51
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Inhibition of BET bromodomains restores corticosteroid responsiveness in a mixed granulocytic mouse model of asthma. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:222-233. [PMID: 29777682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by different endotypes/phenotypes. Th2/Th17 driven mixed granulocytic asthma is one of them and shows resistance to corticosteroid therapy. Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins are required for differentiation of Th17 cells which play a pivotal role in neutrophilic inflammation. Therefore, we sought to characterize the differential effects of BET inhibitor versus corticosteroids, and their potential synergism in cockroach allergen extract (CE)-induced mixed granulocytic (eosinophilic and neutrophilic) mouse model of asthma having Th2/Th17 endotype. Effects of BET inhibitor, (+)JQ-1 alone and in combination with dexamethasone (Dexa) were assessed on airway inflammation as well as Th2/Th17 related airway immune responses in CE-induced mixed granulocytic asthma. Markers of steroid resistance [histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), and oxidative stress] were also assessed in the lungs of mice and primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). BET inhibitor, (+)JQ-1 abolished Th17 driven neutrophilic inflammation in CE-induced mixed granulocytic asthma. Dexa had limited effect on overall airway inflammation despite having significant reductions in Th2 driven immune responses. However, combination of (+)JQ-1 with Dexa completely blocked both Th2 and /Th17 driven immune responses in the lung which led to significant reductions in eosinophils, neutrophils, and mucin secretion. (+)JQ-1 also reversed CE- and IL-17A-induced decrease in HDAC2 expression in murine and human airway epithelial cells respectively.
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52
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Garbers C, Rose-John S. Dissecting Interleukin-6 Classic- and Trans-Signaling in Inflammation and Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1725:127-140. [PMID: 29322414 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7568-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 is a cytokine synthesized by many cells in the human body. IL-6 binds to a membrane bound IL-6R, which is only present on hepatocytes, some epithelial cells and some leukocytes. The complex of IL-6 and IL-6R binds to the ubiquitously expressed receptor subunit gp130, which forms a homodimer and thereby initiates intracellular signaling via the JAK/STAT and the MAPK pathways. IL-6R expressing cells can cleave the receptor protein to generate a soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R), which can still bind IL-6 and can associate with gp130 and induce signaling even on cells, which do not express IL-6R. This paradigm has been called IL-6 trans-signaling whereas signaling via the membrane bound IL-6R is referred to as classic signaling. We have generated several molecular tools to differentiate between IL-6 classic- and trans-signaling and to analyze the consequence of cellular IL-6 signaling in vivo.
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53
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Kumar S, Ward BR, Irani AM. Future Prospects of Biologic Therapies for Immunologic Diseases. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2017; 37:431-448. [PMID: 28366486 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an overview of future uses for biologic therapies in the treatment of immunologic and allergic conditions. Discussion is centered on the use of existing therapies outside of their current indication or on new therapies that are close to approval. This information may help familiarize practicing allergists and immunologists with therapies they may soon encounter in their practice as well as help identify conditions and treatments that will require further study in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Kumar
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, CHoR Pavilion, 5th Floor, 1000 East Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0225, USA.
| | - Brant R Ward
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, CHoR Pavilion, 5th Floor, 1000 East Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0225, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, McGuire Hall, Room 4-115A, 1112 East Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0263, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, P.O. Box 980678, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Irani
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, CHoR Pavilion, 5th Floor, 1000 East Broad Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0225, USA
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54
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Vicente CT, Revez JA, Ferreira MAR. Lessons from ten years of genome-wide association studies of asthma. Clin Transl Immunology 2017; 6:e165. [PMID: 29333270 PMCID: PMC5750453 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-five genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of asthma were published between 2007 and 2016, the largest with a sample size of 157242 individuals. Across these studies, 39 genetic variants in low linkage disequilibrium (LD) with each other were reported to associate with disease risk at a significance threshold of P<5 × 10−8, including 31 in populations of European ancestry. Results from analyses of the UK Biobank data (n=380 503) indicate that at least 28 of the 31 associations reported in Europeans represent true-positive findings, collectively explaining 2.5% of the variation in disease liability (median of 0.06% per variant). We identified 49 transcripts as likely target genes of the published asthma risk variants, mostly based on LD with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). Of these genes, 16 were previously implicated in disease pathophysiology by functional studies, including TSLP, TNFSF4, ADORA1, CHIT1 and USF1. In contrast, at present, there is limited or no functional evidence directly implicating the remaining 33 likely target genes in asthma pathophysiology. Some of these genes have a known function that is relevant to allergic disease, including F11R, CD247, PGAP3, AAGAB, CAMK4 and PEX14, and so could be prioritized for functional follow-up. We conclude by highlighting three areas of research that are essential to help translate GWAS findings into clinical research or practice, namely validation of target gene predictions, understanding target gene function and their role in disease pathophysiology and genomics-guided prioritization of targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joana A Revez
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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55
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Xi Y, Troy NM, Anderson D, Pena OM, Lynch JP, Phipps S, Bosco A, Upham JW. Critical Role of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Regulating Gene Expression and Innate Immune Responses to Human Rhinovirus-16. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1351. [PMID: 29118754 PMCID: PMC5660993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Though human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are usually innocuous viruses, they can trigger serious consequences in certain individuals, especially in the setting of impaired interferon (IFN) synthesis. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are key IFN producing cells, though we know little about the role of pDC in HRV-induced immune responses. Herein, we used gene expression microarrays to examine HRV-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy people, in combination with pDC depletion, to assess whether observed gene expression patterns were pDC dependent. As expected, pDC depletion led to a major reduction in IFN-α release. This was associated with profound differences in gene expression between intact PBMC and pDC-depleted PBMC, and major changes in upstream regulators: 70–80% of the HRV activated genes appeared to be pDC dependent. Real-time PCR confirmed key changes in gene expression, in which the following selected genes were shown to be highly pDC dependent: the transcription factor IRF7, both IL-27 chains (IL-27p28 and EBI3), the alpha chain of the IL-15 receptor (IL-15RA) and the IFN-related gene IFI27. HRV-induced IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-27 protein synthesis were also highly pDC dependent. Supplementing pDC-depleted cultures with recombinant IL-15, IFN-γ, IL-27, or IL-6 was able to restore the IFN-α response, thereby compensating for the absence of pDC. Though pDC comprise only a minority population of migratory leukocytes, our findings highlight the profound extent to which these cells contribute to the immune response to HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xi
- Lung and Allergy Research Center, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Niamh M Troy
- Systems Immunology, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Denise Anderson
- Systems Immunology, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olga M Pena
- Lung and Allergy Research Center, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jason P Lynch
- Respiratory Immunology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- Respiratory Immunology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Systems Immunology, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John W Upham
- Lung and Allergy Research Center, Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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56
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Muschaweckh A, Petermann F, Korn T. IL-1β and IL-23 Promote Extrathymic Commitment of CD27 +CD122 - γδ T Cells to γδT17 Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2668-2679. [PMID: 28855314 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
γδT17 cells are a subset of γδ T cells committed to IL-17 production and are characterized by the expression of IL-23R and CCR6 and lack of CD27 expression. γδT17 cells are believed to arise within a narrow time window during prenatal thymic development. In agreement with this concept, we show in this study that adult Rag1-/- recipient mice of Il23rgfp/+ (IL-23R reporter) bone marrow selectively lack IL-23R+ γδT17 cells. Despite their absence in secondary lymphoid tissues during homeostasis, γδT17 cells emerge in bone marrow chimeric mice upon induction of skin inflammation by topical treatment with imiquimod cream (Aldara). We demonstrate that IL-1β and IL-23 together are able to promote the development of bona fide γδT17 cells from peripheral CD122-IL-23R- γδ T cells, whereas CD122+ γδ T cells fail to convert into γδT17 cells and remain stable IFN-γ producers (γδT1 cells). IL-23 is instrumental in expanding extrathymically generated γδT17 cells. In particular, TCR-Vγ4+ chain-expressing CD122-IL-23R- γδ T cells are induced to express IL-23R and IL-17 outside the thymus during skin inflammation. In contrast, TCR-Vγ1+ γδ T cells largely resist this process because prior TCR engagement in the thymus has initiated their commitment to the γδT1 lineage. In summary, our data reveal that the peripheral pool of γδ T cells retains a considerable degree of plasticity because it harbors "naive" precursors, which can be induced to produce IL-17 and replenish peripheral niches that are usually occupied by thymus-derived γδT17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Muschaweckh
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Neurologische Klinik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; and
| | - Franziska Petermann
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Neurologische Klinik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; and
| | - Thomas Korn
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Neurologische Klinik, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; and .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
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57
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Rose-John S. The Soluble Interleukin 6 Receptor: Advanced Therapeutic Options in Inflammation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 102:591-598. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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58
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Many phenotypes of asthma exist, ranging from mild asthma with onset during childhood to severe asthma with later onset, making asthma a broad disease with different pathologies. A gender disparity exists in asthma prevalence. As adults, women have an increased asthma prevalence compared to men. Further, women are more likely to have severe asthma and a later onset of asthma compared to men. Here, we review clinical and animal studies that have defined the role of sex hormones in airway inflammation, smooth muscle contraction, mucus production, and airway mechanics associated with asthma pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical evidence shows that increased asthma symptoms occur in females starting at puberty compared to those in boys. However, after puberty, the role for sex hormones in regulating asthma symptoms during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause is not as clear. Animal studies have shown that estrogen increases and testosterone decreases Th2-mediated airway inflammation, and that females have increased IL-17A-mediated airway inflammation compared to males. Further, females had increased DC and Mϕ function compared to males. However, the mechanisms driving the types of allergic inflammation are not fully elucidated. Overall, ovarian hormones increased and testosterone decreased airway inflammation in asthma, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Delineating these pathways using animal models as well as women and men with various phenotypes of asthma will help determine if women with asthma should take (or avoid) hormonal contraceptives as well as predict changes in asthma symptoms during life phases, including pregnancy and menopause, when sex hormones are dramatically changing.
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59
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The role of IL-6 in host defence against infections: immunobiology and clinical implications. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:399-409. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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60
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Farahi N, Paige E, Balla J, Prudence E, Ferreira RC, Southwood M, Appleby SL, Bakke P, Gulsvik A, Litonjua AA, Sparrow D, Silverman EK, Cho MH, Danesh J, Paul DS, Freitag DF, Chilvers ER. Neutrophil-mediated IL-6 receptor trans-signaling and the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1584-1596. [PMID: 28334838 PMCID: PMC5393150 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Asp358Ala variant in the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) gene has been implicated in asthma, autoimmune and cardiovascular disorders, but its role in other respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not been investigated. The aims of this study were to evaluate whether there is an association between Asp358Ala and COPD or asthma risk, and to explore the role of the Asp358Ala variant in sIL-6R shedding from neutrophils and its pro-inflammatory effects in the lung. We undertook logistic regression using data from the UK Biobank and the ECLIPSE COPD cohort. Results were meta-analyzed with summary data from a further three COPD cohorts (7,519 total cases and 35,653 total controls), showing no association between Asp358Ala and COPD (OR = 1.02 [95% CI: 0.96, 1.07]). Data from the UK Biobank showed a positive association between the Asp358Ala variant and atopic asthma (OR = 1.07 [1.01, 1.13]). In a series of in vitro studies using blood samples from 37 participants, we found that shedding of sIL-6R from neutrophils was greater in carriers of the Asp358Ala minor allele than in non-carriers. Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells cultured with serum from homozygous carriers showed an increase in MCP-1 release in carriers of the minor allele, with the difference eliminated upon addition of tocilizumab. In conclusion, there is evidence that neutrophils may be an important source of sIL-6R in the lungs, and the Asp358Ala variant may have pro-inflammatory effects in lung cells. However, we were unable to identify evidence for an association between Asp358Ala and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Farahi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ellie Paige
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge CB1 8RN, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jozef Balla
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Emily Prudence
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ricardo C. Ferreira
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mark Southwood
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sarah L. Appleby
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Per Bakke
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Amund Gulsvik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Augusto A. Litonjua
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - David Sparrow
- VA Boston Healthcare System and School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston 02132, MA, USA
| | - Edwin K. Silverman
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Michael H. Cho
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - John Danesh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge CB1 8RN, Cambridge, UK,British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK,NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Cambridge, UK,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Dirk S. Paul
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge CB1 8RN, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel F. Freitag
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge CB1 8RN, Cambridge, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
| | - Edwin R. Chilvers
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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61
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Hong M, Park JB, Kim YS, Lee DH, Kim H, Lee JI, Ahn HS, Sohn TS, Lee TK, Song JY, Jeong SC, Yeo CD, Chae HS, Do Han K, Vu D, Lee YB. Association between Cockroach-specific Immunoglobulin E and periodontitis in Korean male adults Based on Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46373. [PMID: 28401926 PMCID: PMC5388886 DOI: 10.1038/srep46373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease affecting the tooth supporting tissues (periodontium) and associated with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance. However, there has been no nation-wide population based epidemiologic study regarding any association between periodontitis and serum IgE. Among the 8,958 participants in the 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1), 1,731 adults aged 19 to 64 who had measured serum IgE were included in the analysis. Dentists examined the periodontal status of the participants. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the odds ratio of periodontitis in association with total IgE and specific IgE to cockroach and house dust mite. In males, total IgE showed a positive correlation with the presence of periodontitis. The participants in the highest tertile of cockroach specific IgE (T3, >31.6 kU/L) had a significantly increased risk of periodontitis (OR = 2.108; 95% CI, 1.233–3.606). In females, the inverse association occurred between total IgE and periodontitis (OR = 0.409; 95% CI, 0.200–0.839). The present study firstly demonstrated the association between periodontitis and serum IgE, using the Korean nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional health examination and survey. This study suggested a positive correlation between periodontitis and cockroach-specific IgE in Korean male adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihee Hong
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Beom Park
- Department of Periodontics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Soo Kim
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Lee
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - HeeYeon Kim
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Im Lee
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Suk Ahn
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Seo Sohn
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Kyu Lee
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Yen Song
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Jeong
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Dong Yeo
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hiun Suk Chae
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Do Han
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - David Vu
- Wing Dental Center, Alberta, Canada
| | - Young Bok Lee
- Epidemiology Study Cluster of Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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62
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Chua YL, Liong KH, Huang CH, Wong HS, Zhou Q, Ler SS, Tang Y, Low CP, Koh HY, Kuo IC, Zhang Y, Wong WSF, Peh HY, Lim HY, Ge MQ, Haczku A, Angeli V, MacAry PA, Chua KY, Kemeny DM. Blomia tropicalis-Specific TCR Transgenic Th2 Cells Induce Inducible BALT and Severe Asthma in Mice by an IL-4/IL-13-Dependent Mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3771-3781. [PMID: 27733553 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have highlighted the importance of lung-draining lymph nodes in the respiratory allergic immune response, whereas the lung parenchymal immune system has been largely neglected. We describe a new in vivo model of respiratory sensitization to Blomia tropicalis, the principal asthma allergen in the tropics, in which the immune response is focused on the lung parenchyma by transfer of Th2 cells from a novel TCR transgenic mouse, specific for the major B. tropicalis allergen Blo t 5, that targets the lung rather than the draining lymph nodes. Transfer of highly polarized transgenic CD4 effector Th2 cells, termed BT-II, followed by repeated inhalation of Blo t 5 expands these cells in the lung >100-fold, and subsequent Blo t 5 challenge induced decreased body temperature, reduction in movement, and a fall in specific lung compliance unseen in conventional mouse asthma models following a physiological allergen challenge. These mice exhibit lung eosinophilia; smooth muscle cell, collagen, and goblet cell hyperplasia; hyper IgE syndrome; mucus plugging; and extensive inducible BALT. In addition, there is a fall in total lung volume and forced expiratory volume at 100 ms. These pathophysiological changes were substantially reduced and, in some cases, completely abolished by administration of neutralizing mAbs specific for IL-4 and IL-13 on weeks 1, 2, and 3. This IL-4/IL-13-dependent inducible BALT model will be useful for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie asthma and the development of more effective drugs for treating severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Leong Chua
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 1117545, Singapore
| | - Ka Hang Liong
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 1117545, Singapore
| | - Chiung-Hui Huang
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Hok Sum Wong
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 1117545, Singapore
| | - Qian Zhou
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 1117545, Singapore
| | - Say Siong Ler
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 1117545, Singapore
| | - Yafang Tang
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 1117545, Singapore
| | - Chin Pei Low
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 1117545, Singapore
| | - Hui Yu Koh
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 1117545, Singapore
| | - I-Chun Kuo
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 1117545, Singapore
| | - W S Fred Wong
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; and
| | - Hong Yong Peh
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; and
| | - Hwee Ying Lim
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 1117545, Singapore
| | - Moyar Qing Ge
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Translational Lung Biology Center, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Angela Haczku
- Translational Lung Biology Center, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Veronique Angeli
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 1117545, Singapore
| | - Paul A MacAry
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 1117545, Singapore
| | - Kaw Yan Chua
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.,Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - David M Kemeny
- Immunology Programme, Center for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 1117545, Singapore
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Lynch JP, Ferreira MA, Phipps S. Th2/Th17 reciprocal regulation: twists and turns in the complexity of asthma phenotypes. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:S59. [PMID: 27868027 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.10.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Lynch
- Laboratory for Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Manuel A Ferreira
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- Laboratory for Respiratory Mucosal Immunity, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia;; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Interleukins (from IL-1 to IL-38), interferons, transforming growth factor β, and TNF-α: Receptors, functions, and roles in diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:984-1010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ferreira MAR, Jansen R, Willemsen G, Penninx B, Bain LM, Vicente CT, Revez JA, Matheson MC, Hui J, Tung JY, Baltic S, Le Souëf P, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Robertson CF, James A, Thompson PJ, Boomsma DI, Hopper JL, Hinds DA, Werder RB, Phipps S. Gene-based analysis of regulatory variants identifies 4 putative novel asthma risk genes related to nucleotide synthesis and signaling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:1148-1157. [PMID: 27554816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hundreds of genetic variants are thought to contribute to variation in asthma risk by modulating gene expression. Methods that increase the power of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) to identify risk-associated variants are needed. OBJECTIVE We sought to develop a method that aggregates the evidence for association with disease risk across expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) of a gene and use this approach to identify asthma risk genes. METHODS We developed a gene-based test and software package called EUGENE that (1) is applicable to GWAS summary statistics; (2) considers both cis- and trans-eQTLs; (3) incorporates eQTLs identified in different tissues; and (4) uses simulations to account for multiple testing. We applied this approach to 2 published asthma GWASs (combined n = 46,044) and used mouse studies to provide initial functional insights into 2 genes with novel genetic associations. RESULTS We tested the association between asthma and 17,190 genes that were found to have cis- and/or trans-eQTLs across 16 published eQTL studies. At an empirical FDR of 5%, 48 genes were associated with asthma risk. Of these, for 37, the association was driven by eQTLs located in established risk loci for allergic disease, including 6 genes not previously implicated in disease cause (eg, LIMS1, TINF2, and SAFB). The remaining 11 significant genes represent potential novel genetic associations with asthma. The association with 4 of these replicated in an independent GWAS: B4GALT3, USMG5, P2RY13, and P2RY14, which are genes involved in nucleotide synthesis or nucleotide-dependent cell activation. In mouse studies, P2ry13 and P2ry14-purinergic receptors activated by adenosine 5-diphosphate and UDP-sugars, respectively-were upregulated after allergen challenge, notably in airway epithelial cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils. Intranasal exposure with receptor agonists induced the release of IL-33 and subsequent eosinophil infiltration into the lungs. CONCLUSION We identified novel associations between asthma and eQTLs for 4 genes related to nucleotide synthesis/signaling and demonstrated the power of gene-based analyses of GWASs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rick Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa M Bain
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Joana A Revez
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Melanie C Matheson
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennie Hui
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | | | - Svetlana Baltic
- Institute for Respiratory Health, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Peter Le Souëf
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Australia
| | | | | | - Colin F Robertson
- Respiratory Medicine, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alan James
- Busselton Population Medical Research Foundation, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia; Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Philip J Thompson
- Institute for Respiratory Health, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John L Hopper
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Rhiannon B Werder
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Swedin L, Saarne T, Rehnberg M, Glader P, Niedzielska M, Johansson G, Hazon P, Catley MC. Patient stratification and the unmet need in asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 169:13-34. [PMID: 27373855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is often described as an inflammatory disease of the lungs and in most patients symptomatic treatment with bronchodilators or inhaled corticosteroids is sufficient to control disease. Unfortunately there are a proportion of patients who fail to achieve control despite treatment with the best current treatment. These severe asthma patients have been considered a homogeneous group of patients that represent the unmet therapeutic need in asthma. Many novel therapies have been tested in unselected asthma patients and the effects have often been disappointing, particularly for the highly specific monoclonal antibody-based drugs such as anti-IL-13 and anti-IL-5. More recently, it has become clear that asthma is a syndrome with many different disease drivers. Clinical trials of anti-IL-13 and anti-IL-5 have focused on biomarker-defined patient groups and these trials have driven the clinical progression of these drugs. Work on asthma phenotyping indicates that there is a group of asthma patients where T helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines and inflammation predominate and these type 2 high (T2-high) patients can be defined by biomarkers and response to therapies targeting this type of immunity, including anti-IL-5 and anti-IL-13. However, there is still a subset of T2-low patients that do not respond to these new therapies. This T2-low group will represent the new unmet medical need now that the T2-high-targeting therapies have made it to the market. This review will examine the current thinking on patient stratification in asthma and the identification of the T2-high subset. It will also look at the T2-low patients and examine what may be the drivers of disease in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Swedin
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tiiu Saarne
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Rehnberg
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Glader
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Niedzielska
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gustav Johansson
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Hazon
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew C Catley
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Revez JA, Matheson MC, Hui J, Baltic S, James A, Upham JW, Dharmage S, Thompson PJ, Martin NG, Hopper JL, Ferreira MAR. Identification of STOML2 as a putative novel asthma risk gene associated with IL6R. Allergy 2016; 71:1020-30. [PMID: 26932604 DOI: 10.1111/all.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional variants in the interleukin-6 receptor gene (IL6R) are associated with asthma risk. We hypothesized that genes co-expressed with IL6R might also be regulated by genetic polymorphisms that are associated with asthma risk. The aim of this study was to identify such genes. METHODS To identify genes whose expression was correlated with that of IL6R, we analyzed gene expression levels generated for 373 human lymphoblastoid cell lines by the Geuvadis consortium and for 38 hematopoietic cell types by the Differentiation Map Portal (DMAP) project. Genes correlated with IL6R were then screened for nearby single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were significantly associated with both variation in gene expression levels (eSNPs) and asthma risk. RESULTS We identified 90 genes with expression levels correlated with those of IL6R and that also had a nearby eSNP associated with disease risk in a published asthma GWAS (N = 20 776). For 16 (18%) genes, the association between the eSNP and asthma risk replicated with the same direction of effect in a further independent published asthma GWAS (N = 27 378). Among the top replicated associations (FDR < 0.05) were eSNPs for four known (IL18R1, IL18RAP, BCL6, and STAT6) and one putative novel asthma risk gene, stomatin-like protein 2 (STOML2). The expression of STOML2 was negatively correlated with IL6R, while eSNPs that increased the expression of STOML2 were associated with an increased asthma risk. CONCLUSION The expression of STOML2, a gene that plays a key role in mitochondrial function and T-cell activation, is associated with both IL-6 signaling and asthma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Revez
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - M. C. Matheson
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - J. Hui
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine of Western Australia (WA); Nedlands WA Australia
- School of Population Health; The University of WA; Nedlands WA Australia
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The University of WA; Nedlands WA Australia
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital; Perth WA Australia
| | - S. Baltic
- Institute for Respiratory Health; University of WA; Perth WA Australia
| | - A. James
- Busselton Population Medical Research Institute; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital; Perth WA Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology; University of Western Australia; Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology; West Australian Sleep Disorders Research Institute; Nedlands WA Australia
| | - J. W. Upham
- School of Medicine; Translational Research Institute; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - S. Dharmage
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - P. J. Thompson
- Institute for Respiratory Health; University of WA; Perth WA Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology; University of Western Australia; Nedlands WA Australia
| | - N. G. Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - J. L. Hopper
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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Thompson LC, Holland NA, Snyder RJ, Luo B, Becak DP, Odom JT, Harrison BS, Brown JM, Gowdy KM, Wingard CJ. Pulmonary instillation of MWCNT increases lung permeability, decreases gp130 expression in the lungs, and initiates cardiovascular IL-6 transsignaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 310:L142-54. [PMID: 26589480 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00384.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary instillation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) has the potential to promote cardiovascular derangements, but the mechanisms responsible are currently unclear. We hypothesized that exposure to MWCNT would result in increased epithelial barrier permeability by 24 h postexposure and initiate a signaling process involving IL-6/gp130 transsignaling in peripheral vascular tissue. To test this hypothesis we assessed the impact of 1 and 10 μg/cm(2) MWCNT on transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and expression of barrier proteins and cell activation in vitro using normal human bronchial epithelial primary cells. Parallel studies using male Sprague-Dawley rats instilled with 100 μg MWCNT measured bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) differential cell counts, BAL fluid total protein, and lung water-to-tissue weight ratios 24 h postexposure and quantified serum concentrations of IL-6, soluble IL-6r, and soluble gp130. Aortic sections were examined immunohistochemically for gp130 expression, and gp130 mRNA/protein expression was evaluated in rat lung, heart, and aortic tissue homogenates. Our in vitro findings indicate that 10 μg/cm(2) MWCNT decreased the development of TEER and zonula occludens-1 expression relative to the vehicle. In rats MWCNT instillation increased BAL protein, lung water, and induced pulmonary eosinophilia. Serum concentrations of soluble gp130 decreased, aortic endothelial expression of gp130 increased, and expression of gp130 in the lung was downregulated in the MWCNT-exposed group. We propose that pulmonary exposure to MWCNT can manifest as a reduced epithelial barrier and activator of vascular gp130-associated transsignaling that may promote susceptibility to cardiovascular derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Nathan A Holland
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Ryan J Snyder
- NanoHealth Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - Bin Luo
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Daniel P Becak
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jillian T Odom
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Benjamin S Harrison
- Wake Forest University Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jared M Brown
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Christopher J Wingard
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina;
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Schaper F, Rose-John S. Interleukin-6: Biology, signaling and strategies of blockade. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:475-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Liravi B, Piedrafita D, Nguyen G, Bischof RJ. Dynamics of IL-4 and IL-13 expression in the airways of sheep following allergen challenge. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:101. [PMID: 26362930 PMCID: PMC4566292 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background IL-4 and IL-13 play a critical yet poorly understood role in orchestrating the recruitment and activation of effector cells of the asthmatic response and driving the pathophysiology of allergic asthma. The house dust mite (HDM) sheep asthma model displays many features of the human condition and is an ideal model to further elucidate the involvement of these critical Th2 cytokines. We hypothesized that airway exposure to HDM allergen would induce or elevate the expression profile of IL-4 and IL-13 during the allergic airway response in this large animal model of asthma. Methods Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected from saline- and house dust mite (HDM)- challenged lung lobes of sensitized sheep from 0 to 48 h post-challenge. BAL cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) were each measured by ELISA. IL-4 and IL-13 expression was assessed in BAL leukocytes by flow cytometry and in airway tissue sections by immunohistology. Results IL-4 and IL-13 were increased in BAL samples following airway allergen challenge. HDM challenge resulted in a significant increase in BAL IL-4 levels at 4 h compared to saline-challenged airways, while BAL IL-13 levels were elevated at all time-points after allergen challenge. IL-6 levels were maintained following HDM challenge but declined after saline challenge, while HDM administration resulted in an acute elevation in IL-10 at 4 h but no change in TNF-α levels over time. Lymphocytes were the main early source of IL-4, with IL-4 release by alveolar macrophages (AMs) prominent from 24 h post-allergen challenge. IL-13 producing AMs were increased at 4 and 24 h following HDM compared to saline challenge, and tissue staining provided evidence of IL-13 expression in airway epithelium as well as immune cells in airway tissue. Conclusion In a sheep model of allergic asthma, airway inflammation is accompanied by the temporal release of key cytokines following allergen exposure that primarily reflects the Th2-driven nature of the immune response in asthma. The present study demonstrates for the first time the involvement of IL-4 and IL-13 in a relevant large animal model of allergic airways disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Liravi
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia.
| | - David Piedrafita
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, 3842, VIC, Australia.
| | - Gary Nguyen
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia.
| | - Robert J Bischof
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia. .,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, 3168, VIC, Australia.
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