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van der Linden L, Bruning AHL, Thomas XV, Minnaar RP, Rebers SPH, Schinkel J, de Jong MD, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC. A molecular epidemiological perspective of rhinovirus types circulating in Amsterdam from 2007 to 2012. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:1002.e9-1002.e14. [PMID: 27554204 PMCID: PMC7129042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are frequently detected respiratory viruses that cause mild common cold symptoms, but may also lead to more severe respiratory tract infections. The large number of RV types, classified into species A, B and C, hampers clear insights into the epidemiology and clinical significance of each RV type. The aim of this study was to map the circulation of RV types in the Amsterdam area. RV-positive nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples, collected from 2007 to 2012 in the Academic Medical Centre (Amsterdam, the Netherlands), were typed based on the sequence of the region coding for capsid proteins VP4 and VP2. RV-A, RV-B and RV-C were found in proportions of of 52.4% (334/637), 11.3% (72/637), and 36.2% (231/637), respectively. We detected 129 of the 167 currently classified types. RVs circulated throughout the entire year with a peak in the autumn and a decline in the summer. Some RV types were observed throughout the entire sampling period and others had a more seasonal pattern. Nine RV-A and four RV-B novel provisionally assigned types were identified. This study provides an insight into the molecular epidemiology of RVs in the Amsterdam area. The RVs circulating are diverse and include several provisionally new types.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van der Linden
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - A H L Bruning
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - X V Thomas
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R P Minnaar
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S P H Rebers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Schinkel
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M D de Jong
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Pajkrt
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K C Wolthers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Koren MA, Arnold JC, Fairchok MP, Lalani T, Danaher PJ, Schofield CM, Rajnik M, Hansen EA, Mor D, Chen WJ, Ridoré M, Burgess TH, Millar EV. Type-specific clinical characteristics of adenovirus-associated influenza-like illness at five US military medical centers, 2009-2014. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:414-20. [PMID: 27062998 PMCID: PMC4947946 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adenovirus is a recognized cause of influenza‐like illness (ILI). The proportion of ILI attributable to adenovirus is not known. Moreover, knowledge gaps remain with respect to the epidemiologic, virologic, and clinical characteristics of adenovirus‐associated ILI among otherwise healthy individuals. Methods An observational, longitudinal study of <65‐year‐old patients with febrile ILI at five medical centers was conducted from 2009 to 2014. Nasopharyngeal specimens obtained at enrollment were first tested by single‐reaction PCR for adenovirus, then further evaluated by a multiplex PCR assay for other respiratory viral pathogens. Symptoms over a 28‐day period were collected. Results We enrolled 1536 individuals, among whom 43 (2·8%) were positive for adenovirus. The median age of cases was 3·4 years (range: 4 months to 41 years). Three were hospitalized. Species and serotype information was available for 33 (76·7%) cases. Species C (n = 21) was the most common, followed by B3 (n = 9) and one each of E4a, D46, and A. Species C infections were more frequent in children (P < 0·01). Half of the cases were positive for at least one other respiratory viral pathogen. Symptoms were generally mild and most commonly included cough (90%), fatigue (79%), rhinorrhea (74%), loss of appetite (71%), and sore throat (64%). Children with non‐C adenovirus infection were more likely to report sore throat (P = 0·05) and hoarseness (P = 0·06) than those with species C infection. Conclusions Adenovirus is frequently detected with other respiratory viruses. Persons with non‐C adenovirus infections reported more severe symptoms, suggesting there may be species‐specific differences in virulence and/or host response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Koren
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Mary P Fairchok
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA.,Madigan Army Medical Center, Fort Lewis, WA, USA
| | - Tahaniyat Lalani
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA.,Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Rajnik
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Erin A Hansen
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA.,Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Deepika Mor
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Wei-Ju Chen
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Timothy H Burgess
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eugene V Millar
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, MD, USA
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Royston L, Tapparel C. Rhinoviruses and Respiratory Enteroviruses: Not as Simple as ABC. Viruses 2016; 8:E16. [PMID: 26761027 PMCID: PMC4728576 DOI: 10.3390/v8010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) and respiratory enteroviruses (EVs) are leading causes of upper respiratory tract infections and among the most frequent infectious agents in humans worldwide. Both are classified in the Enterovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family and they have been assigned to seven distinct species, RV-A, B, C and EV-A, B, C, D. As viral infections of public health significance, they represent an important financial burden on health systems worldwide. However, the lack of efficient antiviral treatment or vaccines against these highly prevalent pathogens prevents an effective management of RV-related diseases. Current advances in molecular diagnostic techniques have revealed the presence of RV in the lower respiratory tract and its role in lower airway diseases is increasingly reported. In addition to an established etiological role in the common cold, these viruses demonstrate an unexpected capacity to spread to other body sites under certain conditions. Some of these viruses have received particular attention recently, such as EV-D68 that caused a large outbreak of respiratory illness in 2014, respiratory EVs from species C, or viruses within the newly-discovered RV-C species. This review provides an update of the latest findings on clinical and fundamental aspects of RV and respiratory EV, including a summary of basic knowledge of their biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Royston
- University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva Hospitals, 4 Rue Gabrielle Perret-Gentil, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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Bruning AHL, Thomas XV, van der Linden L, Wildenbeest JG, Minnaar RP, Jansen RR, de Jong MD, Sterk PJ, van der Schee MP, Wolthers KC, Pajkrt D. Clinical, virological and epidemiological characteristics of rhinovirus infections in early childhood: A comparison between non-hospitalised and hospitalised children. J Clin Virol 2015; 73:120-126. [PMID: 26599608 PMCID: PMC7185867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RV) frequently cause respiratory tract infections in young children. We evaluated characteristics of RV infections in relation to clinical outcome. In young children clinical outcome was not related to RV species or types. Outcome of RV disease is more likely influenced by multiple (host-specific) factors.
Background Several studies have been published regarding the epidemiology and clinical significance of the different rhinovirus (RV) species (-A, -B and -C). However, data on RV types and the associations with clinical outcome in young children are limited. Here, we investigated the clinical, virological and epidemiological characteristics of RV infections in young children with mild or asymptomatic infection (non-hospitalised children) and in symptomatic young children admitted to the hospital. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between different characteristics of RV infections and clinical outcome in young children. Study design RV-infected children were retrospectively selected from a Dutch birth cohort (EUROPA-study) and from hospitalised children admitted to the hospital because of respiratory symptoms. In total 120 RV-typed samples could be selected from 65 non-hospitalised and 49 hospitalised children between November 2009 and December 2012. Results RV-A was the predominant species in both study populations, followed closely by RV-C. RV-B was observed only sporadically. The distribution of the RV species was comparable in non-hospitalised and hospitalised children. In children with respiratory distress who required ICU-admission the distribution of RV species did not differ significantly from the non-hospitalised children. No predominant RV type was present in non-hospitalised nor hospitalised children. However, hospitalised children were younger, had more often an underlying illness, a higher RV load and more frequently a bacterial co-infection. Conclusions Clinical outcome of RV infected young children was not related to RV species or types, but may more likely be influenced by multiple (host-specific) factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H L Bruning
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Xiomara V Thomas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke van der Linden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne G Wildenbeest
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René P Minnaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier R Jansen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Sterk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc P van der Schee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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