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Abstract
Hydrogel delivery systems can leverage therapeutically beneficial outcomes of drug delivery and have found clinical use. Hydrogels can provide spatial and temporal control over the release of various therapeutic agents, including small-molecule drugs, macromolecular drugs and cells. Owing to their tunable physical properties, controllable degradability and capability to protect labile drugs from degradation, hydrogels serve as a platform in which various physiochemical interactions with the encapsulated drugs control their release. In this Review, we cover multiscale mechanisms underlying the design of hydrogel drug delivery systems, focusing on physical and chemical properties of the hydrogel network and the hydrogel-drug interactions across the network, mesh, and molecular (or atomistic) scales. We discuss how different mechanisms interact and can be integrated to exert fine control in time and space over the drug presentation. We also collect experimental release data from the literature, review clinical translation to date of these systems, and present quantitative comparisons between different systems to provide guidelines for the rational design of hydrogel delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Li
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and the Wyss Institute for biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and the Wyss Institute for biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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52
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Red blood cells: Supercarriers for drugs, biologicals, and nanoparticles and inspiration for advanced delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:88-103. [PMID: 26941164 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) constitute a unique drug delivery system as a biologic or hybrid carrier capable of greatly enhancing pharmacokinetics, altering pharmacodynamics (for example, by changing margination within the intravascular space), and modulating immune responses to appended cargoes. Strategies for RBC drug delivery systems include internal and surface loading, and the latter can be performed both ex vivo and in vivo. A relatively new avenue for RBC drug delivery is their application as a carrier for nanoparticles. Efforts are also being made to incorporate features of RBCs in nanocarriers to mimic their most useful aspects, such as long circulation and stealth features. RBCs have also recently been explored as carriers for the delivery of antigens for modulation of immune response. Therefore, RBC-based drug delivery systems represent supercarriers for a diverse array of biomedical interventions, and this is reflected by several industrial and academic efforts that are poised to enter the clinical realm.
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53
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Kozlovskaya V, Xue B, Kharlampieva E. Shape-Adaptable Polymeric Particles for Controlled Delivery. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kozlovskaya
- Chemistry Department and ‡Center for Nanomaterials
and Biointegration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Bing Xue
- Chemistry Department and ‡Center for Nanomaterials
and Biointegration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Eugenia Kharlampieva
- Chemistry Department and ‡Center for Nanomaterials
and Biointegration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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54
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Metz SW, Tian S, Hoekstra G, Yi X, Stone M, Horvath K, Miley MJ, DeSimone J, Luft CJ, de Silva AM. Precisely Molded Nanoparticle Displaying DENV-E Proteins Induces Robust Serotype-Specific Neutralizing Antibody Responses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005071. [PMID: 27764114 PMCID: PMC5072622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the causative agent of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. The virus is endemic in over 120 countries, causing over 350 million infections per year. Dengue vaccine development is challenging because of the need to induce simultaneous protection against four antigenically distinct DENV serotypes and evidence that, under some conditions, vaccination can enhance disease due to specific immunity to the virus. While several live-attenuated tetravalent dengue virus vaccines display partial efficacy, it has been challenging to induce balanced protective immunity to all 4 serotypes. Instead of using whole-virus formulations, we are exploring the potentials for a particulate subunit vaccine, based on DENV E-protein displayed on nanoparticles that have been precisely molded using Particle Replication in Non-wetting Template (PRINT) technology. Here we describe immunization studies with a DENV2-nanoparticle vaccine candidate. The ectodomain of DENV2-E protein was expressed as a secreted recombinant protein (sRecE), purified and adsorbed to poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles of different sizes and shape. We show that PRINT nanoparticle adsorbed sRecE without any adjuvant induces higher IgG titers and a more potent DENV2-specific neutralizing antibody response compared to the soluble sRecE protein alone. Antigen trafficking indicate that PRINT nanoparticle display of sRecE prolongs the bio-availability of the antigen in the draining lymph nodes by creating an antigen depot. Our results demonstrate that PRINT nanoparticles are a promising platform for delivering subunit vaccines against flaviviruses such as dengue and Zika. Dengue virus (DENV) is transmitted by mosquitoes and is endemic in over 120 countries, causing over 350 million infections yearly. Most infections are clinically unapparent, but under specific conditions, dengue can cause severe and lethal disease. DENV has 4 distinct serotypes and secondary DENV infections are associated with hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. This enhancement of infection complicates vaccine development and makes it necessary to induce protective immunity against all 4 serotypes. Since whole virus vaccine candidates struggle to induce protective immunity, we are developing a nanoparticle display vaccine approach. We have expressed, purified and characterized a soluble recombinant E-protein (sRecE). Regardless of nanoparticle shape or size, particulation of sRecE enhances DENV specific IgG titers and induces a robust, long lasting neutralizing antibody response and by adsorbing sRecE to the nanoparticles, we prolong the exposure of sRecE to the immune system. Nanoparticle display shows great promise in dengue vaccine development and possibly other mosquito-borne viruses like zika virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W. Metz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shaomin Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Hoekstra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xianwen Yi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michelle Stone
- Liquidia Technologies, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katie Horvath
- Liquidia Technologies, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Miley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph DeSimone
- Lineberger Comprehensive Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chris J. Luft
- Lineberger Comprehensive Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CJL); (AMdS)
| | - Aravinda M. de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CJL); (AMdS)
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55
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Serrano D, Manthe RL, Paul E, Chadha R, Muro S. How Carrier Size and Valency Modulate Receptor-Mediated Signaling: Understanding the Link between Binding and Endocytosis of ICAM-1-Targeted Carriers. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3127-3137. [PMID: 27585187 PMCID: PMC5831250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of drug carriers to endocytic cell receptors facilitates intracellular drug delivery. Carrier size and number of targeting moieties (valency) influence cell binding and uptake. However, how these parameters influence receptor-mediated cell signaling (the link between binding and uptake) remains uncharacterized. We studied this using polymer carriers of different sizes and valencies, targeted to endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a marker overexpressed in many pathologies. Unexpectedly, induction of cell signals (ceramide and protein kinase C (PKC) enrichment and activation) and uptake, were independent of carrier avidity, total number of carriers bound per cell, cumulative cell surface area occupied by carriers, number of targeting antibodies at the carrier-cell contact, and cumulative receptor engagement by all bound carriers. Instead, "valency density" (number of antibodies per carrier surface area) ruled signaling, and carrier size independently influenced uptake. These results are key to understanding the interplay between carrier design parameters and receptor-mediated signaling conducive to endocytosis, paramount for intracellular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Serrano
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
| | - Rachel L. Manthe
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
| | - Eden Paul
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
| | - Rishi Chadha
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
| | - Silvia Muro
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
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56
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Methods for Generating Hydrogel Particles for Protein Delivery. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:1946-58. [PMID: 27160672 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins represent a major class of therapeutic molecules with vast potential for the treatment of acute and chronic diseases and regenerative medicine applications. Hydrogels have long been investigated for their potential in carrying and delivering proteins. As compared to bulk hydrogels, hydrogel microparticles (microgels) hold promise in improving aspects of delivery owing to their less traumatic route of entry into the body and improved versatility. This review discusses common methods of fabricating microgels, including emulsion polymerization, microfluidic techniques, and lithographic techniques. Microgels synthesized from both natural and synthetic polymers are discussed, as are a series of microgels fashioned from environment-responsive materials.
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57
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Myerson JW, Anselmo AC, Liu Y, Mitragotri S, Eckmann DM, Muzykantov VR. Non-affinity factors modulating vascular targeting of nano- and microcarriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 99:97-112. [PMID: 26596696 PMCID: PMC4798918 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Particles capable of homing and adhering to specific vascular biomarkers have potential as fundamental tools in drug delivery for mediation of a wide variety of pathologies, including inflammation, thrombosis, and pulmonary disorders. The presentation of affinity ligands on the surface of a particle provides a means of targeting the particle to sites of therapeutic interest, but a host of other factors come into play in determining the targeting capacity of the particle. This review presents a summary of several key considerations in nano- and microparticle design that modulate targeted delivery without directly altering epitope-specific affinity. Namely, we describe the effect of factors in definition of the base carrier (including shape, size, and flexibility) on the capacity of carriers to access, adhere to, and integrate in target biological milieus. Furthermore, we present a summary of fundamental dynamics of carrier behavior in circulation, taking into account interactions with cells in circulation and the role of hemodynamics in mediating the direction of carriers to target sites. Finally, we note non-affinity aspects to uptake and intracellular trafficking of carriers in target cells. In total, recent findings presented here may offer an opportunity to capitalize on mitigating factors in the behavior of ligand-targeted carriers in order to optimize targeting.
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58
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Yang Y, Yu C. Advances in silica based nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:317-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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59
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Lashof-Sullivan M, Holland M, Groynom R, Campbell D, Shoffstall A, Lavik E. Hemostatic Nanoparticles Improve Survival Following Blunt Trauma Even after 1 Week Incubation at 50 °C. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:385-392. [PMID: 27672679 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to the CDC, the leading cause of death for both men and women between the ages of 5 and 44 is traumatic injury. Blood loss is the primary cause of death at acute time points post trauma. Early intervention is critical to save lives, and yet there are no treatments to stop internal bleeding that can be deployed in the field. In this work, we developed hemostatic nanoparticles that are stable at high temperatures (50 °C for 7 days) and are still effective at stopping bleeding and improving survival over the one hour time period in a rat liver injury model. These particles are exceptionally simple: PLA-based nanospheres functionalized with PEG terminated with variants of the RGD motif. This simple system can be stored at temperatures up to 50°C and maintain size, shape, and efficacy. The particles lead to a reduction in bleeding and increased acute survival with significance compared to both control particles and saline. Overall, these hemostatic nanoparticles offer an important step towards an immediate intervention in the field to stop bleeding and improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Lashof-Sullivan
- Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - Mark Holland
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - Rebecca Groynom
- Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - Donald Campbell
- Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - Andrew Shoffstall
- Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - Erin Lavik
- Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250
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60
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The Importance of Particle Geometry in Design of Therapeutic and Imaging Nanovectors. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3634-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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61
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Agarwal R, Jurney P, Raythatha M, Singh V, Sreenivasan SV, Shi L, Roy K. Effect of shape, size, and aspect ratio on nanoparticle penetration and distribution inside solid tissues using 3D spheroid models. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2269-80. [PMID: 26376024 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Efficient penetration and uniform distribution of nanoparticles (NPs) inside solid tissues and tumors is paramount to their therapeutic and diagnostic success. While many studies have reported the effect of NP size and charge on intratissue distribution, role of shape, and aspect ratio on NP transport inside solid tissues remain unclear. Here experimental and theoretical studies are reported on how nanoscale geometry of Jet and Flash Imprint Lithography-fabricated, polyethylene-glycol-based anionic nanohydrogels affect their penetration and distribution inside 3D spheroids, a model representing the intervascular region of solid, tumor-like tissues. Unexpectedly, low aspect ratio cylindrical NPs (H/D ≈0.3; disk-like particles, 100 nm height, and 325 nm diameter) show maximal intratissue delivery (>50% increase in total cargo delivered) and more uniform penetration compared to nanorods or smaller NPs of the same shape. This is in contrast to spherical NPs where smaller NP size resulted in deeper, more uniform penetration. Our results provide fundamental new knowledge on NP transport inside solid tissues and further establish shape and aspect ratio as important design parameters in developing more efficient, better penetrating, nanocarriers for drug, or contrast-agent delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Agarwal
- The Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Patrick Jurney
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Mansi Raythatha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Vikramjit Singh
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712 USA
| | | | - Li Shi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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62
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Blanco E, Shen H, Ferrari M. Principles of nanoparticle design for overcoming biological barriers to drug delivery. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:941-51. [PMID: 26348965 PMCID: PMC4978509 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4162] [Impact Index Per Article: 462.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biological barriers to drug transport prevent successful accumulation of nanotherapeutics specifically at diseased sites, limiting efficacious responses in disease processes ranging from cancer to inflammation. Although substantial research efforts have aimed to incorporate multiple functionalities and moieties within the overall nanoparticle design, many of these strategies fail to adequately address these barriers. Obstacles, such as nonspecific distribution and inadequate accumulation of therapeutics, remain formidable challenges to drug developers. A reimagining of conventional nanoparticles is needed to successfully negotiate these impediments to drug delivery. Site-specific delivery of therapeutics will remain a distant reality unless nanocarrier design takes into account the majority, if not all, of the biological barriers that a particle encounters upon intravenous administration. By successively addressing each of these barriers, innovative design features can be rationally incorporated that will create a new generation of nanotherapeutics, realizing a paradigmatic shift in nanoparticle-based drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvin Blanco
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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63
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Meyer RA, Sunshine JC, Green JJ. Biomimetic particles as therapeutics. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:514-524. [PMID: 26277289 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been major advances in the development of novel nanoparticle- and microparticle-based therapeutics. An emerging paradigm is the incorporation of biomimetic features into these synthetic therapeutic constructs to enable them to better interface with biological systems. Through the control of size, shape, and material consistency, particle cores have been generated that better mimic natural cells and viruses. In addition, there have been significant advances in biomimetic surface functionalization of particles through the integration of bio-inspired artificial cell membranes and naturally derived cell membranes. Biomimetic technologies enable therapeutic particles to have increased potency to benefit human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall A Meyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, and Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 400 N Broadway, Smith 5017, Baltimore MD, 21231, USA
| | - Joel C Sunshine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, and Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 400 N Broadway, Smith 5017, Baltimore MD, 21231, USA
| | - Jordan J Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, and Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 400 N Broadway, Smith 5017, Baltimore MD, 21231, USA.,Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 400 N Broadway, Smith 5017, Baltimore MD, 21231, USA
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64
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Fish MB, Thompson AJ, Fromen CA, Eniola-Adefeso O. Emergence and Utility of Nonspherical Particles in Biomedicine. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015; 54:4043-4059. [PMID: 27182109 PMCID: PMC4864008 DOI: 10.1021/ie504452j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the size of targeted, spherical drug carriers has been previously explored and reviewed. Particle shape has emerged as an equally important parameter in determining the in vivo journey and efficiency of drug carrier systems. Researchers have invented techniques to better control the geometry of particles of many different materials, which have allowed for exploration of the role of particle geometry in the phases of drug delivery. The important biological processes include clearance by the immune system, trafficking to the target tissue, margination to the endothelial surface, interaction with the target cell, and controlled release of a payload. The review of current literature herein supports that particle shape can be altered to improve a system's targeting efficiency. Non-spherical particles can harness the potential of targeted drug carriers by enhancing targeted site accumulation while simultaneously decreasing side effects and mitigating some limitations faced by spherical carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret B. Fish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, NCRC B28-G102E, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alex J. Thompson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, NCRC B28-G102E, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Catherine A. Fromen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, NCRC B28-G102E, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Omolola Eniola-Adefeso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, NCRC B28-G102E, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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65
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Beck-Broichsitter M, Nicolas J, Couvreur P. Design attributes of long-circulating polymeric drug delivery vehicles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:304-17. [PMID: 25857838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Following systemic administration polymeric drug delivery vehicles allow for a controlled and targeted release of the encapsulated medication at the desired site of action. For an elevated and organ specific accumulation of their cargo, nanocarriers need to avoid opsonization, activation of the complement system and uptake by macrophages of the mononuclear phagocyte system. In this respect, camouflaged vehicles revealed a delayed elimination from systemic circulation and an improved target organ deposition. For instance, a steric shielding of the carrier surface by poly(ethylene glycol) substantially decreased interactions with the biological environment. However, recent studies disclosed possible deficits of this approach, where most notably, poly(ethylene glycol)-modified drug delivery vehicles caused significant immune responses. At present, identification of novel potential carrier coating strategies facilitating negligible immune reactions is an emerging field of interest in drug delivery research. Moreover, physical carrier properties including geometry and elasticity seem to be very promising design attributes to surpass numerous biological barriers, in order to improve the efficacy of the delivered medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Beck-Broichsitter
- Institut Galien UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud XI, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud XI, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud XI, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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66
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Anselmo AC, Zhang M, Kumar S, Vogus DR, Menegatti S, Helgeson ME, Mitragotri S. Elasticity of nanoparticles influences their blood circulation, phagocytosis, endocytosis, and targeting. ACS NANO 2015; 9:3169-77. [PMID: 25715979 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The impact of physical and chemical modifications of nanoparticles on their biological function has been systemically investigated and exploited to improve their circulation and targeting. However, the impact of nanoparticles' flexibility (i.e., elastic modulus) on their function has been explored to a far lesser extent, and the potential benefits of tuning nanoparticle elasticity are not clear. Here, we describe a method to synthesize polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogel nanoparticles of uniform size (200 nm) with elastic moduli ranging from 0.255 to 3000 kPa. These particles are used to investigate the role of particle elasticity on key functions including blood circulation time, biodistribution, antibody-mediated targeting, endocytosis, and phagocytosis. Our results demonstrate that softer nanoparticles (10 kPa) offer enhanced circulation and subsequently enhanced targeting compared to harder nanoparticles (3000 kPa) in vivo. Furthermore, in vitro experiments show that softer nanoparticles exhibit significantly reduced cellular uptake in immune cells (J774 macrophages), endothelial cells (bEnd.3), and cancer cells (4T1). Tuning nanoparticle elasticity potentially offers a method to improve the biological fate of nanoparticles by offering enhanced circulation, reduced immune system uptake, and improved targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Anselmo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Mengwen Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sunny Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Douglas R Vogus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Matthew E Helgeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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67
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Blum A, Kammeyer JK, Rush AM, Callmann CE, Hahn ME, Gianneschi NC. Stimuli-responsive nanomaterials for biomedical applications. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2140-54. [PMID: 25474531 PMCID: PMC4353031 DOI: 10.1021/ja510147n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nature employs a variety of tactics to precisely time and execute the processes and mechanics of life, relying on sequential sense and response cascades to transduce signaling events over multiple length and time scales. Many of these tactics, such as the activation of a zymogen, involve the direct manipulation of a material by a stimulus. Similarly, effective therapeutics and diagnostics require the selective and efficient homing of material to specific tissues and biomolecular targets with appropriate temporal resolution. These systems must also avoid undesirable or toxic side effects and evade unwanted removal by endogenous clearing mechanisms. Nanoscale delivery vehicles have been developed to package materials with the hope of delivering them to select locations with rates of accumulation and clearance governed by an interplay between the carrier and its cargo. Many modern approaches to drug delivery have taken inspiration from natural activatable materials like zymogens, membrane proteins, and metabolites, whereby stimuli initiate transformations that are required for cargo release, prodrug activation, or selective transport. This Perspective describes key advances in the field of stimuli-responsive nanomaterials while highlighting some of the many challenges faced and opportunities for development. Major hurdles include the increasing need for powerful new tools and strategies for characterizing the dynamics, morphology, and behavior of advanced delivery systems in situ and the perennial problem of identifying truly specific and useful physical or molecular biomarkers that allow a material to autonomously distinguish diseased from normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela
P. Blum
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jacquelin K. Kammeyer
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anthony M. Rush
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Cassandra E. Callmann
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael E. Hahn
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Radiology, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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68
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Suma T, Cui J, Müllner M, Ju Y, Guo J, Hu M, Caruso F. Generalizable Strategy for Engineering Protein Particles with pH-Triggered Disassembly and Recoverable Protein Functionality. ACS Macro Lett 2015; 4:160-164. [PMID: 35596425 DOI: 10.1021/mz5007443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein particles are promising candidates for therapeutic delivery. In this study, we report a generalizable strategy to assemble a series of proteins into pH-cleavable protein particles that recover protein functionality after disassembly. Our strategy uses an acid-labile reversible cross-linker based on maleic anhydride chemistry, which allows the cross-linking of proteins and releases unmodified proteins upon cleavage, causing minimal loss of protein functionality. The protein particles can be rapidly disassembled at a mildly acidic pH (<6.5) and inside cells with negligible cytotoxicity. Furthermore, cleavage of the cross-linker led to above 97% recovery of enzymatic activity, as evidenced by using glucose oxidase. This facile and robust strategy to engineer pH-cleavable protein particles may provide a new platform for therapeutic protein delivery as well as for small molecule drug and nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Suma
- ARC Centre of Excellence
in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jiwei Cui
- ARC Centre of Excellence
in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Markus Müllner
- ARC Centre of Excellence
in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yi Ju
- ARC Centre of Excellence
in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Junling Guo
- ARC Centre of Excellence
in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ming Hu
- ARC Centre of Excellence
in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence
in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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69
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Anselmo AC, Gilbert JB, Kumar S, Gupta V, Cohen RE, Rubner MF, Mitragotri S. Monocyte-mediated delivery of polymeric backpacks to inflamed tissues: a generalized strategy to deliver drugs to treat inflammation. J Control Release 2014; 199:29-36. [PMID: 25481443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of drugs and imaging agents to inflamed tissues, as in the cases of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and arthritis, represents one of the major challenges in drug delivery. Monocytes possess a unique ability to target and penetrate into sites of inflammation. Here, we describe a broad approach to take advantage of the natural ability of monocytes to target and deliver flat polymeric particles ("Cellular Backpacks") to inflamed tissues. Cellular backpacks attach strongly to the surface of monocytes but do not undergo phagocytosis due to backpack's size, disk-like shape and flexibility. Following attachment of backpacks, monocytes retain important cellular functions including transmigration through an endothelial monolayer and differentiation into macrophages. In two separate in vivo inflammation models, backpack-laden monocytes exhibit increased targeting to inflamed tissues. Cellular backpacks, and their abilities to attach to monocytes without impairing monocyte functions and 'hitchhike' to a variety of inflamed tissues, offer a new platform for both cell-mediated therapies and broad targeting of inflamed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Anselmo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Jonathan B Gilbert
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Sunny Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Vivek Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Keck Graduate Institute, 535 Watson Dr., Claremont, CA 91711, United States
| | - Robert E Cohen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Michael F Rubner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States.
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70
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Mathaes R, Winter G, Besheer A, Engert J. Non-spherical micro- and nanoparticles: fabrication, characterization and drug delivery applications. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:481-92. [PMID: 25327886 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.963055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Micro- and nanoparticles in drug and vaccine delivery have opened up new possibilities in pharmaceutics. In the past, researchers focused mainly on particle size, surface chemistry and the use of various materials to control particle characteristics and functions. Lately, shape has been acknowledged as an important design parameter having an impact on the interaction with biological systems. AREAS COVERED In this review, we report on the latest developments in fabrication methods to tailor particle geometry, summarize analytical techniques for non-spherical particles and highlight the most important findings regarding their interaction with biological systems and their potential applications in drug delivery. EXPERT OPINION The impact of shape on particle internalization into different cell types and particle biodistribution has been extensively studied in the past. Current research focuses on shape-dependent uptake mechanisms and applications for tumour therapy and vaccination. Different fabrication methods can be used to produce a variety of different particle types and shapes. Key challenges will be the transfer of new non-spherical particle fabrication methods from lab-scale to industrial large-scale production. Not all techniques may be scalable for the production of high quantities of particles. It will also be challenging to transfer the promising in vitro findings to suitable in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Mathaes
- Pharmacist, PhD Student,Ludwig-Maximillians-University Munich, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics , Butenandtstr. 5, D-81377 Munich , Germany
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71
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An HZ, Eral HB, Chen L, Chen MB, Doyle PS. Synthesis of colloidal microgels using oxygen-controlled flow lithography. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:7595-605. [PMID: 25119975 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01400f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a synthesis approach based on stop-flow lithography (SFL) for fabricating colloidal microparticles with any arbitrary 2D-extruded shape. By modulating the degree of oxygen inhibition during synthesis, we achieved previously unattainable particle sizes. Brownian diffusion of colloidal discs in bulk suggests the out-of-plane dimension can be as small as 0.8 μm, which agrees with confocal microscopy measurements. We measured the hindered diffusion of microdiscs near a solid surface and compared our results to theoretical predictions. These colloidal particles can also flow through physiological microvascular networks formed by endothelial cells undergoing vasculogensis under minimal hydrostatic pressure (∼5 mm H2O). This versatile platform creates future opportunities for on-chip parametric studies of particle geometry effects on particle passage properties, distribution and cellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Z An
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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72
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Jasinski DL, Khisamutdinov EF, Lyubchenko YL, Guo P. Physicochemically tunable polyfunctionalized RNA square architecture with fluorogenic and ribozymatic properties. ACS NANO 2014; 8:7620-9. [PMID: 24971772 PMCID: PMC4148160 DOI: 10.1021/nn502160s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in RNA nanotechnology allow the rational design of various nanoarchitectures. Previous methods utilized conserved angles from natural RNA motifs to form geometries with specific sizes. However, the feasibility of producing RNA architecture with variable sizes using native motifs featuring fixed sizes and angles is limited. It would be advantageous to display RNA nanoparticles of diverse shape and size derived from a given primary sequence. Here, we report an approach to construct RNA nanoparticles with tunable size and stability. Multifunctional RNA squares with a 90° angle were constructed by tuning the 60° angle of the three-way junction (3WJ) motif from the packaging RNA (pRNA) of the bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor. The physicochemical properties and size of the RNA square were also easily tuned by modulating the “core” strand and adjusting the length of the sides of the square via predictable design. Squares of 5, 10, and 20 nm were constructed, each showing diverse thermodynamic and chemical stabilities. Four “arms” extending from the corners of the square were used to incorporate siRNA, ribozyme, and fluorogenic RNA motifs. Unique intramolecular contact using the pre-existing intricacy of the 3WJ avoids relatively weaker intermolecular interactions via kissing loops or sticky ends. Utilizing the 3WJ motif, we have employed a modular design technique to construct variable-size RNA squares with controllable properties and functionalities for diverse and versatile applications with engineering, pharmaceutical, and medical potential. This technique for simple design to finely tune physicochemical properties adds a new angle to RNA nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Jasinski
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Emil F. Khisamutdinov
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Yuri L. Lyubchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Peixuan Guo
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Markey Cancer Center, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Address correspondence to
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73
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DePorter SM, McNaughton BR. Engineered M13 bacteriophage nanocarriers for intracellular delivery of exogenous proteins to human prostate cancer cells. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1620-5. [PMID: 25134017 DOI: 10.1021/bc500339k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The size, well-defined structure, and relatively high folding energies of most proteins allow them to recognize disease-relevant receptors that present a challenge to small molecule reagents. While multiple challenges must be overcome in order to fully exploit the use of protein reagents in basic research and medicine, perhaps the greatest challenge is their intracellular delivery to a particular diseased cell. Here, we describe the genetic and enzymatic manipulation of prostate cancer cell-penetrating M13 bacteriophage to generate nanocarriers for the intracellular delivery of functional exogenous proteins to a human prostate cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M DePorter
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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74
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Chen K, Xu J, Luft JC, Tian S, Raval JS, DeSimone JM. Design of asymmetric particles containing a charged interior and a neutral surface charge: comparative study on in vivo circulation of polyelectrolyte microgels. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9947-52. [PMID: 24941029 PMCID: PMC4227716 DOI: 10.1021/ja503939n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Lowering
the modulus of hydrogel particles could enable them to
bypass in vivo physical barriers that would otherwise
filter particles with similar size but higher modulus. Incorporation
of electrolyte moieties into the polymer network of hydrogel particles
to increase the swelling ratio is a straightforward and quite efficient
way to decrease the modulus. In addition, charged groups in hydrogel
particles can also help secure cargoes. However, the distribution
of charged groups on the surface of a particle can accelerate the
clearance of particles. Herein, we developed a method to synthesize
highly swollen microgels of precise size with near-neutral surface
charge while retaining interior charged groups. A strategy was employed
to enable a particle to be highly cross-linked with very small mesh
size, and subsequently PEGylated to quench the exterior amines only
without affecting the internal amines. Acidic degradation of the cross-linker
allows for swelling of the particles to microgels with a desired size
and deformability. The microgels fabricated demonstrated extended
circulation in vivo compared to their counterparts
with a charged surface, and could potentially be utilized in in vivo applications including as oxygen carriers or nucleic
acid scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, §Institute for Nanomedicine, ∥School of Pharmacy, ⊥Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, #Institute for Advanced Materials, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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75
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Howard M, Zern BJ, Anselmo AC, Shuvaev VV, Mitragotri S, Muzykantov V. Vascular targeting of nanocarriers: perplexing aspects of the seemingly straightforward paradigm. ACS NANO 2014; 8:4100-32. [PMID: 24787360 PMCID: PMC4046791 DOI: 10.1021/nn500136z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Targeted nanomedicine holds promise to find clinical use in many medical areas. Endothelial cells that line the luminal surface of blood vessels represent a key target for treatment of inflammation, ischemia, thrombosis, stroke, and other neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and oncological conditions. In other cases, the endothelium is a barrier for tissue penetration or a victim of adverse effects. Several endothelial surface markers including peptidases (e.g., ACE, APP, and APN) and adhesion molecules (e.g., ICAM-1 and PECAM) have been identified as key targets. Binding of nanocarriers to these molecules enables drug targeting and subsequent penetration into or across the endothelium, offering therapeutic effects that are unattainable by their nontargeted counterparts. We analyze diverse aspects of endothelial nanomedicine including (i) circulation and targeting of carriers with diverse geometries, (ii) multivalent interactions of carrier with endothelium, (iii) anchoring to multiple determinants, (iv) accessibility of binding sites and cellular response to their engagement, (v) role of cell phenotype and microenvironment in targeting, (vi) optimization of targeting by lowering carrier avidity, (vii) endocytosis of multivalent carriers via molecules not implicated in internalization of their ligands, and (viii) modulation of cellular uptake and trafficking by selection of specific epitopes on the target determinant, carrier geometry, and hydrodynamic factors. Refinement of these aspects and improving our understanding of vascular biology and pathology is likely to enable the clinical translation of vascular endothelial targeting of nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Howard
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Blaine J. Zern
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Aaron C. Anselmo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Shuvaev
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Bioengineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Center for Targeted Therapeutics and Translational Nanomedicine, Institute for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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76
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Sethi M, Sukumar R, Karve S, Werner ME, Wang EC, Moore DT, Kowalczyk SR, Zhang L, Wang AZ. Effect of drug release kinetics on nanoparticle therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:2321-2327. [PMID: 24418914 PMCID: PMC3940272 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05961h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effects of nanoparticle (NP) properties, such as size, shape and surface charge, on their efficacy and toxicity have been studied extensively. However, the effect of controlled drug release on NP efficacy and toxicity has not been thoroughly evaluated in vivo. Our study aims to fill this knowledge gap. A key challenge in characterizing the relationship between drug release and therapeutic ratio is to fabricate NPs that differ only in their drug release profile but are otherwise identical. To overcome this challenge, we developed crosslinkable lipid shell (CLS) NPs, where the drug release kinetics can be modulated without changing any other NP property. Using CLS NPs with wortmannin and docetaxel as model drugs, we determined the relationship between the release kinetics and therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of the drugs. We have determined that drug release kinetics can affect the therapeutic efficacy of NP docetaxel and NP wortmannin in vitro and in vivo. Our study also demonstrates that a decrease in drug release kinetics can result in a decrease in the hepatotoxicity of CLS NP wortmannin. Using two model drugs, the current findings provide the first direct evidence that NP drug release profile is a critical factor in determining the NP therapeutics' efficacy and toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Sethi
- Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rohit Sukumar
- Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shrirang Karve
- Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael E. Werner
- Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Edina C. Wang
- Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dominic T. Moore
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sonya R. Kowalczyk
- Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of Nanoengineering, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew Z. Wang
- Carolina Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, Laboratory of Nano- and Translational Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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77
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Intracellular delivery of polymeric nanocarriers: a matter of size, shape, charge, elasticity and surface composition. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:705-23. [PMID: 23738668 DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in drug discovery has enabled the targeting of specific intracellular molecules to achieve therapeutic effects. These next-generation therapeutics are often biologics that cannot enter cells by mere diffusion. Therefore, it is imperative that drug carriers are efficiently internalized by cells and reach specific target organelles before releasing their cargo. Nanoscale polymeric carriers are particularly suitable for such intracellular delivery. Although size and surface charge have been the most studied parameters for nanocarriers, it is now well appreciated that other properties, for example, particle shape, elasticity and surface composition, also play a critical role in their transport across physiological barriers. It is proposed that a multivariate design space that considers the interdependence of particle geometry with its mechanical and surface properties must be optimized to formulate drug nanocarriers for effective accumulation at target sites and efficient intracellular delivery.
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78
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Xu J, Luft JC, Yi X, Tian S, Owens G, Wang J, Johnson A, Berglund P, Smith J, Napier ME, DeSimone JM. RNA replicon delivery via lipid-complexed PRINT protein particles. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3366-74. [PMID: 23924216 PMCID: PMC3948333 DOI: 10.1021/mp400190z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the development of a nonviral lipid-complexed PRINT (particle replication in nonwetting templates) protein particle system (LPP particle) for RNA replicon delivery with a view toward RNA replicon-based vaccination. Cylindrical bovine serum albumin (BSA) particles (diameter (d) 1 μm, height (h) 1 μm) loaded with RNA replicon and stabilized with a fully reversible disulfide cross-linker were fabricated using PRINT technology. Highly efficient delivery of the particles to Vero cells was achieved by complexing particles with a mixture of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) lipids. Our data suggest that (1) this lipid-complexed protein particle is a promising system for delivery of RNA replicon-based vaccines and (2) it is necessary to use a degradable cross-linker for successful delivery of RNA replicon via protein-based particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - J. Christopher Luft
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Institute for Advanced Materials, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Xianwen Yi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Shaomin Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Institute for Advanced Materials, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | | | - Jin Wang
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Ashley Johnson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | | | | | - Mary E. Napier
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Institute for Advanced Materials, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Joseph M. DeSimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Carolina Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Institute for Advanced Materials, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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79
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Key J, Aryal S, Gentile F, Ananta JS, Zhong M, Landis MD, Decuzzi P. Engineering discoidal polymeric nanoconstructs with enhanced magneto-optical properties for tumor imaging. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5402-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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80
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Xu J, Wong DHC, Byrne JD, Chen K, Bowerman C, DeSimone JM. Future of the particle replication in nonwetting templates (PRINT) technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:6580-9. [PMID: 23670869 PMCID: PMC4157646 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Particle replication in nonwetting templates (PRINT) is a continuous, roll-to-roll, high-resolution molding technology which allows the design and synthesis of precisely defined micro- and nanoparticles. This technology adapts the lithographic techniques from the microelectronics industry and marries these with the roll-to-roll processes from the photographic film industry to enable researchers to have unprecedented control over particle size, shape, chemical composition, cargo, modulus, and surface properties. In addition, PRINT is a GMP-compliant (GMP=good manufacturing practice) platform amenable for particle fabrication on a large scale. Herein, we describe some of our most recent work involving the PRINT technology for application in the biomedical and material sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA)
| | - Dominica H. C. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA)
| | - James D. Byrne
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA)
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA)
| | - Charles Bowerman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA)
| | - Joseph M. DeSimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA). Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA). Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA). Department of Pharmacology, Carolina Center of Cancer Nano-technology Excellence, Institute for Advanced Materials, Institute for Nanomedicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA) and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 (USA) and Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021 (USA)
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Xu J, Wong DHC, Byrne JD, Chen K, Bowerman C, DeSimone JM. Die Zukunft der Partikelreplikation in nicht benetzenden Templaten (PRINT). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shoffstall AJ, Atkins KT, Groynom RE, Varley ME, Everhart LM, Lashof-Sullivan MM, Martyn-Dow B, Butler RS, Ustin JS, Lavik EB. Intravenous hemostatic nanoparticles increase survival following blunt trauma injury. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3850-7. [PMID: 22998772 DOI: 10.1021/bm3013023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trauma is the leading cause of death for people ages 1-44, with blood loss comprising 60-70% of mortality in the absence of lethal CNS or cardiac injury. Immediate intervention is critical to improving chances of survival. While there are several products to control bleeding for external and compressible wounds, including pressure dressings, tourniquets, or topical materials (e.g., QuikClot, HemCon), there are no products that can be administered in the field for internal bleeding. There is a tremendous unmet need for a hemostatic agent to address internal bleeding in the field. We have developed hemostatic nanoparticles (GRGDS-NPs) that reduce bleeding times by ~50% in a rat femoral artery injury model. Here, we investigated their impact on survival following administration in a lethal liver resection injury in rats. Administration of these hemostatic nanoparticles reduced blood loss following the liver injury and dramatically and significantly increased 1 h survival from 40 and 47% in controls (inactive nanoparticles and saline, respectively) to 80%. Furthermore, we saw no complications following administration of these nanoparticles. We further characterized the nanoparticles' effect on clotting time (CT) and maximum clot firmness (MCF) using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM), a clinical measurement of whole-blood coagulation. Clotting time is significantly reduced, with no change in MCF. Administration of these hemostatic nanoparticles after massive trauma may help staunch bleeding and improve survival in the critical window following injury, and this could fundamentally change trauma care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Shoffstall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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