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van der Linden L, Bruning AHL, Thomas XV, Minnaar RP, Rebers SPH, Schinkel J, de Jong MD, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC. A molecular epidemiological perspective of rhinovirus types circulating in Amsterdam from 2007 to 2012. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:1002.e9-1002.e14. [PMID: 27554204 PMCID: PMC7129042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are frequently detected respiratory viruses that cause mild common cold symptoms, but may also lead to more severe respiratory tract infections. The large number of RV types, classified into species A, B and C, hampers clear insights into the epidemiology and clinical significance of each RV type. The aim of this study was to map the circulation of RV types in the Amsterdam area. RV-positive nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples, collected from 2007 to 2012 in the Academic Medical Centre (Amsterdam, the Netherlands), were typed based on the sequence of the region coding for capsid proteins VP4 and VP2. RV-A, RV-B and RV-C were found in proportions of of 52.4% (334/637), 11.3% (72/637), and 36.2% (231/637), respectively. We detected 129 of the 167 currently classified types. RVs circulated throughout the entire year with a peak in the autumn and a decline in the summer. Some RV types were observed throughout the entire sampling period and others had a more seasonal pattern. Nine RV-A and four RV-B novel provisionally assigned types were identified. This study provides an insight into the molecular epidemiology of RVs in the Amsterdam area. The RVs circulating are diverse and include several provisionally new types.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van der Linden
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - A H L Bruning
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - X V Thomas
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R P Minnaar
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S P H Rebers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Schinkel
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M D de Jong
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Pajkrt
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K C Wolthers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Bruning AHL, Thomas XV, van der Linden L, Wildenbeest JG, Minnaar RP, Jansen RR, de Jong MD, Sterk PJ, van der Schee MP, Wolthers KC, Pajkrt D. Clinical, virological and epidemiological characteristics of rhinovirus infections in early childhood: A comparison between non-hospitalised and hospitalised children. J Clin Virol 2015; 73:120-126. [PMID: 26599608 PMCID: PMC7185867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RV) frequently cause respiratory tract infections in young children. We evaluated characteristics of RV infections in relation to clinical outcome. In young children clinical outcome was not related to RV species or types. Outcome of RV disease is more likely influenced by multiple (host-specific) factors.
Background Several studies have been published regarding the epidemiology and clinical significance of the different rhinovirus (RV) species (-A, -B and -C). However, data on RV types and the associations with clinical outcome in young children are limited. Here, we investigated the clinical, virological and epidemiological characteristics of RV infections in young children with mild or asymptomatic infection (non-hospitalised children) and in symptomatic young children admitted to the hospital. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between different characteristics of RV infections and clinical outcome in young children. Study design RV-infected children were retrospectively selected from a Dutch birth cohort (EUROPA-study) and from hospitalised children admitted to the hospital because of respiratory symptoms. In total 120 RV-typed samples could be selected from 65 non-hospitalised and 49 hospitalised children between November 2009 and December 2012. Results RV-A was the predominant species in both study populations, followed closely by RV-C. RV-B was observed only sporadically. The distribution of the RV species was comparable in non-hospitalised and hospitalised children. In children with respiratory distress who required ICU-admission the distribution of RV species did not differ significantly from the non-hospitalised children. No predominant RV type was present in non-hospitalised nor hospitalised children. However, hospitalised children were younger, had more often an underlying illness, a higher RV load and more frequently a bacterial co-infection. Conclusions Clinical outcome of RV infected young children was not related to RV species or types, but may more likely be influenced by multiple (host-specific) factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H L Bruning
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Xiomara V Thomas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke van der Linden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne G Wildenbeest
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René P Minnaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier R Jansen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno D de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Sterk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc P van der Schee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Benschop KSM, Wildenbeest JG, Koen G, Minnaar RP, van Hemert FJ, Westerhuis BM, Pajkrt D, van den Broek PJ, Vossen ACTM, Wolthers KC. Genetic and antigenic structural characterization for resistance of echovirus 11 to pleconaril in an immunocompromised patient. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:571-579. [PMID: 25395595 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleconaril is a capsid inhibitor used previously to treat enterovirus infections. A pleconaril-resistant echovirus 11 (E11) strain was identified before pleconaril treatment was given in an immunocompromised patient. The patient was also treated with intravenous Ig (IVIg) for a long period but remained unresponsive. The pleconaril-resistant strains could not be neutralized in vitro, confirming IVIg treatment failure. To identify the basis of pleconaril resistance, genetic and structural analyses were conducted. Analysis of a modelled viral capsid indicated conformational changes in the hydrophobic pocket that could prevent pleconaril docking. Substitutions (V117I, V119M and I188L) in the pleconaril-resistant viruses were found in the pocket region of VP1. Modelling suggested that V119M could confer resistance, most probably due to the protruding sulfate side chain of methionine. Although pleconaril resistance induced in vitro in a susceptible E11 clinical isolate was characterized by a different substitution (I183M), resistance was suggested to also result from a similar mechanism, i.e. due to a protruding sulfate side chain of methionine. Our results showed that resistant strains that arise in vivo display different markers from those identified in vitro and suggest that multiple factors may play a role in pleconaril resistance in patient strains. Based on IVIg treatment failure, we predict that one of these factors could be immune related. Thus, both IVIg and capsid inhibitors target the viral capsid and can induce mutations that can be cross-reactive, enabling escape from both IVIg and the drug. This could limit treatment options and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S M Benschop
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J G Wildenbeest
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Koen
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R P Minnaar
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F J van Hemert
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B M Westerhuis
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P J van den Broek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A C T M Vossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K C Wolthers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Benschop KSM, Schinkel J, Minnaar RP, Pajkrt D, Spanjerberg L, Kraakman HC, Berkhout B, Zaaijer HL, Beld MGHM, Wolthers KC. Human parechovirus infections in Dutch children and the association between serotype and disease severity. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 42:204-10. [PMID: 16355330 DOI: 10.1086/498905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are members of the family Picornaviridae and are classified into 3 known serotypes: HPeV1, HPeV2, and the recently identified HPeV3. HPeV1 and HPeV2 infections are most commonly associated with mild respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms and occasionally with severe disease conditions, such as flaccid paralysis and encephalitis. HPeV3 infection has been associated with transient paralysis and neonatal infection and has until now only been reported in Japan and Canada. METHODS Culture isolates considered to be enterovirus on the basis of cell culture but that were found to be enterovirus negative by 5' untranslated region reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (5'UTR RT-PCR) during the period December 2000 through January 2005 were selected. Isolates were tested by HPeV 5'UTR RT-PCR and were genotyped by sequencing the VP1 region. Phylogenetic analysis was performed, and the association with clinical symptoms was established. RESULTS Thirty-seven (12%) of the 303 isolates that tested positive for enterovirus by cell culture were in fact HPeV. The majority of the HPeV-positive isolates (n = 27) could be identified as HPeV1. The remaining 10 isolates, which were grown from samples obtained in 2001, 2002, and 2004, could be typed as the recently identified HPeV3. HPeV was exclusively detected in children aged < 3 years. Children infected with HPeV3 were significantly younger than children infected with HPeV1, and sepsis-like illness and central nervous system involvement were more frequently reported in children infected with HPeV3. CONCLUSIONS We report HPeV infections in young children during the period of 2000-2005 and show an association between HPeV3 infection and sepsis-like illness and central nervous system involvement in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S M Benschop
- Department of Clinical Virology, Academic Medical Center, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Feltkamp MC, Smits HL, Vierboom MP, Minnaar RP, de Jongh BM, Drijfhout JW, ter Schegget J, Melief CJ, Kast WM. Vaccination with cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope-containing peptide protects against a tumor induced by human papillomavirus type 16-transformed cells. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23:2242-9. [PMID: 7690326 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) peptide epitopes can be used for immunization of mice against lethal virus infection. To study whether this approach can be successful against virus-induced tumors we generated a B6 (H-2b) tumorigenic cell line transformed by human papillomavirus (HPV). This virus is detected in over 90% of all human cervical cancers. To identify vaccine candidates, we generated a set of 240 overlapping peptides derived from the HPV type 16 (HPV16) oncogenes E6 and E7. These peptides were tested for their ability to bind H-2Kb and H-2Db MHC class I molecules. Binding peptides were compared with the presently known peptide-binding motifs for H-2Kb and H-2Db and the predictive value of these motifs is shortly discussed. The high-affinity H-2Db-binding peptide and putative CTL epitope E7 49-57 (RAHYNIVTF) was used in vaccination studies against HPV 16-transformed tumor cells. Immunization with peptide E7 49-57 rendered mice insensitive to a subsequent challenge with HPV 16-transformed tumor cells in vivo, and induced a CTL response which lysed the tumor cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Feltkamp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood bank, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Tieben LM, ter Schegget J, Minnaar RP, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Berkhout RJ, Vermeer BJ, Jebbink MF, Smits HL. Detection of cutaneous and genital HPV types in clinical samples by PCR using consensus primers. J Virol Methods 1993; 42:265-79. [PMID: 8390474 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(93)90038-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Two sets of consensus PCR primers consisting of a common 3' primer CP-I and two 5'-primers, CP-IIG (primer set A) and CP-IIS (primer set B), in the E1 open reading frame of the human papillomavirus (HPV) genome are presented. These two primer sets enabled the detection of a 188 base pair (bp) fragment of HPV 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6b, 7, 8, 9, 10a, 11, 12, 14a, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 31, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39 and 46. HPV types 15, 23, 49 and 50 were poorly amplified and HPV type 41 was not amplified. The method is suitable for the detection of HPV DNA sequences in clinical samples of both cervical and cutaneous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Tieben
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Smits PH, Smits HL, Minnaar RP, ter Schegget J. Regulation of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) transcription by loci on the short arm of chromosome 11 is mediated by the TATAAAA motif of the HPV-16 promoter. J Gen Virol 1993; 74 ( Pt 1):121-4. [PMID: 8380833 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-1-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) enhancer-promoter is virtually inactive in normal human diploid fibroblasts, but active in human fibroblasts with a deletion in the short arm of one chromosome 11 (del-11 cells). Since the HPV-16 enhancer with the simian virus 40 promoter is active in both cell types, the target for chromosome 11-regulated HPV-expression is likely to be located in the HPV-16 early promoter region (nucleotides 57 to 112). We show here that DNA-protein complexes formed with an HPV-16 promoter fragment are quantitatively different in del-11 cell and diploid cell extracts. This quantitative difference detected in band shift experiments disappeared upon mutation of the HPV-16 TATAAAA box to TATTTAT. This mutation also strongly reduced the activity of the HPV-16 enhancer-promoter in del-11 cells. These results indicate that TATA-binding proteins are involved in the chromosome 11-mediated regulation of HPV-16 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Smits
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Smits PH, Smits HL, Minnaar RP, Hemmings BA, Mayer-Jaekel RE, Schuurman R, van der Noordaa J, ter Schegget J. The 55 kDa regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A plays a role in the activation of the HPV16 long control region in human cells with a deletion in the short arm of chromosome 11. EMBO J 1992; 11:4601-6. [PMID: 1330540 PMCID: PMC557036 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous results indicated that SV40 small t is essential for SV40-induced transformation of diploid cells but dispensable for the transformation of cells with a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 11 (del-11 cells). From these results we concluded that del-11 cells contain a cellular 'SV40 small t-like' factor, which is able to transactivate the HPV16 long control region (LCR) and to complement SV40 large T in transformation. Since SV40 small t and the regulatory 55 kDa subunit (PR55) of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), have been shown to inhibit the enzyme activity of PP2A, the PR55 beta subunit could be the putative 'small t-like' factor. In accordance with this hypothesis, we show that the PR55 beta subunit is highly expressed in del-11 but not in diploid cells and is able to trans-activate the HPV16 LCR in diploid cells. Moreover, inhibition of PP2A by okadaic acid resulted in trans-activation of the HPV16 LCR in diploid cells. Alignment of PR55 and SV40 small t showed a common four amino acid motif DKGG. We present evidence that the integrity of this motif is necessary for the PP2A-mediated ability of SV40 small t to trans-activate the HPV16 LCR.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Diploidy
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Ethers, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, Viral
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Okadaic Acid
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/genetics
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism
- Plasmids
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Phosphatase 2
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Simian virus 40/genetics
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Smits
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Smits HL, Tieben LM, Tjong-A-Hung SP, Jebbink MF, Minnaar RP, Jansen CL, ter Schegget J. Detection and typing of human papillomaviruses present in fixed and stained archival cervical smears by a consensus polymerase chain reaction and direct sequence analysis allow the identification of a broad spectrum of human papillomavirus types. J Gen Virol 1992; 73 ( Pt 12):3263-8. [PMID: 1335027 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-12-3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA well suited for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was purified from archival Papanicolaou smears. The detection of a wide range of human papillomavirus (HPV) types was made possible using a HPV-specific consensus primer pair, and typing was conveniently done by direct sequence analysis of the PCR product. The method could be of unique value in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies aimed at answering a number of fundamental pathological and epidemiological questions regarding HPV infection of the genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Smits
- Department of Virology, Section of Fundamental Virology), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Smits PH, de Ronde A, Smits HL, Minnaar RP, van der Noordaa J, ter Schegget J. Modulation of the human papillomavirus type 16 induced transformation and transcription by deletion of loci on the short arm of human chromosome 11 can be mimicked by SV40 small t. Virology 1992; 190:40-4. [PMID: 1326811 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)91190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 enhancer-promoter has been shown to be active in human fibroblasts with a deletion on the short arm of one chromosome 11 (karyotype 46,del(11)(p11.11p15.1)) but is virtually inactive in diploid human fibroblasts (Smits, Smits, Jebbink, and ter Schegget, 1990b, Virology, 176, 158-165). In diploid human embryonic fibroblasts, activation of the HPV16 enhancer-promoter could be achieved by expression of the SV40 small t. By cotransfecting SV40 small t cDNA together with HPV16 DNA into diploid cells, it was possible to increase the transforming activity of HPV16 by 10- 15-fold. Furthermore, SV40 small t was essential for the SV40 large T-induced morphological transformation of human diploid fibroblasts, whereas SV40 small t was dispensable for transformation of del-11 cells. We propose that, as a result of the deletion of loci on the short arm of chromosome 11 in del-11 cells, functions are expressed that mimic those of SV40 small t in transformation and trans-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Smits
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Geelen JL, Minnaar RP, Boom R, van der Noordaa J, Goudsmit J. Heat-shock induction of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat. J Gen Virol 1988; 69 ( Pt 11):2913-7. [PMID: 3183632 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-69-11-2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat cell lines were established in which the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene under control of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) was stably integrated. The cell lines showed a repressed phenotype for CAT expression, but could be induced for it by inhibition of protein synthesis, as well as by heat-shock and chemical inducers of the cellular stress response, such as sodium arsenite, 8-hydroxyquinoline and the heavy metals cadmium and copper. A decameric sequence present in the NF-kB binding sites in the HIV LTR (GGGACTTTCC) resembles the cellular heat-shock core sequence and may therefore be involved in the heat-shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Geelen
- Department of Virology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Boom R, Sol CJ, Minnaar RP, Geelen JL, Raap AK, van der Noordaa J. Induction of gene expression under human cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer-promoter control by inhibition of protein synthesis is cell cycle-dependent. J Gen Virol 1988; 69 ( Pt 6):1179-93. [PMID: 2838570 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-69-6-1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper we describe stably transfected rat cell lines which harbour either the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate early (IE) gene encoding the 72K IE nuclear antigen (IEA) or the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene both under transcriptional control of the HCMV IE enhancer-promoter (-484 to -19 relative to the IE cap site, +1). In these cell lines IE gene or CAT gene expression is repressed but can be induced by heat-shock, by sodium arsenite and by inhibitors of protein synthesis such as cycloheximide (CH). In addition, we present evidence suggesting that CH-mediated activation is cell cycle-dependent. Thus CH-mediated induction of the 72K IEA as well as CAT gene expression was impaired and accumulation of mRNAs did not occur when cellular DNA synthesis was inhibited. Activation of IE genes by CH occurred almost exclusively in those cells which were in S-phase. In contrast, activation of gene expression by sodium arsenite occurred independently of cellular DNA synthesis and was not restricted to cells in S-phase. The data are consistent with, but not proof of, the hypothesis that the activation of IE transcription, brought about by inhibition of protein synthesis, resulted from a disturbed chromatin conformation due to DNA synthesis continuing in the absence of a supply of chromatin-organizing proteins. The possible relevance of these observations with regard to HCMV latency and reactivation is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Acetyltransferases/biosynthesis
- Acetyltransferases/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Arsenic/pharmacology
- Arsenites
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Line
- Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Cytomegalovirus/metabolism
- DNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- DNA, Viral/drug effects
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Viral
- Hot Temperature
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- Rats
- Sodium Compounds
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Viral Proteins/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boom
- Department of Virology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Boom R, Geelen JL, Sol CJ, Minnaar RP, van der Noordaa J. Resistance to methylation de novo of the human cytomegalovirus immediate early enhancer in a model for virus latency and reactivation in vitro. J Gen Virol 1987; 68 ( Pt 11):2839-52. [PMID: 2824664 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-68-11-2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat-9G cells carry several stably integrated copies of the major immediate early (IE) transcription unit of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). In these cells IE expression is repressed but inducible. In this report we describe the DNA methylation status of HpaII, HhaI and AhaII sites within the IE gene, determined at different passage levels. Most, if not all, of the resident IE genes were progressively methylated in a similar fashion. This resulted in DNA methylation patterns in which sites surrounding the IE upstream region were preferentially methylated to a high degree. In contrast, sites within the 19 bp IE enhancer elements were markedly under-methylated. This particular DNA methylation pattern probably resulted from differences in DNA methylation rates, sites within the IE enhancer being methylated at only a very low rate. Methylation of the IE genes did not affect their inducibility, which might be related to the very low methylation level of the IE enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boom
- Department of Virology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Geelen JL, Boom R, Klaver GP, Minnaar RP, Feltkamp MC, van Milligen FJ, Sol CJ, van der Noordaa J. Transcriptional activation of the major immediate early transcription unit of human cytomegalovirus by heat-shock, arsenite and protein synthesis inhibitors. J Gen Virol 1987; 68 ( Pt 11):2925-31. [PMID: 2824669 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-68-11-2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In Rat-9G cells several copies of the major immediate early (IE) transcription unit (regions 1 and 2) of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are stably integrated. The cells show a repressed phenotype for IE expression but can be induced by inhibition of protein synthesis. In this report we present evidence that the repressed phenotype is due to the absence of IE transcription and that heat-shock and sodium arsenite treatments each result in the transcriptional activation of the repressed IE transcription unit. Either treatment resulted in the induction of HCMV IE transcripts and IE nuclear antigen expression. An octameric DNA sequence present in three of the 18 bp IE enhancer elements (GGACTTTC) resembles the cellular heat-shock element core consensus sequence and may therefore be involved in the heat-shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Geelen
- Department of Virology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Boom R, Geelen JL, Sol CJ, Raap AK, Minnaar RP, Klaver BP, van der Noordaa J. Establishment of a rat cell line inducible for the expression of human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene products by protein synthesis inhibition. J Virol 1986; 58:851-9. [PMID: 3009892 PMCID: PMC252992 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.58.3.851-859.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon transfection of Rat-2-TK- cells with plasmid pES, containing the cloned 7.0-kilobase (kb) EcoRI-SalI fragment (0.063 to 0.089 map units) of the human cytomegalovirus genome, major immediate-early antigen expression was obtained in 1 to 2% of the nuclei of the transfected cells, as determined by immunofluorescence with the E3 monoclonal antibody. Cotransfection of pES with the cloned herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase gene resulted in the establishment of a hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine-resistant cell line which expressed a major immediate-early antigen in approximately 1% of the cells at early passages, with expression gradually declining to less than 0.1% upon subculturing. Southern blot analysis of DNA extracted from this cell line revealed the presence of multiple integration events of pES DNA sequences into cellular DNA, including a head-to-tail tandem array of approximately 10 copies of pES. The integration pattern was stable for at least 80 passages. Metaphase chromosomes prepared from this cell line showed, upon in situ hybridization, a strong hybridization signal in both sister chromatids of a large submetacentric chromosome which is considered to have harbored the tandemly integrated pES molecules. Whereas in most cells of the population, immediate-early expression seemed to be repressed, this repression could be overcome by protein synthesis inhibition, resulting in a massive induction of human-cytomegalovirus-specific transcripts of 2.1 and 1.9 kb and a minor species of 2.9 kb. After release from protein synthesis inhibition, approximately 20% of the cells showed nuclear fluorescence when the E3 monoclonal antibody was used.
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