51
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Desbordes SC, Studer L. Adapting human pluripotent stem cells to high-throughput and high-content screening. Nat Protoc 2012; 8:111-30. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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52
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Marinho PAN, Vareschini DT, Gomes IC, Paulsen BDS, Furtado DR, Castilho LDR, Rehen SK. Xeno-free production of human embryonic stem cells in stirred microcarrier systems using a novel animal/human-component-free medium. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 19:146-55. [PMID: 22834864 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, stem cell research faces a major bottleneck related to the low efficiency of methods to produce large quantities of human embryonic stem cells (ESC) for use in clinical trials. Most culture media currently employed for human ESC cultivation contain animal compounds, and cells are grown in static flasks. Besides the immediate contamination with nonhuman compounds, cell expansion in flasks tends to be laborious and nonefficient. Here we cultured human ESC in stirred microcarrier (MC) systems using an animal/human-component-free medium, to overcome both issues. The method developed to culture cells on suspended beads combined the use of polymeric MCs in stirred vessels with an optimized culture medium free of supplements of animal and human origin. This approach generated approximately 160 million cells within 6 days, which were shown to remain pluripotent. The process developed herein provides a step forward toward therapy due to the economic advantages in the production of human ESC and to their consequent low immunogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo André Nobrega Marinho
- National Laboratory for Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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53
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Scale-up of human embryonic stem cell culture using a hollow fibre bioreactor. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:2307-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-1033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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54
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55
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Ting S, Lecina M, Reuveny S, Oh S. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to cardiomyocytes on microcarrier cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 1:Unit1D.7. [PMID: 22605644 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01d07s21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an improved cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol where we stabilized embryoid bodies (EB) in serum- and insulin-free medium (bSFS) supplemented with p38 MAP kinase inhibitor (SB203580) by addition of 10 µm laminin-coated positively charged (protamine sulfate derivatized TSKgel Tresyl-5PW) microcarriers. This protocol achieved a maximum 3-fold cell expansion, differentiation efficiency of 20%, and an overall cardiomyocyte yield of 3 × 10⁵ CM/ml in static conditions. In comparison, EB cultures achieved 1.5-fold cell expansion, differentiation efficiency of 15%, and an overall cardiomyocyte yield of 1.1 × 10⁵ CM/ml. The scalability of this platform was demonstrated in suspended spinner cultures, producing a maximum of 2.14 × 10⁵ CM/ml in 50-ml cultures. This yield is two-fold higher than the control static EB-based platform (1.1 × 10⁵ CM/ml), and seven-fold higher than yields reported in literature, 3.1-9 × 10⁴ CM/ml. The robustness of this protocol was tested with HES-3 and H1 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherwin Ting
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR-Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
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56
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Yuan Y, Kallos MS, Hunter C, Sen A. Improved expansion of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in microcarrier-based suspension culture. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:210-25. [PMID: 22689330 DOI: 10.1002/term.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) have potential clinical utility in the treatment of a multitude of ailments and diseases, due to their relative ease of isolation from patients and their capacity to form many cell types. However, hBM-MSCs are sparse, and can only be isolated in very small quantities, thereby hindering the development of clinical therapies. The use of microcarrier-based stirred suspension bioreactors to expand stem cell populations offers an approach to overcome this problem. Starting with standard culture protocols commonly reported in the literature, we have successfully developed new protocols that allow for improved expansion of hBM-MSCs in stirred suspension bioreactors using CultiSpher-S microcarriers. Cell attachment was facilitated by using intermittent bioreactor agitation, removing fetal bovine serum, modifying the stirring speed and manipulating the medium pH. By manipulating these parameters, we enhanced the cell attachment efficiency in the first 8 h post-inoculation from 18% (standard protocol) to 72% (improved protocol). Following microcarrier attachment, agitation rate was found to impact cell growth kinetics, whereas feeding had no significant effect. By serially subculturing hBM-MSCs using the new suspension bioreactor protocols, we managed to obtain cell fold increases of 10³ within 30 days, which was superior to the 200-fold increase obtained using the standard protocol. The cells were found to retain their defining characteristics after several passages in suspension. This new bioprocess represents a more efficient approach for generating large numbers of hBM-MSCs in culture, which in turn should facilitate the development of new stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Yuan
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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57
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Olmer R, Lange A, Selzer S, Kasper C, Haverich A, Martin U, Zweigerdt R. Suspension culture of human pluripotent stem cells in controlled, stirred bioreactors. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:772-84. [PMID: 22519745 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic and industrial applications of pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives require large cell quantities generated in defined conditions. To this end, we have translated single cell-inoculated suspension cultures of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs; including human induced pluripotent stem cells [hiPS] and human embryonic stem cells [hESC]) to stirred tank bioreactors. These systems that are widely used in biopharmaceutical industry allow straightforward scale up and detailed online monitoring of key process parameters. To ensure minimum medium consumption, but in parallel functional integration of all probes mandatory for process monitoring, that is, for pO₂ and pH, experiments were performed in 100 mL culture volume in a "mini reactor platform" consisting of four independently controlled vessels. By establishing defined parameters for tightly controlled cell inoculation and aggregate formation up to 2×10⁸ hiPSCs/100 mL were generated in a single process run in 7 days. Expression of pluripotency markers and ability of cells to differentiate into derivates of all three germ layers in vitro was maintained, underlining practical utility of this new process. The presented data provide key steps toward scalable mass expansion of human iPS and ES cells thereby enabling translation of stem cell research to (pre)clinical application in relevant large animal models and valuable in vitro assays for drug development and validation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Olmer
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs-LEBAO, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover, Germany
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58
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Schulz TC, Young HY, Agulnick AD, Babin MJ, Baetge EE, Bang AG, Bhoumik A, Cepa I, Cesario RM, Haakmeester C, Kadoya K, Kelly JR, Kerr J, Martinson LA, McLean AB, Moorman MA, Payne JK, Richardson M, Ross KG, Sherrer ES, Song X, Wilson AZ, Brandon EP, Green CE, Kroon EJ, Kelly OG, D'Amour KA, Robins AJ. A scalable system for production of functional pancreatic progenitors from human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37004. [PMID: 22623968 PMCID: PMC3356395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of a human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based therapy for type 1 diabetes will require the translation of proof-of-principle concepts into a scalable, controlled, and regulated cell manufacturing process. We have previously demonstrated that hESC can be directed to differentiate into pancreatic progenitors that mature into functional glucose-responsive, insulin-secreting cells in vivo. In this study we describe hESC expansion and banking methods and a suspension-based differentiation system, which together underpin an integrated scalable manufacturing process for producing pancreatic progenitors. This system has been optimized for the CyT49 cell line. Accordingly, qualified large-scale single-cell master and working cGMP cell banks of CyT49 have been generated to provide a virtually unlimited starting resource for manufacturing. Upon thaw from these banks, we expanded CyT49 for two weeks in an adherent culture format that achieves 50–100 fold expansion per week. Undifferentiated CyT49 were then aggregated into clusters in dynamic rotational suspension culture, followed by differentiation en masse for two weeks with a four-stage protocol. Numerous scaled differentiation runs generated reproducible and defined population compositions highly enriched for pancreatic cell lineages, as shown by examining mRNA expression at each stage of differentiation and flow cytometry of the final population. Islet-like tissue containing glucose-responsive, insulin-secreting cells was generated upon implantation into mice. By four- to five-months post-engraftment, mature neo-pancreatic tissue was sufficient to protect against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemia. In summary, we have developed a tractable manufacturing process for the generation of functional pancreatic progenitors from hESC on a scale amenable to clinical entry.
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59
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Serra M, Brito C, Correia C, Alves PM. Process engineering of human pluripotent stem cells for clinical application. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 30:350-9. [PMID: 22541338 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, constitute an extremely attractive tool for cell therapy. However, flexible platforms for the large-scale production and storage of hPSCs in tightly controlled conditions are necessary to deliver high-quality cells in relevant quantities to satisfy clinical demands. Here we discuss the main principles for the bioprocessing of hPSCs, highlighting the impact of environmental factors, novel 3D culturing approaches and integrated bioreactor strategies for controlling hPSC culture outcome. Knowledge on hPSC bioprocessing accumulated during recent years provides important insights for the establishment of more robust production platforms and should potentiate the implementation of novel hPSC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Serra
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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60
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Buschke DG, Resto P, Schumacher N, Cox B, Tallavajhula A, Vivekanandan A, Eliceiri KW, Williams JC, Ogle BM. Microfluidic sorting of microtissues. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:14116-1411611. [PMID: 22505992 PMCID: PMC3324260 DOI: 10.1063/1.3692765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, invitro culture of adherent cell types utilizes three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds or aggregate culture strategies to mimic tissue-like, microenvironmental conditions. In parallel, new flow cytometry-based technologies are emerging to accurately analyze the composition and function of these microtissues (i.e., large particles) in a non-invasive and high-throughput way. Lacking, however, is an accessible platform that can be used to effectively sort or purify large particles based on analysis parameters. Here we describe a microfluidic-based, electromechanical approach to sort large particles. Specifically, sheath-less asymmetric curving channels were employed to separate and hydrodynamically focus particles to be analyzed and subsequently sorted. This design was developed and characterized based on wall shear stress, tortuosity of the flow path, vorticity of the fluid in the channel, sorting efficiency and enrichment ratio. The large particle sorting device was capable of purifying fluorescently labelled embryoid bodies (EBs) from unlabelled EBs with an efficiency of 87.3% ± 13.5%, and enrichment ratio of 12.2 ± 8.4 (n = 8), while preserving cell viability, differentiation potential, and long-term function.
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61
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Valamehr B, Tsutsui H, Ho CM, Wu H. Developing defined culture systems for human pluripotent stem cells. Regen Med 2012; 6:623-34. [PMID: 21916597 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells hold promising potential in many therapeutics applications including regenerative medicine and drug discovery. Over the past three decades, embryonic stem cell research has illustrated that embryonic stem cells possess two important and distinct properties: the ability to continuously self-renew and the ability to differentiate into all specialized cell types. In this article, we will discuss the continuing evolution of human pluripotent stem cell culture by examining requirements needed for the maintenance of self-renewal in vitro. We will also elaborate on the future direction of the field toward generating a robust and completely defined culture system, which has brought forth collaborations amongst biologists and engineers. As human pluripotent stem cell research progresses towards identifying solutions for debilitating diseases, it will be critical to establish a defined, reproducible and scalable culture system to meet the requirements of these clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Valamehr
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
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62
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Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are unique cells, which have the ability to differentiate into all cell types that comprise the adult organism. Furthermore, ESCs can infinitely self-renew under optimized conditions. These features place human ESCs (hESCs) in a position where these cells can be exploited for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches in treating human degenerative disorders. However, cell therapy approaches will require large amounts of clinically useable cells, not typically achievable using standard static cell culture methods. Here, we describe a method wherein clinically relevant numbers of hESCs can be generated in a cost and time effective manner.
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63
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Spontaneous osteogenesis of MSCs cultured on 3D microcarriers through alteration of cytoskeletal tension. Biomaterials 2012; 33:556-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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64
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Want AJ, Nienow AW, Hewitt CJ, Coopman K. Large-scale expansion and exploitation of pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine purposes: beyond the T flask. Regen Med 2012; 7:71-84. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells will likely be a significant part of the regenerative medicine-driven healthcare revolution. In order to realize this potential, culture processes must be standardized, scalable and able to produce clinically relevant cell numbers, whilst maintaining critical biological functionality. This review comprises a broad overview of important bioprocess considerations, referencing the development of biopharmaceutical processes in an effort to learn from current best practice in the field. Particular focus is given to the recent efforts to grow human pluripotent stem cells in microcarrier or aggregate suspension culture, which would allow geometric expansion of productive capacity were it to be fully realized. The potential of these approaches is compared with automation of traditional T-flask culture, which may provide a cost-effective platform for low-dose, low-incidence conditions or autologous therapies. This represents the first step in defining the full extent of the challenges facing bioprocess engineers in the exploitation of large-scale human pluripotent stem cell manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Want
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Alvin W Nienow
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher J Hewitt
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
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65
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Heng BC, Li J, Chen AKL, Reuveny S, Cool SM, Birch WR, Oh SKW. Translating human embryonic stem cells from 2-dimensional to 3-dimensional cultures in a defined medium on laminin- and vitronectin-coated surfaces. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1701-15. [PMID: 22034857 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While defining the environment for human embryonic stem cell (hESC) culture on 2-dimensional (2D) surfaces has made rapid progress, the industrial-scale implementation of this technology will benefit from translating this knowledge into a 3-dimensional (3D) system, thus enabling better control, automation, and volumetric scale-up in bioreactors. The current study describes a system with defined conditions that are capable of supporting the long-term 2D culture of hESCs and the transposing of these conditions to 3D microcarrier (MC) cultures. Vitronectin (VN) and laminin (LN) were chosen as matrices for the long-term propagation of hESCs in a defined culture medium (STEMPRO(®)) for conventional 2D culture. Adsorption of these proteins onto 2D tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) indicated that surface density saturation of 510 and 850 ng/cm(2) for VN and LN, respectively, was attained above 20 μg/mL deposition solution concentration. Adsorption of these proteins onto spherical (97±10 μm), polystyrene MC followed a similar trend and coating surface densities of 450 and 650 ng/cm(2) for VN and LN, respectively, were used to support hESC propagation. The long-term expansion of hESCs was equally successful on TCPS and MC, with consistently high expression (>90%) of pluripotent markers (OCT-4, MAB-84, and TRA-1-60) over 20 passages and maintenance of karyotypic normality. The average fold increase in cell numbers on VN-coated MC per serial passage was 8.5±1.0, which was similar to LN-coated MC (8.5±0.9). Embryoid body differentiation assays and teratoma formation confirmed that hESCs retained the ability to differentiate into lineages of all 3 germ layers, thus demonstrating the first translation to a fully defined MC-based environment for the expansion of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Heng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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66
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Larijani MR, Seifinejad A, Pournasr B, Hajihoseini V, Hassani SN, Totonchi M, Yousefi M, Shamsi F, Salekdeh GH, Baharvand H. Long-Term Maintenance of Undifferentiated Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Suspension. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1911-23. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Rezaei Larijani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, The Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Seifinejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, The Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behshad Pournasr
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, The Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Hajihoseini
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, The Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seydeh-Nafiseh Hassani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, The Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Totonchi
- Department of Genetics, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, The Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Yousefi
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, The Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Shamsi
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, The Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, The Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, The Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, The Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran, Iran
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67
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Critical microcarrier properties affecting the expansion of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2011; 7:97-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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68
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Coopman K. Large-scale compatible methods for the preservation of human embryonic stem cells: Current perspectives. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1511-21. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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69
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Choi JS, Kim BS, Kim JD, Choi YC, Lee EK, Park K, Lee HY, Cho YW. In vitro expansion of human adipose-derived stem cells in a spinner culture system using human extracellular matrix powders. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 345:415-23. [PMID: 21866312 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy requires large numbers of stem cells to replace damaged tissues, but only limited numbers of stem cells can be harvested from a single patient. To obtain large quantities of stem cells with differentiation potential, we explored a spinner culture system using human extracellular matrix (hECM) powders. The hECM was extracted from adipose tissue and fabricated into powders. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) were isolated, seeded on hECM powders, and cultivated in a spinner flask. The 3-D culture system, using hECM powders, was highly effective for promoting cell proliferation. The number of hASCs in the 3-D culture system significantly increased for 10 days, resulting in an approximately 10-fold expansion, whereas a traditional 2-D culture system showed just a 2.8-fold expansion. Surface markers, transcriptional factors, and differentiation potential of hASCs were assayed to identify the characteristics of proliferated cells in 3-D culture system. The hASCs expressed the pluripotency markers, Oct-4 and Sox-2 during 3-D culture and retained their capacity to differentiate into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. These findings demonstrate that the 3-D culture systems using hECM powders provide an efficient in vitro environment for stem cell proliferation, and could act as stem cell delivery carriers for autologous tissue engineering and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Suk Choi
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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70
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Buschke DG, Squirrell JM, Ansari H, Smith MA, Rueden CT, Williams JC, Lyons GE, Kamp TJ, Eliceiri KW, Ogle BM. Multiphoton flow cytometry to assess intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence in cellular aggregates: applications to stem cells. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:540-554. [PMID: 20684798 PMCID: PMC5505260 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927610000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Detection and tracking of stem cell state are difficult due to insufficient means for rapidly screening cell state in a noninvasive manner. This challenge is compounded when stem cells are cultured in aggregates or three-dimensional (3D) constructs because living cells in this form are difficult to analyze without disrupting cellular contacts. Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy is uniquely suited to analyze 3D structures due to the broad tunability of excitation sources, deep sectioning capacity, and minimal phototoxicity but is throughput limited. A novel multiphoton fluorescence excitation flow cytometry (MPFC) instrument could be used to accurately probe cells in the interior of multicell aggregates or tissue constructs in an enhanced-throughput manner and measure corresponding fluorescent properties. By exciting endogenous fluorophores as intrinsic biomarkers or exciting extrinsic reporter molecules, the properties of cells in aggregates can be understood while the viable cellular aggregates are maintained. Here we introduce a first generation MPFC system and show appropriate speed and accuracy of image capture and measured fluorescence intensity, including intrinsic fluorescence intensity. Thus, this novel instrument enables rapid characterization of stem cells and corresponding aggregates in a noninvasive manner and could dramatically transform how stem cells are studied in the laboratory and utilized in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Buschke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Jayne M. Squirrell
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Hidayath Ansari
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Michael A. Smith
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Curtis T. Rueden
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Justin C. Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Material Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Gary E. Lyons
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Timothy J. Kamp
- Departments of Medicine, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Kevin W. Eliceiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Brenda M. Ogle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Material Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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71
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Fernandes-Platzgummer A, Diogo MM, Baptista RP, da Silva CL, Cabral JMS. Scale-up of mouse embryonic stem cell expansion in stirred bioreactors. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1421-32. [PMID: 21793233 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a robust, quality controlled and reproducible large-scale culture system using serum-free (SF) medium to obtain vast numbers of embryonic stem (ES) cells as a starting source for potential applications in tissue regeneration, as well as for drug screening studies. Mouse ES (mES) cells were firstly cultured on microcarriers in spinner flasks to investigate the effect of different parameters such as the agitation rate and the feeding regimen. Cells were successfully expanded at agitation rates up to 60 rpm using the SF medium and no significant differences in terms of growth kinetics or metabolic profiles were found between the two feeding regimens evaluated: 50% medium renewal every 24 h or 25% every 12 h. Overall, cells reached maximum concentrations of (4.2 ± 0.4) and (5.6 ± 0.8) ×10(6) cells/mL at Day 8 for cells fed once or twice per day; which corresponds to an increase in total cell number of 85 ± 7 and 108 ± 16, respectively. To have a more precise control over culture conditions and to yield a higher number of cells, the scale-up of the spinner flask culture system was successfully accomplished by using a fully controlled stirred tank bioreactor. In this case, the concentration of mES cells cultured on microcarriers increased 85 ± 15-fold over 11 days. Importantly, mES cells expanded under stirred conditions, in both spinner flask and fully controlled stirred tank bioreactor, using SF medium, retained the expression of pluripotency markers such as Oct-4, Nanog, and SSEA-1 and their differentiation potential into cells of the three embryonic germ layers.
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72
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Rodrigues CAV, Fernandes TG, Diogo MM, da Silva CL, Cabral JMS. Stem cell cultivation in bioreactors. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:815-29. [PMID: 21726624 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies have generated great interest in the scientific and medical communities, and stem cells in particular are very appealing for regenerative medicine, drug screening and other biomedical applications. These unspecialized cells have unlimited self-renewal capacity and the remarkable ability to produce mature cells with specialized functions, such as blood cells, nerve cells or cardiac muscle. However, the actual number of cells that can be obtained from available donors is very low. One possible solution for the generation of relevant numbers of cells for several applications is to scale-up the culture of these cells in vitro. This review describes recent developments in the cultivation of stem cells in bioreactors, particularly considerations regarding critical culture parameters, possible bioreactor configurations, and integration of novel technologies in the bioprocess development stage. We expect that this review will provide updated and detailed information focusing on the systematic production of stem cell products in compliance with regulatory guidelines, while using robust and cost-effective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A V Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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73
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Wen Y, Yang ST. Microfibrous carriers for cell culture: A comparative study. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:1126-36. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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74
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Carvalho PP, Wu X, Yu G, Dietrich M, Dias IR, Gomes ME, Reis RL, Gimble JM. Use of animal protein-free products for passaging adherent human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells. Cytotherapy 2011; 13:594-7. [DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.544721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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75
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Abstract
Routine commercial and clinical applications of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and their progenies will require increasing cell quantities that cannot be provided by conventional adherent culture technologies. Here we describe a straightforward culture protocol for the expansion of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in suspension culture. This culture technique was successfully tested on two hiPSC clones, three hESC lines and on a nonhuman primate ESC line. It is based on a defined medium and single-cell inoculation, but it does not require culture preadaptation, use of microcarriers or any other matrices. Over a time course of 4-7 d, hPSCs can be expanded up to sixfold. Preparation of a high-density culture and its subsequent translation to scalable stirred suspension in Erlenmeyer flasks and stirred spinner flasks are also feasible. Importantly, hPSCs maintain pluripotency and karyotype stability for more than ten passages.
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76
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Alfred R, Radford J, Fan J, Boon K, Krawetz R, Rancourt D, Kallos MS. Efficient suspension bioreactor expansion of murine embryonic stem cells on microcarriers in serum-free medium. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:811-23. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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77
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Amit M, Laevsky I, Miropolsky Y, Shariki K, Peri M, Itskovitz-Eldor J. Dynamic suspension culture for scalable expansion of undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:572-9. [PMID: 21527915 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent (embryonic or induced) stem cells (hPSCs) have many potential applications, not only for research purposes but also for clinical and industrial uses. While culturing these cells as undifferentiated lines, an adherent cell culture based on supportive layers or matrices is most often used. However, the use of hPSCs for industrial or clinical applications requires a scalable, reproducible and controlled process. Here we present a suspension culture system for undifferentiated hPSCs, based on a serum-free medium supplemented with interleukins and basic fibroblast growth factor, suitable for the mass production of these cells. The described system supports a suspension culture of hPSC lines, in both static and dynamic cultures. Results showed that hPSCs cultured with the described dynamic method maintained all hPSC features after 20 passages, including stable karyotype and pluripotency, and increased in cell numbers by 25-fold in 10 d. Thus, the described suspension method is suitable for large-scale culture of undifferentiated hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Amit
- The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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78
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Higuchi A, Ling QD, Ko YA, Chang Y, Umezawa A. Biomaterials for the feeder-free culture of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Chem Rev 2011; 111:3021-35. [PMID: 21344932 DOI: 10.1021/cr1003612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akon Higuchi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli, Taoyuan, 32001 Taiwan.
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79
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Chen AK, Chen X, Choo ABH, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. Expansion of human embryonic stem cells on cellulose microcarriers. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN STEM CELL BIOLOGY 2011; Chapter 1:Unit 1C.11. [PMID: 20814936 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01c11s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes the routine maintenance and expansion of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESC) on cellulose microcarriers. Conventionally, hESCs have been maintained on feeder cells or extracellular matrix-coated two-dimensional tissue culture plates. The expansion of hESC on a tissue culture platform is limited by the available surface area and the requirement of repetitive subculturing to reach the required cell yield. Here, we show that expansion of hESC can be carried out in a three-dimensional suspension culture using Matrigel-coated cellulose microcarriers. hESCs from a tissue culture plate can be seeded directly onto the microcarriers; hESC microcarrier culture is passaged and expanded by mechanical dissociation of the cells without enzyme. Expansion of the culture in a 100-ml spinner flask is also described. Long-term culture of hESC on the microcarriers maintains typical pluripotent markers (OCT-4, Tra-1-60, and SSEA-4) and stable karyotype. Spontaneous differentiations of microcarrier-maintained hESCs in vitro (embryoid body formation) and in vivo (teratoma formation in SCID mouse) have demonstrated formation of the three germ layers. These protocols can also be applied equally well to human induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen K Chen
- Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Centros, Singapore
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80
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Martin Y, Eldardiri M, Lawrence-Watt DJ, Sharpe JR. Microcarriers and Their Potential in Tissue Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:71-80. [PMID: 21083436 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yella Martin
- Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, West Sussex, United kingdom
| | - Mohamed Eldardiri
- Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, West Sussex, United kingdom
| | - Diana J. Lawrence-Watt
- Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, West Sussex, United kingdom
| | - Justin R. Sharpe
- Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, West Sussex, United kingdom
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81
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Sun LY, Lin SZ, Li YS, Harn HJ, Chiou TW. Functional Cells Cultured on Microcarriers for Use in Regenerative Medicine Research. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:49-62. [PMID: 20887678 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x532792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcarriers have been successfully used for many years for growing anchorage-dependent cells and as a means of delivering cells for tissue repair. When cultured on microcarriers, the number of anchorage-dependent cells, including primary cells, can easily be scaled up and controlled to generate the quantities of cells necessary for therapeutic applications. Recently, stem cell technology has been recognized as a powerful tool in regenerative medicine, but adequate numbers of stem cells that retain their differentiation potential are still difficult to obtain. For anchorage-dependent stem cells, however, microcarrier-based suspension culture using various types of microcarriers has proven to be a good alternative for effective ex vivo expansion. In this article, we review studies reporting the expansion, differentiation, or transplantation of functional anchorage-dependent cells that were expanded with the microcarrier culture system. Thus, the implementation of technological advances in biodegradable microcarriers, the bead-to-bead transfer process, and appropriate stem cell media may soon foster the ability to produce the numbers of stem cells necessary for cell-based therapies and/or tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yi Sun
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University and Hospital and Beigang Hospital, Taichung and Yun-Lin, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Sheng Li
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Wen Chiou
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
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82
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Storm MP, Orchard CB, Bone HK, Chaudhuri JB, Welham MJ. Three-dimensional culture systems for the expansion of pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 107:683-95. [PMID: 20589846 PMCID: PMC3580883 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines, and more recently human ESC lines, have become valuable tools for studying early mammalian development. Increasing interest in ESCs and their differentiated progeny in drug discovery and as potential therapeutic agents has highlighted the fact that current two-dimensional (2D) static culturing techniques are inadequate for large-scale production. The culture of mammalian cells in three-dimensional (3D) agitated systems has been shown to overcome many of the restrictions of 2D and is therefore likely to be effective for ESC proliferation. Using murine ESCs as our initial model, we investigated the effectiveness of different 3D culture environments for the expansion of pluripotent ESCs. Solohill Collagen, Solohill FACT, and Cultispher-S microcarriers were employed and used in conjunction with stirred bioreactors. Initial seeding parameters, including cell number and agitation conditions, were found to be critical in promoting attachment to microcarriers and minimizing the size of aggregates formed. While all microcarriers supported the growth of undifferentiated mESCs, Cultispher-S out-performed the Solohill microcarriers. When cultured for successive passages on Cultispher-S microcarriers, mESCs maintained their pluripotency, demonstrated by self-renewal, expression of pluripotency markers and the ability to undergo multi-lineage differentiation. When these optimized conditions were applied to unweaned human ESCs, Cultispher-S microcarriers supported the growth of hESCs that retained expression of pluripotency markers including SSEA4, Tra-1–60, NANOG, and OCT-4. Our study highlights the importance of optimization of initial seeding parameters and provides proof-of-concept data demonstrating the utility of microcarriers and bioreactors for the expansion of hESCs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107:683–695. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Storm
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Departments of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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83
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Roßbach M, Hadenfeld M, Brüstle O. Industrial Applications of Stem Cells. TRANSLATIONAL STEM CELL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-959-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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84
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Hasegawa K, Pomeroy JE, Pera MF. Current technology for the derivation of pluripotent stem cell lines from human embryos. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 6:521-31. [PMID: 20569689 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Technology for the derivation, propagation, and characterization of pluripotent stem cell lines from the human embryo has undergone considerable refinement and improvement since the first published description of human embryonic stem cells in 1998. In particular, there has been extensive effort to optimize protocols and develop defined culture systems with a view toward future clinical applications of embryonic stem cell-derived products. Here, we review the current status of methodology for human embryonic stem cell derivation and culture, and we highlight the challenges that remain for workers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Hasegawa
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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85
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Leung HW, Chen A, Choo ABH, Reuveny S, Oh SKW. Agitation can induce differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells in microcarrier cultures. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 17:165-72. [PMID: 20698747 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the factors that can impact human embryonic stem cell expansion in stirred microcarrier culture reactors is mechanical stress caused by agitation. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of agitation on human embryonic stem cell growth and expression of pluripotent markers. Agitation of HES-2 cell line in microcarrier cultures in stirred spinner and agitated six-well plates did not affect expression of pluripotent markers, cell viability, and cell doubling times even after seven passages. However, HES-3 cell line was found to be shear sensitive, showing downregulation of three pluripotent markers Oct-4, mAb 84, and Tra-1-60, and lower cell densities in agitated as compared with static cultures, even after one passage. Cell viability was unaffected. The HES-3-agitated cultures showed increased expression of genes and proteins of the three germ layers. We were unable to prevent loss of pluripotent markers or restore doubling times in agitated HES-3 microcarrier cultures by addition of five different known cell protective polymers. In addition, the human induced pluripotent cell line IMR90 was also shown to differentiate in agitated conditions. These results indicate that the effect of agitation on cell growth and differentiation is cell line specific. We assume that the changes in the growth and differentiation of the agitation-sensitive (HES-3) cell line do not result from the effect of shear stress directly on cell viability, but rather by signaling effects that influence the cells to differentiate resulting in slower growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau Wan Leung
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute , A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
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86
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Mel M, Karim MIA, Yusuf SAM, Hashim YZHY, Ahmad Nor Y. Comparing BRIN-BD11 culture producing insulin using different type of microcarriers. Cytotechnology 2010; 62:423-30. [PMID: 20953703 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-010-9294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was conducted to examine the growth profile, growth kinetics, and insulin-secretory responsiveness of BRIN-BD11 cells grown in optimized medium on different types of microcarriers (MCs). Comparisons were made on modified polystyrene (Hillex(®) II) and crosslinked polystyrene Plastic Plus (PP) from Solohill Engineering. The cell line producing insulin was cultured in a 25 cm(2) T-flask as control while MCs based culture was implemented in a stirred tank bioreactor with 1 L working volume. For each culture type, the viable cell number, glucose, lactate, glutamate, and insulin concentrations were measured and compared. Maximum viable cell number was obtained at 1.47 × 10(5) cell/mL for PP microcarrier (PPMCs) culture, 1.35 × 10(5) cell/mL Hillex(®) II (HIIMCs) culture and 0.95 × 10(5) cell/mL for T-flask culture, respectively. The highest insulin concentration has been produced in PPMCs culture (5.31 mg/L) compared to HIIMCs culture (2.01 mg/L) and T-flask culture (1.99 mg/L). Therefore overall observation suggested that PPMCs was likely preferred to be used for BRIN-BD11 cell culture as compared with Hillex(®) II MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maizirwan Mel
- Bioprocess and Molecular Engineering Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, 50728, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
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87
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Kehoe DE, Jing D, Lock LT, Tzanakakis ES. Scalable stirred-suspension bioreactor culture of human pluripotent stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:405-21. [PMID: 19739936 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in stem cell biology have afforded promising results for the generation of various cell types for therapies against devastating diseases. However, a prerequisite for realizing the therapeutic potential of stem cells is the development of bioprocesses for the production of stem cell progeny in quantities that satisfy clinical demands. Recent reports on the expansion and directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in scalable stirred-suspension bioreactors (SSBs) demonstrated that large-scale production of therapeutically useful hESC progeny is feasible with current state-of-the-art culture technologies. Stem cells have been cultured in SSBs as aggregates, in microcarrier suspension and after encapsulation. The various modes in which SSBs can be employed for the cultivation of hESCs and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are described. To that end, this is the first account of hiPSC cultivation in a microcarrier stirred-suspension system. Given that cultured stem cells and their differentiated progeny are the actual products used in tissue engineering and cell therapies, the impact of bioreactor's operating conditions on stem cell self-renewal and commitment should be considered. The effects of variables specific to SSB operation on stem cell physiology are discussed. Finally, major challenges are presented which remain to be addressed before the mainstream use of SSBs for the large-scale culture of hESCs and hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Kehoe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
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88
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Suspension culture of undifferentiated human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2010; 6:248-59. [PMID: 20431964 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alongside their contribution to research, human embryonic stem cells (hESC) may also prove valuable for cell-based therapies. Traditionally, these cells have been grown in adhesion culture either with or without feeder cells, allowing for their continuous growth as undifferentiated cells. However, to be applicable in therapy and industry they must be produced in a scalable and controlled process. Here we present for the first time a suspension culture system for undifferentiated hESC and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), based on medium supplemented with the IL6RIL6 chimera (interleukin-6 receptor fused to interleukin-6), and basic fibroblast growth factor. Four hESC lines cultured in this system maintained all ESC features after 20 passages, including stable karyotype and pluripotency. Similar results were obtained when hESC were replaced with iPSC from two different cell lines. We demonstrate that the IL6RIL6 chimera supports the self-renewal and expansion of undifferentiated hESC and iPSC in suspension, and thus present another efficient system for large-scale propagation of undifferentiated pluripotent cells for clinical and translational applications.
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89
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Lecina M, Ting S, Choo A, Reuveny S, Oh S. Scalable platform for human embryonic stem cell differentiation to cardiomyocytes in suspended microcarrier cultures. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:1609-19. [PMID: 20590381 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A scalable platform for human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived cardiomyocyte (CM) production can provide a readily available source of CMs for cell therapy, drug screening, and cardiotoxicity tests. We have designed and optimized a scalable platform using microcarrier cultures in serum-free media supplemented with SB203580 mitogen-activated protein kinase-inhibitor. Different microcarriers (DE-53, Cytodex-1 and 3, FACT, and TOSOH-10) were used to investigate the effects of type, size, shape, and microcarrier concentrations on the differentiation efficiency. hESCs propagated on TOSOH-10 (protamine derivatized 10-μm beads) at the concentration of 0.125 mg/mL produced 80% beating aggregates, threefold cell expansion, and 20% of CMs (determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting for myosin heavy chain and α-actinin expression). The ratio of CM/hESC seeded in this system was 0.62 compared to 0.22 in the embryoid body control cultures. The platform robustness has been tested with HES-3 and H1 cell lines, and its scalability was demonstrated in suspended spinner cultures. However, spinner culture yields dropped to 0.33 CM/hESC probably due to shear stress causing some cell death. Cells dissociated from differentiated aggregates showed positive staining for cardio-specific markers such as α-actinin, myosin heavy and light chain, troponin I, desmin, and emilin-2. Finally, CM functionality was also shown by QT-prolongation (QTempo) assay with/without Astemizole. This study represents a new scalable bioprocessing system for CM production using reagents that can comply with Good Manufacturing Practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Lecina
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.
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90
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Krawetz R, Taiani JT, Liu S, Meng G, Li X, Kallos MS, Rancourt DE. Large-Scale Expansion of Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Stirred-Suspension Bioreactors. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:573-82. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Krawetz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jaymi T. Taiani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shiying Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guoliang Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiangyun Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Michael S. Kallos
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility (PPRF), Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derrick E. Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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91
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Fong CY, Gauthaman K, Bongso A. Teratomas from pluripotent stem cells: A clinical hurdle. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:769-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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92
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Long term expansion of undifferentiated human iPS and ES cells in suspension culture using a defined medium. Stem Cell Res 2010; 5:51-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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93
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Gerlach JC, Hout M, Edsbagge J, Björquist P, Lübberstedt M, Miki T, Stachelscheid H, Schmelzer E, Schatten G, Zeilinger K. Dynamic 3D culture promotes spontaneous embryonic stem cell differentiation in vitro. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:115-21. [PMID: 19382830 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) is promoted by a dynamic, three-dimensional (3D), tissue-density perfusion technique with continuous medium perfusion and exchange in a novel four-compartment, interwoven capillary bioreactor. We compared ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal immunoreactive tissue structures formed by mESC at culture day 10 with mouse fetal tissue development at gestational day E9.5. The results show that the bioreactor cultures more closely resemble mouse fetal tissue development at gestational day E9.5 than control mESC cultured in Petri dishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg C Gerlach
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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94
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Up-scaling single cell-inoculated suspension culture of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2010; 4:165-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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95
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Fernandes AM, Meletti T, Guimarães R, Stelling MP, Marinho PAN, Valladão AS, Rehen SK. Worldwide Survey of Published Procedures to Culture Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:509-23. [DOI: 10.3727/096368909x485067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their derivation 11 years ago, human embryonic stem (hES) cells have become a powerful tool in both basic biomedical research and developmental biology. Their capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into any tissue type has also brought interest from fields such as cell therapy and drug screening. We conducted an extensive analysis of 750 papers (51% of the total published about hES cells between 1998 and 2008) to present a spectrum of hES cell research including culture protocols developed worldwide. This review may stimulate discussions about the importance of having unvarying methods to culture hES cells, in order to facilitate comparisons among data obtained by research groups elsewhere, especially concerning preclinical studies. Moreover, the description of the most widely used cell lines, reagents, and procedures adopted internationally will help newcomers on deciding the best strategies for starting their own studies. Finally, the results will contribute with the efforts of stem cell researchers on comparing the performance of different aspects related to hES cell culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Fernandes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T. Meletti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R. Guimarães
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M. P. Stelling
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P. A. N. Marinho
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A. S. Valladão
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S. K. Rehen
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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96
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Mountford JC, Olivier E, Jordanides NE, de Sousa P, Turner ML. Red blood cells from pluripotent stem cells for use in transfusion. Regen Med 2010; 5:411-23. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of donated red blood cells in transfusion is a well-established cellular therapy. However, problems including insufficient supply, transfusion-transmitted infections and the need for immunological matching hamper even in the best services. These issues may be eliminated by using pluripotent stem cells to generate universal donor group O, Rhesus D-negative red blood cells. Human embryonic stem cells can be maintained and expanded indefinitely and can, therefore, produce the very large cell numbers required for this application. Red blood cell production is also an attractive goal for pluripotent stem cell-derived therapeutics because it is a well-characterized single cell suspension, lacking nucleated cells and with a low expression of HLA molecules. Much progress has been made; however, a number of challenges remain including scale-up, clinical effectiveness and product safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Olivier
- Faculty of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Niove E Jordanides
- Faculty of Biomedical & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Cell Therapy Group, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, 51 Little France Cresent, Edinburgh, E16 4SA, UK
| | - Paul de Sousa
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh E16 4SA, UK
| | - Marc L Turner
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service Cell Therapy Group, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, 51 Little France Cresent, Edinburgh, E16 4SA, UK
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh E16 4SA, UK
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97
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Murugappan G, Carrillo-Cocom LM, Johnson KE, González-Barrón MT, Moreno-Cuevas JE, Alvarez MM. Human hematopoietic progenitor cells grow faster under rotational laminar flows. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:1465-73. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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98
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99
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Gerlach JC, Lübberstedt M, Edsbagge J, Ring A, Hout M, Baun M, Rossberg I, Knöspel F, Peters G, Eckert K, Wulf-Goldenberg A, Björquist P, Stachelscheid H, Urbaniak T, Schatten G, Miki T, Schmelzer E, Zeilinger K. Interwoven four-compartment capillary membrane technology for three-dimensional perfusion with decentralized mass exchange to scale up embryonic stem cell culture. Cells Tissues Organs 2010; 192:39-49. [PMID: 20197653 DOI: 10.1159/000291014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe hollow fiber-based three-dimensional (3D) dynamic perfusion bioreactor technology for embryonic stem cells (ESC) which is scalable for laboratory and potentially clinical translation applications. We added 2 more compartments to the typical 2-compartment devices, namely an additional media capillary compartment for countercurrent 'arteriovenous' flow and an oxygenation capillary compartment. Each capillary membrane compartment can be perfused independently. Interweaving the 3 capillary systems to form repetitive units allows bioreactor scalability by multiplying the capillary units and provides decentralized media perfusion while enhancing mass exchange and reducing gradient distances from decimeters to more physiologic lengths of <1 mm. The exterior of the resulting membrane network, the cell compartment, is used as a physically active scaffold for cell aggregation; adjusting intercapillary distances enables control of the size of cell aggregates. To demonstrate the technology, mouse ESC (mESC) were cultured in 8- or 800-ml cell compartment bioreactors. We were able to confirm the hypothesis that this bioreactor enables mESC expansion qualitatively comparable to that obtained with Petri dishes, but on a larger scale. To test this, we compared the growth of 129/SVEV mESC in static two-dimensional Petri dishes with that in 3D perfusion bioreactors. We then tested the feasibility of scaling up the culture. In an 800-ml prototype, we cultured approximately 5 x 10(9) cells, replacing up to 800 conventional 100-mm Petri dishes. Teratoma formation studies in mice confirmed protein expression and gene expression results with regard to maintaining 'stemness' markers during cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg C Gerlach
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA. joerg.gerlach @ cellnet.org
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100
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Azarin SM, Palecek SP. Development of Scalable Culture Systems for Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Biochem Eng J 2010; 48:378. [PMID: 20161686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of human pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, in therapeutic applications will require the development of robust, scalable culture technologies for undifferentiated cells. Advances made in large-scale cultures of other mammalian cells will facilitate expansion of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), but challenges specific to hESCs will also have to be addressed, including development of defined, humanized culture media and substrates, monitoring spontaneous differentiation and heterogeneity in the cultures, and maintaining karyotypic integrity in the cells. This review will describe our current understanding of environmental factors that regulate hESC self-renewal and efforts to provide these cues in various scalable bioreactor culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira M Azarin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706
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