51
|
Kanthe AD, Carnovale MR, Katz JS, Jordan S, Krause ME, Zheng S, Ilott A, Ying W, Bu W, Bera MK, Lin B, Maldarelli C, Tu RS. Differential Surface Adsorption Phenomena for Conventional and Novel Surfactants Correlates with Changes in Interfacial mAb Stabilization. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3100-3113. [PMID: 35882380 PMCID: PMC9450885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein adsorption on surfaces can result in loss of drug product stability and efficacy during the production, storage, and administration of protein-based therapeutics. Surface-active agents (excipients) are typically added in protein formulations to prevent undesired interactions of proteins on surfaces and protein particle formation/aggregation in solution. The objective of this work is to understand the molecular-level competitive adsorption mechanism between the monoclonal antibody (mAb) and a commercially used excipient, polysorbate 80 (PS80), and a novel excipient, N-myristoyl phenylalanine-N-polyetheramine diamide (FM1000). The relative rate of adsorption of PS80 and FM1000 was studied by pendant bubble tensiometry. We find that FM1000 saturates the interface faster than PS80. Additionally, the surface-adsorbed amounts from X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements show that FM1000 blocks a larger percentage of interfacial area than PS80, indicating that a lower bulk FM1000 surface concentration is sufficient to prevent protein adsorption onto the air/water interface. XRR models reveal that with an increase in mAb concentration (0.5-2.5 mg/mL: IV based formulations), an increased amount of PS80 concentration (below critical micelle concentration, CMC) is required, whereas a fixed value of FM1000 concentration (above its relatively lower CMC) is sufficient to inhibit mAb adsorption, preventing mAb from co-existing with surfactants on the surface layer. With this observation, we show that the CMC of the surfactant is not the critical factor to indicate its ability to inhibit protein adsorption, especially for chemically different surfactants, PS80 and FM1000. Additionally, interface-induced aggregation studies indicate that at minimum surfactant concentration levels in protein formulations, fewer protein particles form in the presence of FM1000. Our results provide a mechanistic link between the adsorption of mAbs at the air/water interface and the aggregation induced by agitation in the presence of surfactants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit D Kanthe
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Miriam R Carnovale
- Pharma Solutions R&D, International Flavors and Fragrances, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Joshua S Katz
- Pharma Solutions R&D, International Flavors and Fragrances, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Susan Jordan
- Pharma Solutions R&D, International Flavors and Fragrances, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Mary E Krause
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Songyan Zheng
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Andrew Ilott
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - William Ying
- Sterile Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Wei Bu
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606371, United States
| | - Mrinal K Bera
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606371, United States
| | - Binhua Lin
- NSF's ChemMatCARS, Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 606371, United States
| | - Charles Maldarelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States.,Levich Institute, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Raymond S Tu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Zhang S, Xiao H, Li N. The Characterization of Polysorbate. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e489. [PMID: 35857882 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PSs), including PS20 and PS80, are non-ionic surfactants widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to enhance drug solubility and stability. Despite their wide application, PSs are prone to degradation by either hydrolysis or oxidation in drug formulations during storage; therefore, a PS characterization method assessing protein products is needed for stability testing and for understanding the degradation pathway. In this article, we detail our protocol for sample preparation for forced degradation study and our instrumentation setup for PS profiling and quantitation in protein samples. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Sample preparation for forced degradation of polysorbate in protein samples Basic Protocol 2: Two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector or mass spectrometry to analyze polysorbate degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Zhang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Hui Xiao
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Ning Li
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Liu GY, Nie S, Zheng X, Li N. Activity-Based Protein Profiling Probe for the Detection of Enzymes Catalyzing Polysorbate Degradation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8625-8632. [PMID: 35679579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbates are nonionic surfactants that have been widely used in biotherapeutic formulations to prevent protein aggregation and denaturation. However, polysorbates are subject to degradation after prolonged storage if certain lipases are present in the biotherapeutic product. Because the degradation of polysorbates compromises the shelf life of biotherapeutics and leads to the formation of undesirable products such as protein aggregates and subvisible particles, it is important to identify the active enzymes that catalyze polysorbate hydrolysis. In this study, we developed a novel fluorophosphonate activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) probe (termed the REGN probe), which mimics the structure of polysorbate and targets lipases catalyzing polysorbate degradation. We demonstrated that the REGN probe could enrich certain lipases from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lysate by more than 100-fold compared with direct tryptic digestion. Furthermore, we found that the REGN probe had higher lipase enrichment efficiency than commercially available ABPP probes including fluorophosphonate-biotin (FP-biotin) and FP-desthiobiotin. Remarkably, the REGN probe can enrich several lipases that cannot be labeled by commercial probes, such as lysosomal acid lipase and cytosolic phospholipase A2. Additionally, we showed that lipases with abundances as low as 0.08 ppm in drug substances were detected by the REGN probe enrichment and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Collectively, we have developed a novel ABPP probe with higher enrichment efficiency and broader coverage for lipases compared with commercial probes, and this probe can be used to detect the trace level of lipases in biotherapeutic products and to facilitate their development and manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Yuan Liu
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Song Nie
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Mutual Influence of Some Flavonoids and Classical Nonionic Surfactants on Their Adsorption and Volumetric Properties at Different Temperatures. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092842. [PMID: 35566192 PMCID: PMC9099528 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing practical use of mixtures of flavonoids with nonionic surfactants the presented studies were based on the measurements of surface tension and conductivity of aqueous solution of the quercetin (Q) and rutin (Ru) in the mixtures with Triton X-114 (TX114) and Tween 80 (T80) as well as the contact angle of model liquids on the PTFE surface covered by the quercetin and rutin layers. Based on the obtained results components and parameters of the quercetin and rutin surface tension were determined and the mutual influence of Q and Ru in the mixtures with TX114 and T80 on their adsorption and volumetric properties were considered. It was found, among others, that based on the surface tension isotherms of the aqueous solution of the single flavonoid and nonionic surfactant, the surface tension isotherms of the aqueous solution of their mixture, the composition of the mixed monolayer at the water-air interface as well as the CMC of flavonoid + nonionic surfactant mixture can be predicted. The standard Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of the adsorption and aggregation of the studied mixtures were also found, showing the mechanism of the adsorption and aggregation processes of the flavonoid + nonionic surfactant mixture.
Collapse
|
55
|
Madabhushi SR, Huang C, Wang X, Bui A, Atieh TB, Rayfield WJ, Jayapal KP, Lin H. An innovative strategy to recycle permeate in biologics continuous manufacturing process to improve material efficiency and sustainability. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3262. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chung‐Jr Huang
- Biologics Upstream Process Development Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth New Jersey USA
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Biologics Upstream Process Development Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth New Jersey USA
| | - Ashley Bui
- Biologics Upstream Process Development Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth New Jersey USA
| | - Tariq Bassam Atieh
- Biologics Upstream Process Development Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth New Jersey USA
| | - William J. Rayfield
- Biologics Downstream Process Development Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth New Jersey USA
| | - Karthik P. Jayapal
- Biologics Upstream Process Development Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth New Jersey USA
| | - Henry Lin
- Biologics Upstream Process Development Merck & Co., Inc. Kenilworth New Jersey USA
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Poloxamer 188 as surfactant in biological formulations - An alternative for polysorbate 20/80? Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121706. [PMID: 35367584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are used to stabilize biologics. Particularly, polysorbates (Tween® 20 and Tween® 80) dominate the group of surfactants in protein and especially antibody drug products. Since decades drug developers rely on the ethoxylated sorbitan fatty acid ester mixtures to stabilize sensitive molecules such as proteins. Reasons are (i) excellent stabilizing properties, and (ii) well recognized safety and tolerability profile of these polysorbates in humans, especially for parenteral applications. However, over the past decade concerns regarding the stability of these two polysorbates were raised. The search of alternatives with preferably less reservations concerning degradation and product quality reducing issues leads, among others, to poloxamer 188 (e.g. Kolliphor® P188), a nonionic triblock-copolymer surfactant. This review sums up our current knowledge related to the characterization and physico-chemical properties of poloxamer 188, its analytics and stability properties for biological formulations. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages as a suitable polysorbate-alternative for the stabilization of biologics are discussed.
Collapse
|
57
|
A Mechanistic Understanding of Monoclonal Antibody Interfacial Protection by Hydrolytically Degraded Polysorbate 20 and 80 under IV Bag Conditions. Pharm Res 2022; 39:563-575. [PMID: 35277841 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polysorbates (PS) contain polyoxyethylene (POE) sorbitan/isosorbide fatty acid esters that can partially hydrolyze over time in liquid drug products to generate degradants and a remaining intact PS fraction with a modified ester distribution. The degradants are composed of free fatty acids (FFAs) --primarily lauric acid for PS20 and oleic acid for PS80-- and POE head groups. We previously demonstrated that under IV bag agitation conditions, mAb1 (a surface-active IgG4) aggregation increased with increasing amounts of degradants for PS20 but not for PS80. The purpose of this work is to understand the mechanism behind this observation. METHODS The surface tension of the remaining intact PS fraction without degradants was modeled and compared with that of enzymatically degraded PS solutions. Next, mAb1 aggregation in saline was measured in the presence of laurate and oleate salts during static storage. Lastly, colloidal and conformational stability of mAb1 in the presence of these salts was investigated through differential scanning fluorimetry and dynamic light scattering under IV bag solution conditions. RESULTS The surface tension was primarily influenced by FFAs rather than the modified ester distribution of the remaining intact PS. MAb1 bulk aggregation increased in the presence of laurate but not oleate salts. Both salt types increased the melting temperature of mAb1 indicating FFA-mAb1 interactions. However, only laurate salt increased mAb1 self-association potentially explaining the higher aggregation propensity in its presence. CONCLUSION Our results help explain the observed differences between hydrolytically degraded PS20 and PS80 in affecting mAb1 aggregation under IV bag agitation conditions.
Collapse
|
58
|
Mechanistic understanding of metal-catalyzed oxidation of polysorbate 80 and monoclonal antibody in biotherapeutic formulations. Int J Pharm 2022; 615:121496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
59
|
Boonpratum C, Naemchanthara P, Limsuwan P, Naemchanthara K. Effects of chitosan and Tween 80 addition on the properties of nanofiber mat through the electrospinning. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) with excellent biomedical properties was mixed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to be used as the spinning solution. The spinning solutions with various concentrations of CS:PVA from 10:90% to 50:50% (v/v) were investigated. Tween 80 (T80) was added in the spinning solutions of CS and PVA. The nanofiber mats with and without T80 addition obtained from the spinning solutions by electrospinning technique were investigated and addressed. The results showed that the viscosity of the CS and PVA spinning solutions increased with increasing the CS concentration, whereas the viscosity decreased after T80 addition. The nanofiber mats with 10–30% CS concentrations were prepared successfully as a smooth surface and high dense nanofiber mat. The average diameter of the nanofiber decreased with increasing the CS concentration. The increase in the CS concentration of the nanofiber mat can increase the mechanical and antibacterial properties, whereas the wettability and drug release property were decreased. Moreover, the nanofiber mats with T80 addition had higher mechanical property and wettability than the nanofiber mats without T80 addition. Finally, the T80 addition can enhance hydrophilicity and promote the drug release property of the nanofiber mat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chalongwut Boonpratum
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi , 126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru , Bangkok , 10140 , Thailand
| | - Patcharin Naemchanthara
- Department of Material and Process Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Rayong Campus , Rayong , 21120 , Thailand
| | - Pichet Limsuwan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi , 126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru , Bangkok , 10140 , Thailand
| | - Kittisakchai Naemchanthara
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi , 126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru , Bangkok , 10140 , Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Industry perspective on the use and characterization of polysorbates for biopharmaceutical products Part 1: Survey report on current state and common practices for handling and control of polysorbates. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1280-1291. [PMID: 35192858 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PS) are widely used as a stabilizer in biopharmaceutical products. Industry practices on various aspects of PS are presented in this part 1 survey report based on a confidential survey and following discussions by 16 globally acting major biotechnology companies. The current practice and use of PS during manufacture across their global manufacturing sites are covered in addition to aspects like current understanding of the (in)stability of PS, the routine QC testing and control of PS, and selected regulatory aspects of PS. The results of the survey and extensive cross-company discussions are put into relation with currently available scientific literature. Part 2 of the survey report (upcoming) will focus on understanding, monitoring, prediction, and mitigation of PS degradation pathways to develop an effective control strategy.
Collapse
|
61
|
Gilbert PH, Zhang Z, Qian KK, Allen DP, Ford R, Wagner NJ, Liu Y. Aggregation Kinetics of Polysorbate 80/ m-Cresol Solutions: A Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Study. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:862-875. [PMID: 35138864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate 80 (PS80), a nonionic surfactant used in pharmaceutical formulation, is known to be incompatible with m-cresol, an antimicrobial agent for multi-dose injectable formulations. This incompatibility results in increased turbidity caused by micelle aggregation progressing over weeks or longer, where storage temperature, ionic strength, and component concentration influence the aggregation kinetics. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) analysis of PS80/m-cresol solutions over a pharmaceutically relevant concentration range of each component reveals the cause of aggregation, the coalescence mechanism, and aggregate structure. PS80 solutions containing m-cresol concentrations below ≈2.0 mg/mL and above ≈4.5 mg/mL are kinetically stable and do not aggregate over a 50 h period. At 5 mg/mL of m-cresol, the mixture forms a kinetically stable microemulsion phase, despite being well below the aqueous solubility limit of m-cresol. Solutions containing intermediate m-cresol concentrations (2.0-4.5 mg/mL) are unstable, resulting in aggregation, coalescence, and eventual phase separation. In unstable solutions, two stages of aggregate growth (nucleation and power-law growth) are observed at m-cresol concentrations at or below ≈3.6 mg/mL. At higher m-cresol concentrations, aggregates experience a third stage of exponential growth. A single kinetic model is developed to explain the stages of aggregate growth observed in both kinetic mechanisms. This work establishes the phase diagram of PS80/m-cresol solution stability and identifies component concentrations necessary for producing stable formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Gilbert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Zhenhuan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Ken K Qian
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States
| | - David P Allen
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States
| | - Rachel Ford
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Norman J Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Chaiin P, Yostaworakul J, Rungnim C, Khemthong P, Yata T, Boonrungsiman S. Self-calcifying lipid nanocarrier for bone tissue engineering. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130047. [PMID: 34757163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A nanoemulsion with specific surface properties (such as charge and functional groups) can initiate the deposition of calcium phosphate (CaP) on its surface, leading to formation of CaP nanoparticles with a lipid core. The lipid core can carry lipophilic compounds based on the function of the nanoemulsion. Therefore, a dual purpose nanoemulsion of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) exhibiting self-calcifying and carrier abilities can be developed. METHODS We employed an emulsification process to formulate LNPs with a specific charged surface. The LNPs were tested for their ability to calcify in simulated body fluid and encapsulate cholecalciferol (a model of active compound). The self-calcifying LNP was successfully fabricated using the emulsification process and stabilized using a mixture of polysorbate 80 and polysorbate 20. RESULTS The LNPs incubated in simulated body fluid bound to calcium and phosphate, subsequently forming CaP on the particle surface and resulting in approximately 180-nm CaP spheres with a lipid core. The LNPs facilitated calcium phosphate deposition in the collagen scaffolds. In addition, LNPs can be used as carriers of lipophilic compounds without impeding the self-calcifying ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poowadon Chaiin
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jakarwan Yostaworakul
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chompoonut Rungnim
- NSTDA Supercomputer Center (ThaiSC), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pongtanawat Khemthong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Yata
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suwimon Boonrungsiman
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Li X, Wang F, Li H, Richardson DD, Roush DJ. The measurement and control of high-risk host cell proteins for polysorbate degradation in biologics formulation. Antib Ther 2022; 5:42-54. [PMID: 35155990 PMCID: PMC8826928 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonionic surfactant polysorbates, including PS-80 and PS-20, are commonly used in the formulation of biotherapeutic products for both preventing surface adsorption and acting as stabilizer against protein aggregation. Trace levels of residual host cell proteins (HCPs) with lipase or esterase enzymatic activity have been shown to degrade polysorbates in biologics formulation. The measurement and control of these low abundance, high-risk HCPs for polysorbate degradation are an industry-wide challenge to achieve desired shelf life of biopharmaceuticals in liquid formulation, especially for high-concentration formulation product development. Here, we reviewed the challenges, recent advances, and future opportunities of analytical method development, risk assessment, and control strategies for polysorbate degradation during formulation development with a focus on enzymatic degradation. Continued efforts to advance our understanding of polysorbate degradation in biologics formulation will help develop high-quality medicines for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwen Li
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Xuanwen Li, Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WPP042A-4015, West Point, PA 19486. Tel: 215-652-1829;
| | - Fengqiang Wang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - David J Roush
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Zhang S, Riccardi C, Kamen D, Xiao H, Li N. Monitoring polysorbate hydrolysis in therapeutic proteins using an ultrasensitive extraction-free fatty acid quantitation method. Anal Biochem 2022; 637:114472. [PMID: 34801481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PSs) are surfactants commonly added to therapeutic protein drug product formulations to protect proteins from denaturation and aggregation during storage, transportation, and delivery. However, enzymatic hydrolysis of PSs has been recognized as the primary route of PS degradation in monoclonal antibody formulations, resulting in the release of free fatty acids that drive undesired particulate formation. Here, we present a rapid lipase activity assay with optimized incubation conditions for accurate quantitation of free fatty acids without a fatty acid extraction step. This assay can detect low levels of PS degradation (0.000024% PS20 degradation) within 1 day with minimal sample preparation. The levels of released free fatty acids were found to strongly correlate with the degree of PS20 degradation. The case study described herein suggests that this approach can detect low levels of PS20 degradation caused by sub-ppm lipase levels within 1 day, compared with the duration of 14 days needed for PS degradation assays based on two-dimensional liquid chromatography-charge aerosol detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Zhang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Caterina Riccardi
- Formulation Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Douglas Kamen
- Formulation Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Hui Xiao
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA.
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Identification of the specific causes of polysorbate 20 degradation in monoclonal antibody formulations containing multiple lipases. Pharm Res 2022; 39:75-87. [PMID: 34981317 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polysorbates (PS) are excipients used in the biotech industry to stabilize monoclonal antibody (mAb) protein products. However, PS in drug product formulations can be degraded during storage and lead to particle formation because of the limited solubility of the free fatty acids released through the enzymatic hydrolysis of PS-a process driven by residual host cell proteins, especially lipases, that are co-purified with the drugs. When multiple lipases are present, it is very difficult to know the cause for PS degradation. In this study, we aim to determine the cause of PS degradation from two lipases, lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). METHODS PS degradation pattern of the drug product was compared with those induced by recombinant lipases. Correlations between the concentration of LPL or LAL and PS20 loss were compared. Specific inhibitors, LAL inhibitor lalistat2 and LPL inhibitor GSK264220A, were used to differentiate their degradation of PS in the drug products. RESULTS The complete inhibition of PS20 degradation by lalistat2 suggested that LAL, rather than LPL, was responsible for the PS20 degradation. In addition, LAL was more strongly correlated than LPL with the percentage of PS20 degradation. No PS20 degradation was observed for several mAbs containing similar levels of LPL (0.5-1.5 ppm) in the absence of LAL, suggesting that LPL concentrations below 1.5 ppm does not degrade PS20 in drug products. CONCLUSIONS LAL was determined to be the cause of the PS20 degradation. This study provides a practical strategy to determine the root cause of PS degradation.
Collapse
|
66
|
Hecht ES, Mehta S, Wecksler AT, Aguilar B, Swanson N, Phung W, Dubey Kelsoe A, Benner WH, Tesar D, Kelley RF, Sandoval W, Sreedhara A. Insights into ultra-low affinity lipase-antibody noncovalent complex binding mechanisms. MAbs 2022; 14:2135183. [PMID: 36284469 PMCID: PMC9621051 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2135183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of host cell protein (HCP) impurities is critical to ensuring that recombinant drug products, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are safe. Mechanistic characterization as to how HCPs persist in drug products is important to refining downstream processing. It has been hypothesized that weak lipase-mAb interactions enable HCP lipases to evade drug purification processes. Here, we apply state-of-the-art methods to establish lipase-mAb binding mechanisms. First, the mass spectrometry (MS) approach of fast photochemical oxidation of proteins was used to elucidate putative binding regions. The CH1 domain was identified as a conserved interaction site for IgG1 and IgG4 mAbs against the HCPs phospholipase B-like protein (PLBL2) and lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2). Rationally designed mutations in the CH1 domain of the IgG4 mAb caused a 3- to 70-fold KD reduction against PLBL2 by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). LPLA2-IgG4 mutant complexes, undetected by SPR and studied using native MS collisional dissociation experiments, also showed significant complex disruption, from 16% to 100%. Native MS and ion mobility (IM) determined complex stoichiometries for four lipase-IgG4 complexes and directly interrogated the enrichment of specific lipase glycoforms. Confirmed with time-course and exoglycosidase experiments, deglycosylated lipases prevented binding, and low-molecular-weight glycoforms promoted binding, to mAbs. This work demonstrates the value of integrated biophysical approaches to characterize micromolar affinity complexes. It is the first in-depth structural report of lipase-mAb binding, finding roles for the CH1 domain and lipase glycosylation in mediating binding. The structural insights gained offer new approaches for the bioengineering of cells or mAbs to reduce HCP impurity levels.Abbreviations: CAN, Acetonitrile; AMAC, Ammonium acetate; BFGS, Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno; CHO, Chinese Hamster Ovary; KD, Dissociation constant; DTT, Dithiothreitol; ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FPOP, Fast photochemical oxidation of proteins; FA, Formic acid; F(ab'), Fragment antibodies; HCP, Host cell protein; IgG, Immunoglobulin; IM, Ion mobility; LOD, Lower limit of detection; LPLA2, Lysosomal phospholipase A2; Man, Mannose; MS, Mass spectrometry; MeOH, Methanol; MST, Microscale thermophoresis; mAbs, Monoclonal antibodies; PPT1, Palmitoyl protein thioesterase; ppm, Parts per million; PLBL2, Phospholipase B-like protein; PLD3, Phospholipase D3; PS-20, Polysorbate-20; SP, Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase; SPR, Surface plasmon resonance; TFA, Trifluoroacetic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sara Hecht
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shrenik Mehta
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron T. Wecksler
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel Swanson
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Phung
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Devin Tesar
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert F. Kelley
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA,CONTACT Wendy Sandoval Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alavattam Sreedhara
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA,Alavattam Sreedhara Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA94080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Hipper E, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P, Kaiser W. Photo-Oxidation of Therapeutic Protein Formulations: From Radical Formation to Analytical Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:72. [PMID: 35056968 PMCID: PMC8779573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UV and ambient light-induced modifications and related degradation of therapeutic proteins are observed during manufacturing and storage. Therefore, to ensure product quality, protein formulations need to be analyzed with respect to photo-degradation processes and eventually protected from light exposure. This task usually demands the application and combination of various analytical methods. This review addresses analytical aspects of investigating photo-oxidation products and related mediators such as reactive oxygen species generated via UV and ambient light with well-established and novel techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Schuster J, Kamuju V, Mathaes R. Fate of Antibody and Polysorbate Particles in a Human Serum Model. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 171:72-79. [PMID: 34920132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and excipients can degrade owing to different stress factors they encounter during their life cycle or after administration in human body. This can result in the formation of aggregates and particulates. As particles can evoke an immune response in patients, it becomes increasingly important to monitor their fate after administration. In this study, we used a protein-free serum model to assess the fate of mAb and polysorbate (PS) particles under physiologic conditions. Commonly encountered stress conditions such as pH, temperature, extrusion, and shaking were chosen to generate mAb particles. Alkaline hydrolysis was used to generate PS particles. The fate of aggregates and particles was evaluated in serum and histidine buffer. We observed that depending on the nature of stress and the environment particles are subjected to, the fate of particles can differ substantially. The mAb aggregates generated by pH stress, showed reduction in HMWS from 26% to 6% over 14days in human serum filtrate. PS particles dissolved at 37°C but remained unaltered in Histidine at 5°C. Our results reinforce the need to track the fate of particles generated during drug product development upon exposure to physiologic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schuster
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vinay Kamuju
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Mathaes
- Lonza Pharma and Biotech, Drug Product Services, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Particles in Biopharmaceutical Formulations, Part 2: An Update on Analytical Techniques and Applications for Therapeutic Proteins, Viruses, Vaccines and Cells. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:933-950. [PMID: 34919969 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Particles in biopharmaceutical formulations remain a hot topic in drug product development. With new product classes emerging it is crucial to discriminate particulate active pharmaceutical ingredients from particulate impurities. Technical improvements, new analytical developments and emerging tools (e.g., machine learning tools) increase the amount of information generated for particles. For a proper interpretation and judgment of the generated data a thorough understanding of the measurement principle, suitable application fields and potential limitations and pitfalls is required. Our review provides a comprehensive overview of novel particle analysis techniques emerging in the last decade for particulate impurities in therapeutic protein formulations (protein-related, excipient-related and primary packaging material-related), as well as particulate biopharmaceutical formulations (virus particles, virus-like particles, lipid nanoparticles and cell-based medicinal products). In addition, we review the literature on applications, describe specific analytical approaches and illustrate advantages and drawbacks of currently available techniques for particulate biopharmaceutical formulations.
Collapse
|
70
|
Jiskoot W, Hawe A, Menzen T, Volkin DB, Crommelin DJA. Ongoing Challenges to Develop High Concentration Monoclonal Antibody-based Formulations for Subcutaneous Administration: Quo Vadis? J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:861-867. [PMID: 34813800 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although many subcutaneously (s.c.) delivered, high-concentration antibody formulations (HCAF) have received regulatory approval and are widely used commercially, formulation scientists are still presented with many ongoing challenges during HCAF development with new mAb and mAb-based candidates. Depending on the specific physicochemical and biological properties of a particular mAb-based molecule, such challenges vary from pharmaceutical attributes e.g., stability, viscosity, manufacturability, to clinical performance e.g., bioavailability, immunogenicity, and finally to patient experience e.g., preference for s.c. vs. intravenous delivery and/or preferred interactions with health-care professionals. This commentary focuses on one key formulation obstacle encountered during HCAF development: how to maximize the dose of the drug? We examine methodologies for increasing the protein concentration, increasing the volume delivered, or combining both approaches together. We discuss commonly encountered hurdles, i.e., physical protein instability and solution volume limitations, and we provide recommendations to formulation scientists to facilitate their development of s.c. administered HCAF with new mAb-based product candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Jiskoot
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Hawe
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tim Menzen
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Daan J A Crommelin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Glücklich N, Carle S, Buske J, Mäder K, Garidel P. Assessing the polysorbate degradation fingerprints and kinetics of lipases - how the activity of polysorbate degrading hydrolases is influenced by the assay and assay conditions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 166:105980. [PMID: 34419573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two of the most widely used surfactants to stabilize biologicals against e.g. interfacial stresses are polysorbate 20 (PS20) and polysorbate 80 (PS80). In recent years, numerous cases of hydrolytic polysorbate (PS) degradation in liquid formulations of biopharmaceuticals have been observed. Concomitant with the degradation of PSs, formulated proteins become inherently instable and more susceptible to aggregation. Furthermore, poorly soluble fatty acids (FA) are released from the PSs, which might lead to FA precipitation and the formation of visible and subvisible particles. Therefore, possible particle inducing factors have to be monitored closely. The major root cause of hydrolytic PS degradation in biologicals is the presence of enzymatic active host cell proteins (HCP), like lipases and esterases, which are co-purified with the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Such contaminants can be detected via their hydrolytic activity, either using ester-based substrates or PS itself. However, each approach has its up- and downsides, which makes the comparison of the results from other publications difficult. It was therefore the aim of the present study to investigate the impact of lipase specificities on the assay readouts. This study evaluates three different surrogate (model) lipases with distinctively different degradation kinetics and substrate specificities using specific analytical methods. The analytical panel contains on one hand two lipase activity assays with ester-based substrates, either detecting the release of para-nitrophenol or 4-methylumbelliferone, and on the other hand two PS-based monitoring analyses (fluorescence micelle assay and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography - charged aerosol detection), which detect hydrolytic "activity" directly in the target substrate. Thereby, strengths and weaknesses of each assay are discussed, and recommendations are made for the respective use cases. Our results show that the determined lipase activities vary not only from assay to assay, but also significantly for the lipase tested, thus showing a different degradation fingerprint in the RP-HPLC-CAD chromatogram. This demonstrates that a comprehensive monitoring approach is essential to assess potential HCP contaminations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Glücklich
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Carle
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Zhang J, He J, Smith KJ. Fatty Acids Can Induce the Formation of Proteinaceous Particles in Monoclonal Antibody Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:655-662. [PMID: 34666046 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of subvisible or visible particles in mAb formulations can pose significant challenges to pharmaceutical development as it can lead to reduced shelf life, batch rejection, and recalls. Among all type of particles, proteinaceous particles are the most concerning due to their potential role in immunogenicity. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism for protein particle formation remains poorly understood. Past research highlighted the importance of interfaces and mechanical agitation in causing protein particle formation. Current research suggests that fatty acids, as impurities present in excipients or as a result of polysorbate degradation, can also induce protein assembly and promote particle formation. In this work, we assessed oleic and lauric acid for their impact on particle formation as each represents the main hydrolysis product of PS80 or PS20, respectively. It was found that co-existence of either fatty acids with 10 mg/mL mAb A can cause protein particles, with a similar morphology to those observed previously in mAb formulations. FTIR spectra showed that the particles are proteinaceous, heterogeneous in its composition, but contain corresponding fatty acids. Interestingly, it was found that oleic acid is significantly more effective in causing protein particles than lauric acid in these experiments. This suggests that PS20 containing formulations might have a lower likelihood to have protein particles compared to PS80 containing mAb formulations if hydrolysis of polysorbate were to occur. Lastly, the presence of 0.01% polysorbate in the mAb A formulation was able to fully mitigate the effect of fatty acids and reduce the protein particles significantly, suggesting a potential mechanism where interfacial action is involved. The present study can help to understand the root cause for protein particles in a mAb formulation where fatty acids are introduced because of polysorbate hydrolysis. With further work, it will help to shed light into product control strategy as well as design approaches for robust mAb products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiayi He
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Hirschman J, Venkataramani D, Murphy MI, Patel SM, Du J, Amin S. Application of thin gap rheometry for high shear rate viscosity measurement in monoclonal antibody formulations. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
74
|
Doshi N, Ritchie K, Shobha T, Giddings J, Gregoritza K, Taing R, Rumbelow S, Chu J, Tomlinson A, Kannan A, Saggu M, Cai SK, Nicoulin V, Liu W, Russell S, Luis L, Yadav S. Evaluating a Modified High Purity Polysorbate 20 Designed to Reduce the Risk of Free Fatty Acid Particle Formation. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1563-1583. [PMID: 34495486 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate a modified high purity polysorbate 20 (RO HP PS20)-with lower levels of stearate, palmitate and myristate esters than the non-modified HP PS20-as a surfactant in biopharmaceutical drug products (DP). RO HP PS20 was designed to provide functional equivalence as a surfactant while delaying the onset of free fatty acid (FFA) particle formation upon hydrolytic degradation relative to HP PS20. METHODS Analytical characterization of RO HP PS20 raw material included fatty acid ester (FAE) distribution, higher order ester (HOE) fraction, FFA levels and trace metals. Functional assessments included 1) vial and intravenous bag agitation; 2) oxidation via a placebo and methionine surrogate study; and 3) hydrolytic PS20 degradation studies to evaluate FFA particle formation with and without metal nucleation. RESULTS Interfacial protection and oxidation propensity were comparable between the two polysorbates. Upon hydrolytic degradation, FFA particle onset was delayed in RO HP PS20. The delay was more pronounced when HOEs of PS20 were preferentially degraded. Furthermore, the hydrolytic degradants of RO HP PS20 formed fewer particles in the presence of spiked aluminum. CONCLUSION This work highlights the criticality of having tighter control on long chain FAE levels of PS20 to reduce the occurrence of FFA particle formation upon hydrolytic degradation and lower the variability in its onset. By simultaneously meeting compendial PS20 specifications while narrowing the allowable range for each FAE and shifting its composition towards the shorter carbon chain species, RO HP PS20 provides a promising alternative to HP PS20 for biopharmaceutical DPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Doshi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
| | - Kyle Ritchie
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Tamanna Shobha
- Pharmaceutical Technical Innovation, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jamie Giddings
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Kathrin Gregoritza
- Pharma Technical Development Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4054, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosalynn Taing
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Stephen Rumbelow
- Croda Inc, 777 Scudders Mill Road, Bldg. 2, Plainsboro, NJ, 08536, USA
| | - Jeff Chu
- Analytical Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Anthony Tomlinson
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Aadithya Kannan
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Miguel Saggu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Si Kai Cai
- Pharma Technical Development Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4054, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victor Nicoulin
- Pharma Technical Development Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4054, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Steve Russell
- Analytical Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Lin Luis
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Pharmaceutical Technical Innovation, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Chen Y, Xu CF, Stanley B, Evangelist G, Brinkmann A, Liu S, McCarthy S, Xiong L, Jones E, Sosic Z, Yeung B. A Highly Sensitive LC-MS/MS Method for Targeted Quantitation of Lipase Host Cell Proteins in Biotherapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3811-3818. [PMID: 34461112 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Identification and accurate quantitation of host cell proteins (HCPs) in biotherapeutic drugs has become increasingly important due to the negative impact of certain HCPs on the safety, stability, and other product quality of biotherapeutics. Recently, several lipase HCPs have been identified to potentially cause the enzymatic degradation of polysorbate, a widely used excipient in the formulation of biotherapeutics, which can severely impact the stability and product quality of drug products. In this study, we identified three lipase HCPs that were frequently detected in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures using shotgun proteomics, including phospholipase B-like 2 (PLBL2), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA). A targeted quantitation method for these three lipase HCPs was developed utilizing liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with high-resolution multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRMhr) quantitation. The method demonstrated good sensitivity with low limit of quantitation (LLOQ) around 1 ng/mL, and linear dynamic range of three orders of magnitude for the three lipase HCPs. It has been applied for the characterization of process intermediates from various in-house monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. In addition, the method has also been used to evaluate the robustness of clearance for one of the lipase HCPs, PLBL2, under different column purification process conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lei Xiong
- SCIEX, Redwood City, California, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Webster GK, Chang JC, Heflin JL. Stability Indicating Method for Polysorbate 80 in Protein Formulations. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:706-713. [PMID: 33367524 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbates (also known as "Tween") are common components of protein formulations used to minimize protein adsorption and stabilize the protein. These nonionic surfactants are heterogenous mixtures of fatty acids with a complex reversed-phase profile due to the inhomogeneity of the polymers present. Polysorbates can be oxidized, which can be hard to detect in the complex polymer profile. Further adding to the analytical challenge is the lack of a chromophore for the detection of these polymers. The routine analysis of polysorbates in protein formulations was greatly improved through the introduction of online solid-phase extraction (SPE) to simplify the polysorbate profile for quantification. However, this method combines many of the polysorbate polymers into a single peak for detection, thus limiting its effectiveness for detecting degradation. To address the need for a stability indicating method without the complexity of the reversed-phase profile, an optimized online SPE method was developed and investigated. Using polysorbate 80, this investigation shows that further expanding the step gradient can yield a profile that is stability indicating and available for routine testing of protein formulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K Webster
- Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
| | - Jean C Chang
- Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
| | - Julie L Heflin
- Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL 60064 USA
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Radivojev S, Luschin-Ebengreuth G, Pinto JT, Laggner P, Cavecchi A, Cesari N, Cella M, Melli F, Paudel A, Fröhlich E. Impact of simulated lung fluid components on the solubility of inhaled drugs and predicted in vivo performance. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120893. [PMID: 34274456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Orally inhaled products (OIPs) are gaining increased attention, as pulmonary delivery is a preferred route for the treatment of various diseases. Yet, the field of inhalation biopharmaceutics is still in development phase. For a successful correlation between various in vitro data obtained during formulation characterization and in vivo performance, it is necessary to understand the impact of parameters such as solubility and dissolution of drugs. In this work, we used in vitro-in silico feedback-feedforward approach to gain a better insight into the biopharmaceutics behavior of inhaled Salbutamol Sulphate (SS) and Budesonide (BUD). The thorough characterization of the in vitro test media and the impact of different in vitro fluid components such as lipids and protein on the solubility of aforementioned drugs was studied. These results were subsequently used as an input into the developed in silico models to investigate potential PK parameter changes in vivo. Results revealed that media comprising lipids and albumin were the most biorelevant and impacted the solubility of BUD the most. On the contrary, no notable impact was seen in case of SS. The use of simple media such as phosphate buffer saline (PBS) might be sufficient to use in solubility studies of the highly soluble and permeable drugs. However, its use for the poorly soluble drugs is limited due to the greater potential for interactions within in vivo environment. The use of in silico tools showed that the model response varies, depending on the used media. Therefore, this work highlights the relevance of carefully selecting the media composition when investigating solubility and dissolution behavior, especially in the early phases of drug development and of poorly soluble drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Radivojev
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria; Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstraße 24, Graz 8010, Austria
| | | | - Joana T Pinto
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Peter Laggner
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria
| | | | - Nicola Cesari
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Palermo, 26 A, Parma, 43122, Italy
| | - Massimo Cella
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Palermo, 26 A, Parma, 43122, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Melli
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Palermo, 26 A, Parma, 43122, Italy
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria; Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz, 8010, Austria.
| | - Eleonore Fröhlich
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, Graz 8010, Austria; Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Stiftingtalstraße 24, Graz 8010, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Knoch H, Ulbrich MH, Mittag JJ, Buske J, Garidel P, Heerklotz H. Complex Micellization Behavior of the Polysorbates Tween 20 and Tween 80. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3147-3157. [PMID: 34251210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polysorbates (PSs, Tweens) are widely used surfactant products consisting of a sorbitan ring connecting up to four ethylene oxide (EO) chains of variable lengths, one or more of which are esterified with fatty acids of variable lengths and saturation degrees. Pharmaceutical applications include the stabilization of biologicals in solutions and the solubilization of poorly water soluble, active ingredients. This study characterizes the complex association behavior of compendial PSs PS20 and PS80, which is fundamentally different from that of single-component surfactants. To this end, a series of demicellization experiments of isothermal titration calorimetry with different PS concentrations are evaluated. Their experiment-dependent heats of titration are converted into a common function of the state of a sample, the micellar enthalpy Qm(c). These functions demonstrate that initial micelles are already present at the lowest concentrations investigated, 2 μM for PS20 and 10 μM for PS80. Initial micelles consist primarily of the surfactant species with the lowest individual critical micelle concentration (cmc). With increasing concentration, the other PS species gradually enter these micelles in the sequence of increasing individual cmc's and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. Concentration ranges with pronounced slopes of Qm(c) can be tentatively assigned to the uptake of the major components of the PS products. Micellization and the variation of the micelle properties progress up to at least 10 mM PS. That means the published cmc values or ranges of PS20 and PS80 may be related to certain, major components being incorporated into and forming specific micelles but must not be interpreted in terms of an absence of micelles below and constant properties, e.g., the surface activity, of the micelles above these ranges. The micellization enthalpy curves differ quite substantially between PS20 and PS80 and, in a subtler fashion, between individual quality grades such as high purity, pure lauric acid/pure oleic acid, super-refined, and China grade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Knoch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Maximilian H Ulbrich
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Judith J Mittag
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88400 Biberach an der Riß, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Heiko Heerklotz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, M5S Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Bauer J, Mathias S, Kube S, Otte K, Garidel P, Gamer M, Blech M, Fischer S, Karow-Zwick AR. Rational optimization of a monoclonal antibody improves the aggregation propensity and enhances the CMC properties along the entire pharmaceutical process chain. MAbs 2021; 12:1787121. [PMID: 32658605 PMCID: PMC7531517 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1787121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) primarily focuses on their biological activity favoring the selection of highly potent drug candidates. These candidates, however, may have physical or chemical attributes that lead to unfavorable chemistry, manufacturing, and control (CMC) properties, such as low product titers, conformational and colloidal instabilities, or poor solubility, which can hamper or even prevent development and manufacturing. Hence, there is an urgent need to consider the developability of mAb candidates during lead identification and optimization. This work provides a comprehensive proof of concept study for the significantly improved developability of a mAb variant that was optimized with the help of sophisticated in silico tools relative to its difficult-to-develop parental counterpart. Interestingly, a single amino acid substitution in the variable domain of the light chain resulted in a three-fold increased product titer after stable expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Microscopic investigations revealed that wild type mAb-producing cells displayed potential antibody inclusions, while the in silico optimized variant-producing cells showed a rescued phenotype. Notably, the drug substance of the in silico optimized variant contained substantially reduced levels of aggregates and fragments after downstream process purification. Finally, formulation studies unraveled a significantly enhanced colloidal stability of the in silico optimized variant while its folding stability and potency were maintained. This study emphasizes that implementation of bioinformatics early in lead generation and optimization of biotherapeutics reduces failures during subsequent development activities and supports the reduction of project timelines and resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joschka Bauer
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Sven Mathias
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach , Biberach/Riss, Germany.,Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kube
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach , Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Martin Gamer
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Simon Fischer
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , Biberach/Riss, Germany
| | - Anne R Karow-Zwick
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG , Biberach/Riss, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Lind TK, Nilsson EJ, Wyler B, Scherer D, Skansberger T, Morin M, Kocherbitov V, Engblom J. Effects of ethylene oxide chain length on crystallization of polysorbate 80 and its related compounds. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 592:468-484. [PMID: 33711648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the synthesis protocol polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80, PS80) is a highly complex mixture of compounds. PS80 was therefore separated into its main constituents, e.g. polyoxyethylene isosorbide esters and polyoxyethylene esters, as well as mono- di- and polyesters using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. In this comprehensive study the individual components and their ethoxylation level were verified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight and their thermotropic behavior was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. A distinct correlation was found between the average length of the ethylene oxide (EO) chains in the headgroup and the individual compounds' ability to crystallize. Importantly, a critical number of EO units required for crystallization of the headgroup was determined (6 EO units per chain or 24 per molecule). The investigation also revealed that the hydrocarbon tails only crystallize for polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters if saturated. PS80 is synthesized by reacting with approximately 20 mol of EO per mole of sorbitol, however, the number of EO units in the sorbitan ester in commercial PS80 products is higher than the expected 20 (5 EO units per chain). The complex behavior of all tested compounds revealed that if the amount of several of the linear by-products is reduced, the number of EO units in the chains will stay below the critical number and the product will not be able to crystallize by the EO chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania K Lind
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emelie J Nilsson
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Tatyana Skansberger
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maxim Morin
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Vitaly Kocherbitov
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johan Engblom
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Gilbert PH, Zhang Z, Qian KK, Allen DP, Wagner NJ, Liu Y. Preservative Induced Polysorbate 80 Micelle Aggregation. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2395-2404. [PMID: 33387597 PMCID: PMC11165925 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) studies of a model pharmaceutical formulation reveal how formulation stability depends on the compatibility of individual components. Solutions of two common protein formulation excipients, polysorbate 80 (PS80), a nonionic surfactant that prevents aggregation, and m-cresol, an antimicrobial agent for multi-dose injectable formulations, are investigated. The addition of m-cresol to PS80 solutions leads to solution turbidity and irreversibly alters PS80 micelle morphology. This slow preservative-induced destabilization of PS80 micelles progresses over days or even weeks, which highlights the essential role that aggregation kinetics plays in preservative-surfactant interactions. The temperature-dependence of PS80 micelle growth kinetics is quantified by SANS in the presence of m-cresol. Aggregation is a two-step process, where initial formation of small aggregates is followed by a period of monotonic power-law growth, providing evidence for the mechanism. Total aggregate mass stays constant after initial aggregate formation, and addition of a pH-regulating citrate buffer dramatically accelerates aggregation kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Gilbert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716; NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Zhenhuan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716; NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Ken K Qian
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225.
| | | | - Norman J Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716.
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716; NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Roy I, Patel A, Kumar V, Nanda T, Assenberg R, Wuchner K, Amin K. Polysorbate Degradation and Particle Formation in a High Concentration mAb: Formulation Strategies to Minimize Effect of Enzymatic Polysorbate Degradation. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3313-3323. [PMID: 34077768 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate (PS) 20 and 80 are the most common surfactants in monoclonal antibody (mAb) drug product (DP) formulations. Residual host cell proteins (HCP) present at extremely low concentrations in DP formulations can maintain enough enzymatic activity to degrade PS surfactants. Over time, the hydrolysis of surfactant causes the accumulation of minimally soluble free fatty acids resulting in precipitation and formation of subvisible and visible particulates. This manuscript summarizes the investigation of a batch of high concentration (>100 mg/mL) mAb DP where subvisible particles formed abruptly after prolonged storage at 5C°. The work also summarizes the effectiveness of different strategies for managing host cell proteins and fatty acid particles. The concentration and fatty acid composition of polysorbates were found to be significant factors in particle development. Solubilizers and alternative surfactants were all shown to be effective means of preventing particle formation. Lipase inhibitors proved to be a simple means to identify the problem but are more difficult to utilize as a solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Roy
- Drug Product Development, BioTherapeutics Development, Janssen Research & Development, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
| | - Ashaben Patel
- Drug Product Development, BioTherapeutics Development, Janssen Research & Development, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Drug Product Development, BioTherapeutics Development, Janssen Research & Development, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Tatiana Nanda
- Drug Product Development, BioTherapeutics Development, Janssen Research & Development, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Rene Assenberg
- Analytical Development, BioTherapeutics Development, Janssen Research & Development, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Klaus Wuchner
- Analytical Development, BioTherapeutics Development, Janssen Research & Development, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Ketan Amin
- Drug Product Development, BioTherapeutics Development, Janssen Research & Development, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Li X, Chandra D, Letarte S, Adam GC, Welch J, Yang RS, Rivera S, Bodea S, Dow A, Chi A, Strulson CA, Richardson DD. Profiling Active Enzymes for Polysorbate Degradation in Biotherapeutics by Activity-Based Protein Profiling. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8161-8169. [PMID: 34032423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate is widely used to maintain stability of biotherapeutic proteins in pharmaceutical formulation development. Degradation of polysorbate can lead to particle formation in drug products, which is a major quality concern and potential patient risk factor. Enzymatic activity from residual host cell enzymes such as lipases and esterases plays a major role for polysorbate degradation. Their high activity, often at very low concentration, constitutes a major analytical challenge in the biopharmaceutical industry. In this study, we evaluated and optimized the activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) approach to identify active enzymes responsible for polysorbate degradation. Using an optimized chemical probe, we established the first global profile of active serine hydrolases in harvested cell culture fluid (HCCF) for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) production from two Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. A total of eight known lipases were identified by ABPP with enzyme activity information, while only five lipases were identified by a traditional abundance-based proteomics (TABP) approach. Interestingly, phospholipase B-like 2 (PLBL2), a well-known problematic HCP was not found to be active in process-intermediates from two different mAbs. In a proof-of-concept study with downstream samples, phospholipase A2 group VII (PLA2G7) was only identified by ABPP and confirmed to contribute to polysorbate-80 degradation for the first time. The established ABBP approach is approved to be able to identify low-abundance host cell enzymes and fills the gap between lipase abundance and activity, which enables more meaningful polysorbate degradation investigations for biotherapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwen Li
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Divya Chandra
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Simon Letarte
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gregory C Adam
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jonathan Welch
- Biologics Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Rong-Sheng Yang
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shannon Rivera
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Smaranda Bodea
- Chemical Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alex Dow
- Biologics Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - An Chi
- Chemical Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Christopher A Strulson
- Biologics Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Rospiccio M, Arsiccio A, Winter G, Pisano R. The Role of Cyclodextrins against Interface-Induced Denaturation in Pharmaceutical Formulations: A Molecular Dynamics Approach. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2322-2333. [PMID: 33999634 PMCID: PMC8289300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Protein-based pharmaceutical
products are subject to a variety
of environmental stressors, during both production and shelf-life.
In order to preserve their structure, and, therefore, functionality,
it is necessary to use excipients as stabilizing agents. Among the
eligible stabilizers, cyclodextrins (CDs) have recently gained interest
in the scientific community thanks to their properties. Here, a computational
approach is proposed to clarify the role of β-cyclodextrin (βCD)
and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) against granulocyte
colony-stimulating (GCSF) factor denaturation at the air–water
and ice–water interfaces, and also in bulk water at 300 or
260 K. Both traditional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and enhanced
sampling techniques (metadynamics, MetaD) are used to shed light on
the underlying molecular mechanisms. Bulk simulations revealed that
CDs were preferentially included within the surface hydration layer
of GCSF, and even included some peptide residues in their hydrophobic
cavity. HPβCD was able to stabilize the protein against surface-induced
denaturation in proximity of the air–water interface, while
βCD had a destabilizing effect. No remarkable conformational
changes of GCSF, or noticeable effect of the CDs, were instead observed
at the ice surface. GCSF seemed less stable at low temperature (260
K), which may be attributed to cold-denaturation effects. In this
case, CDs did not significantly improve conformational stability.
In general, the conformationally altered regions of GCSF seemed not
to depend on the presence of excipients that only modulated the extent
of destabilization with either a positive or a negative effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Rospiccio
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Andrea Arsiccio
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Roberto Pisano
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Hydrolytic polysorbate 20 degradation - Sensitive detection of free fatty acids in biopharmaceuticals via UPLC-QDa analytics with isolator column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1174:122717. [PMID: 33975273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of polysorbates, e.g. induced by specific host cell proteins in biologics, is a known risk factor regarding the potential particle formation in the product over time. One of the root causes for this observation is an increase in free fatty acids (FA) within the formulation, which indicates the need for convenient monitoring of FA release. This study presents a novel UPLC-QDa based method to evaluate the content of the FAs esterified to polysorbate 20 (PS20) after hydrolysis. The presented method is label-free, i.e. independent of elaborate fluorophore-labeling and able to directly measure the ionized FAs. Furthermore, the method allows the determination of released FAs as percentage of ester bond hydrolysis and as absolute concentration expressed in ng/mL. Additionally, we describe for the first time in FA analytics the application of an isolator column, to remove trace levels of FAs present in the eluents to improve the sensitivity of the method. Lastly, the capabilities of the newly developed method are proven in case studies with three different monoclonal antibodies, which display characteristic FA release patterns in PS20-containing formulations. In summary, we developed a reliable, sensitive method for FA quantification in biologics, which could also be used as a predictive tool, considering FA solubility, regarding the formation of particles.
Collapse
|
86
|
Doshi N, Giddings J, Luis L, Wu A, Ritchie K, Liu W, Chan W, Taing R, Chu J, Sreedhara A, Kannan A, Kei P, Shieh I, Graf T, Hu M. A Comprehensive Assessment of All-Oleate Polysorbate 80: Free Fatty Acid Particle Formation, Interfacial Protection and Oxidative Degradation. Pharm Res 2021; 38:531-548. [PMID: 33713012 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enzymatic polysorbate (PS) degradation and resulting free fatty acid (FFA) particles are detrimental to biopharmaceutical drug product (DP) stability. Different types and grades of polysorbate have varying propensity to form FFA particles. This work evaluates the homogenous all-oleate (AO) PS80 alongside heterogeneous PS20 and PS80 grades in terms its propensity to form FFA particles and other important attributes like interfacial protection and oxidation susceptibility. METHODS FFA particle formation rates were compared by degrading PS using non-immobilized hydrolases and fast degrading DP formulations. Interfacial protection of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was assessed by agitation studies in saline using non-degraded and degraded PS. Several antioxidants were assessed for their ability to mitigate AO PS80 oxidation and subsequent mAb oxidation by a 40°C placebo stability study and a 2, 2'-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride stress model, respectively. RESULTS Visible and subvisible particles were significantly delayed in AO PS80 formulations compared with heterogeneous PS20 and PS80 formulations. Non-degraded AO PS80 was less protective of mAbs against the air-water interface compared with heterogeneous PS20. Interfacial protection by AO PS80 improved upon degradation owing to high surface activity of FFAs. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) completely mitigated AO PS80 oxidation unlike L-methionine and N-Acetyl-DL-Tryptophan. However, DTPA did not mitigate radical mediated mAb oxidation. CONCLUSION AO PS80 is a promising alternative to reduce FFA particle formation compared with other PS types and grades. However, limitations observed here---such as lower protection against interfacial stresses and higher propensity for oxidation---need to be considered in assessing the risk/benefit ratio in using AO PS80.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Doshi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA.
| | - Jamie Giddings
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Lin Luis
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Arthur Wu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Kyle Ritchie
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Wayman Chan
- Analytical Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Rosalynn Taing
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Jeff Chu
- Analytical Operations, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Alavattam Sreedhara
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Aadithya Kannan
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Pervina Kei
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Ian Shieh
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Tobias Graf
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Mark Hu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Zhang X, Wu W. Liquid Crystalline Phases for Enhancement of Oral Bioavailability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:81. [PMID: 33619612 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-01951-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystalline phases (LCPs) are generated upon lipolysis of ingested lipids in the gastrointestinal tract. The breaking off and subsequent evolution of LCPs produce more advanced vesicular and micellar structures which facilitate oral absorption of lipids, as well as co-loaded drug entities. Owing to sustained or controlled drug release, bioadhesiveness, and capability of loading drugs of different properties, LCPs are promising vehicles to implement for enhancement of oral bioavailability. This review aims to provide an overview on the classification, preparation and characterization, in vivo generation and transformation, absorption mechanisms, and encouraging applications of LCPs in enhancement of oral bioavailability. In addition, we comment on the merits of LCPs as oral drug delivery carriers, as well as solutions to industrialization utilizing liquid crystalline precursor and preconcentrate formulations.
Collapse
|
88
|
4-Hydroxynonenal is An Oxidative Degradation Product of Polysorbate 80. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2524-2530. [PMID: 33545186 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polysorbates (PS) are used in biopharmaceuticals to stabilize therapeutic proteins. Oxidative degradation of (poly)unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) contained in PS was shown to lead to α,β-unsaturated carbonyls. AIM The n-6-PUFA linoleic acid accounts for up to 18% of all FAs contained in multi-compendial grade PS80. 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is highly reactive towards nucleophilic amino acids, potentially leading to covalent protein modifications. This study tests whether HNE may be a pharmaceutically relevant PS80 peroxidation product. METHODS Since HNE was not directly detectable in the PS80 matrix by UV and MS, a new quantification method was established. After derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (DNPH) and extraction of the formed hydrazone with a salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction, the HNE-DNPH adduct was analyzed by multiple reaction monitoring. Kinetic oxidation studies were conducted incubating PS80 in presence and absence of the antioxidant butylhydroxytoluene (BHT). RESULTS HNE was confirmed as PS80 degradant in oxidatively stressed samples. BHT was shown to prevent its formation. CONCLUSION HNE is a detectable PS80 degradation product raising questions about the potential impact on critical quality attributes of biopharmaceuticals formulated with PS80. Addition of BHT prevented HNE formation under oxidative stress. Consequently, BHT might be a valuable additive in PS used in biopharmaceuticals.
Collapse
|
89
|
Yoneda S, Torisu T, Uchiyama S. Development of syringes and vials for delivery of biologics: current challenges and innovative solutions. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:459-470. [PMID: 33217252 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1853699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several new biopharmaceutical dosage forms have developed over time, such as lyophilized vial, liquid vial, and liquid prefilled syringe formulations. This review summarizes major pharmaceutical dosage forms and their advantages, disadvantages, and countermeasures against the shortcomings of each formulation. The appropriate combination of active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients, and containers should be selected for the safe and less burdensome administration to the patients. Finally, we note certain opinions on the future development of not only therapeutic proteins but also gene therapeutics. AREAS COVERED This review is to discuss the challenges of the development of dosage forms to improve pharmaceutical stability and how they can be overcome. EXPERT OPINION Silicone oil-free syringes are highly preferable for minimizing subvisible particles in the drug. It can be proposed that materials with less protein adsorption property are preferable for the suppression of protein aggregation. It is required to minimize adverse effects of biopharmaceuticals through proper quality control of the drug in a container, based on the understating of physicochemical stability of the protein in solution, the physicochemical properties of the container, and their combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saki Yoneda
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Torisu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Glücklich N, Dwivedi M, Carle S, Buske J, Mäder K, Garidel P. An in-depth examination of fatty acid solubility limits in biotherapeutic protein formulations containing polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119934. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
91
|
Domján J, Vass P, Hirsch E, Szabó E, Pantea E, Andersen SK, Vigh T, Verreck G, Marosi G, Nagy ZK. Monoclonal antibody formulation manufactured by high-speed electrospinning. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:120042. [PMID: 33157211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Solid formulations of monoclonal antibodies present several advantages, such as improved stability and increased shelf-life as well as simpler storage and transportation. In this study, we present a gentle drying technology for monoclonal antibodies, applying the water soluble 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) as matrix, to prepare a solid reconstitution dosage form. High-speed electrospinning of an aqueous infliximab-containing HP-β-CD solution was carried out at 25 °C resulting in fibers with an average diameter of 2.5 μm. The mAb-loaded electrospun fibers were successful to preserve the stability of infliximab in solid form. The results of size exclusion chromatography and gel electrophoresis indicated no significant increase in aggregate formation during the electrospinning process compared to the initial matrix solution. The binding activity of infliximab was preserved during electrospinning compared to the reference liquid formulation. Due to the enhanced surface area, excellent reconstitution capability, i.e. clear solution within 2 min without any vigorous mixing, could be achieved in a small-scale reconstitution test. The results of this work demonstrate that high-speed electrospinning is a very promising technique to manufacture the solid formulation of monoclonal antibodies for applications such as fast reconstitutable powders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Domján
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Panna Vass
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Edit Hirsch
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabó
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Pantea
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sune K Andersen
- Janssen R&D, Oral Solids Development, B-2340 Beerse, Turnhoutseweg 30, Belgium
| | - Tamás Vigh
- Janssen R&D, Oral Solids Development, B-2340 Beerse, Turnhoutseweg 30, Belgium
| | - Geert Verreck
- Janssen R&D, Oral Solids Development, B-2340 Beerse, Turnhoutseweg 30, Belgium
| | - György Marosi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsombor K Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Hanson MG, Katz JS, Ma H, Putterman M, Yezer BA, Petermann O, Reineke TM. Effects of Hydrophobic Tail Length Variation on Surfactant-Mediated Protein Stabilization. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4302-4311. [PMID: 33054234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, protein therapeutics have gained significant attention as a result of their enhanced selectivity and diminished side effects compared to traditional small-molecule drugs. Despite their advantages, protein formulations typically suffer from stability issues because of aggregation and denaturation during production and storage, often resulting in detrimental immune responses. Surfactants can be used to stabilize and protect proteins in solution by preventing protein adsorption onto interfaces or by forming protective structures in solution. Herein, a detailed structure-activity relationship study is described, demonstrating the role that hydrophobic tail length plays in surfactant-mediated stabilization of the model therapeutic protein IgG. The FM1000 series, originating from a surfactant scaffold that allows for easy structure modulation, was synthesized by a simple 2-step procedure. First, phenylalanine was acylated with a variety of acyl chlorides of differing lengths to yield n-acyl phenylalanine, which was then coupled to Jeffamine M1000, a polyethylene glycol-based amine, to yield the final surfactant. With this FM1000 series, it was observed that the 14 carbon-long tail surfactant (14FM1000) was optimal at preventing IgG aggregation compared to surfactants with tails that were longer or shorter. Using a combination of dynamic surface tensiometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, it was hypothesized that 14FM1000 was able to prevent IgG adsorption, and therefore aggregation, by adsorbing appreciably onto surfaces quickly. 14FM1000 had the fastest rate of initial adsorption compared to the other surfactants studied. Short-tail surfactants were slow to and did not adsorb appreciably onto surfaces, allowing IgG adsorption. Although long-tail surfactants were also slow to adsorb, allowing IgG to adsorb and aggregate, their equilibrium adsorption was strong. Additionally, 14FM1000 was the most reversibly adsorbed surfactant, likely improving its ability to desorb and adsorb quickly to transient surfaces, therefore protecting the IgG at each new hydrophobic surface and preventing aggregation. By understanding the structure-activity relationship between surfactants and protein stabilization, we move toward more efficient design of future surfactants increasing the stability and utility of important protein therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mckenna G Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Joshua S Katz
- Pharma Solutions, DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Hua Ma
- Pharma Solutions, DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Miriam Putterman
- Pharma Solutions, DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Benjamin A Yezer
- Pharma Solutions, DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Oliver Petermann
- Pharma Solutions, DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, Bomlitz, Germany
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Evers DH, Schultz-Fademrecht T, Garidel P, Buske J. Development and validation of a selective marker-based quantification of polysorbate 20 in biopharmaceutical formulations using UPLC QDa detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1157:122287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
94
|
Doshi N, Rutherford K, Najjar A. Dissolution of Polysorbate 20 Degradation Related Free Fatty Acid Particles in Intravenous Bag Solutions. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:687-692. [PMID: 33039438 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of Polysorbate 20 (PS20), a commonly used surfactant in drug product (DP) formulations, is a phenomenon of increasing concern to the biopharmaceutical industry. One of the most prevalent modes of PS20 degradation is enzymatic hydrolysis resulting from co-purified hydrolases that make their way into biologic DP formulations at trace levels. Enzymatic PS20 degradation results in generation of free fatty acids (FFAs) that have limited solubility in aqueous formulations and can form visible and/or sub-visible particles which is undesirable for parenteral DP stability and administration. Many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are administered intravenously after first diluting the DP into an infusion solution (e.g., 0.9% normal saline, 0.45% half normal saline or 5% dextrose). The purpose of this work is to understand if FFA particles in the DP dissolve in intravenous solutions prior to administration. Our assessment indicates that visible and/or sub-visible particles that contain high levels of lauric, myristic and palmitic acids dissolve immediately upon dilution (at or exceeding two fold) regardless of the intravenous bag or solution type. Therefore, the risk is low of visible and/or sub-visible particles, comprised of FFAs in biopharmaceutical DPs, being intravenously administered to a patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Doshi
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Karen Rutherford
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Asil Najjar
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Impact of Silicone Oil on Free Fatty Acid Particle Formation due to Polysorbate 20 Degradation. Pharm Res 2020; 37:216. [PMID: 33029664 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polysorbate 20 (PS20), a commonly used surfactant in biopharmaceutical formulations, can undergo hydrolytic degradation resulting in free fatty acids (FFAs) that precipitate to form particles. This work investigates the ability for silicone oil (si-oil) coated on the interior walls of prefilled syringes (PFSs) to act as a sink for FFAs and potentially delay FFA particle formation. METHODS Myristic acid distribution coefficient was measured in a two-phase system containing si-oil and formulation buffer at a range of aqueous conditions. An empirical model was built from these data to predict distribution coefficient based on aqueous conditions. To verify the model, PS20 was degraded using model lipases side-by-side in glass vials and PFSs while monitoring sub-visible particles. RESULTS The empirical model demonstrates that the partitioning of myristic acid into si-oil is maximized at low pH and low PS20 concentration. The model predicts that the presence of si-oil at levels typical in PFSs provides at most an 8.5% increase in the total carrying capacity for myristic acid compared to a non-coated glass vial. The time to onset of FFA particles was equivalent between degradations performed in two PFS models coated with differing levels of silicone oil and in non-coated glass vials. CONCLUSION Herein, we demonstrate that FFAs partition from aqueous solution into si-oil. However, the extent of the partitioning effect is not large enough to delay PS20-related FFA particle formation at typical formulation conditions (pH 5.0-7.5, 0.01% - 0.1% w/v PS20) filled in typical PFSs (<1.0 mg si-oil/mL aqueous fill).
Collapse
|
96
|
Allmendinger A, Lebouc V, Bonati L, Woehr A, Kishore RSK, Abstiens K. Glass Leachables as a Nucleation Factor for Free Fatty Acid Particle Formation in Biopharmaceutical Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:785-795. [PMID: 33035535 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants are essential components in protein formulations protecting them against interfacial stress. One of the current industry-wide challenges is enzymatic degradation of parenteral surfactants such as polysorbate 20 (PS20) and polysorbate 80, which leads to the accumulation of free fatty acids (FFAs) potentially forming visible particles over the drug product shelf-life. While the concentration of FFAs can be quantified, the time point of particle formation remains unpredictable. In this work, we studied the influence of glass leachables as nucleation factors for FFA particle formation. We demonstrate the feasibility of nucleation of FFA particles in the presence of inorganic salts like NaAlO2 and CaCl2 simulating relevant glass leachables. We further demonstrate FFA particle formation depending on relevant aluminum concentrations. FFA particle formation was subsequently confirmed with lauric/myristic acid in the presence of different quantities and compositions of glass leachables obtained by several sterilization cycles using different types of glass vials. We further verified the formation of particles in aged protein formulation containing degraded PS20 through the spiking of glass leachables. Particles were characterized as a complex of glass leachables, such as aluminum and FFAs. Based on our findings, we propose a likely pathway for FFA particle formation that considers specific nucleation factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Allmendinger
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel.
| | - Vanessa Lebouc
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel
| | - Lucia Bonati
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel
| | - Anne Woehr
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel
| | - Ravuri S K Kishore
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel
| | - Kathrin Abstiens
- Pharmaceutical Development & Supplies, Pharma Technical Development Biologics Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Grenzacherstr. 124, CH-4070 Basel
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Doshi N, Fish R, Padilla K, Yadav S. Evaluation of Super Refined™ Polysorbate 20 With Respect to Polysorbate Degradation, Particle Formation and Protein Stability. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2986-2995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
98
|
Kranz W, Wuchner K, Corradini E, Menzen T, Hawe A. Micelle Driven Oxidation Mechansim and Novel Oxidation Markers for Different Grades of Polysorbate 20 and 80. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:3064-3077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
99
|
Advanced Characterization of Silicone Oil Droplets in Protein Therapeutics Using Artificial Intelligence Analysis of Imaging Flow Cytometry Data. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2996-3005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
100
|
Rabe M, Kerth A, Blume A, Garidel P. Albumin displacement at the air-water interface by Tween (Polysorbate) surfactants. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2020; 49:533-547. [PMID: 32915248 PMCID: PMC7666296 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tween (polysorbate) 20 and 80 are surfactants used for the development of parenteral protein drugs, due to their beneficial safety profile and stabilisation properties. To elucidate the mechanism by which Tween 20 and 80 stabilise proteins in aqueous solutions, either by a "direct" protein to surfactant interaction and/or by an interaction with the protein film at the air-water interface, we used spectroscopic (Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy, IRRAS) and microscopic techniques (Brewster Angle Microscopy, BAM) in combination with surface pressure measurements. To this end, the impact of both types of Tweens with regard to the displacement of the protein from the air-water interface was studied. As a model protein, human serum albumin (HSA) was used. The results for the displacement of the adsorbed HSA films by Tweens 20 and 80 can partially be understood on the basis of an orogenic displacement mechanism, which depends on the critical surface pressure of the adsorbed protein film. With increasing concentration of Tween in the sub-phase, BAM images showed the formation of different domain morphologies. IRRA-spectra supported the finding that at high protein concentration in the sub-phase, the protein film could not be completely displaced by the surfactants. Comparing the impact of both surfactants, we found that Tween 20 adsorbed faster to the protein film than Tween 80. The adsorption kinetics of both Tweens and the speed of protein displacement increased with rising surfactant concentration. Tween 80 reached significant lower surface pressures than Tween 20, which led to an incomplete displacement of the observed HSA film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rabe
- Institute of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Kerth
- Institute of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Alfred Blume
- Institute of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| |
Collapse
|