51
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Zhang HT, Gui T, Liu RX, Tong KL, Wu CJ, Li Z, Huang X, Xu QT, Yang J, Tang W, Sang Y, Liu W, Liu N, Ross RD, He QY, Zha ZG. Sequential targeting of YAP1 and p21 enhances the elimination of senescent cells induced by the BET inhibitor JQ1. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:121. [PMID: 33495462 PMCID: PMC7835383 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma (CHS) is the second most common bone malignancy with limited therapeutic approaches. Our previous study has found that Yes associated protein 1 (YAP1) is downregulated in CHS cells treated with bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibitor JQ1. However, the precise role of YAP1 in CHS is largely unknown. Herein, we found that YAP1 expression was upregulated in CHS tissues, and positively correlated with its grading score. Loss of YAP1 inhibited CHS proliferation and induced cellular senescence, while expression of YAP1 mutants revealed YAP1/TEA domain family member (TEAD)-dependent negative regulation of p21 and subsequent cellular senescence. These results were validated by in vivo experiments using stable shYAP1 cell lines. Mechanistically, negative regulation of p21 by YAP1 occurred post-transcriptionally via Dicer-regulated miRNA networks, specifically, the miR-17 family. Furthermore, we demonstrated that sequential targeting of YAP1 and p21 enhanced the elimination of JQ1-induced senescent cells in a Bcl-2-like 1 (Bcl-XL)/Caspase-3 dependent manner. Altogether, we unveil a novel role of YAP1 signaling in mediating CHS cell senescence and propose a one-two punch approach that sequentially targets the YAP1/p21 axis to eliminate senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Tian Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
- Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tao Gui
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ri-Xu Liu
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kui-Leung Tong
- Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong-Jie Wu
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyan Li
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Qiu-Tong Xu
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang Tang
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Sang
- Department of Joint Replacement and Trauma Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ryan D Ross
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qing-Yu He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhen-Gang Zha
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
- Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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52
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Wu G, Gotthardt M, Gollasch M. Assessment of nanoindentation in stiffness measurement of soft biomaterials: kidney, liver, spleen and uterus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18784. [PMID: 33139771 PMCID: PMC7606463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoindentation technology with high spatial resolution and force sensitivity is widely used to measure the mechanical properties of hard biomaterials and tissues. However, its reliability to analyze soft biomaterials and organs has not been tested. Here, we evaluated the utility of nanoindentation to measure the passive mechanical properties of soft biological specimen. Kidney, liver, spleen and uterus samples were harvested from C57BL/6 N mice. We assessed test-retest repeatability in biological specimen and hydrogel controls using Bland-Altman diagrams, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and the within-subject coefficients of variation (COVs). The results were calculated using Hertzian, JKR and Oliver & Pharr models. Similar to hydrogels, Bland-Altman plots of all biological specimen showed good reliability in stiffness test and retest examinations. In gels, ICCs were larger than 0.8 and COVs were smaller than 15% in all three models. In kidney, liver, spleen and uterus, ICCs were consistently larger than 0.8 only in the Hertzian model but not in the JKR and Oliver & Pharr models. Similarly, COVs were consistently smaller than 15% in kidney, liver, spleen and uterus only in the Hertzian model but not in the other models. We conclude that nanoindentation technology is feasible in detecting the stiffness of kidney, liver, spleen and uterus. The Hertzian model is the preferred method to provide reliable results on ex vivo organ stiffness of the biological specimen under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlin Wu
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael Gotthardt
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, University of Greifswald, University District Hospital Wolgast, Greifswald, Germany.
- Medical Clinic of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Electrochemical Detection and Point-of-Care Testing for Circulating Tumor Cells: Current Techniques and Future Potentials. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20216073. [PMID: 33114569 PMCID: PMC7663783 DOI: 10.3390/s20216073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells that escaped from the primary tumor or the metastasis into the blood and they play a major role in the initiation of metastasis and tumor recurrence. Thus, it is widely accepted that CTC is the main target of liquid biopsy. In the past few decades, the separation of CTC based on the electrochemical method has attracted widespread attention due to its convenience, rapidness, low cost, high sensitivity, and no need for complex instruments and equipment. At present, CTC detection is not widely used in the clinic due to various reasons. Point-of-care CTC detection provides us with a possibility, which is sensitive, fast, cheap, and easy to operate. More importantly, the testing instrument is small and portable, and the testing does not require specialized laboratories and specialized clinical examiners. In this review, we summarized the latest developments in the electrochemical-based CTC detection and point-of-care CTC detection, and discussed the challenges and possible trends.
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54
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Mierke CT. Mechanical Cues Affect Migration and Invasion of Cells From Three Different Directions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583226. [PMID: 33043017 PMCID: PMC7527720 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and invasion is a key driving factor for providing essential cellular functions under physiological conditions or the malignant progression of tumors following downward the metastatic cascade. Although there has been plentiful of molecules identified to support the migration and invasion of cells, the mechanical aspects have not yet been explored in a combined and systematic manner. In addition, the cellular environment has been classically and frequently assumed to be homogeneous for reasons of simplicity. However, motility assays have led to various models for migration covering only some aspects and supporting factors that in some cases also include mechanical factors. Instead of specific models, in this review, a more or less holistic model for cell motility in 3D is envisioned covering all these different aspects with a special emphasis on the mechanical cues from a biophysical perspective. After introducing the mechanical aspects of cell migration and invasion and presenting the heterogeneity of extracellular matrices, the three distinct directions of cell motility focusing on the mechanical aspects are presented. These three different directions are as follows: firstly, the commonly used invasion tests using structural and structure-based mechanical environmental signals; secondly, the mechano-invasion assay, in which cells are studied by mechanical forces to migrate and invade; and thirdly, cell mechanics, including cytoskeletal and nuclear mechanics, to influence cell migration and invasion. Since the interaction between the cell and the microenvironment is bi-directional in these assays, these should be accounted in migration and invasion approaches focusing on the mechanical aspects. Beyond this, there is also the interaction between the cytoskeleton of the cell and its other compartments, such as the cell nucleus. In specific, a three-element approach is presented for addressing the effect of mechanics on cell migration and invasion by including the effect of the mechano-phenotype of the cytoskeleton, nucleus and the cell's microenvironment into the analysis. In precise terms, the combination of these three research approaches including experimental techniques seems to be promising for revealing bi-directional impacts of mechanical alterations of the cellular microenvironment on cells and internal mechanical fluctuations or changes of cells on the surroundings. Finally, different approaches are discussed and thereby a model for the broad impact of mechanics on cell migration and invasion is evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Peter Debye Institute of Soft Matter Physics, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Deptuła P, Łysik D, Pogoda K, Cieśluk M, Namiot A, Mystkowska J, Król G, Głuszek S, Janmey PA, Bucki R. Tissue Rheology as a Possible Complementary Procedure to Advance Histological Diagnosis of Colon Cancer. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5620-5631. [PMID: 33062848 PMCID: PMC7549092 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In recent years,
rheological measurements of cells and tissues
at physiological and pathological stages have become an essential
method to determine how forces and changes in mechanical properties
contribute to disease development and progression, but there is no
standardization of this procedure so far. In this study, we evaluate
the potential of nanoscale atomic force microscopy (AFM) and macroscopic
shear rheometry to assess the mechanical properties of healthy and
cancerous human colon tissues. The direct comparison of tissue mechanical
behavior under uniaxial and shear deformation shows that cancerous
tissues not only are stiffer compared to healthy tissue but also respond
differently when shear and compressive stresses are applied. These
results suggest that rheological parameters can be useful measures
of colon cancer mechanopathology. Additionally, we extend the list
of biological materials exhibiting compressional stiffening and shear
weakening effects to human colon tumors. These mechanical responses
might be promising mechanomarkers and become part of the new procedures
in colon cancer diagnosis. Enrichment of histopathological grading
with rheological assessment of tissue mechanical properties will potentially
allow more accurate colon cancer diagnosis and improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Deptuła
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Dawid Łysik
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pogoda
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Cieśluk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Namiot
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-230 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Mystkowska
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Król
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-516 Kielce, Poland
| | - Stanisław Głuszek
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland.,Clinic for General, Oncologic and Endocrine Surgery, Regional Hospital, 25-736 Kielce, Poland
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,Departments of Physiology and Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
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56
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Lu Z, Wang Z, Li D. Application of atomic force microscope in diagnosis of single cancer cells. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:051501. [PMID: 32922587 PMCID: PMC7474552 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Changes in mechanical properties of cells are closely related to a variety of diseases. As an advanced technology on the micro/nano scale, atomic force microscopy is the most suitable tool for information acquisition of living cells in human body fluids. AFMs are able to measure and characterize the mechanical properties of cells which can be used as effective markers to distinguish between different cell types and cells in different states (benign or cancerous). Therefore, they can be employed to obtain additional information to that obtained via the traditional biochemistry methods for better identifying and diagnosing cancer cells for humans, proposing better treatment methods and prognosis, and unravelling the pathogenesis of the disease. In this report, we review the use of AFMs in cancerous tissues, organs, and cancer cells cultured in vitro to obtain cellular mechanical properties, demonstrate and summarize the results of AFMs in cancer biology, and look forward to possible future applications and the direction of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengcheng Lu
- JR3CN and IRAC, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, United Kingdom
| | - Zuobin Wang
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Dayou Li
- JR3CN and IRAC, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, United Kingdom
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57
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Huang H, Dai C, Shen H, Gu M, Wang Y, Liu J, Chen L, Sun L. Recent Advances on the Model, Measurement Technique, and Application of Single Cell Mechanics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6248. [PMID: 32872378 PMCID: PMC7504142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the cell was discovered by humans, it has been an important research subject for researchers. The mechanical response of cells to external stimuli and the biomechanical response inside cells are of great significance for maintaining the life activities of cells. These biomechanical behaviors have wide applications in the fields of disease research and micromanipulation. In order to study the mechanical behavior of single cells, various cell mechanics models have been proposed. In addition, the measurement technologies of single cells have been greatly developed. These models, combined with experimental techniques, can effectively explain the biomechanical behavior and reaction mechanism of cells. In this review, we first introduce the basic concept and biomechanical background of cells, then summarize the research progress of internal force models and experimental techniques in the field of cell mechanics and discuss the latest mechanical models and experimental methods. We summarize the application directions of cell mechanics and put forward the future perspectives of a cell mechanics model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jizhu Liu
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (H.H.); (C.D.); (H.S.); (M.G.); (Y.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Liguo Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (H.H.); (C.D.); (H.S.); (M.G.); (Y.W.); (L.S.)
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58
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Kwon S, Yang W, Moon D, Kim KS. Comparison of Cancer Cell Elasticity by Cell Type. J Cancer 2020; 11:5403-5412. [PMID: 32742487 PMCID: PMC7391204 DOI: 10.7150/jca.45897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower cellular elasticity is a distinguishing feature of cancer cells compared with normal cells. To determine whether cellular elasticity differs based on cancer cell type, cells were selected from three different cancer types including breast, cervix, and lung. For each cancer type, one counterpart normal cell and three types of cancer cells were selected, and their elasticity was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The elasticity of normal cells was in the order of MCF10A > WI-38 ≥ Ect1/E6E7 which corresponds to the counterpart normal breast, lung, and cervical cancer cells, respectively. All cancer cells exhibited lower elasticity than their counterpart normal cells. Compared with the counterpart normal cells, the difference in cellular elasticity was the greatest in cervical cancer cells, followed by lung and breast cancer cells. This result indicates lower elasticity is a unique property of cancer cells; however, the reduction in elasticity may depend on the histological origin of the cells. The F-actin cytoskeleton of cancer cells was different in structure and content from normal cells. The F-actin is mainly distributed at the periphery of cancer cells and its content was mostly lower than that seen in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochul Yang
- Department of Physics, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Donggerami Moon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-710, Republic of Korea
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59
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Hymel SJ, Lan H, Khismatullin DB. Elongation Index as a Sensitive Measure of Cell Deformation in High-Throughput Microfluidic Systems. Biophys J 2020; 119:493-501. [PMID: 32697978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the promising approaches for high-throughput screening of cell mechanotype is microfluidic deformability cytometry (mDC), in which the apparent deformation index (DI) of the cells stretched by extensional flow at the stagnation point of a cross-slot microchannel is measured. The DI is subject to substantial measurement errors due to cell offset from the flow centerline and velocity fluctuations in inlet channels, leading to artificial widening of DI versus cell size plots. Here, we simulated an mDC experiment using a custom computational algorithm for viscoelastic cell migration. Cell motion and deformation in a cross-slot channel was modeled for fixed or randomized values of cellular mechanical properties (diameter, shear elasticity, cortical tension) and initial cell placement, with or without sinusoidal fluctuations between the inlet velocities. Our numerical simulation indicates that mDC loses sensitivity to changes in shear elasticity when the offset distance exceeds 5 μm, and just 1% velocity fluctuation causes an 11.7% drop in the DI. The obtained relationships between the cell diameter, shear elasticity, and offset distance were used to establish a new measure of cell deformation, referred to as the "elongation index" (EI). In the randomized study, the EI scatter plots were visibly separated for the low- and high-elasticity populations of cells, with a mean of 300 and 3500 Pa, whereas the standard DI output was unable to distinguish between these two groups of cells. The successful suppression of the offset artifacts with a narrower data distribution was shown for the EI output of MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Hymel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Hongzhi Lan
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Damir B Khismatullin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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60
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Ansardamavandi A, Tafazzoli-Shadpour M, Omidvar R, Nili F. An AFM-Based Nanomechanical Study of Ovarian Tissues with Pathological Conditions. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:4333-4350. [PMID: 32606681 PMCID: PMC7311358 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s254342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different diseases affect both mechanical and chemical features of the involved tissue, enhancing the symptoms. METHODS In this study, using atomic force microscopy, we mechanically characterized human ovarian tissues with four distinct pathological conditions: mucinous, serous, and mature teratoma tumors, and non-tumorous endometriosis. Mechanical elasticity profiles were quantified and the resultant data were categorized using K-means clustering method, as well as fuzzy C-means, to evaluate elastic moduli of cellular and non-cellular parts of diseased tissues and compare them among four disease conditions. Samples were stained by hematoxylin-eosin staining to further study the content of different locations of tissues. RESULTS Pathological state vastly influenced the mechanical properties of the ovarian tissues. Significant alterations among elastic moduli of both cellular and non-cellular parts were observed. Mature teratoma tumors commonly composed of multiple cell types and heterogeneous ECM structure showed the widest range of elasticity profile and the stiffest average elastic modulus of 14 kPa. Samples of serous tumors were the softest tissues with elastic modulus of only 400 Pa for the cellular part and 5 kPa for the ECM. Tissues of other two diseases were closer in mechanical properties as mucinous tumors were insignificantly stiffer than endometriosis in cellular part, 1300 Pa compared to 1000 Pa, with the ECM average elastic modulus of 8 kPa for both. CONCLUSION The higher incidence of carcinoma out of teratoma and serous tumors may be related to the intense alteration of mechanical features of the cellular and the ECM, serving as a potential risk factor which necessitates further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arian Ansardamavandi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ramin Omidvar
- Faculty of Biology, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Nili
- Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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61
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Ghasemi H, Mousavibahar SH, Hashemnia M, Karimi J, Khodadadi I, Mirzaei F, Tavilani H. Tissue stiffness contributes to YAP activation in bladder cancer patients undergoing transurethral resection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1473:48-61. [PMID: 32428277 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the cellular microenvironment play a critical role in the development of bladder cancer (BC). Yes-associated protein (YAP), a central mediator of the Hippo pathway, functions as a nuclear sensor of mechanotransduction that can be induced by stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including stiffness resulting from surgical manipulations. We aimed to clarify the possible association between surgically-related ECM stiffness and YAP activation in BC patients. We compared 30 bladder cancer tissues with grade II (n = 15 recurrent and n = 15 newly diagnosed) with 30 adjacent healthy tissues. Atomic force microscopy showed that patients with recurrent BC had stiffer ECM than newly diagnosed patients (P < 0.05). Gene expression profiles showed that β1 integrin (ITGB1), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), CDC42, and YAP were upregulated in cancerous tissues (P < 0.05); additionally, β1 integrin activation was confirmed using a specific antibody. Nuclear localization of YAP was higher in recurrent cancerous tissues compared with newly diagnosed and it was positively associated with higher stiffness (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that postsurgery-induced ECM stiffness can influence integrin-FAK-YAP activity and thereby YAP trafficking to the nucleus where it contributes to BC progression and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Ghasemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hashemnia
- Department of Pathobiology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jamshid Karimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mirzaei
- Department of Anatomy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Heidar Tavilani
- Urology & Nephrology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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62
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Shi Y, Cai M, Zhou L, Wang H. Measurement of mechanical properties of naked cell membranes using atomic force microscope puncture test. Talanta 2020; 210:120637. [PMID: 31987211 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell membrane defines the physical boundary of the cell, maintains their shape and volume, and meanwhile dominates the cells response to mechanical force. There are many limitations in the mechanical analysis of naked cell membrane, such as cell condition, the supporting of cytoskeleton and cytoplasm. To reduce these influences, non-supported membrane was prepared on high-ordered pore array silicon substrate. Rupture forces and Young's modulus of three non-supported membranes, red blood cell membrane, somatic cell (MDCK) membrane and phospholipids membrane, are obtained quantitatively using AFM puncture tests. Results indicate that the sequence of both rupture forces and Young's modulus of the three membranes is MDCK cell membrane > red blood cell membrane > phospholipids membrane. The determinant of naked cell membrane's mechanical properties is the constituent of membrane itself, including the quantity and distribution of membrane proteins. Focused on the distribution of membrane proteins, two proposed models of cell membrane-the semi-mosaic model of red blood cell membrane and the Protein Layer-Lipid-Protein Island (PLLPI) model of nucleated mammalian cell membrane can be used to explain the different mechanical properties of naked cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, PR China
| | - Mingjun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, PR China
| | - Lulu Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, PR China.
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Korayem MH, Heidary K, Rastegar Z. The head and neck cancer (HN-5) cell line properties extraction by AFM. J Biol Eng 2020; 14:10. [PMID: 32206087 PMCID: PMC7079545 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-020-00233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This work incorporates experimental methods based on Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in order to extract the physical and mechanical characteristics of the head and neck cancer (HN-5) cell line such as cell topography, modulus of elasticity and viscoelastic properties. The initial parameters to determine the mechanical properties are obtained by extracting information from cantilever's force-displacement curve and vertical and horizontal displacement. Next, the changes in elasticity modulus at different points in the cell are attained using the experimental results, followed by studying the differences of these properties at various spots of the cell. Furthermore, cellular folding factor is calculated as a significant property in diagnosing the extent of cancer progression. Moreover, parameters such as adhesion and intermolecular forces are measured which are involved in the first phase of manipulation and during the application of the cantilever force to the particle. Finally, after calculating the indentation depth and contact radius using contact theories, critical manipulation time and force are obtained. Through modeling the cell, the creep function, the spring constant and the damping coefficient corresponding to the cell, are also extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Korayem
- 1Robotic Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Experimental Solid Mechanics and Dynamics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 16846 Iran
| | - K Heidary
- 2Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Sciences & Research Branch, Hesarak, Tehran, 1477893855 Iran
| | - Z Rastegar
- 3School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, 16846 Iran
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64
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Shen Y, Schmidt BUS, Kubitschke H, Morawetz EW, Wolf B, Käs JA, Losert W. Detecting heterogeneity in and between breast cancer cell lines. CANCER CONVERGENCE 2020; 4:1. [PMID: 32090168 PMCID: PMC6997265 DOI: 10.1186/s41236-020-0010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cellular heterogeneity in tumor cells is a well-established phenomenon. Genetic and phenotypic cell-to-cell variability have been observed in numerous studies both within the same type of cancer cells and across different types of cancers. Another known fact for metastatic tumor cells is that they tend to be softer than their normal or non-metastatic counterparts. However, the heterogeneity of mechanical properties in tumor cells are not widely studied. Results Here we analyzed single-cell optical stretcher data with machine learning algorithms on three different breast tumor cell lines and show that similar heterogeneity can also be seen in mechanical properties of cells both within and between breast tumor cell lines. We identified two clusters within MDA-MB-231 cells, with cells in one cluster being softer than in the other. In addition, we show that MDA-MB-231 cells and MDA-MB-436 cells which are both epithelial breast cancer cell lines with a mesenchymal-like phenotype derived from metastatic cancers are mechanically more different from each other than from non-malignant epithelial MCF-10A cells. Conclusion Since stiffness of tumor cells can be an indicator of metastatic potential, this result suggests that metastatic abilities could vary within the same monoclonal tumor cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- 1Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - B U Sebastian Schmidt
- 1Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Hans Kubitschke
- 2Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erik W Morawetz
- 2Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wolf
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef A Käs
- 2Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- 1Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
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Mechanics of actin filaments in cancer onset and progress. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 355:205-243. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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66
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Chen M, Zeng J, Ruan W, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Xie S, Wang Z, Yang H. Examination of the relationship between viscoelastic properties and the invasion of ovarian cancer cells by atomic force microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:568-582. [PMID: 32318318 PMCID: PMC7155897 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells could serve as an indicator for disease progression and early cancer diagnosis. This study utilized atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure the viscoelastic properties of ovarian cancer cells and then examined the association with the invasion of ovarian cancer at the level of living single cells. Elasticity and viscosity of the ovarian cancer cells OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 are significantly lower than those of the human ovarian surface epithelial cell (HOSEpiC) control. Further examination found a dramatic increase of migration/invasion and an obvious decease of microfilament density in OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 cells. Also, there was a significant relationship between viscoelastic and biological properties among these cells. In addition, the elasticity was significantly increased in OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 cells after the treatment with the anticancer compound echinomycin (Ech), while no obvious change was found in HOSEpiC cells after Ech treatment. Interestingly, Ech seemed to have no effect on the viscosity of the cells. Ech significantly inhibited the migration/invasion and significantly increased the microfilament density in OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 cells, which was significantly related with the elasticity of the cells. An increase of elasticity and a decrease of invasion were found in OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 cells after Ech treatment. Together, this study clearly demonstrated the association of viscoelastic properties with the invasion of ovarian cancer cells and shed a light on the biomechanical changes for early diagnosis of tumor transformation and progression at single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Jinshu Zeng
- Department of Ultrasound Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Weiwei Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Zhenghong Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Shusen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Zhengchao Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Hongqin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
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67
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Finite Element Modelling of Single Cell Based on Atomic Force Microscope Indentation Method. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2019; 2019:7895061. [PMID: 31933677 PMCID: PMC6942797 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7895061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The stiffness of cells, especially cancer cells, is a key mechanical property that is closely associated with their biomechanical functions, such as the mechanotransduction and the metastasis mechanisms of cancer cells. In light of the low survival rate of single cells and measurement uncertainty, the finite element method (FEM) was used to quantify the deformations and predict the stiffness of single cells. To study the effect of the cell components on overall stiffness, two new FEM models were proposed based on the atomic force microscopy (AFM) indentation method. The geometric sizes of the FEM models were determined by AFM topography images, and the validity of the FEM models was verified by comparison with experimental data. The effect of the intermediate filaments (IFs) and material properties of the cellular continuum components on the overall stiffness were investigated. The experimental results showed that the stiffness of cancer cells has apparent positional differences. The FEM simulation results show that IFs contribute only slightly to the overall stiffness within 10% strain, although they can transfer forces directly from the membrane to the nucleus. The cytoskeleton (CSK) is the major mechanical component of a cell. Furthermore, parameter studies revealed that the material properties (thickness and elasticity) of the continuum have a significant influence on the overall cellular stiffness while Poisson's ratio has less of an influence on the overall cellular stiffness. The proposed FEM models can determine the contribution of the major components of the cells to the overall cellular stiffness and provide insights for understanding the response of cells to the external mechanical stimuli and studying the corresponding mechanical mechanisms and cell biomechanics.
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68
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Gosenca Matjaž M, Škarabot M, Gašperlin M, Janković B. Lamellar liquid crystals maintain keratinocytes' membrane fluidity: An AFM qualitative and quantitative study. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118712. [PMID: 31593808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive investigations of lamellar liquid crystals for dermal application, the effects of these systems at the cellular level are still not well elucidated. The key aim of this study was to determine the elasticity and morphological features of keratinocytes after exposure to a lamellar liquid crystal system (LLCS) using atomic force microscopy (AFM) as the method of choice. Prior to AFM assessment, a cell proliferation test and light plus fluorescence imaging were applied to determine the sub-toxic concentration of LLCS. According to the AFM results, slightly altered morphology was observed in the case of fixed keratinocytes, while an intact morphology was visualized on live cells. From the quantitative study, decreased Young's moduli were determined for fixed cells (i.e., 8.6 vs. 15.2 MPa and 1.3 vs. 2.9 MPa for ethanol or PFA-fixed LLCS-treated vs. control cells, respectively) and live cells (i.e., ranging from 0.6 to 2.8 for LLCS-treated vs. 1.1-4.5 MPa for untreated cells), clearly demonstrating increased cell elasticity. This is related to improved membrane fluidity as a consequence of interactions between the acyl chains of cell membrane phosphatidylcholine and those of LLCS. What seems to be of major importance is that the study confirms the potential clinical relevance of such systems in treatment of aged skin with characteristically more rigid epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Gosenca Matjaž
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Škarabot
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jamova cesta 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mirjana Gašperlin
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Biljana Janković
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Rodríguez-Nieto M, Mendoza-Flores P, García-Ortiz D, Montes-de-Oca LM, Mendoza-Villa M, Barrón-González P, Espinosa G, Menchaca JL. Viscoelastic properties of doxorubicin-treated HT-29 cancer cells by atomic force microscopy: the fractional Zener model as an optimal viscoelastic model for cells. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:801-813. [PMID: 31784917 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The malignancy of cancer cells and their response to drug treatments have been traditionally studied using solely their elastic properties. However, the study of the combined viscous and elastic properties provides a richer description of the mechanics of the cell, and achieves a more precise assessment of the effect exerted by anti-cancer treatments. We used an atomic force microscope to obtain the morphological, elastic and viscous properties of HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. Changes in these parameters were observed during exposure of the cells to doxorubicin at different times. The elastic properties were analyzed using the Hertz and Sneddon models. Furthermore, we analyzed the data to study the viscoelasticity of the cells comparing the models known as the standard linear solid, fractional Zener, generalized Maxwell, and power law. A discussion about the optimal model based in the accuracy and physical assumptions for this particular system is included. From the morphological data and viscoelasticity of HT-29 cells exposed to doxorubicin, we found that some parameters were affected differently at shorter or longer exposure times. For instance, the relaxation time suggests a measure of the cell to self-heal and it was observed to increase at shorter exposure times and then to reduce for longer exposure times to the drug. The fractional Zener model better described the mechanical properties of the cell due to the reduced number of parameters and the quality of the fit to experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricela Rodríguez-Nieto
- Instituto de Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58060, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Priscila Mendoza-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, Mexico
| | - David García-Ortiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, Mexico
| | - Luis M Montes-de-Oca
- Instituto de Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58060, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Marco Mendoza-Villa
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, Mexico
| | - Porfiria Barrón-González
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Espinosa
- Instituto de Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58060, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis Menchaca
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, Mexico.
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70
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Olmeda F, Ben Amar M. Clonal pattern dynamics in tumor: the concept of cancer stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15607. [PMID: 31666555 PMCID: PMC6821776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a multiphase model for solid tumor initiation and progression focusing on the properties of cancer stem cells (CSC). CSCs are a small and singular cell sub-population having outstanding capacities: high proliferation rate, self-renewal and extreme therapy resistance. Our model takes all these factors into account under a recent perspective: the possibility of phenotype switching of differentiated cancer cells (DC) to the stem cell state, mediated by chemical activators. This plasticity of cancerous cells complicates the complete eradication of CSCs and the tumor suppression. The model in itself requires a sophisticated treatment of population dynamics driven by chemical factors. We analytically demonstrate that the rather important number of parameters, inherent to any biological complexity, is reduced to three pivotal quantities.Three fixed points guide the dynamics, and two of them may lead to an optimistic issue, predicting either a control of the cancerous cell population or a complete eradication. The space environment, critical for the tumor outcome, is introduced via a density formalism. Disordered patterns are obtained inside a stable growing contour driven by the CSC. Somewhat surprisingly, despite the patterning instability, the contour maintains its circular shape but ceases to grow for a typical size independently of segregation patterns or obstacles located inside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Olmeda
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, D-01187, Dresden, Germany
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Martine Ben Amar
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France.
- Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Faculté de médecine, Sorbonne Université, 91 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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71
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Bobrowska J, Awsiuk K, Pabijan J, Bobrowski P, Lekki J, Sowa KM, Rysz J, Budkowski A, Lekka M. Biophysical and Biochemical Characteristics as Complementary Indicators of Melanoma Progression. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9885-9892. [PMID: 31310097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The multistep character of cancer progression makes it difficult to define a unique biomarker of the disease. Interdisciplinary approaches, combining various complementary techniques, especially those operating at a nanoscale level, potentially accelerate characterization of cancer cells or tissue properties. Here, we study a relation between the surface and biomechanical properties of melanoma cells, measured by mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In total, seven cell lines have been studied. Six of them were melanoma cells derived from various stages of tumor progression: (1) WM115 cells derived from a 55 year old female skin melanoma at a vertical growth phase (VGP) in the primary melanoma site, (2) WM793 cells established from the vertical growth phase (VGP) of a primary skin melanoma lesion, (3) WM266-4 cells established from a cutaneous skin metastasis detected in the same patient as WM115 cells, (4) WM239 cells derived from a cutaneous skin metastasis, (5) 1205Lu cells originated from a lung metastasis diagnosed in the same patient as WM793 cells, and (6) A375P-cells were derived from a solid malignant tumor located in the lung. As a reference cell line, human epidermal melanocytes from adult skin (primary cell line HEMa-LP) were used. Results reveal low, medium, and large deformability of melanoma cells originating from vertical growth phase (VGP), and skin and lung metastasis, respectively. These changes were accompanied by distinct outcome from principal component analysis (PCA). In relation to VGP melanoma cells, cells from skin and lung metastasis reveal similar or significantly different surface properties. The largest deformability difference observed for cells from VGP and lung metastasis was accompanied by the largest separation of unspecific changes in their surface properties. In this way, we show the evidence that biomechanical and surface biochemical properties of cells change in parallel, indicating a potential of being used as nanobiophysical fingerprints of melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Bobrowska
- Institute of Nuclear Physics , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kraków PL-31341 , Poland
| | - Kamil Awsiuk
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics , Jagiellonian University , Łojasiewicza 11 , Kraków PL-30-348 , Poland
| | - Joanna Pabijan
- Institute of Nuclear Physics , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kraków PL-31341 , Poland
| | - Piotr Bobrowski
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials , Polish Academy of Sciences , Reymonta 25 , Kraków 30-059 , Poland
| | - Janusz Lekki
- Institute of Nuclear Physics , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kraków PL-31341 , Poland
| | - Katarzyna M Sowa
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics , Jagiellonian University , Łojasiewicza 11 , Kraków PL-30-348 , Poland
| | - Jakub Rysz
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics , Jagiellonian University , Łojasiewicza 11 , Kraków PL-30-348 , Poland
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics , Jagiellonian University , Łojasiewicza 11 , Kraków PL-30-348 , Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lekka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kraków PL-31341 , Poland
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72
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Pei W, Chen J, Wang C, Qiu S, Zeng J, Gao M, Zhou B, Li D, Sacks MS, Han L, Shan H, Hu W, Feng Y, Zhou G. Regional biomechanical imaging of liver cancer cells. J Cancer 2019; 10:4481-4487. [PMID: 31528212 PMCID: PMC6746127 DOI: 10.7150/jca.32985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the leading cancers, especially in developing countries. Understanding the biomechanical properties of the liver cancer cells can not only help to elucidate the mechanisms behind the cancer progression, but also provide important information for diagnosis and treatment. At the cellular level, we used well-established atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques to characterize the heterogeneity of mechanical properties of two different types of human liver cancer cells and a normal liver cell line. Stiffness maps with a resolution of 128x128 were acquired for each cell. The distributions of the indentation moduli of the cells showed significant differences between cancerous cells and healthy controls. Significantly, the variability was even greater amongst different types of cancerous cells. Fitting of the histogram of the effective moduli using a normal distribution function showed the Bel7402 cells were stiffer than the normal cells while HepG2 cells were softer. Morphological analysis of the cell structures also showed a higher cytoskeleton content among the cancerous cells. Results provided a foundation for applying knowledge of cell stiffness heterogeneity to search for tissue-level, early-stage indicators of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiayao Chen
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Suhao Qiu
- Institute for Medical Imaging Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianfeng Zeng
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Dan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Michael S. Sacks
- Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering & Sciences, the University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hong Shan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- Institute for Medical Imaging Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Biomechanical and functional properties of trophoblast cells exposed to Group B Streptococcus in vitro and the beneficial effects of uvaol treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1417-1428. [PMID: 31254547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the main bacteria that infects pregnant women and can cause abortion and chorioamnionitis. The impact of GBS effects on human trophoblast cells remains largely elusive, and actions toward anti-inflammatory strategies in pregnancy are needed. A potent anti-inflammatory molecule, uvaol is a triterpene from olive oil and its functions in trophoblasts are unknown. We aimed to analyze biomechanical and functional effects of inactivated GBS in trophoblast cells, with the addition of uvaol to test potential benefits. METHODS HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with uvaol and incubated with inactivated GBS. Cell viability and death were analyzed. Cellular elasticity and topography were accessed by atomic force microscopy. Nitrite production was evaluated by Griess reaction. Nuclear translocation of NFkB p65 was detected by immunofluorescence and Th1/Th2 cytokines by bead-based multiplex assay. RESULTS GBS at 108 CFU increased cell death, which was partially prevented by uvaol. Cell stiffness, cytoskeleton organization and morphology were changed by GBS, and uvaol partially restored these alterations. Nuclear translocation of NFkB p65 began 15 min after GBS incubation and uvaol inhibited this process. GBS decreased IL-4 secretion and increased IL-1β, IFN-γ and IL-2, whereas uvaol reverted this. CONCLUSIONS The increased inflammation and cell death caused by GBS correlated with biomechanical and cytoskeleton changes found in trophoblast cells, while uvaol was effective its protective role. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Uvaol is a natural anti-inflammatory product efficient against GBS-induced inflammation and it has potential to be acquired through diet in order to prevent GBS deleterious effects in pregnancy.
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Radiosensitization and a Less Aggressive Phenotype of Human Malignant Glioma Cells Expressing Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) Mutant Protein: Dissecting the Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060889. [PMID: 31242696 PMCID: PMC6627228 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of an isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation is associated with a less aggressive phenotype, increased sensitivity to radiation, and increased overall survival in patients with diffuse glioma. Based on in vitro experimentations in malignant glioma cell lines, the consequences on cellular processes of IDH1R132H expression were analyzed. The results revealed that IDH1R132H expression enhanced the radiation induced accumulation of residual γH2AX foci and decreased the amount of glutathione (GSH) independent of the oxygen status. In addition, expression of the mutant IDH1 caused a significant increase of cell stiffness and induced an altered organization of the cytoskeleton, which has been shown to reinforce cell stiffness. Furthermore, IDH1R132H expression decreased the expression of vimentin, an important component of the cytoskeleton and regulator of the cell stiffness. The results emphasize the important role of mutant IDH1 in treatment of patients with diffuse gliomas especially in response to radiation. Hence, detection of the genetic status of IDH1 before therapy massively expands the utility of immunohistochemistry to accurately distinguish patients with a less aggressive and radiosensitive IDH1-mutant diffuse glioma suitable for radiotherapy from those with a more aggressive IDH1-wildtype diffuse glioma who might benefit from an individually intensified therapy comprising radiotherapy and alternative medical treatments.
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Rudzka DA, Spennati G, McGarry DJ, Chim YH, Neilson M, Ptak A, Munro J, Kalna G, Hedley A, Moralli D, Green C, Mason S, Blyth K, Mullin M, Yin H, Olson MF. Migration through physical constraints is enabled by MAPK-induced cell softening via actin cytoskeleton re-organization. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/11/jcs224071. [PMID: 31152052 PMCID: PMC6589089 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.224071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are softer than the normal cells, and metastatic cells are even softer. These changes in biomechanical properties contribute to cancer progression by facilitating cell movement through physically constraining environments. To identify properties that enabled passage through physical constraints, cells that were more efficient at moving through narrow membrane micropores were selected from established cell lines. By examining micropore-selected human MDA MB 231 breast cancer and MDA MB 435 melanoma cancer cells, membrane fluidity and nuclear elasticity were excluded as primary contributors. Instead, reduced actin cytoskeleton anisotropy, focal adhesion density and cell stiffness were characteristics associated with efficient passage through constraints. By comparing transcriptomic profiles between the parental and selected populations, increased Ras/MAPK signalling was linked with cytoskeleton rearrangements and cell softening. MEK inhibitor treatment reversed the transcriptional, cytoskeleton, focal adhesion and elasticity changes. Conversely, expression of oncogenic KRas in parental MDA MB 231 cells, or oncogenic BRaf in parental MDA MB 435 cells, significantly reduced cell stiffness. These results reveal that MAPK signalling, in addition to tumour cell proliferation, has a significant role in regulating cell biomechanics. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Highlighted Article: Selection for tumour cells that efficiently pass through narrow diameter microporous membranes reveals a prominent role for MAPK signalling in regulating cell elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika A Rudzka
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Giulia Spennati
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - David J McGarry
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ya-Hua Chim
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Matthew Neilson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Aleksandra Ptak
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - June Munro
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gabriela Kalna
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ann Hedley
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Daniela Moralli
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Catherine Green
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Susan Mason
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Margaret Mullin
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Huabing Yin
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael F Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK .,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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76
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Khan ZS, Santos JM, Vaz NG, Hussain F. Enhanced blebbing as a marker for metastatic prostate cancer. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:034110. [PMID: 31431812 PMCID: PMC6697032 DOI: 10.1063/1.5085346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly metastatic prostate cancer cells flowing through a microfluidic channel form plasma membrane blebs: they form 27% more than normal cells and have a lower stiffness (about 50%). Hypo-osmotic stress assays (with ∼ 50 % osmolarity) show 22% more blebbing of highly metastatic than moderately metastatic and 30% more than normal cells. Plasma membrane blebbing is known to provide important metastatic capabilities to cancer cells by aiding cell detachment from the primary tumor site and increasing cell deformability to promote cell migration through the extracellular matrix. Increased blebbing was attributed by others to decreased phosphorylated ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) (p-ERM) protein expression-p-ERMs bind the plasma membrane to the actin cortex and reduced p-ERM expression can weaken membrane-cortex attachment. Myosin II also influences blebbing as myosin's natural contraction generates tension in the actin cortex. This increases cellular hydrostatic pressure, causes cortex rupture, cytoplasm flow out of the cortex, and hence blebbing. Highly metastatic cells are surprisingly found to express similar ezrin and myosin II levels but higher moesin levels in comparison with lowly metastatic or normal cells-suggesting that their levels, contrary to the literature [G. Charras and E. Paluch, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 9(9), 730-736 (2008); J.-Y. Tinevez, U. Schulze, G. Salbreux, J. Roensch, J.-F. Joanny, and E. Paluch, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106(44), 18581-18586 (2009); M. Bergert, S. D. Chandradoss, R. A. Desai, and E. Paluch, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109(36), 14434-14439 (2012); E. K. Paluch and E. Raz: Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 25(5), 582-590 (2013)], are not important in metastatic prostate cell blebbing. Our results show that reduced F-actin is primarily responsible for increased blebbing in these metastatic cells. Blebbing can thus serve as a simple prognostic marker for the highly incident and lethal metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina S Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Julianna M Santos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Neil G Vaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Fazle Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
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77
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Azadi S, Tafazzoli‐Shadpour M, Soleimani M, Warkiani ME. Modulating cancer cell mechanics and actin cytoskeleton structure by chemical and mechanical stimulations. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:1569-1581. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Azadi
- Faculty of Biomedical EngineeringAmirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic) Tehran Iran
| | | | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical scienceTarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Technology Sydney Sydney Australia
- Institute of Molecular MedicineSechenov University Moscow, 119991 Russia
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78
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Fohlerova Z, Mozalev A. Anodic formation and biomedical properties of hafnium-oxide nanofilms. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:2300-2310. [PMID: 32254678 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hafnium dioxide (HfO2) is attracting attention for bio-related applications due to its good cytocompatibility, high density, and resistance to corrosion and mechanical damage. Here we synthesize two types of hafnium-oxide thin films on substrates via self-organized electrochemical anodization: (1) an array of hierarchically structured nanorods anchored to a thin oxide layer and (2) a microscopically flat oxide film. The nanostructured film is composed of a unique mixture of HfO2, suboxide Hf2O3, and oxide-hydroxide compound HfO2·nH2O whereas the flat film is mainly HfO2. In vitro interaction of the two films with MG-63 osteoblast-like cells and Gram-negative E. coli bacteria is studied for the first time to assess the potential of the films for biomedical application. Both films reveal good cytocompatibility and affinity for proteins, represented by fibronectin and especially albumin, which is absorbed in a nine times larger amount. The morphology and specific surface chemistry of the nanostructured film cause a two-fold enhanced antibacterial effect, better cell attachment, significantly improved proliferation of cells, five-fold rise in the cellular Young's modulus, slightly stronger production of reactive oxygen species, and formation of cell clusters. Compared with the flat film, the nanostructured one features the weakening of AFM-measured adhesion force at the cell/surface interface, probably caused by partially lifting the nanorods from the substrate due to the strong contact with cells. The present findings deepen the understanding of biological processes at the living cell/metal-oxide interface, underlying the role of surface chemistry and the impact of nanostructuring at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Fohlerova
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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79
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Buskermolen ABC, Suresh H, Shishvan SS, Vigliotti A, DeSimone A, Kurniawan NA, Bouten CVC, Deshpande VS. Entropic Forces Drive Cellular Contact Guidance. Biophys J 2019; 116:1994-2008. [PMID: 31053262 PMCID: PMC6531843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact guidance-the widely known phenomenon of cell alignment induced by anisotropic environmental features-is an essential step in the organization of adherent cells, but the mechanisms by which cells achieve this orientational ordering remain unclear. Here, we seeded myofibroblasts on substrates micropatterned with stripes of fibronectin and observed that contact guidance emerges at stripe widths much greater than the cell size. To understand the origins of this surprising observation, we combined morphometric analysis of cells and their subcellular components with a, to our knowledge, novel statistical framework for modeling nonthermal fluctuations of living cells. This modeling framework is shown to predict not only the trends but also the statistical variability of a wide range of biological observables, including cell (and nucleus) shapes, sizes, and orientations, as well as stress-fiber arrangements within the cells with remarkable fidelity with a single set of cell parameters. By comparing observations and theory, we identified two regimes of contact guidance: 1) guidance on stripe widths smaller than the cell size (w ≤ 160 μm), which is accompanied by biochemical changes within the cells, including increasing stress-fiber polarization and cell elongation; and 2) entropic guidance on larger stripe widths, which is governed by fluctuations in the cell morphology. Overall, our findings suggest an entropy-mediated mechanism for contact guidance associated with the tendency of cells to maximize their morphological entropy through shape fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonetta B C Buskermolen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, North Brabant, Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hamsini Suresh
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Siamak S Shishvan
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Structural Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, East Azarbayjan, Iran
| | - Andrea Vigliotti
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Innovative Materials, Italian Aerospace Research Center, Capua, Caserta, Italy
| | - Antonio DeSimone
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy; SISSA - International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicholas A Kurniawan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, North Brabant, Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V C Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, North Brabant, Netherlands; Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Vikram S Deshpande
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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80
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Youssef S, Seviaryna I, Shum D, Maeva E, Malyarenko E, Rahman N, Maev RG. High-resolution quantitative acoustic microscopy of cutaneous carcinoma and melanoma: Comparison with histology. Skin Res Technol 2019; 25:662-671. [PMID: 30932258 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased incidence rate of skin cancers during the last decades is alarming. One of the significant difficulties in the histopathology of skin cancers is appearance variability due to the heterogeneity of diseases or tissue preparation and staining process. This study aims to investigate whether the high-resolution acoustic microscopy has the potential for identifying and quantitatively classifying skin cancers. MATERIAL/METHODS Unstained standard formalin-fixed skin tissue samples were used for ultrasonic examination. The high-frequency acoustic microscope equipped with the 320 MHz transducer was utilized to visualize skin structure. Fourier transform was performed to calculate the sound speed and attenuation in the tissue. RESULTS The acoustic images demonstrate good concordance with the traditional histology images. All histological features in the tumour were easily identifiable on acoustic images. Each skin cancer type has its combination of ultrasonic properties significantly different from the healthy skin. CONCLUSIONS High-resolution acoustic imaging strengthened with quantitative analysis shows a potential to work as an auxiliary imaging modality assisting pathologists to lean to the particular decision in doubtful cases. The method can also assist surgeon to ensure the complete resection of a tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Shum
- Windsor Regional Hospital, Windsor, Ontario
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81
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Nakamura M, Ono D, Sugita S. Mechanophenotyping of B16 Melanoma Cell Variants for the Assessment of the Efficacy of (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate Treatment Using a Tapered Microfluidic Device. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E207. [PMID: 30934576 PMCID: PMC6470883 DOI: 10.3390/mi10030207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells are known to have a smaller cell stiffness than healthy cells because the small stiffness is beneficial for passing through the extracellular matrix when the cancer cells instigate a metastatic process. Here we developed a simple and handy microfluidic system to assess metastatic capacity of the cancer cells from a mechanical point of view. A tapered microchannel was devised through which a cell was compressed while passing. Two metastasis B16 melanoma variants (B16-F1 and B16-F10) were examined. The shape recovery process of the cell from a compressed state was evaluated with the Kelvin⁻Voigt model. The results demonstrated that the B16-F10 cells showed a larger time constant of shape recovery than B16-F1 cells, although no significant difference in the initial strain was observed between B16-F1 cells and B16-F10 cells. We further investigated effects of catechin on the cell deformability and found that the deformability of B16-F10 cells was significantly decreased and became equivalent to that of untreated B16-F1 cells. These results addressed the utility of the present system to handily but roughly assess the metastatic capacity of cancer cells and to investigate drug efficacy on the metastatic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Daichi Ono
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Shukei Sugita
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
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82
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A Microfluidic Micropipette Aspiration Device to Study Single-Cell Mechanics Inspired by the Principle of Wheatstone Bridge. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10020131. [PMID: 30781497 PMCID: PMC6413237 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The biomechanical properties of single cells show great potential for early disease diagnosis and effective treatments. In this study, a microfluidic device was developed for quantifying the mechanical properties of a single cell. Micropipette aspiration was integrated into a microfluidic device that mimics a classical Wheatstone bridge circuit. This technique allows us not only to effectively alter the flow direction for single-cell trapping, but also to precisely control the pressure exerted on the aspirated cells, analogous to the feature of the Wheatstone bridge that can precisely control bridge voltage and current. By combining the micropipette aspiration technique into the microfluidic device, we can effectively trap the microparticles and Hela cells as well as measure the deformability of cells. The Young's modulus of Hela cells was evaluated to be 387 ± 77 Pa, which is consistent with previous micropipette aspiration studies. The simplicity, precision, and usability of our device show good potential for biomechanical trials in clinical diagnosis and cell biology research.
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83
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Stylianou A, Kontomaris SV, Grant C, Alexandratou E. Atomic Force Microscopy on Biological Materials Related to Pathological Conditions. SCANNING 2019; 2019:8452851. [PMID: 31214274 PMCID: PMC6535871 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8452851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an easy-to-use, powerful, high-resolution microscope that allows the user to image any surface and under any aqueous condition. AFM has been used in the investigation of the structural and mechanical properties of a wide range of biological matters including biomolecules, biomaterials, cells, and tissues. It provides the capacity to acquire high-resolution images of biosamples at the nanoscale and allows at readily carrying out mechanical characterization. The capacity of AFM to image and interact with surfaces, under physiologically relevant conditions, is of great importance for realistic and accurate medical and pharmaceutical applications. The aim of this paper is to review recent trends of the use of AFM on biological materials related to health and sickness. First, we present AFM components and its different imaging modes and we continue with combined imaging and coupled AFM systems. Then, we discuss the use of AFM to nanocharacterize collagen, the major fibrous protein of the human body, which has been correlated with many pathological conditions. In the next section, AFM nanolevel surface characterization as a tool to detect possible pathological conditions such as osteoarthritis and cancer is presented. Finally, we demonstrate the use of AFM for studying other pathological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), through the investigation of amyloid fibrils and viruses, respectively. Consequently, AFM stands out as the ideal research instrument for exploring the detection of pathological conditions even at very early stages, making it very attractive in the area of bio- and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stylianou
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2238, Cyprus
| | - Stylianos-Vasileios Kontomaris
- Mobile Radio Communications Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou, Athens 15780, Greece
- Athens Metropolitan College, Sorou 74, Marousi 15125, Greece
| | - Colin Grant
- Hitachi High-Technologies Europe, Techspace One, Keckwick Lane, Warrington WA4 4AB, UK
| | - Eleni Alexandratou
- Biomedical Optics and Applied Biophysics Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou, Athens 15780, Greece
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84
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Qian L, Zhao H. Nanoindentation of Soft Biological Materials. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E654. [PMID: 30544918 PMCID: PMC6316095 DOI: 10.3390/mi9120654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoindentation techniques, with high spatial resolution and force sensitivity, have recently been moved into the center of the spotlight for measuring the mechanical properties of biomaterials, especially bridging the scales from the molecular via the cellular and tissue all the way to the organ level, whereas characterizing soft biomaterials, especially down to biomolecules, is fraught with more pitfalls compared with the hard biomaterials. In this review we detail the constitutive behavior of soft biomaterials under nanoindentation (including AFM) and present the characteristics of experimental aspects in detail, such as the adaption of instrumentation and indentation response of soft biomaterials. We further show some applications, and discuss the challenges and perspectives related to nanoindentation of soft biomaterials, a technique that can pinpoint the mechanical properties of soft biomaterials for the scale-span is far-reaching for understanding biomechanics and mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Qian
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China.
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85
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Golan M, Pribyl J, Pesl M, Jelinkova S, Acimovic I, Jaros J, Rotrekl V, Falk M, Sefc L, Skladal P, Kratochvilova I. Cryopreserved Cells Regeneration Monitored by Atomic Force Microscopy and Correlated With State of Cytoskeleton and Nuclear Membrane. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2018; 17:485-497. [PMID: 30307873 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2018.2873425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) helps to describe and explain the mechanobiological properties of living cells on the nanoscale level under physiological conditions. The stiffness of cells is an important parameter reflecting cell physiology. Here, we have provided the first study of the stiffness of cryopreserved cells during post-thawing regeneration using AFM combined with confocal fluorescence microscopy. We demonstrated that the nonfrozen cell stiffness decreased proportionally to the cryoprotectant concentration in the medium. AFM allowed us to map cell surface reconstitution in real time after a freeze/thaw cycle and to monitor the regeneration processes at different depths of the cell and even different parts of the cell surface (nucleus and edge). Fluorescence microscopy showed that the cytoskeleton in fibroblasts, though damaged by the freeze/thaw cycle, is reconstructed after long-term plating. Confocal microscopy confirmed that structural changes affect the nuclear envelopes in cryopreserved cells. AFM nanoindentation analysis could be used as a noninvasive method to identify cells that have regenerated their surface mechanical properties with the proper dynamics and to a sufficient degree. This identification can be important particularly in the field of in vitro fertilization and in future cell-based regeneration strategies.
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86
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Hu J, Zhou Y, Obayemi JD, Du J, Soboyejo WO. An investigation of the viscoelastic properties and the actin cytoskeletal structure of triple negative breast cancer cells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 86:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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87
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Martino F, Perestrelo AR, Vinarský V, Pagliari S, Forte G. Cellular Mechanotransduction: From Tension to Function. Front Physiol 2018; 9:824. [PMID: 30026699 PMCID: PMC6041413 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Living cells are constantly exposed to mechanical stimuli arising from the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) or from neighboring cells. The intracellular molecular processes through which such physical cues are transformed into a biological response are collectively dubbed as mechanotransduction and are of fundamental importance to help the cell timely adapt to the continuous dynamic modifications of the microenvironment. Local changes in ECM composition and mechanics are driven by a feed forward interplay between the cell and the matrix itself, with the first depositing ECM proteins that in turn will impact on the surrounding cells. As such, these changes occur regularly during tissue development and are a hallmark of the pathologies of aging. Only lately, though, the importance of mechanical cues in controlling cell function (e.g., proliferation, differentiation, migration) has been acknowledged. Here we provide a critical review of the recent insights into the molecular basis of cellular mechanotransduction, by analyzing how mechanical stimuli get transformed into a given biological response through the activation of a peculiar genetic program. Specifically, by recapitulating the processes involved in the interpretation of ECM remodeling by Focal Adhesions at cell-matrix interphase, we revise the role of cytoskeleton tension as the second messenger of the mechanotransduction process and the action of mechano-responsive shuttling proteins converging on stage and cell-specific transcription factors. Finally, we give few paradigmatic examples highlighting the emerging role of malfunctions in cell mechanosensing apparatus in the onset and progression of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Martino
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Competence Center for Mechanobiology in Regenerative Medicine, INTERREG ATCZ133, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ana R. Perestrelo
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Vladimír Vinarský
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Competence Center for Mechanobiology in Regenerative Medicine, INTERREG ATCZ133, Brno, Czechia
| | - Stefania Pagliari
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Competence Center for Mechanobiology in Regenerative Medicine, INTERREG ATCZ133, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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88
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Ma J, Wang Y, Wei P, Jhanji V. Biomechanics and structure of the cornea: implications and association with corneal disorders. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63:851-861. [PMID: 29857022 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that alterations in corneal biomechanical properties are associated with corneal pathologies, particularly corneal ectasia. Moreover, these alterations may have implications with regard to the outcomes of therapeutic modalities and corneal refractive surgeries. We address corneal anatomy and its relevance to corneal biomechanical characteristics, as well as ocular and systemic conditions associated with changes in corneal biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaonan Ma
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Naikai University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Pinghui Wei
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Naikai University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- UPMC Eye Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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89
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Effects of PTEN Loss and Activated KRAS Overexpression on Mechanical Properties of Breast Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061613. [PMID: 29848992 PMCID: PMC6032141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been shown that the simultaneous activation of PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) and Ras/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) pathways facilitate tumor growth despite only inducing cancer cell dormancy individually. Determining the impacts on cellular mechanics each pathway incites alone and in unison is critical to developing non-toxic cancer therapies for triple-negative breast cancers. PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) knockout and activated KRAS (Kristen rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) overexpression in healthy MCF-10A human breast epithelial cells activated the PI3K and Ras/MAPK pathways, respectively. Cell stiffness and fluidity were simultaneously measured using atomic force microscopy. Results suggest that PTEN knockout reduced cell stiffness and increased cell fluidity independent of PI3K activation. Effects of activated KRAS overexpression on cell stiffness depends on rigidity of cell culture substrate. Activated KRAS overexpression also counteracts the effects of PTEN knockout.
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90
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Wang J, Liu M, Shen Y, Sun J, Shao Z, Czajkowsky DM. Compressive Force Spectroscopy: From Living Cells to Single Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E960. [PMID: 29570665 PMCID: PMC5979447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most successful applications of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in biology involves monitoring the effect of force on single biological molecules, often referred to as force spectroscopy. Such studies generally entail the application of pulling forces of different magnitudes and velocities upon individual molecules to resolve individualistic unfolding/separation pathways and the quantification of the force-dependent rate constants. However, a less recognized variation of this method, the application of compressive force, actually pre-dates many of these "tensile" force spectroscopic studies. Further, beyond being limited to the study of single molecules, these compressive force spectroscopic investigations have spanned samples as large as living cells to smaller, multi-molecular complexes such as viruses down to single protein molecules. Correspondingly, these studies have enabled the detailed characterization of individual cell states, subtle differences between seemingly identical viral structures, as well as the quantification of rate constants of functionally important, structural transitions in single proteins. Here, we briefly review some of the recent achievements that have been obtained with compressive force spectroscopy using AFM and highlight exciting areas of its future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Wang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Meijun Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yi Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jielin Sun
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zhifeng Shao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Daniel Mark Czajkowsky
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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91
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Wang C, Li L, Liu Z. Experimental research on the relationship between the stiffness and the expressions of fibronectin proteins and adaptor proteins of rat trabecular meshwork cells. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:268. [PMID: 29284449 PMCID: PMC5747132 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trabecular meshwork (TM) plays an important role in maintaining normal intraocular pressure (IOP). Studies have shown that glaucomatous TM tissues are stiffer than those of normal tissue. The high expression of fibronectin protein (FN) and adaptor protein (LNK) may be related to high resistance to aqueous humor outflow as well as high IOP. Our concern is what factors lead to the variation of the stiffness of trabecular tissue/cells. Methods Atomic force microscope (AFM) and Western blot (WB) analysis were applied to test TM cells of rats cultured with different concentrations of dexamethasone (DEX) and mifepristone (MIF). Rat TM cells were randomly divided into 7 groups, marked as D1, D2, D3 and M1, M2 M3 for different concentrations of DEX and MIF, respectively, and C for blank control. Results The elastic modulus of the treated cells were 2.67 ± 0.914 KPa, 2.92 ± 0.986 KPa, 4.52 ± 1.22 KPa for D1, D2, D3, 2.06 ± 0.745 KPa, 1.23 ± 0.462 KPa, 0.467 ± 0.275 KPa for M1, M2, M3, and 2.43 ± 0.713 KPa for C group, respectively. Expressions of FN and LNK increase (decrease) with the increase of the concentrations of DEX (MIF). Discussion We focus on the relationship between the stiffness and the expressions of FN and LNK of rat TM cells. We analyzed the correlation between cell stiffness and FN, LNK expression, discussed the relationship between cell stiffness and aqueous humor outflow resistance. Conclusions The changes of TM cell stiffness and the expressions of FN and LNK are positively correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Department of Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.,YanJing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- Department of Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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92
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Liu L, Zhang W, Li L, Zhu X, Liu J, Wang X, Song Z, Xu H, Wang Z. Biomechanical measurement and analysis of colchicine-induced effects on cells by nanoindentation using an atomic force microscope. J Biomech 2017; 67:84-90. [PMID: 29249455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Colchicine is a drug commonly used for the treatment of gout, however, patients may sometimes encounter side-effects induced by taking colchicine, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and kidney failure. In this regard, it is imperative to investigate the mechanism effects of colchicine on biological cells. In this paper, we present a method for the detection of mechanical properties of nephrocytes (VERO cells), hepatocytes (HL-7702 cells) and hepatoma cells (SMCC-7721 cells) in culture by atomic force microscope (AFM) to analyze the 0.1 μg/mL colchicine-induced effects on the nanoscale for two, four and six hours. Compared to the corresponding control cells, the biomechanical properties of the VERO and SMCC-7721 cells changed significantly and the HL-7702 cells did not considerably change after the treatment when considering the same time period. Based on biomechanical property analyses, the colchicine solution made the VERO and SMCC-7721 cells harder. We conclude that it is possible to reduce the division rate of the VERO cells and inhibit the metastasis of the SMCC-7721 cells. The method described here can be applied to study biomechanics of many other types of cells with different drugs. Therefore, this work provides an accurate and rapid method for drug screening and mechanical analysis of cells in medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanjiao Liu
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Wenxiao Zhang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Li Li
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xinyao Zhu
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jinyun Liu
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China; Joint Research Centre for Computer-Controlled Nanomanufacturing, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK
| | - Xinyue Wang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhengxun Song
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zuobin Wang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China; Joint Research Centre for Computer-Controlled Nanomanufacturing, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK.
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93
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Liu J, Qu Y, Wang G, Wang X, Zhang W, Li J, Wang Z, Li D, Jiang J. Study of morphological and mechanical features of multinuclear and mononuclear SW480 cells by atomic force microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2017; 81:3-12. [PMID: 28990709 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This article studies the morphological and mechanical features of multinuclear and mononuclear SW480 colon cancer cells by atomic force microscopy to understand their drug-resistance. The SW480 cells were incubated with the fullerenol concentrations of 1 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml. Morphological and mechanical features including the height, length, width, roughness, adhesion force and Young's modulus of three multinuclear cell groups and three mononuclear cell groups were imaged and analyzed. It was observed that the features of multinuclear cancer cells and mononuclear cancer cells were significantly different after the treatment with fullerenol. The experiment results indicated that the mononuclear SW480 cells were more sensitive to fullerenol than the multinuclear SW480 cells, and the multinuclear SW480 cells exhibited a stronger drug-resistance than the mononuclear SW480 cells. This work provides a guideline for the treatments of multinuclear and mononuclear cancer cells with drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Liu
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China.,Institute for Research in Applicable Computing, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, LU1 3JU, United Kingdom
| | - Yingmin Qu
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Wenxiao Zhang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Jingmei Li
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zuobin Wang
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China.,Institute for Research in Applicable Computing, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, LU1 3JU, United Kingdom
| | - Dayou Li
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, China.,Institute for Research in Applicable Computing, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, LU1 3JU, United Kingdom
| | - Jinlan Jiang
- Scientific Research Centre of China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
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94
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Nematbakhsh Y, Pang KT, Lim CT. Correlating the viscoelasticity of breast cancer cells with their malignancy. CONVERGENT SCIENCE PHYSICAL ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/aa7ffb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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95
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Li M, Liu L, Xi N, Wang Y. Atomic force microscopy studies on cellular elastic and viscoelastic properties. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 61:57-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-9041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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96
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Di Mundo R, Recchia G, Parekh M, Ruzza A, Ferrari S, Carbone G. Sensing inhomogeneous mechanical properties of human corneal Descemet's membrane with AFM nano-indentation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 74:21-27. [PMID: 28525820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes a highly space-resolved characterization of the surface mechanical properties of the posterior human corneal layer (Descemet's membrane). This has been accomplished with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) nano-indentation by using a probe with a sharp tip geometry. Results indicate that the contact with this biological tissue in liquid occurs with no (or very low) adhesion. More importantly, under the same operating conditions, a broad distribution of penetration depth can be measured on different x-y positions of the tissue surface, indicating a high inhomogeneity of surface stiffness, not yet clearly reported in the literature. An important contribution to such inhomogeneity should be ascribed to the discontinuous nature of the collagen/proteoglycans fibers matrix tissue, as can be imaged by AFM when the tissue is semi-dry. Using classical contact mechanics calculations adapted to the specific geometry of the tetrahedral tip it has been found that the elastic modulus E of the material in the very proximity of the surface ranges from 0.23 to 2.6 kPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Di Mundo
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Politecnico di Bari, v.le Japigia 182, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Recchia
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Politecnico di Bari, v.le Japigia 182, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mohit Parekh
- International Center for Ocular Physiopathology, The Veneto Eye bank Foundation, Venice, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ruzza
- International Center for Ocular Physiopathology, The Veneto Eye bank Foundation, Venice, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- International Center for Ocular Physiopathology, The Veneto Eye bank Foundation, Venice, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Carbone
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Politecnico di Bari, v.le Japigia 182, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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97
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Sun J, Luo Q, Liu L, Yang X, Zhu S, Song G. Salinomycin attenuates liver cancer stem cell motility by enhancing cell stiffness and increasing F-actin formation via the FAK-ERK1/2 signalling pathway. Toxicology 2017; 384:1-10. [PMID: 28395993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salinomycin has recently been identified as an antitumour drug for several types of cancer stem cell (CSC) treatments. However, the effects of salinomycin on the migratory and invasive properties of liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) are unclear. In present study, we investigated the effect of salinomycin on the migration and invasion of LCSCs, and examined the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of salinomycin. Here we showed that the migration and invasion of LCSCs were significantly suppressed in a salinomycin dose-dependent manner. Moreover, western blot analysis showed that salinomycin repressed the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Taken together, these findings provide new evidence that salinomycin suppresses the migration and invasion of LCSCs by inhibiting the expression of the FAK-ERK1/2 signalling pathway. In addition, the analysis of the mechanical properties showed that salinomycin increased cell stiffness in LCSCs via the FAK, and ERK1/2 pathways, suggesting that the inhibition of LCSC migration might partially contribute to the increase in cell stiffness stimulated by salinomycin. To further examine the role of salinomycin on cell motility and stiffness, the actin cytoskeleton of LCSCs was detected. The increased F-actin filaments in LCSCs induced by salinomycin reflected the increase in cell stiffness and the decrease in cell migration. Overall, these results showed that salinomycin inhibits the migration and invasion of LCSCs through the dephosphorylated FAK and ERK1/2 pathways, reflecting the changes in cell stiffness resulting from the increased actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China; School of Medical Laboratory Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 500025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunqin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China; School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanbin Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China.
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98
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Fu W, Zhang W. Hybrid AFM for Nanoscale Physicochemical Characterization: Recent Development and Emerging Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603525. [PMID: 28121376 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has evolved to be one of the most powerful tools for the characterization of material surfaces especially at the nanoscale. Recent development of AFM has incorporated a suite of analytical techniques including surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique and infrared (IR) spectroscopy to further reveal chemical composition and map the chemical distribution. This incorporation not only elevates the functionality of AFM but also increases the resolution limitation of conventional IR and Raman spectroscopy. Despite the rapid development of such hybrid AFM techniques, many unique features, principles, applications, potential pitfalls or artifacts are not well known to the community. This review systematically summarizes the recent relevant literature on hybrid AFM principles and applications. It focuses specially on AFM-IR and AFM-Raman techniques. Various applications in different research fields are critically reviewed and discussed, highlighting the potentials of these hybrid AFM techniques. Here, the major drawbacks and limitations of these two hybrid AFM techniques are presented. The intentions of this article are to shed new light on the future research and achieve improvements in stability and reliability of the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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99
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Ciasca G, Sassun TE, Minelli E, Antonelli M, Papi M, Santoro A, Giangaspero F, Delfini R, De Spirito M. Nano-mechanical signature of brain tumours. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:19629-19643. [PMID: 27853793 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06840e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) and meningothelial meningioma (MM) are the most frequent malignant and benign brain lesions, respectively. Mechanical cues play a major role in the progression of both malignancies that is modulated by the occurrence of aberrant physical interactions between neoplastic cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here we investigate the nano-mechanical properties of human GBM and MM tissues by atomic force microscopy. Our measures unveil the mechanical fingerprint of the main hallmark features of both lesions, such as necrosis in GBM and dural infiltration in MM. These findings have the potential to positively impact on the development of novel AFM-based diagnostic methods to assess the tumour grade. Most importantly, they provide a quantitative description of the tumour-induced mechanical modifications in the brain ECM, thus being of potential help in the search for novel ECM targets for brain tumours and especially for GBM that, despite years of intense research, has still very limited therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ciasca
- Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Tanya Enny Sassun
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Division of Neurosurgery, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155 Rome, Italy 00161
| | - Eleonora Minelli
- Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Manila Antonelli
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Santoro
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Division of Neurosurgery, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155 Rome, Italy 00161
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Delfini
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Division of Neurosurgery, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155 Rome, Italy 00161
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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100
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Lasalvia M, Castellani S, D'Antonio P, Perna G, Carbone A, Colia AL, Maffione AB, Capozzi V, Conese M. Human airway epithelial cells investigated by atomic force microscopy: A hint to cystic fibrosis epithelial pathology. Exp Cell Res 2016; 348:46-55. [PMID: 27590528 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis (CF) airway disease stems from mutations in the CF Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene, leading to a chronic respiratory disease. Actin cytoskeleton is disorganized in CF airway epithelial cells, likely contributing to the CF-associated basic defects, i.e. defective chloride secretion and sodium/fluid hypersorption. In this work, we aimed to find whether this alteration could be pointed out by means of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) investigation, as roughness and Young's elastic module. Moreover, we also sought to determine whether disorganization of actin cytoskeleton is linked to hypersoption of apical fluid. Not only CFBE41o- (CFBE) cells, immortalized airway epithelial cells homozygous for the F508del CFTR allele, showed a different morphology in comparison with 16HBE14o- (16HBE) epithelial cells, wild-type for CFTR, but also they displayed a lack of stress fibers, suggestive of a disorganized actin cytoskeleton. AFM measurements showed that CFBE cells presented a higher membrane roughness and decreased rigidity as compared with 16HBE cells. CFBE overexpressing wtCFTR became more elongated than the parental CFBE cell line and presented actin stress fibers. CFBE cells absorbed more fluid from the apical compartment. Study of fluid absorption with the F-actin-depolymerizing agent Latrunculin B demonstrated that actin cytoskeletal disorganization increased fluid absorption, an effect observed at higher magnitude in 16HBE than in CFBE cells. For the first time, we demonstrate that actin cytoskeleton disorganization is reflected by AFM parameters in CF airway epithelial cells. Our data also strongly suggest that the lack of stress fibers is involved in at least one of the early step in CF pathophysiology at the levels of the airways, i.e. fluid hypersorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lasalvia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Castellani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Palma D'Antonio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalucia Carbone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Colia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Angela Bruna Maffione
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vito Capozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Conese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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