variants have been associated with early repolarization syndrome (ERS). However, the lack of functional validations of the mutant effects has limited the interpretation of genetic tests. In the present study, we identified and characterized a novel sodium channel, voltage gated, type V alpha subunit (SCN5A) mutation that was associated with ERS. A 67-year-old male proband suffering from recurrent syncope underwent a documented electrocardiogram (ECG) for polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). It was noted that baseline 12-lead ECG exhibited a predominantly elevated ST-segment which mimicked acute myocardial ischemia in lead V2-V6, and the ECG also demonstrated J waves in lead Ⅱ, Ⅲ, aVF and V2-V6. Using genetic analysis, we noted that the proband carried a novel heterozygous missense mutation of A1055G in the SCN5A gene. Whole-cell configuration of patch-clamp analysis revealed that the mutation significantly decreased peak sodium current (INa) density and shifted the steady-state inactivation curve of INa to a more negative potential. Confocal imaging suggested that in the mutant channel a defect of protein expression both on the cell membrane and in cytoplasm was present. The present study demonstrated that a novel heterozygous missense mutation of A1055G in SCN5A led to 'loss-of function' of the sodium channels, and we suggest that it accounts for the arrhythmogenic characteristics of ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, P.R. China
| | - Lan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, P.R. China
| | - Xuhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, P.R. China
| | - Cuihong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, P.R. China
| | - Jielin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, P.R. China
| | - Shu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, P.R. China
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75
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Patocskai B, Barajas-Martinez H, Hu D, Gurabi Z, Koncz I, Antzelevitch C. Cellular and ionic mechanisms underlying the effects of cilostazol, milrinone, and isoproterenol to suppress arrhythmogenesis in an experimental model of early repolarization syndrome. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13:1326-34. [PMID: 26820510 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early repolarization syndrome (ERS) is associated with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVT) and ventricular fibrillation, leading to sudden cardiac death. OBJECTIVE The present study tests the hypothesis that the transient outward potassium current (Ito)-blocking effect of phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE-3) inhibitors plays a role in reversing repolarization heterogeneities responsible for arrhythmogenesis in experimental models of ERS. METHODS Transmembrane action potentials (APs) were simultaneously recorded from epicardial and endocardial regions of coronary-perfused canine left ventricular (LV) wedge preparations, together with a transmural pseudo-electrocardiogram. The Ito agonist NS5806 (7-15 μM) and L-type calcium current (ICa) blocker verapamil (2-3 μM) were used to induce an early repolarization pattern and PVT. RESULTS After stable induction of arrhythmogenesis, the PDE-3 inhibitors cilostazol and milrinone or isoproterenol were added to the coronary perfusate. All were effective in restoring the AP dome in the LV epicardium, thus abolishing the repolarization defects responsible for phase 2 reentry and PVT. Arrhythmic activity was suppressed in 7 of 8 preparations by cilostazol (10 μM), 6 of 7 by milrinone (2.5 μM), and 7 of 8 by isoproterenol (0.1-1 μM). Using voltage clamp techniques applied to LV epicardial myocytes, both cilostazol (10 μM) and milrinone (2.5 μM) were found to reduce Ito by 44.4% and 40.4%, respectively, in addition to their known effects to augment ICa. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that PDE-3 inhibitors exert an ameliorative effect in the setting of ERS by producing an inward shift in the balance of current during the early phases of the epicardial AP via inhibition of Ito as well as augmentation of ICa, thus reversing the repolarization defects underlying the development of phase 2 reentry and ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Patocskai
- Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, New York; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Dan Hu
- Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, New York
| | - Zsolt Gurabi
- Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, New York; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Koncz
- Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, New York; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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76
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Antzelevitch C, Patocskai B. Brugada Syndrome: Clinical, Genetic, Molecular, Cellular, and Ionic Aspects. Curr Probl Cardiol 2016; 41:7-57. [PMID: 26671757 PMCID: PMC4737702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited cardiac arrhythmia syndrome first described as a new clinical entity in 1992. Electrocardiographically characterized by distinct coved type ST segment elevation in the right-precordial leads, the syndrome is associated with a high risk for sudden cardiac death in young adults, and less frequently in infants and children. The electrocardiographic manifestations of BrS are often concealed and may be unmasked or aggravated by sodium channel blockers, a febrile state, vagotonic agents, as well as by tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator is the most widely accepted approach to therapy. Pharmacologic therapy is designed to produce an inward shift in the balance of currents active during the early phases of the right ventricular action potential (AP) and can be used to abort electrical storms or as an adjunct or alternative to device therapy when use of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator is not possible. Isoproterenol, cilostazol, and milrinone boost calcium channel current and drugs like quinidine, bepridil, and the Chinese herb extract Wenxin Keli inhibit the transient outward current, acting to diminish the AP notch and thus to suppress the substrate and trigger for ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Radiofrequency ablation of the right ventricular outflow tract epicardium of patients with BrS has recently been shown to reduce arrhythmia vulnerability and the electrocardiographic manifestation of the disease, presumably by destroying the cells with more prominent AP notch. This review provides an overview of the clinical, genetic, molecular, and cellular aspects of BrS as well as the approach to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bence Patocskai
- Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY 13501
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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77
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Celestino-Soper PBS, Doytchinova A, Steiner HA, Uradu A, Lynnes TC, Groh WJ, Miller JM, Lin H, Gao H, Wang Z, Liu Y, Chen PS, Vatta M. Evaluation of the Genetic Basis of Familial Aggregation of Pacemaker Implantation by a Large Next Generation Sequencing Panel. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143588. [PMID: 26636822 PMCID: PMC4670209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of conduction disturbances necessitating permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation is often unknown, although familial aggregation of PPM (faPPM) suggests a possible genetic basis. We developed a pan-cardiovascular next generation sequencing (NGS) panel to genetically characterize a selected cohort of faPPM. Materials and Methods We designed and validated a custom NGS panel targeting the coding and splicing regions of 246 genes with involvement in cardiac pathogenicity. We enrolled 112 PPM patients and selected nine (8%) with faPPM to be analyzed by NGS. Results Our NGS panel covers 95% of the intended target with an average of 229x read depth at a minimum of 15-fold depth, reaching a SNP true positive rate of 98%. The faPPM patients presented with isolated cardiac conduction disease (ICCD) or sick sinus syndrome (SSS) without overt structural heart disease or identifiable secondary etiology. Three patients (33.3%) had heterozygous deleterious variants previously reported in autosomal dominant cardiac diseases including CCD: LDB3 (p.D117N) and TRPM4 (p.G844D) variants in patient 4; TRPM4 (p.G844D) and ABCC9 (p.V734I) variants in patient 6; and SCN5A (p.T220I) and APOB (p.R3527Q) variants in patient 7. Conclusion FaPPM occurred in 8% of our PPM clinic population. The employment of massive parallel sequencing for a large selected panel of cardiovascular genes identified a high percentage (33.3%) of the faPPM patients with deleterious variants previously reported in autosomal dominant cardiac diseases, suggesting that genetic variants may play a role in faPPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia B. S. Celestino-Soper
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Anisiia Doytchinova
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Hillel A. Steiner
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
- Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya MP Lower Galilee, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Andrea Uradu
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Ty C. Lynnes
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - William J. Groh
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - John M. Miller
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Peng-Sheng Chen
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Matteo Vatta
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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78
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Nelson PT, Jicha GA, Wang WX, Ighodaro E, Artiushin S, Nichols CG, Fardo DW. ABCC9/SUR2 in the brain: Implications for hippocampal sclerosis of aging and a potential therapeutic target. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:111-25. [PMID: 26226329 PMCID: PMC4661124 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ABCC9 gene and its polypeptide product, SUR2, are increasingly implicated in human neurologic disease, including prevalent diseases of the aged brain. SUR2 proteins are a component of the ATP-sensitive potassium ("KATP") channel, a metabolic sensor for stress and/or hypoxia that has been shown to change in aging. The KATP channel also helps regulate the neurovascular unit. Most brain cell types express SUR2, including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, vascular smooth muscle, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Thus it is not surprising that ABCC9 gene variants are associated with risk for human brain diseases. For example, Cantu syndrome is a result of ABCC9 mutations; we discuss neurologic manifestations of this genetic syndrome. More common brain disorders linked to ABCC9 gene variants include hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging), sleep disorders, and depression. HS-Aging is a prevalent neurological disease with pathologic features of both neurodegenerative (aberrant TDP-43) and cerebrovascular (arteriolosclerosis) disease. As to potential therapeutic intervention, the human pharmacopeia features both SUR2 agonists and antagonists, so ABCC9/SUR2 may provide a "druggable target", relevant perhaps to both HS-Aging and Alzheimer's disease. We conclude that more work is required to better understand the roles of ABCC9/SUR2 in the human brain during health and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; University of Kentucky, Department of Pathology, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; University of Kentucky, Department of Neurology, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Wang-Xia Wang
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Eseosa Ighodaro
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sergey Artiushin
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Colin G Nichols
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David W Fardo
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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Campuzano O, Sarquella-Brugada G, Brugada R, Brugada J. Genetics of channelopathies associated with sudden cardiac death. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2015; 2015:39. [PMID: 26566530 PMCID: PMC4625210 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent technological advances in cardiology have resulted in new guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. Despite these improvements, sudden death remains one of the main challenges to clinicians because the majority of diseases associated with sudden cardiac death are characterized by incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Hence, patients may be unaware of their illness, and physical activity can be the trigger for syncope as first symptom of the disease. Most common causes of sudden cardiac death are congenital alterations and structural heart diseases, although a significant number remain unexplained after comprehensive autopsy. In these unresolved cases, channelopathies are considered the first potential cause of death. Since all these diseases are of genetic origin, family members could be at risk, despite being asymptomatic. Genetics has also benefited from technological advances, and genetic testing has been incorporated into the sudden death field, identifying the cause in clinically affected patients, asymptomatic family members and post-mortem cases without conclusive diagnosis. This review focuses on recent advances in the genetics of channelopathies associated with sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Campuzano
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona - IDIBGI, Spain ; Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain
| | | | - Ramon Brugada
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona - IDIBGI, Spain ; Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain
| | - Josep Brugada
- Unit of Arrhythmias, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, University of Barcelona, Spain ; Unit of Arrhythmias, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Spain
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80
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Ozeke O, Cay S, Ozcan F, Topaloglu S, Aras D. Brugada Syndrome with Early Repolarization masked by Complete Right Bundle-Branch Block. Europace 2015; 17:1454-5. [PMID: 26443792 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euu358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ozcan Ozeke
- Department of Cardiology, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Serkan Cay
- Department of Cardiology, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Firat Ozcan
- Department of Cardiology, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Serkan Topaloglu
- Department of Cardiology, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Dursun Aras
- Department of Cardiology, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey
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81
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Spears DA, Gollob MH. Genetics of inherited primary arrhythmia disorders. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2015; 8:215-33. [PMID: 26425105 PMCID: PMC4583121 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s55762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A sudden unexplained death is felt to be due to a primary arrhythmic disorder when no structural heart disease is found on autopsy, and there is no preceding documentation of heart disease. In these cases, death is presumed to be secondary to a lethal and potentially heritable abnormality of cardiac ion channel function. These channelopathies include congenital long QT syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Brugada syndrome, and short QT syndrome. In certain cases, genetic testing may have an important role in supporting a diagnosis of a primary arrhythmia disorder, and can also provide prognostic information, but by far the greatest strength of genetic testing lies in the screening of family members, who may be at risk. The purpose of this review is to describe the basic genetic and molecular pathophysiology of the primary inherited arrhythmia disorders, and to outline a rational approach to genetic testing, management, and family screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna A Spears
- Division of Cardiology - Electrophysiology, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael H Gollob
- Division of Cardiology - Electrophysiology, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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82
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Abstract
The Brugada syndrome is characterized by unique 'coved-type' ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads of electrocardiogram and ventricular fibrillation, and is responsible for 4 to 12% of sudden cardiac death in the general population. The frequency is higher in Southeast Asia including Japan compared with Western countries. Brugada syndrome is an inherited disease usually transmitted in an autosomal-dominant manner, and incomplete penetrance is frequently seen within affected families. To date, 20 genes have been associated with Brugada syndrome, but pathogenic mutations in the genes are identified in only about 30% of patients. The genetic background includes mutations in genes encoding sodium channel, calcium channels and potassium channels, as well as proteins affecting ion channels. Mutations in SCN5A, encoding the cardiac predominant sodium channel α-subunit, account for 20 to 30% of patients with Brugada syndrome and mutations in other genes only account for about 5% of patients. Furthermore, a recent genome-wide association study has identified new loci associated with the susceptibility of Brugada syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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83
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Di Resta C, Pietrelli A, Sala S, Della Bella P, De Bellis G, Ferrari M, Bordoni R, Benedetti S. High-throughput genetic characterization of a cohort of Brugada syndrome patients. Hum Mol Genet 2015. [PMID: 26220970 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited cardiac arrhythmic disorder that can lead to sudden death, with a prevalence of 1:5000 in Caucasian population and affecting mainly male patients in their third to fourth decade of life. BrS is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait; however, to date genetic bases have been only partially understood. Indeed most mutations are located in the SCN5A gene, encoding the alpha-subunit of the Na(+) cardiac channel, but >70% BrS patients still remain genetically undiagnosed. Although 21 other genes have been associated with BrS susceptibility, their pathogenic role is still unclear. A recent next-generation sequencing study investigated the contribution of 45 arrhythmia susceptibility genes in BrS pathogenesis, observing a significant enrichment only for SCN5A. In our study, we evaluated the distribution of putative functional variants in a wider panel of 158 genes previously associated with arrhythmic and cardiac defects in a cohort of 91 SCN5A-negative BrS patients. In addition, to identify genes significantly enriched in BrS, we performed a mutation burden test by using as control dataset European individuals selected from the 1000Genomes project. We confirmed BrS genetic heterogeneity and identified new potential BrS candidates such as DSG2 and MYH7, suggesting a possible genetic overlap between different cardiac disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Pietrelli
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy (ITB-CNR), Milan, Italy, Molecular Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Gianluca De Bellis
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy (ITB-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ferrari
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy, Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics and Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Division of Genetics and Cellular Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Bordoni
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy (ITB-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Benedetti
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology and Cytogenetics and
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84
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de Araujo ED, Alvarez CP, López-Alonso JP, Sooklal CR, Stagljar M, Kanelis V. Phosphorylation-dependent changes in nucleotide binding, conformation, and dynamics of the first nucleotide binding domain (NBD1) of the sulfonylurea receptor 2B (SUR2B). J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26198630 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.636233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sulfonylurea receptor 2B (SUR2B) forms the regulatory subunit of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in vascular smooth muscle. Phosphorylation of the SUR2B nucleotide binding domains (NBD1 and NBD2) by protein kinase A results in increased channel open probability. Here, we investigate the effects of phosphorylation on the structure and nucleotide binding properties of NBD1. Phosphorylation sites in SUR2B NBD1 are located in an N-terminal tail that is disordered. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data indicate that phosphorylation of the N-terminal tail affects multiple residues in NBD1, including residues in the NBD2-binding site, and results in altered conformation and dynamics of NBD1. NMR spectra of NBD1 lacking the N-terminal tail, NBD1-ΔN, suggest that phosphorylation disrupts interactions of the N-terminal tail with the core of NBD1, a model supported by dynamic light scattering. Increased nucleotide binding of phosphorylated NBD1 and NBD1-ΔN, compared with non-phosphorylated NBD1, suggests that by disrupting the interaction of the NBD core with the N-terminal tail, phosphorylation also exposes the MgATP-binding site on NBD1. These data provide insights into the molecular basis by which phosphorylation of SUR2B NBD1 activates KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvin D de Araujo
- From the Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, and
| | - Claudia P Alvarez
- From the Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, and
| | - Jorge P López-Alonso
- From the Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, and the Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Clarissa R Sooklal
- From the Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, and
| | - Marijana Stagljar
- From the Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, and the Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Voula Kanelis
- From the Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, the Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, and the Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
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Peeters U, Scornik F, Riuró H, Pérez G, Komurcu-Bayrak E, Van Malderen S, Pappaert G, Tarradas A, Pagans S, Daneels D, Breckpot K, Brugada P, Bonduelle M, Brugada R, Van Dooren S. Contribution of Cardiac Sodium Channel β-Subunit Variants to Brugada Syndrome. Circ J 2015; 79:2118-29. [PMID: 26179811 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-15-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inheritable cardiac disease associated with syncope, malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The largest proportion of mutations in BrS is found in the SCN5A gene encoding the α-subunit of cardiac sodium channels (Nav1.5). Causal SCN5A mutations are present in 18-30% of BrS patients. The additional genetic diagnostic yield of variants in cardiac sodium channel β-subunits in BrS patients was explored and functional studies on 3 novel candidate variants were performed. METHODS AND RESULTS TheSCN1B-SCN4B genes were screened, which encode the 5 sodium channel β-subunits, in a SCN5A negative BrS population (n=74). Five novel variants were detected; in silico pathogenicity prediction classified 4 variants as possibly disease causing. Three variants were selected for functional study. These variants caused only limited alterations of Nav1.5 function. Next generation sequencing of a panel of 88 arrhythmia genes could not identify other major causal mutations. CONCLUSIONS It was hypothesized that the studied variants are not the primary cause of BrS in these patients. However, because small functional effects of these β-subunit variants can be discriminated, they might contribute to the BrS phenotype and be considered a risk factor. The existence of these risk factors can give an explanation to the reduced penetrance and variable expressivity seen in this syndrome. We therefore recommend including the SCN1-4B genes in a next generation sequencing-based gene panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uschi Peeters
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Reproduction and Genetics; Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel)
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Patocskai B, Antzelevitch C. Novel Therapeutic Strategies for the Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias Associated with the Brugada Syndrome. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015; 3:633-651. [PMID: 27559494 PMCID: PMC4993532 DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1037280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited cardiac arrhythmia syndrome characterized by prominent J waves appearing as distinct coved type ST segment elevation in the right precordial leads of the ECG. It is associated with a high risk for sudden cardiac death. AREAS COVERED We discuss 1) ECG manifestations of BrS which can be unmasked or aggravated by sodium channel blockers, febrile states, vagotonic agents, as well as tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants; 2) Genetic basis of BrS; 3) Ionic and cellular mechanisms underlying BrS; 4) Therapy involving devices including an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD); 5) Therapy involving radiofrequency ablation; and 6) Therapy involving pharmacological therapy which is aimed at producing an inward shift in the balance of the currents active during phase 1 of the right ventricular action potential either by boosting calcium channel current (isoproterenol, cilostazol and milrinone) or by inhibition of transient outward current Ito (quinidine, bepridil and the Chinese herb extract Wenxin Keli). EXPERT OPINION This review provides an overview of the clinical and molecular aspects of BrS with a focus on approaches to therapy. Available data suggest that agents capable of inhibiting the transient outward current Ito can exert an ameliorative effect regardless of the underlying cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Patocskai
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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87
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Sarquella-Brugada G, Campuzano O, Arbelo E, Brugada J, Brugada R. Brugada syndrome: clinical and genetic findings. Genet Med 2015; 18:3-12. [PMID: 25905440 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome is a rare, inherited cardiac disease leading to ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death in structurally normal hearts. Clinical diagnosis requires a Brugada type I electrocardiographic pattern in combination with other clinical features. The most effective approach to unmasking this diagnostic pattern is the use of ajmaline and flecainide tests, and the most effective intervention to reducing the risk of death is the implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator. To date, 18 genes have been associated with the disease, with the voltage-gated sodium channel α type V gene (SCN5A) being the most common one to date. However, only 30-35% of diagnosed cases are attributable to pathogenic variants in known genes, emphasizing the need for further genetic studies. Despite recent advances in clinical diagnoses and genetic testing, risk stratification and clinical management of patients with Brugada syndrome remain challenging.Genet Med 18 1, 3-12.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar Campuzano
- Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain.,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain
| | - Elena Arbelo
- Arrhythmia Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Brugada
- Pediatric Arrhythmia Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Arrhythmia Unit, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Brugada
- Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain.,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Spain.,Cardiology Service, Hospital Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
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88
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Brosnan MJ, Kumar S, LaGerche A, Brown A, Stewart S, Kalman JM, Prior DL. Early repolarization patterns associated with increased arrhythmic risk are common in young non-Caucasian Australian males and not influenced by athletic status. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12:1576-83. [PMID: 25839111 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early repolarization (ER) with a horizontal ST segment (ST-h) and high-amplitude J waves in the inferior leads is associated with an increased risk of cardiac arrhythmic death. The effect of ethnicity and athletic status on this increased-risk ER pattern has not been established. Aboriginal Australian/Torres Strait Islander and Pacific Islander/Maori (non-Caucasian [non-C]) subjects are well represented in Australian sport; however, the patterns and prevalence of ER in these populations are unknown. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and effect of athletic activity on ER patterns in young non-C and Caucasian (C) subjects. METHODS Twelve-lead ECGs of 726 male athletes (23.8% non-C) and 170 male controls (45.9% non-C) aged 16-40 years were analyzed for the presence of ER, defined as J-point elevation (J wave, QRS slur, or discrete ST elevation) ≥0.1 mV in ≥2 inferior (II, III, aVF) or lateral (I, aVL,V4-V6) leads. ST morphology was coded as horizontal (ST-h) or ascending (ST-a). "Increased-risk ER" was defined as inferior ER with ST-h and J waves >2 mV. RESULTS Regardless of athletic status, ER and increased-risk ER were more prevalent in non-C than in C subjects (53.8% vs 32% and 7.6% vs 1.2%, respectively, P <.0001). Whereas lower heart rate, larger QRS voltage, and shorter QRS duration were predictors of ER, non-C ethnicity was the only independent predictor of increased-risk ER (odds ratio 17.621, 95% confidence interval 4.98-62.346, P < .0001). CONCLUSION ER patterns associated with increased arrhythmic risk are more common in young non-C than C subjects and were not influenced by athletic status. The long-term clinical significance of ER in these populations is yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Brosnan
- Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent׳s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andre LaGerche
- Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent׳s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex Brown
- School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Simon Stewart
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Kalman
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David L Prior
- Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent׳s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Tan BY, Yong RYY, Barajas-Martinez H, Dumaine R, Chew YX, Wasan PS, Ching CK, Ho KL, Gan LSH, Morin N, Chong APL, Yap SH, Neo JL, Yap EPH, Moochhala S, Chong DTT, Chow W, Seow SC, Hu D, Uttamchandani M, Teo WS. A Brugada syndrome proband with compound heterozygote SCN5A mutations identified from a Chinese family in Singapore. Europace 2015; 18:897-904. [PMID: 25829473 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euv058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a rare heritable ventricular arrhythmia. Genetic defects in SCN5A, a gene that encodes the α-subunit of the sodium ion channel Nav1.5, are present in 15-30% of BrS cases. SCN5A remains by far, the highest yielding gene for BrS. We studied a young male who presented with syncope at age 11. This proband was screened for possible disease causing SCN5A mutations. The inheritance pattern was also examined amongst his first-degree family members. METHODS AND RESULTS The proband had a baseline electrocardiogram that showed Type 2 BrS changes, which escalated to a characteristic Type I BrS pattern during a treadmill test before polymorphic ventricular tachycardia onset at a cycle length of 250 ms. Mutational analysis across all 29 exons in SCN5A of the proband and first-degree relatives of the family revealed that the proband inherited a compound heterozygote mutation in SCN5A, specifically p.A226V and p.R1629X from each parent. To further elucidate the functional changes arising through these mutations, patch-clamp electrophysiology was performed in TSA201 cells expressing the mutated SCN5A channels. The p.A226V mutation significantly reduced peak sodium current (INa) to 24% of wild type (WT) whereas the p.R1629X mutation abolished the current. To mimic the functional state in our proband, functional expression of the compound variants A226V + R1629X resulted in overall peak INa of only 13% of WT (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our study is the first to report a SCN5A compound heterozygote in a Singaporean Chinese family. Only the proband carrying both mutations displayed the BrS phenotype, thus providing insights into the expression and penetrance of BrS in an Asian setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Yew Tan
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169609, Singapore
| | - Rita Yu Yin Yong
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Tahir Foundation Building, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Hector Barajas-Martinez
- Molecular Genetics Department, Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, 2150 Bleecker Street, Utica, NY 13501, USA
| | - Robert Dumaine
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K2R1
| | - Ying Xia Chew
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore
| | - Pavandip Singh Wasan
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Tahir Foundation Building, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Chi Keong Ching
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169609, Singapore
| | - Kah Leng Ho
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169609, Singapore
| | - Linda Seo Hwee Gan
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore
| | - Nathalie Morin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K2R1
| | - Alicia Poh Leng Chong
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore
| | - Shiao Hui Yap
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore
| | - Jia Ling Neo
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore
| | - Eric Peng Huat Yap
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Shabbir Moochhala
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore
| | | | - Weien Chow
- SAF Medical Corps, 701 Transit Road, Singapore 778910, Singapore
| | - Swee Chong Seow
- The Heart Institute, National University Hospital Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Dan Hu
- Molecular Genetics Department, Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, 2150 Bleecker Street, Utica, NY 13501, USA Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhi Dong Road, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Mahesh Uttamchandani
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169609, Singapore Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Wee Siong Teo
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169609, Singapore
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90
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Le Scouarnec S, Karakachoff M, Gourraud JB, Lindenbaum P, Bonnaud S, Portero V, Duboscq-Bidot L, Daumy X, Simonet F, Teusan R, Baron E, Violleau J, Persyn E, Bellanger L, Barc J, Chatel S, Martins R, Mabo P, Sacher F, Haïssaguerre M, Kyndt F, Schmitt S, Bézieau S, Le Marec H, Dina C, Schott JJ, Probst V, Redon R. Testing the burden of rare variation in arrhythmia-susceptibility genes provides new insights into molecular diagnosis for Brugada syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2757-63. [PMID: 25650408 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a rare heritable cardiac arrhythmia disorder associated with ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. Mutations in the SCN5A gene have been causally related to BrS in 20-30% of cases. Twenty other genes have been described as involved in BrS, but their overall contribution to disease prevalence is still unclear. This study aims to estimate the burden of rare coding variation in arrhythmia-susceptibility genes among a large group of patients with BrS. We have developed a custom kit to capture and sequence the coding regions of 45 previously reported arrhythmia-susceptibility genes and applied this kit to 167 index cases presenting with a Brugada pattern on the electrocardiogram as well as 167 individuals aged over 65-year old and showing no history of cardiac arrhythmia. By applying burden tests, a significant enrichment in rare coding variation (with a minor allele frequency below 0.1%) was observed only for SCN5A, with rare coding variants carried by 20.4% of cases with BrS versus 2.4% of control individuals (P = 1.4 × 10(-7)). No significant enrichment was observed for any other arrhythmia-susceptibility gene, including SCN10A and CACNA1C. These results indicate that, except for SCN5A, rare coding variation in previously reported arrhythmia-susceptibility genes do not contribute significantly to the occurrence of BrS in a population with European ancestry. Extreme caution should thus be taken when interpreting genetic variation in molecular diagnostic setting, since rare coding variants were observed in a similar extent among cases versus controls, for most previously reported BrS-susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solena Le Scouarnec
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Matilde Karakachoff
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jean-Baptiste Gourraud
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France, CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Lindenbaum
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France, CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphanie Bonnaud
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France, CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Portero
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Laëtitia Duboscq-Bidot
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Xavier Daumy
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Floriane Simonet
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Raluca Teusan
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Estelle Baron
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jade Violleau
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France, CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France
| | - Elodie Persyn
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Lise Bellanger
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France, Laboratoire de Mathématiques Jean Leray, UMR CNRS 6629, Nantes, France
| | - Julien Barc
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie Chatel
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France, CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Frédéric Sacher
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Cardiologie, LYRIC Institute, France and
| | | | - Florence Kyndt
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France, CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France
| | - Sébastien Schmitt
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France, CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphane Bézieau
- Université de Nantes, Nantes, France, CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Hervé Le Marec
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France, CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France
| | - Christian Dina
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France, CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Schott
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France, CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Probst
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France, CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France
| | - Richard Redon
- Inserm, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France, CNRS, UMR 6291, Nantes, France, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France, CHU Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Service de Cardiologie, Nantes, France,
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92
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Béziau DM, Barc J, O'Hara T, Le Gloan L, Amarouch MY, Solnon A, Pavin D, Lecointe S, Bouillet P, Gourraud JB, Guicheney P, Denjoy I, Redon R, Mabo P, le Marec H, Loussouarn G, Kyndt F, Schott JJ, Probst V, Baró I. Complex Brugada syndrome inheritance in a family harbouring compound SCN5A and CACNA1C mutations. Basic Res Cardiol 2014; 109:446. [PMID: 25341504 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-014-0446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is characterized by ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads and is associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death. We have recently reported families with BrS and SCN5A mutations where some affected members do not carry the familial mutation. We evaluated the involvement of additional genetic determinants for BrS in an affected family. We identified three distinct gene variants within a family presenting BrS (5 individuals), cardiac conduction defects (CCD, 3 individuals) and shortened QT interval (4 individuals). The first mutation is nonsense, p.Q1695*, lying within the SCN5A gene, which encodes for NaV1.5, the α-subunit of the cardiac Na(+) channel. The second mutation is missense, p.N300D, and alters the CACNA1C gene, which encodes the α-subunit CaV1.2 of the L-type cardiac Ca(2+) channel. The SCN5A mutation strictly segregates with CCD. Four out of the 5 BrS patients carry the CACNA1C variant, and three of them present shortened QT interval. One of the BrS patients carries none of these mutations but a rare variant located in the ABCC9 gene as well as his asymptomatic mother. Patch-clamp studies identified a loss-of-function of the mutated CaV1.2 channel. Western-blot experiments showed a global expression defect while increased mobility of CaV1.2 channels on cell surface was revealed by FRAP experiments. Finally, computer simulations of the two mutations recapitulated patient phenotypes. We report a rare CACNA1C mutation as causing BrS and/or shortened QT interval in a family also carrying a SCN5A stop mutation, but which does not segregate with BrS. This study underlies the complexity of BrS inheritance and its pre-symptomatic genetic screening interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine M Béziau
- INSERM, UMR 1087, l'institut du thorax, 8 Quai Moncousu, BP 70721, 44007, Nantes cedex 1, France
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Mahida S, Sacher F, Berte B, Yamashita S, Lim H, Derval N, Denis A, Shah A, Amraoui S, Hocini M, Jais P, Haissaguerre M. Evaluation Of Patients With Early Repolarization Syndrome. J Atr Fibrillation 2014; 7:1083. [PMID: 27957112 PMCID: PMC4956281 DOI: 10.4022/jafib.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the early repolarization pattern has emerged as a risk factor for malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The identification of the subset of patients who are at high risk of sudden death represents a significant challenge to the clinician. Multiple clinical and ECG features have been associated with an increased risk of sudden deathin however the majority of risk factors confer a small increase in absolute risk. The present article reviews current evidence and potential management strategies in patients with early repolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saagar Mahida
- HôpitalCardiologique du Haut-Lévêque and the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frederic Sacher
- HôpitalCardiologique du Haut-Lévêque and the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Berte
- HôpitalCardiologique du Haut-Lévêque and the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France
| | - Seigo Yamashita
- HôpitalCardiologique du Haut-Lévêque and the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France
| | - Han Lim
- HôpitalCardiologique du Haut-Lévêque and the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Derval
- HôpitalCardiologique du Haut-Lévêque and the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arnaud Denis
- HôpitalCardiologique du Haut-Lévêque and the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ashok Shah
- HôpitalCardiologique du Haut-Lévêque and the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sana Amraoui
- HôpitalCardiologique du Haut-Lévêque and the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France
| | - Meleze Hocini
- HôpitalCardiologique du Haut-Lévêque and the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Jais
- HôpitalCardiologique du Haut-Lévêque and the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Haissaguerre
- HôpitalCardiologique du Haut-Lévêque and the Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux II, Bordeaux, France
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94
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Mutations in SCN10A are responsible for a large fraction of cases of Brugada syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64:66-79. [PMID: 24998131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BrS is an inherited sudden cardiac death syndrome. Less than 35% of BrS probands have genetically identified pathogenic variants. Recent evidence has implicated SCN10A, a neuronal sodium channel gene encoding Nav1.8, in the electrical function of the heart. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that SCN10A variants contribute to the development of Brugada syndrome (BrS). METHODS Clinical analysis and direct sequencing of BrS susceptibility genes were performed for 150 probands and family members as well as >200 healthy controls. Expression and coimmunoprecipitation studies were performed to functionally characterize the putative pathogenic mutations. RESULTS We identified 17 SCN10A mutations in 25 probands (20 male and 5 female); 23 of the 25 probands (92.0%) displayed overlapping phenotypes. SCN10A mutations were found in 16.7% of BrS probands, approaching our yield for SCN5A mutations (20.1%). Patients with BrS who had SCN10A mutations were more symptomatic and displayed significantly longer PR and QRS intervals compared with SCN10A-negative BrS probands. The majority of mutations localized to the transmembrane-spanning regions. Heterologous coexpression of wild-type (WT) SCN10A with WT-SCN5A in HEK cells caused a near doubling of sodium channel current compared with WT-SCN5A alone. In contrast, coexpression of SCN10A mutants (R14L and R1268Q) with WT-SCN5A caused a 79.4% and 84.4% reduction in sodium channel current, respectively. The coimmunoprecipitation studies provided evidence for the coassociation of Nav1.8 and Nav1.5 in the plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified SCN10A as a major susceptibility gene for BrS, thus greatly enhancing our ability to genotype and risk stratify probands and family members.
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Nelson PT, Estus S, Abner EL, Parikh I, Malik M, Neltner JH, Ighodaro E, Wang WX, Wilfred BR, Wang LS, Kukull WA, Nandakumar K, Farman ML, Poon WW, Corrada MM, Kawas CH, Cribbs DH, Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Larson EB, Crane PK, Valladares O, Schmitt FA, Kryscio RJ, Jicha GA, Smith CD, Scheff SW, Sonnen JA, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Mayeux R, Farrer LA, Van Eldik LJ, Horbinski C, Green RC, Gearing M, Poon LW, Kramer PL, Woltjer RL, Montine TJ, Partch AB, Rajic AJ, Richmire K, Monsell SE, Schellenberg GD, Fardo DW. ABCC9 gene polymorphism is associated with hippocampal sclerosis of aging pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:825-43. [PMID: 24770881 PMCID: PMC4113197 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging) is a high-morbidity brain disease in the elderly but risk factors are largely unknown. We report the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) with HS-Aging pathology as an endophenotype. In collaboration with the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium, data were analyzed from large autopsy cohorts: (#1) National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC); (#2) Rush University Religious Orders Study and Memory and Aging Project; (#3) Group Health Research Institute Adult Changes in Thought study; (#4) University of California at Irvine 90+ Study; and (#5) University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Center. Altogether, 363 HS-Aging cases and 2,303 controls, all pathologically confirmed, provided statistical power to test for risk alleles with large effect size. A two-tier study design included GWAS from cohorts #1-3 (Stage I) to identify promising SNP candidates, followed by focused evaluation of particular SNPs in cohorts #4-5 (Stage II). Polymorphism in the ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C member 9 (ABCC9) gene, also known as sulfonylurea receptor 2, was associated with HS-Aging pathology. In the meta-analyzed Stage I GWAS, ABCC9 polymorphisms yielded the lowest p values, and factoring in the Stage II results, the meta-analyzed risk SNP (rs704178:G) attained genome-wide statistical significance (p = 1.4 × 10(-9)), with odds ratio (OR) of 2.13 (recessive mode of inheritance). For SNPs previously linked to hippocampal sclerosis, meta-analyses of Stage I results show OR = 1.16 for rs5848 (GRN) and OR = 1.22 rs1990622 (TMEM106B), with the risk alleles as previously described. Sulfonylureas, a widely prescribed drug class used to treat diabetes, also modify human ABCC9 protein function. A subsample of patients from the NACC database (n = 624) were identified who were older than age 85 at death with known drug history. Controlling for important confounders such as diabetes itself, exposure to a sulfonylurea drug was associated with risk for HS-Aging pathology (p = 0.03). Thus, we describe a novel and targetable dementia risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Rm 311, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li-San Wang
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leonard W. Poon
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David W. Fardo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, 205E Multidisciplinary Science Building, 725 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
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