51
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Martínez-Santiesteban FM, Dang TP, Lim H, Chen AP, Scholl TJ. T 1 nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion of hyperpolarized sodium and cesium hydrogencarbonate- 13 C. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:e3749. [PMID: 28653507 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In vivo pH mapping in tissue using hyperpolarized hydrogencarbonate-13 C has been proposed as a method to study tumor growth and treatment and other pathological conditions related to pH changes. The finite spin-lattice relaxation times (T1 ) of hyperpolarized media are a significant limiting factor for in vivo imaging. Relaxation times can be measured at standard magnetic fields (1.5 T, 3.0 T etc.), but no such data are available at low fields, where T1 values can be significantly shorter. This information is required to determine the potential loss of polarization as the agent is dispensed and transported from the polarizer to the MRI scanner. The purpose of this study is to measure T1 dispersion from low to clinical magnetic fields (0.4 mT to 3.0 T) of different hyperpolarized hydrogencarbonate formulations previously proposed in the literature for in vivo pH measurements. 13 C-enriched cesium and sodium hydrogencarbonate preparations were hyperpolarized using dynamic nuclear polarization, and the T1 values of different samples were measured at different magnetic field strengths using a fast field-cycling relaxometer and a 3.0 T clinical MRI system. The effects of deuterium oxide as a dissolution medium for sodium hydrogencarbonate were also analyzed. This study finds that the cesium formulation has slightly shorter T1 values compared with the sodium preparation. However, the higher solubility of cesium hydrogencarbonate-13 C means it can be polarized at greater concentration, using less trityl radical than sodium hydrogencarbonate-13 C. This study also establishes that the preparation and handling of sodium hydrogencarbonate formulations in relation to cesium hydrogencarbonate is more difficult, due to the higher viscosity and lower achievable concentrations, and that deuterium oxide significantly increases the T1 of sodium hydrogencarbonate solutions. Finally, this work also investigates the influence of pH on the spin-lattice relaxation of cesium hydrogencarbonate-13 C measured over a pH range of 7 to 9 at 0.47 T.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thien Phuoc Dang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heeseung Lim
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Timothy J Scholl
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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52
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Nardi-Schreiber A, Gamliel A, Harris T, Sapir G, Sosna J, Gomori JM, Katz-Brull R. Biochemical phosphates observed using hyperpolarized 31P in physiological aqueous solutions. Nat Commun 2017; 8:341. [PMID: 28839124 PMCID: PMC5570947 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization technology had previously enabled nuclear magnetic resonance detection of various nuclei in a hyperpolarized state. Here, we show the hyperpolarization of 31P nuclei in important biological phosphates (inorganic phosphate and phosphocreatine) in aqueous solutions. The hyperpolarized inorganic phosphate showed an enhancement factor >11,000 (at 5.8 T, 9.3% polarization) in D2O (T1 29.4 s). Deuteration and the solution composition and pH all affected the lifetime of the hyperpolarized state. This capability opens up avenues for real-time monitoring of phosphate metabolism, distribution, and pH sensing in the live body without ionizing radiation. Immediate changes in the microenvironment pH have been detected here in a cell-free system via the chemical shift of hyperpolarized inorganic phosphate. Because the 31P nucleus is 100% naturally abundant, future studies on hyperpolarized phosphates will not require expensive isotope labeling as is usually required for hyperpolarization of other substrates. Real-time monitoring of phosphate metabolism and distribution in the live body without ionizing radiation is highly desirable. Here, the authors show dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization technology can enable nuclear magnetic resonance detection of hyperpolarized 31P of important biological phosphates in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atara Nardi-Schreiber
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ayelet Gamliel
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Talia Harris
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gal Sapir
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacob Sosna
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J Moshe Gomori
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Katz-Brull
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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53
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Hundshammer C, Düwel S, Schilling F. Imaging of Extracellular pH Using Hyperpolarized Molecules. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hundshammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 2 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Stephan Düwel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 2 85748 Garching Germany
- Institute of Medical Engineering; Technical University of Munich; Boltzmannstr. 11 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
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54
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Düwel S, Hundshammer C, Gersch M, Feuerecker B, Steiger K, Buck A, Walch A, Haase A, Glaser SJ, Schwaiger M, Schilling F. Imaging of pH in vivo using hyperpolarized 13C-labelled zymonic acid. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15126. [PMID: 28492229 PMCID: PMC5482723 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural pH regulatory mechanisms can be overruled during several pathologies such as cancer, inflammation and ischaemia, leading to local pH changes in the human body. Here we demonstrate that 13C-labelled zymonic acid (ZA) can be used as hyperpolarized magnetic resonance pH imaging sensor. ZA is synthesized from [1-13C]pyruvic acid and its 13C resonance frequencies shift up to 3.0 p.p.m. per pH unit in the physiological pH range. The long lifetime of the hyperpolarized signal enhancement enables monitoring of pH, independent of concentration, temperature, ionic strength and protein concentration. We show in vivo pH maps within rat kidneys and subcutaneously inoculated tumours derived from a mammary adenocarcinoma cell line and characterize ZA as non-toxic compound predominantly present in the extracellular space. We suggest that ZA represents a reliable and non-invasive extracellular imaging sensor to localize and quantify pH, with the potential to improve understanding, diagnosis and therapy of diseases characterized by aberrant acid-base balance. Local pH alterations can be manifestations of pathologies such as cancer, inflammation and ischaemia. Here Düwel et al. show hyperpolarized 13C-labelled zymonic acid can be used as a non-invasive probe to map and measure pH in vivo, suggesting it as a candidate for clinical imaging and a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Düwel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute of Medical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Hundshammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Malte Gersch
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Benedikt Feuerecker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Buck
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Haase
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Steffen J Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute of Medical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
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55
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MR Molecular Imaging of Brain Cancer Metabolism Using Hyperpolarized 13C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 25:187-196. [PMID: 27748711 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is an important hallmark of cancer. Alterations in many metabolic pathways support the requirement for cellular building blocks that are essential for cancer cell proliferation. This metabolic reprogramming can be imaged using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). H MRS can inform on alterations in the steady-state levels of cellular metabolites, but the emergence of hyperpolarized C MRS has now also enabled imaging of metabolic fluxes in real-time, providing a new method for tumor detection and monitoring of therapeutic response. In the case of glioma, preclinical cell and animal studies have shown that the hyperpolarized C MRS metabolic imaging signature is specific to tumor type and can distinguish between mutant IDH1 glioma and primary glioblastoma. Here, we review these findings, first describing the main metabolic pathways that are altered in the different glioma subtypes, and then reporting on the use of hyperpolarized C MRS and MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to probe these pathways. We show that the future translation of this hyperpolarized C MRS molecular metabolic imaging method to the clinic promises to improve the noninvasive detection, characterization, and response-monitoring of brain tumors resulting in improved patient diagnosis and clinical management.
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56
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Chen HY, Larson PEZ, Bok RA, von Morze C, Sriram R, Delos Santos R, Delos Santos J, Gordon JW, Bahrami N, Ferrone M, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB. Assessing Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness with Hyperpolarized Dual-Agent 3D Dynamic Imaging of Metabolism and Perfusion. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3207-3216. [PMID: 28428273 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
New magnetic resonance (MR) molecular imaging techniques offer the potential for noninvasive, simultaneous quantification of metabolic and perfusion parameters in tumors. This study applied a three-dimensional dynamic dual-agent hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging approach with 13C-pyruvate and 13C-urea to investigate differences in perfusion and metabolism between low- and high-grade tumors in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer. Dynamic MR data were corrected for T1 relaxation and RF excitation and modeled to provide quantitative measures of pyruvate to lactate flux (kPL ) and urea perfusion (urea AUC) that correlated with TRAMP tumor histologic grade. kPL values were relatively higher for high-grade TRAMP tumors. The increase in kPL flux correlated significantly with higher lactate dehydrogenase activity and mRNA expression of Ldha, Mct1, and Mct4 as well as with more proliferative disease. There was a significant reduction in perfusion in high-grade tumors that associated with increased hypoxia and mRNA expression of Hif1α and Vegf and increased ktrans , attributed to increased blood vessel permeability. In 90% of the high-grade TRAMP tumors, a mismatch in perfusion and metabolism measurements was observed, with low perfusion being associated with increased kPL This perfusion-metabolism mismatch was also associated with metastasis. The molecular imaging approach we developed could be translated to investigate these imaging biomarkers for their diagnostic and prognostic power in future prostate cancer clinical trials. Cancer Res; 77(12); 3207-16. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Chen
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley California.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley California.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert A Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Cornelius von Morze
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Romelyn Delos Santos
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Justin Delos Santos
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeremy W Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Naeim Bahrami
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Masters of Science in Biomedical Imaging Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Marcus Ferrone
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley California.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. .,Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley California.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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57
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Nishihara T, Kameyama Y, Nonaka H, Takakusagi Y, Hyodo F, Ichikawa K, Sando S. A Strategy to Design Hyperpolarized
13
C Magnetic Resonance Probes Using [1‐
13
C]α‐Amino Acid as a Scaffold Structure. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:949-953. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Yutaka Kameyama
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Yoichi Takakusagi
- Incubation Center for Advanced Medical Science Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Fuminori Hyodo
- Incubation Center for Advanced Medical Science Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ichikawa
- Incubation Center for Advanced Medical Science Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sando
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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58
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Adamson EB, Ludwig KD, Mummy DG, Fain SB. Magnetic resonance imaging with hyperpolarized agents: methods and applications. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:R81-R123. [PMID: 28384123 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa6be8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, hyperpolarized (HP) contrast agents have been under active development for MRI applications to address the twin challenges of functional and quantitative imaging. Both HP helium (3He) and xenon (129Xe) gases have reached the stage where they are under study in clinical research. HP 129Xe, in particular, is poised for larger scale clinical research to investigate asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and fibrotic lung diseases. With advances in polarizer technology and unique capabilities for imaging of 129Xe gas exchange into lung tissue and blood, HP 129Xe MRI is attracting new attention. In parallel, HP 13C and 15N MRI methods have steadily advanced in a wide range of pre-clinical research applications for imaging metabolism in various cancers and cardiac disease. The HP [1-13C] pyruvate MRI technique, in particular, has undergone phase I trials in prostate cancer and is poised for investigational new drug trials at multiple institutions in cancer and cardiac applications. This review treats the methodology behind both HP gases and HP 13C and 15N liquid state agents. Gas and liquid phase HP agents share similar technologies for achieving non-equilibrium polarization outside the field of the MRI scanner, strategies for image data acquisition, and translational challenges in moving from pre-clinical to clinical research. To cover the wide array of methods and applications, this review is organized by numerical section into (1) a brief introduction, (2) the physical and biological properties of the most common polarized agents with a brief summary of applications and methods of polarization, (3) methods for image acquisition and reconstruction specific to improving data acquisition efficiency for HP MRI, (4) the main physical properties that enable unique measures of physiology or metabolic pathways, followed by a more detailed review of the literature describing the use of HP agents to study: (5) metabolic pathways in cancer and cardiac disease and (6) lung function in both pre-clinical and clinical research studies, concluding with (7) some future directions and challenges, and (8) an overall summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Adamson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
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59
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Miyahira AK, Roychowdhury S, Goswami S, Ippolito JE, Priceman SJ, Pritchard CC, Sfanos KS, Subudhi SK, Simons JW, Pienta KJ, Soule HR. Beyond Seed and Soil: Understanding and Targeting Metastatic Prostate Cancer; Report From the 2016 Coffey-Holden Prostate Cancer Academy Meeting. Prostate 2017; 77:123-144. [PMID: 27679977 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The 2016 Coffey-Holden Prostate Cancer Academy (CHPCA) Meeting, "Beyond Seed and Soil: Understanding and Targeting Metastatic Prostate Cancer," was held from June 23 to June 26, 2016, in Coronado, California. METHODS For the 4th year in a row, the Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF) hosted the CHPCA Meeting, a think tank-structured scientific conference, which focuses on a specific topic of critical unmet need on the biology and treatment of advanced prostate cancer. The 2016 CHPCA Meeting was attended by 71 investigators from prostate cancer and other fields, who discussed the biology, study methodologies, treatment strategies, and critical unmet needs concerning metastatic prostate cancer, with the ultimate goal of advancing strategies to treat and eliminate this disease. RESULTS The major topics of discussion included: the molecular landscape and molecular heterogeneity of metastatic prostate cancer, the role of the metastatic microenvironment, optimizing immunotherapy in metastatic prostate cancer, learning from exceptional responders and non-responders, targeting DNA repair deficiency in advanced prostate cancer, developing and applying novel biomarkers and imaging techniques, and potential roles for the microbiome in prostate cancer. DISCUSSION This article reviews the topics presented and discussions held at the CHPCA Meeting, with a focus on the unknowns and next steps needed to advance our understanding of the biology and most effective treatment strategies for metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate 77:123-144, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sameek Roychowdhury
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Division of Medical Oncology, Ohio State University, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sangeeta Goswami
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph E Ippolito
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Saul J Priceman
- Departments of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, and Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Colin C Pritchard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karen S Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sumit K Subudhi
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Kenneth J Pienta
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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60
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Kubala E, Muñoz-Álvarez KA, Topping G, Hundshammer C, Feuerecker B, Gómez PA, Pariani G, Schilling F, Glaser SJ, Schulte RF, Menzel MI, Schwaiger M. Hyperpolarized 13C Metabolic Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging. J Vis Exp 2016:54751. [PMID: 28060330 PMCID: PMC5226623 DOI: 10.3791/54751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, new methods for tumor staging, restaging, treatment response monitoring, and recurrence detection of a variety of cancers have emerged in conjunction with the state-of-the-art positron emission tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG PET). 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (13CMRSI) is a minimally invasive imaging method that enables the monitoring of metabolism in vivo and in real time. As with any other method based on 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), it faces the challenge of low thermal polarization and a subsequent low signal-to-noise ratio due to the relatively low gyromagnetic ratio of 13C and its low natural abundance in biological samples. By overcoming these limitations, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) with subsequent sample dissolution has recently enabled commonly used NMR and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems to measure, study, and image key metabolic pathways in various biological systems. A particularly interesting and promising molecule used in 13CMRSI is [1-13C]pyruvate, which, in the last ten years, has been widely used for in vitro, preclinical, and, more recently, clinical studies to investigate the cellular energy metabolism in cancer and other diseases. In this article, we outline the technique of dissolution DNP using a 3.35 T preclinical DNP hyperpolarizer and demonstrate its usage in in vitro studies. A similar protocol for hyperpolarization may be applied for the most part in in vivo studies as well. To do so, we used lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and catalyzed the metabolic reaction of [1-13C]pyruvate to [1-13C]lactate in a prostate carcinoma cell line, PC3, in vitro using 13CMRSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Kubala
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München; Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München; GE Global Research;
| | - Kim A Muñoz-Álvarez
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | - Geoffrey Topping
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | - Christian Hundshammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München; Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München
| | - Benedikt Feuerecker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | - Pedro A Gómez
- GE Global Research; Zentralinstitut für Medizintechnik der Technischen Universität München (IMETUM), Technische Universität München
| | - Giorgio Pariani
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München; Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München; IDG Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
| | | | | | | | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
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61
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Hyperpolarization MRI: Preclinical Models and Potential Applications in Neuroradiology. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 25:31-7. [PMID: 26848559 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization is a novel technology that can dramatically increase signal to noise in magnetic resonance. The method is being applied to small injectable endogenous molecules, which can be used to monitor transient in vivo metabolic events, in real time. The emergence of hyperpolarized C-labeled probes, specifically C pyruvate, has enabled monitoring of core cellular metabolic events. Neuro-oncological applications have been demonstrated in preclinical models. Many more applications of this technology are envisioned, with transformative potential in magnetic resonance imaging.
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62
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Shang H, Sukumar S, von Morze C, Bok RA, Marco-Rius I, Kerr A, Reed GD, Milshteyn E, Ohliger MA, Kurhanewicz J, Larson PEZ, Pauly JM, Vigneron DB. Spectrally selective three-dimensional dynamic balanced steady-state free precession for hyperpolarized C-13 metabolic imaging with spectrally selective radiofrequency pulses. Magn Reson Med 2016; 78:963-975. [PMID: 27770458 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequences can provide superior signal-to-noise ratio efficiency for hyperpolarized (HP) carbon-13 (13 C) magnetic resonance imaging by efficiently utilizing the nonrecoverable magnetization, but managing their spectral response is challenging in the context of metabolic imaging. A new spectrally selective bSSFP sequence was developed for fast imaging of multiple HP 13 C metabolites with high spatiotemporal resolution. THEORY AND METHODS This novel approach for bSSFP spectral selectivity incorporates optimized short-duration spectrally selective radiofrequency pulses within a bSSFP pulse train and a carefully chosen repetition time to avoid banding artifacts. RESULTS The sequence enabled subsecond 3D dynamic spectrally selective imaging of 13 C metabolites of copolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate and [13 C]urea at 2-mm isotropic resolution, with excellent spectral selectivity (∼100:1). The sequence was successfully tested in phantom studies and in vivo studies with normal mice. CONCLUSION This sequence is expected to benefit applications requiring dynamic volumetric imaging of metabolically active 13 C compounds at high spatiotemporal resolution, including preclinical studies at high field and, potentially, clinical studies. Magn Reson Med 78:963-975, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Subramaniam Sukumar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cornelius von Morze
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert A Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Irene Marco-Rius
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adam Kerr
- Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Eugene Milshteyn
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michael A Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - John M Pauly
- Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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63
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Tee SS, DiGialleonardo V, Eskandari R, Jeong S, Granlund KL, Miloushev V, Poot AJ, Truong S, Alvarez JA, Aldeborgh HN, Keshari KR. Sampling Hyperpolarized Molecules Utilizing a 1 Tesla Permanent Magnetic Field. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32846. [PMID: 27597137 PMCID: PMC5011774 DOI: 10.1038/srep32846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy (HP MRS) using dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a technique that has greatly enhanced the sensitivity of detecting 13C nuclei. However, the HP MRS polarization decays in the liquid state according to the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of the nucleus. Sampling of the signal also destroys polarization, resulting in a limited temporal ability to observe biologically interesting reactions. In this study, we demonstrate that sampling hyperpolarized signals using a permanent magnet at 1 Tesla (1T) is a simple and cost-effective method to increase T1s without sacrificing signal-to-noise. Biologically-relevant information may be obtained with a permanent magnet using enzyme solutions and in whole cells. Of significance, our findings indicate that changes in pyruvate metabolism can also be quantified in a xenograft model at this field strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui Seng Tee
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Valentina DiGialleonardo
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Roozbeh Eskandari
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sangmoo Jeong
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kristin L Granlund
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vesselin Miloushev
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alex J Poot
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | - Hannah N Aldeborgh
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, NY 10065, USA
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64
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Takakusagi Y, Inoue K, Naganuma T, Hyodo F, Ichikawa K. Effect of ionic interaction between a hyperpolarized magnetic resonance chemical probe and a gadolinium contrast agent for the hyperpolarized lifetime after dissolution. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 270:157-160. [PMID: 27490303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In hyperpolarization of (13)C-enriched magnetic resonance chemical probes in the solid-state, a trace amount of gadolinium (Gd) contrast agent can be used to maximize polarization of the (13)C nuclear spins. Here, we report systematic measurement of the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) and enhancement level of (13)C-enriched chemical probes in the presence of various Gd contrast agents in the liquid-state after dissolution. Using two different (13)C probes having opposite electric charges at neutral pH, we clearly show the T1 of hyperpolarized (13)C was barely affected by the use of a Gd complex that displays repulsive interaction with the (13)C probe in solution, whilst T1 was drastically shortened when there was ionic attraction between probe and complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Takakusagi
- Incubation Center for Advanced Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Kaori Inoue
- Incubation Center for Advanced Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Naganuma
- Japan Redox Ltd., 4-29-49-805 Chiyo, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-0044, Japan
| | - Fuminori Hyodo
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ichikawa
- Incubation Center for Advanced Medical Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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65
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Lau JYC, Chen AP, Gu YP, Cunningham CH. Voxel-by-voxel correlations of perfusion, substrate, and metabolite signals in dynamic hyperpolarized (13) C imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:1038-1047. [PMID: 27295304 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a mixture of pyruvic acid and the perfusion agent HP001 was co-polarized for simultaneous assessment of perfusion and metabolism in vivo. The pre-polarized mixture was administered to rats with subcutaneous MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenografts and imaged using an interleaved sequence with designed spectral-spatial pulses and flyback echo-planar readouts. Voxel-by-voxel signal correlations from 10 animals (15 data sets) were analyzed for tumour, kidney, and muscle regions of interest. The relationship between perfusion and hyperpolarized signal was explored on a voxel-by-voxel basis in various metabolically active tissues, including tumour, healthy kidneys, and skeletal muscle. Positive pairwise correlations between lactate, pyruvate, and HP001 observed in all 10 tumours suggested that substrate delivery was the dominant factor limiting the conversion of pyruvate to lactate in the tumour model used in this study. On the other hand, in cases where conversion is the limiting factor, such as in healthy kidneys, both pyruvate and lactate can act as excellent perfusion markers. In intermediate cases between the two limits, such as in skeletal muscle, some perfusion information may be inferred from the (pyruvate + lactate) signal distribution. Co-administration of pyruvate with a dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) perfusion agent is an effective approach for distinguishing between slow metabolism and poor perfusion and a practical strategy for lactate signal normalization to account for substrate delivery, especially in cases of rapid pyruvate-to-lactate conversion and in poorly perfused regions with inadequate pyruvate signal-to-noise ratio for reliable determination of the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Y C Lau
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Yi-Ping Gu
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles H Cunningham
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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66
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Bretschneider CO, Akbey Ü, Aussenac F, Olsen GL, Feintuch A, Oschkinat H, Frydman L. On The Potential of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Diamonds in Solid-State and Dissolution (13) C NMR Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2691-701. [PMID: 27416769 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a versatile option to improve the sensitivity of NMR and MRI. This versatility has elicited interest for overcoming potential limitations of these techniques, including the achievement of solid-state polarization enhancement at ambient conditions, and the maximization of (13) C signal lifetimes for performing in vivo MRI scans. This study explores whether diamond's (13) C behavior in nano- and micro-particles could be used to achieve these ends. The characteristics of diamond's DNP enhancement were analyzed for different magnetic fields, grain sizes, and sample environments ranging from cryogenic to ambient temperatures, in both solution and solid-state experiments. It was found that (13) C NMR signals could be boosted by orders of magnitude in either low- or room-temperature solid-state DNP experiments by utilizing naturally occurring paramagnetic P1 substitutional nitrogen defects. We attribute this behavior to the unusually long electronic/nuclear spin-lattice relaxation times characteristic of diamond, coupled with a time-independent cross-effect-like polarization transfer mechanism facilitated by a matching of the nitrogen-related hyperfine coupling and the (13) C Zeeman splitting. The efficiency of this solid-state polarization process, however, is harder to exploit in dissolution DNP-enhanced MRI contexts. The prospects for utilizing polarized diamond approaching nanoscale dimensions for both solid and solution applications are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ümit Akbey
- NMR Supported Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Greg L Olsen
- Chemical Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Akiva Feintuch
- Chemical Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hartmut Oschkinat
- NMR Supported Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Chemical Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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67
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Düwel S, Durst M, Gringeri CV, Kosanke Y, Gross C, Janich MA, Haase A, Glaser SJ, Schwaiger M, Schulte RF, Braren R, Menzel MI. Multiparametric human hepatocellular carcinoma characterization and therapy response evaluation by hyperpolarized (13) C MRSI. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:952-960. [PMID: 27195474 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Individual tumor characterization and treatment response monitoring based on current medical imaging methods remain challenging. This work investigates hyperpolarized (13) C compounds in an orthotopic rat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model system before and after transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). HCC ranks amongst the top six most common cancer types in humans and accounts for one-third of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Early therapy response monitoring could aid in the development of personalized therapy approaches and novel therapeutic concepts. Measurements with selectively (13) C-labeled and hyperpolarized urea, pyruvate and fumarate were performed in tumor-bearing rats before and after TAE. Two-dimensional, slice-selective MRSI was used to obtain spatially resolved maps of tumor perfusion, cell energy metabolic conversion rates and necrosis, which were additionally correlated with immunohistochemistry. All three injected compounds, taken together with their respective metabolites, exhibited similar signal distributions. TAE induced a decrease in blood flow into the tumor and thus a decrease in tumor to muscle and tumor to liver ratios of urea, pyruvate and its metabolites, alanine and lactate, whereas conversion rates remained stable or increased on TAE in tumor, muscle and liver tissue. Conversion from fumarate to malate successfully indicated individual levels of necrosis, and global malate signals after TAE suggested the washout of fumarase or malate itself on necrosis. This study presents a combination of three (13) C compounds as novel candidate biomarkers for a comprehensive characterization of genetically and molecularly diverse HCC using hyperpolarized MRSI, enabling the simultaneous detection of differences in tumor perfusion, metabolism and necrosis. If, as in this study, bolus dynamics are not required and qualitative perfusion information is sufficient, the desired information could be extracted from hyperpolarized fumarate and pyruvate alone, acquired at higher fields with better spectral separation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Düwel
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Durst
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Concetta V Gringeri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yvonne Kosanke
- Institute of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Gross
- Institute of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Axel Haase
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Steffen J Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Rickmer Braren
- Institute of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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68
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Flavell RR, von Morze C, Blecha JE, Korenchan DE, Van Criekinge M, Sriram R, Gordon JW, Chen HY, Subramaniam S, Bok RA, Wang ZJ, Vigneron DB, Larson PE, Kurhanewicz J, Wilson DM. Application of Good's buffers to pH imaging using hyperpolarized (13)C MRI. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:14119-22. [PMID: 26257040 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05348j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-(2-Acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (ACES), one of Good's buffers, was applied to pH imaging using hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Rapid NMR- and MRI-based pH measurements were obtained by exploiting the sensitive pH-dependence of its (13)C chemical shift within the physiologic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.
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69
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Serrao EM, Brindle KM. Potential Clinical Roles for Metabolic Imaging with Hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]Pyruvate. Front Oncol 2016; 6:59. [PMID: 27014634 PMCID: PMC4786548 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Serrao
- Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Li Ka Shing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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70
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Korenchan DE, Flavell RR, Baligand C, Sriram R, Neumann K, Sukumar S, VanBrocklin H, Vigneron DB, Wilson DM, Kurhanewicz J. Dynamic nuclear polarization of biocompatible (13)C-enriched carbonates for in vivo pH imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3030-3. [PMID: 26792559 PMCID: PMC4864526 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09724j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A hyperpolarization technique using carbonate precursors of biocompatible molecules was found to yield high concentrations of hyperpolarized (13)C bicarbonate in solution. This approach enabled large signal gains for low-toxicity hyperpolarized (13)C pH imaging in a phantom and in vivo in a murine model of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Korenchan
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - R R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - C Baligand
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - R Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - K Neumann
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - S Sukumar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - H VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - D B Vigneron
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - D M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - J Kurhanewicz
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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71
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Fan TWM, Lane AN. Applications of NMR spectroscopy to systems biochemistry. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 92-93:18-53. [PMID: 26952191 PMCID: PMC4850081 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The past decades of advancements in NMR have made it a very powerful tool for metabolic research. Despite its limitations in sensitivity relative to mass spectrometric techniques, NMR has a number of unparalleled advantages for metabolic studies, most notably the rigor and versatility in structure elucidation, isotope-filtered selection of molecules, and analysis of positional isotopomer distributions in complex mixtures afforded by multinuclear and multidimensional experiments. In addition, NMR has the capacity for spatially selective in vivo imaging and dynamical analysis of metabolism in tissues of living organisms. In conjunction with the use of stable isotope tracers, NMR is a method of choice for exploring the dynamics and compartmentation of metabolic pathways and networks, for which our current understanding is grossly insufficient. In this review, we describe how various direct and isotope-edited 1D and 2D NMR methods can be employed to profile metabolites and their isotopomer distributions by stable isotope-resolved metabolomic (SIRM) analysis. We also highlight the importance of sample preparation methods including rapid cryoquenching, efficient extraction, and chemoselective derivatization to facilitate robust and reproducible NMR-based metabolomic analysis. We further illustrate how NMR has been applied in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo in various stable isotope tracer-based metabolic studies, to gain systematic and novel metabolic insights in different biological systems, including human subjects. The pathway and network knowledge generated from NMR- and MS-based tracing of isotopically enriched substrates will be invaluable for directing functional analysis of other 'omics data to achieve understanding of regulation of biochemical systems, as demonstrated in a case study. Future developments in NMR technologies and reagents to enhance both detection sensitivity and resolution should further empower NMR in systems biochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa W-M Fan
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - Andrew N Lane
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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72
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Jiang W, Lustig M, Larson PEZ. Concentric rings K-space trajectory for hyperpolarized (13)C MR spectroscopic imaging. Magn Reson Med 2016; 75:19-31. [PMID: 25533653 PMCID: PMC4476971 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a robust and rapid imaging technique for hyperpolarized (13)C MR Spectroscopic Imaging and investigate its performance. METHODS A concentric rings readout trajectory with constant angular velocity is proposed for hyperpolarized (13)C spectroscopic imaging and its properties are analyzed. Quantitative analyses of design tradeoffs are presented for several imaging scenarios. The first application of concentric rings on (13)C phantoms and in vivo animal hyperpolarized (13)C MR Spectroscopic Imaging studies were performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method. Finally, a parallel imaging accelerated concentric rings study is presented. RESULTS The concentric rings MR Spectroscopic Imaging trajectory has the advantages of acquisition timesaving compared to echo-planar spectroscopic imaging. It provides sufficient spectral bandwidth with relatively high efficiency compared to echo-planar spectroscopic imaging and spiral techniques. Phantom and in vivo animal studies showed good image quality with half the scan time and reduced pulsatile flow artifacts compared to echo-planar spectroscopic imaging. Parallel imaging accelerated concentric rings showed advantages over Cartesian sampling in g-factor simulations and demonstrated aliasing-free image quality in a hyperpolarized (13)C in vivo study. CONCLUSION The concentric rings trajectory is a robust and rapid imaging technique that fits very well with the speed, bandwidth, and resolution requirements of hyperpolarized (13)C MR Spectroscopic Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Jiang
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael Lustig
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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73
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Keshari KR, Wilson DM, Van Criekinge M, Sriram R, Koelsch BL, Wang ZJ, VanBrocklin HF, Peehl DM, O’Brien T, Sampath D, Carano RAD, Kurhanewicz J. Metabolic response of prostate cancer to nicotinamide phophoribosyltransferase inhibition in a hyperpolarized MR/PET compatible bioreactor. Prostate 2015; 75:1601-9. [PMID: 26177608 PMCID: PMC4537380 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic shifts in disease are of great interest for the development of novel therapeutics. In cancer treatment, these therapies exploit the metabolic phenotype associated with oncogenesis and cancer progression. One recent strategy involves the depletion of the cofactors needed to maintain the high rate of glycolysis seen with the Warburg effect. Specifically, blocking nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis via nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibition depletes cancer cells of the NAD needed for glycolysis. To characterize this metabolic phenotype in vivo and describe changes in flux with treatment, non-invasive biomarkers are necessary. One such biomarker is hyperpolarized (HP) [1-(13) C] pyruvate, a clinically translatable probe that allows real-time assessment of metabolism. METHODS We therefore developed a cell perfusion system compatible with HP magnetic resonance (MR) and positron emission tomography (PET) to develop translatable biomarkers of response to NAMPT inhibition in reduced volume cell cultures. RESULTS Using this platform, we observed a reduction in pyruvate flux through lactate dehydrogenase with NAMPT inhibition in prostate cancer cells, and showed that both HP lactate and 2-[(18) F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) can be used as biomarkers for treatment response of such targeted agents. Moreover, we observed dynamic flux changes whereby HP pyruvate was re-routed to alanine, providing both positive and negative indicators of treatment response. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the feasibility of a MR/PET compatible bioreactor approach to efficiently explore cell and tissue metabolism, the understanding of which is critical for developing clinically translatable biomarkers of disease states and responses to therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan R. Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence and Reprint Request: Kayvan R. Keshari, Ph.D., Assistant Member, Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, Phone: (646) 888-3631, Fax: (646) 422-0247,
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bertram L. Koelsch
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zhen J. Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Henry F. VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Donna M. Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tom O’Brien
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Deepak Sampath
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Richard A. D. Carano
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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74
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Shin PJ, Larson PE, Uecker M, Reed GD, Kerr AB, Tropp J, Ohliger MA, Nelson SJ, Pauly JM, Lustig M, Vigneron DB. Chemical shift separation with controlled aliasing for hyperpolarized (13) C metabolic imaging. Magn Reson Med 2015; 74:978-89. [PMID: 25298086 PMCID: PMC4390401 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A chemical shift separation technique for hyperpolarized (13) C metabolic imaging with high spatial and temporal resolution was developed. Specifically, a fast three-dimensional pulse sequence and a reconstruction method were implemented to acquire signals from multiple (13) C species simultaneously with subsequent separation into individual images. THEORY AND METHODS A stack of flyback echo-planar imaging readouts and a set of multiband excitation radiofrequency pulses were designed to spatially modulate aliasing patterns of the acquired metabolite images, which translated the chemical shift separation problem into parallel imaging reconstruction problem. An eight-channel coil array was used for data acquisition and a parallel imaging method based on nonlinear inversion was developed to separate the aliased images. RESULTS Simultaneous acquisitions of pyruvate and lactate in a phantom study and in vivo rat experiments were performed. The results demonstrated successful separation of the metabolite distributions into individual images having high spatial resolution. CONCLUSION This method demonstrated the ability to provide accelerated metabolite imaging in hyperpolarized (13) C MR using multichannel coils, tailored readout, and specialized RF pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Shin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA
| | - Peder E.Z. Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA
| | - Martin Uecker
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Galen D. Reed
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA
| | - Adam B. Kerr
- Magnetic Resonance Systems Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - James Tropp
- General Electric Healthcare, Fremont, California, USA
| | - Michael A. Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah J. Nelson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA
| | - John M. Pauly
- Magnetic Resonance Systems Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michael Lustig
- The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA
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75
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Salamanca-Cardona L, Keshari KR. (13)C-labeled biochemical probes for the study of cancer metabolism with dynamic nuclear polarization-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer Metab 2015; 3:9. [PMID: 26380082 PMCID: PMC4570227 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-015-0136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, advances in metabolic imaging have become dependable tools for the diagnosis and treatment assessment in cancer. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has recently emerged as a promising technology in hyperpolarized (HP) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and has reached clinical relevance with the successful visualization of [1-13C] pyruvate as a molecular imaging probe in human prostate cancer. This review focuses on introducing representative compounds relevant to metabolism that are characteristic of cancer tissue: aerobic glycolysis and pyruvate metabolism, glutamine addiction and glutamine/glutamate metabolism, and the redox state and ascorbate/dehydroascorbate metabolism. In addition, a brief introduction of probes that can be used to trace necrosis, pH changes, and other pathways relevant to cancer is presented to demonstrate the potential that HP MRI has to revolutionize the use of molecular imaging for diagnosis and assessment of treatments in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Salamanca-Cardona
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
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76
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Leon Swisher C, Koelsch B, Sukumar S, Sriram R, Santos RD, Wang ZJ, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron D, Larson P. Dynamic UltraFast 2D EXchange SpectroscopY (UF-EXSY) of hyperpolarized substrates. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2015; 257:102-9. [PMID: 26117655 PMCID: PMC4515769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a new ultrafast method for acquiring dynamic 2D EXchange SpectroscopY (EXSY) within a single acquisition. This technique reconstructs two-dimensional EXSY spectra from one-dimensional spectra based on the phase accrual during echo times. The Ultrafast-EXSY acquisition overcomes long acquisition times typically needed to acquire 2D NMR data by utilizing sparsity and phase dependence to dramatically undersample in the indirect time dimension. This allows for the acquisition of the 2D spectrum within a single shot. We have validated this method in simulations and hyperpolarized enzyme assay experiments separating the dehydration of pyruvate and lactate-to-pyruvate conversion. In a renal cell carcinoma cell (RCC) line, bidirectional exchange was observed. This new technique revealed decreased conversion of lactate-to-pyruvate with high expression of monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), known to correlate with aggressive cancer phenotypes. We also showed feasibility of this technique in vivo in a RCC model where bidirectional exchange was observed for pyruvate-lactate, pyruvate-alanine, and pyruvate-hydrate and were resolved in time. Broadly, the technique is well suited to investigate the dynamics of multiple exchange pathways and applicable to hyperpolarized substrates where chemical exchange has shown great promise across a range of disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Leon Swisher
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Bertram Koelsch
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Subramianam Sukumar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Romelyn Delos Santos
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Zhen Jane Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Daniel Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, United States.
| | - Peder Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States; UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, United States.
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77
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Olivares O, Däbritz JHM, King A, Gottlieb E, Halsey C. Research into cancer metabolomics: Towards a clinical metamorphosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 43:52-64. [PMID: 26365277 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The acknowledgement that metabolic reprogramming is a central feature of cancer has generated high expectations for major advances in both diagnosis and treatment of malignancies through addressing metabolism. These have so far only been partially fulfilled, with only a few clinical applications. However, numerous diagnostic and therapeutic compounds are currently being evaluated in either clinical trials or pre-clinical models and new discoveries of alterations in metabolic genes indicate future prognostic or other applicable relevance. Altogether, these metabolic approaches now stand alongside other available measures providing hopes for the prospects of metabolomics in the clinic. Here we present a comprehensive overview of both ongoing and emerging clinical, pre-clinical and technical strategies for exploiting unique tumour metabolic traits, highlighting the current promises and anticipations of research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orianne Olivares
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - J Henry M Däbritz
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ayala King
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Christina Halsey
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK.
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78
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Chaumeil MM, Najac C, Ronen SM. Studies of Metabolism Using (13)C MRS of Hyperpolarized Probes. Methods Enzymol 2015; 561:1-71. [PMID: 26358901 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
First described in 2003, the dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) technique, combined with (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), has since been used in numerous metabolic studies and has become a valuable metabolic imaging method. DNP dramatically increases the level of polarization of (13)C-labeled compounds resulting in an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of over 50,000 fold for the MRS spectrum of hyperpolarized compounds. The high SNR enables rapid real-time detection of metabolism in cells, tissues, and in vivo. This chapter will present a comprehensive review of the DNP approaches that have been used to monitor metabolism in living systems. First, the list of (13)C DNP probes developed to date will be presented, with a particular focus on the most commonly used probe, namely [1-(13)C] pyruvate. In the next four sections, we will then describe the different factors that need to be considered when designing (13)C DNP probes for metabolic studies, conducting in vitro or in vivo hyperpolarized experiments, as well as acquiring, analyzing, and modeling hyperpolarized (13)C data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M Chaumeil
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chloé Najac
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sabrina M Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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79
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Lee Y, Zacharias NM, Piwnica-Worms D, Bhattacharya PK. Chemical reaction-induced multi-molecular polarization (CRIMP). Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:13030-3. [PMID: 25224323 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06199c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a novel hyperpolarization method, Chemical Reaction-Induced Multi-molecular Polarization (CRIMP), which could be applied to the study of several in vivo processes simultaneously including glycolysis, TCA cycle, fatty acid synthesis and pH mapping. Through the use of non-enzymatic decarboxylation, we generate four hyperpolarized imaging agents from hyperpolarized 1,2-(13)C pyruvic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lee
- Hanyang University, Department of Applied Chemistry, Ansan, 426-791, Korea
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80
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Mariotti E, Veronese M, Dunn JT, Southworth R, Eykyn TR. Kinetic analysis of hyperpolarized data with minimum a priori knowledge: Hybrid maximum entropy and nonlinear least squares method (MEM/NLS). Magn Reson Med 2015; 73:2332-42. [PMID: 25046363 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the feasibility of using a hybrid Maximum-Entropy/Nonlinear Least Squares (MEM/NLS) method for analyzing the kinetics of hyperpolarized dynamic data with minimum a priori knowledge. THEORY AND METHODS A continuous distribution of rates obtained through the Laplace inversion of the data is used as a constraint on the NLS fitting to derive a discrete spectrum of rates. Performance of the MEM/NLS algorithm was assessed through Monte Carlo simulations and validated by fitting the longitudinal relaxation time curves of hyperpolarized [1-(13) C] pyruvate acquired at 9.4 Tesla and at three different flip angles. The method was further used to assess the kinetics of hyperpolarized pyruvate-lactate exchange acquired in vitro in whole blood and to re-analyze the previously published in vitro reaction of hyperpolarized (15) N choline with choline kinase. RESULTS The MEM/NLS method was found to be adequate for the kinetic characterization of hyperpolarized in vitro time-series. Additional insights were obtained from experimental data in blood as well as from previously published (15) N choline experimental data. CONCLUSION The proposed method informs on the compartmental model that best approximate the biological system observed using hyperpolarized (13) C MR especially when the metabolic pathway assessed is complex or a new hyperpolarized probe is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Mariotti
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joel T Dunn
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Southworth
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R Eykyn
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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81
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Shang H, Skloss T, von Morze C, Carvajal L, Van Criekinge M, Milshteyn E, Larson PEZ, Hurd RE, Vigneron DB. Handheld electromagnet carrier for transfer of hyperpolarized carbon-13 samples. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:917-22. [PMID: 25765516 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyperpolarization of carbon-13 ((13) C) nuclei by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization increases signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by >10,000-fold for metabolic imaging, but care must be taken when transferring hyperpolarized (HP) samples from polarizer to MR scanner. Some (13) C substrates relax rapidly in low ambient magnetic fields. A handheld electromagnet carrier was designed and constructed to preserve polarization by maintaining a sufficient field during sample transfer. METHODS The device was constructed with a solenoidal electromagnet, powered by a nonmagnetic battery, holding the HP sample during transfer. A specially designed switch automated deactivation of the field once transfer was complete. Phantom and rat experiments were performed to compare MR signal enhancement with or without the device for HP [(13) C]urea and [1-(13) C]pyruvate. RESULTS The magnetic field generated by this device was tested to be >50 G over a 6-cm central section. In phantom and rat experiments, [(13) C]urea transported via the device showed SNR improvement by a factor of 1.8-1.9 over samples transferred through the background field. CONCLUSION A device was designed and built to provide a suitably high yet safe magnetic field to preserve hyperpolarization during sample transfer. Comparative testing demonstrated SNR improvements of approximately two-fold for [(13) C]urea while maintaining SNR for [1-(13) C]pyruvate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA
| | | | - Cornelius von Morze
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lucas Carvajal
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eugene Milshteyn
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA
| | | | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,The UC Berkeley - UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, California, USA
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82
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Dumez JN, Milani J, Vuichoud B, Bornet A, Lalande-Martin J, Tea I, Yon M, Maucourt M, Deborde C, Moing A, Frydman L, Bodenhausen G, Jannin S, Giraudeau P. Hyperpolarized NMR of plant and cancer cell extracts at natural abundance. Analyst 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01203a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural abundance 13C 1D and 2D NMR spectra of biological extracts are recorded in a single scan for samples hyperpolarised by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization combined with cross polarization.
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83
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Ghosh RK, Kadlecek SJ, Pourfathi M, Rizi RR. Efficient production of hyperpolarized bicarbonate by chemical reaction on a DNP precursor to measure pH. Magn Reson Med 2014; 74:1406-13. [PMID: 25393101 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To produce hyperpolarized bicarbonate indirectly via chemical reaction from a hyperpolarized precursor and utilize it for the simultaneous regional measurement of metabolism and pH. METHODS Alpha keto carboxylic acids are first hyperpolarized by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). These precursor molecules are rapidly reacted with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to decarboxylate the species, resulting in new target molecules. Unreacted H2O2 is removed from the system by reaction with sulfite. Interrogation of the ratio of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) to bicarbonate can be used to determine pH. RESULTS Conversion of hyperpolarized alpha keto acids to bicarbonate and CO2 results in a minimal loss of the spin order. The reaction can be conducted to completion within seconds and preserves the nuclear spin polarization. CONCLUSION Through a rapid chemical reaction, we can conserve the nuclear spin order of a DNP precursor to generate multiple hyperpolarized bioprobes otherwise unamenable to polarization. This indirect technique for the production of hyperpolarized agents can be applied to different precursor compounds to generate additional novel probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat K Ghosh
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen J Kadlecek
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mehrdad Pourfathi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rahim R Rizi
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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84
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Pagès G, Tan YL, Kuchel PW. Hyperpolarized [1,(13)C]pyruvate in lysed human erythrocytes: effects of co-substrate supply on reaction time courses. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:1203-1210. [PMID: 25111006 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized [1,(13)C]pyruvate was injected rapidly into haemolysates in which hydrolysis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P))/NAD(P)H had been inhibited with nicotinamide. Haemolysates provide a stable glycolytic system in which membrane permeability is not a flux-controlling step, and they enable the concentration of NADH to be adjusted experimentally while keeping the rest of the sample with the same composition as that of the cytoplasm of the cell (albeit diluted twofold at the time of injection of the [1,(13)C]pyruvate). We showed that the maximum amplitude of the (13)C NMR signal from the [1,(13)C]L-lactate, produced from [1,(13)C]pyruvate, and the time at which it occurred was dependent on NADH concentration, as predicted by enzyme-kinetic analysis. The main feature of such curves was dictated by the immediacy of the supply of the co-substrate of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27), and we posit that this also pertains in vivo in various tissues including neoplasms. By constructing an appropriate mathematical model and by using a Markov-chain Monte Carlo approach, we fitted experimental data to estimate LDH and NADH concentrations. Experiments carried out with only endogenous NADH present enabled the estimation of its effective concentration in human RBCs; the ability to make this estimate is a special feature of the rapid-dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization method. We found an endogenous NADH concentration in human RBCs two to four times higher than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Pagès
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore, 138667
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85
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Keunen O, Taxt T, Grüner R, Lund-Johansen M, Tonn JC, Pavlin T, Bjerkvig R, Niclou SP, Thorsen F. Multimodal imaging of gliomas in the context of evolving cellular and molecular therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 76:98-115. [PMID: 25078721 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of malignant gliomas relapse after surgery and standard radio-chemotherapy. Novel molecular and cellular therapies are thus being developed, targeting specific aspects of tumor growth. While histopathology remains the gold standard for tumor classification, neuroimaging has over the years taken a central role in the diagnosis and treatment follow up of brain tumors. It is used to detect and localize lesions, define the target area for biopsies, plan surgical and radiation interventions and assess tumor progression and treatment outcome. In recent years the application of novel drugs including anti-angiogenic agents that affect the tumor vasculature, has drastically modulated the outcome of brain tumor imaging. To properly evaluate the effects of emerging experimental therapies and successfully support treatment decisions, neuroimaging will have to evolve. Multi-modal imaging systems with existing and new contrast agents, molecular tracers, technological advances and advanced data analysis can all contribute to the establishment of disease relevant biomarkers that will improve disease management and patient care. In this review, we address the challenges of glioma imaging in the context of novel molecular and cellular therapies, and take a prospective look at emerging experimental and pre-clinical imaging techniques that bear the promise of meeting these challenges.
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86
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Abstract
Hyperpolarization using dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization has emerged as a versatile method to dramatically improve the MR signal of low-sensitivity nuclei. This technique facilitates the study of real-time metabolism in vitro and in vivo using (13)C-enriched substrates and has been applied to numerous models of human disease. In particular, several mechanisms underlying prostate cancer have been interrogated using hyperpolarized (13)C MR spectroscopy. This review highlights key metabolic shifts seen in prostate cancer, their study by hyperpolarized (13)C MR spectroscopy, and the development of new platforms for metabolic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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87
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Lerche MH, Jensen PR, Karlsson M, Meier S. NMR insights into the inner workings of living cells. Anal Chem 2014; 87:119-32. [PMID: 25084065 DOI: 10.1021/ac501467x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde H Lerche
- Albeda Research , Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
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88
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Koelsch BL, Keshari KR, Peeters TH, Larson PEZ, Wilson DM, Kurhanewicz J. Diffusion MR of hyperpolarized 13C molecules in solution. Analyst 2014; 138:1011-4. [PMID: 23304699 DOI: 10.1039/c2an36715g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We combined the high MR signal enhancement achieved using dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) with a pulsed gradient double spin echo diffusion MR sequence to rapidly and accurately measure the diffusion coefficients of various hyperpolarized (13)C molecules in solution. Furthermore, with a diffusion-weighted imaging sequence we generate diffusion coefficient maps of multiple hyperpolarized metabolites simultaneously. While hyperpolarized experiments can measure rapid, non-equilibrium processes by avoiding signal averaging, continuous signal loss due to longitudinal relaxation (T(1)) complicates quantitation. By correcting for this signal loss, we demonstrate the feasibility of using hyperpolarized (13)C diffusion-weighted MR to accurately measure real-time (seconds) molecular transport phenomena. Potential applications include rapidly measuring molecular binding, cellular membrane transport, in vivo metabolite distribution and establishing a magnetic field independent hyperpolarized parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram L Koelsch
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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89
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Franzoni MB, Graafen D, Buljubasich L, Schreiber LM, Spiess HW, Münnemann K. Hyperpolarized 1H long lived states originating from parahydrogen accessed by rf irradiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 15:17233-9. [PMID: 24018735 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52029c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization has found many applications in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). However, its usage is still limited to the observation of relatively fast processes because of its short lifetimes. This issue can be circumvented by storing the hyperpolarization in a slowly relaxing singlet state. Symmetrical molecules hyperpolarized by Parahydrogen Induced Hyperpolarization (PHIP) provide straightforward access to hyperpolarized singlet states because the initial parahydrogen singlet state is preserved at almost any magnetic field strength. In these systems, which show a remarkably long (1)H singlet state lifetime of several minutes, the conversion of the NMR silent singlet state to observable magnetization is feasible due to the existence of singlet-triplet level anti-crossings. Here, we demonstrate that scaling the chemical shift Hamiltonian by rf irradiation is sufficient to transform the singlet into an observable triplet state. Moreover, because the application of one long rf pulse is only partially converting the singlet state, we developed a multiconversion sequence consisting of a train of long rf pulses resulting in successive singlet to triplet conversions. This sequence is used to measure the singlet state relaxation time in a simple way at two different magnetic fields. We show that this approach is valid for almost any magnetic field strength and can be performed even in the less homogeneous field of an MRI scanner, allowing for new applications of hyperpolarized NMR and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Franzoni
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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90
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Lin G, Chung YL. Current opportunities and challenges of magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and mass spectrometry imaging for mapping cancer metabolism in vivo. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:625095. [PMID: 24724090 PMCID: PMC3958648 DOI: 10.1155/2014/625095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is known to have unique metabolic features such as Warburg effect. Current cancer therapy has moved forward from cytotoxic treatment to personalized, targeted therapies, with some that could lead to specific metabolic changes, potentially monitored by imaging methods. In this paper we addressed the important aspects to study cancer metabolism by using image techniques, focusing on opportunities and challenges of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-MRS, positron emission tomography (PET), and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) for mapping cancer metabolism. Finally, we highlighted the future possibilities of an integrated in vivo PET/MR imaging systems, together with an in situ MSI tissue analytical platform, may become the ultimate technologies for unraveling and understanding the molecular complexities in some aspects of cancer metabolism. Such comprehensive imaging investigations might provide information on pharmacometabolomics, biomarker discovery, and disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response monitoring for clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gigin Lin
- Department of Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, 5 Fuhsing Street, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, 5 Fuhsing Street, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, 5 Fuhsing Street, Guishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yuen-Li Chung
- The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital, CRUK Cancer Imaging Centre, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
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91
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Billingsley KL, Josan S, Park JM, Tee SS, Spielman-Sun E, Hurd R, Mayer D, Spielman D. Hyperpolarized [1,4-(13)C]-diethylsuccinate: a potential DNP substrate for in vivo metabolic imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:356-62. [PMID: 24421249 PMCID: PMC4005842 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle performs an essential role in the regulation of energy and metabolism, and deficiencies in this pathway are commonly correlated with various diseases. However, the development of non-invasive techniques for the assessment of the cycle in vivo has remained challenging. In this work, the applicability of a novel imaging agent, [1,4-(13)C]-diethylsuccinate, for hyperpolarized (13)C metabolic imaging of the TCA cycle was explored. In vivo spectroscopic studies were conducted in conjunction with in vitro analyses to determine the metabolic fate of the imaging agent. Contrary to previous reports (Zacharias NM et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012; 134: 934-943), [(13)C]-labeled diethylsuccinate was primarily metabolized to succinate-derived products not originating from TCA cycle metabolism. These results illustrate potential issues of utilizing dialkyl ester analogs of TCA cycle intermediates as molecular probes for hyperpolarized (13)C metabolic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin L. Billingsley
- San Francisco State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco, CA, 94132
| | - Sonal Josan
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Stanford, CA 94305
- SRI International, Neuroscience Program, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Jae Mo Park
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sui Seng Tee
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Ralph Hurd
- GE Healthcare, Applied Sciences Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Dirk Mayer
- University of Maryland-Baltimore, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201
| | - Daniel Spielman
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305
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92
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Dutta P, Martinez GV, Gillies RJ. Nanodiamond as a New Hyperpolarizing Agent and Its (13)C MRS. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:597-600. [PMID: 26276615 DOI: 10.1021/jz402659t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have hyperpolarized carbonaceous nanoparticles (D ≈ 10 nm), that is, "nanodiamonds", with 1.1% (13)C (natural abundance) using dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). The polarization buildup curve showed a signal enhancement with relative intensity up to 4700 at 1.4 K and 100 mW microwave power. (13)C magnetic resonance spectra (MRS) were obtained from the sample at 7 T, and the signal decayed with a T1 of 55 ± 3s. Notably, polarization was possible in the absence of added radical, consistent with previous results showing endogenous unpaired electrons in natural nanodiamonds. These likely contribute to the shorter T1's compared to those of highly pure diamond. Despite the relatively short T1, these observations suggest that natural nanodiamonds may be useful for in vivo applications.
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93
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Zhang H. The potential of hyperpolarized (13)C MRI in assessing signaling pathways in cancer. Acad Radiol 2014; 21:215-22. [PMID: 24439335 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genomics are enabling integration of various -omics to reveal the complexities underneath carcinogenesis. Multivariate signaling pathways are deregulated and evolve spatially and temporally depending on the tumor microenvironment. This finding shifts the focus of cancer research from "one disease-one target and drug" to "one disease-multiple pathway targets and combinational therapy" and imposes new challenges on the imaging community in terms of imaging targets, scales and information levels. In current clinical settings, most imaging modalities assess cancer risk through alternations in anatomy, function, metabolism, cellularity, or limited molecular events. Few clinical-translatable imaging modalities are capable of detecting aberrations in signaling pathways at the level of tissue biology. An exception to this is hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (HP (13)C MRI), which is capable of imaging the molecular signatures of special metabolic enzymes using HP (13)C-labeled substrates. HP (13)C MRI can identify multiple metabolites including intermediates and products simultaneously to allow extraction of critical parameters such as flux alterations for multiple metabolic pathways. Meanwhile, recent progress in cancer metabolism research affirms that metabolic alterations are directly controlled by signaling pathways. Thus, in vivo assessment of aberrations occurring in signaling pathways becomes feasible through HP (13)C imaging. This report briefly reviews the connections between signaling pathways and cancer metabolic phenotypes, the current status of HP (13)C MRI in assessing signal pathways, and recent advances in HP (13)C MRI techniques. Integrated with cancer genomics and animal models, HP (13)C MRI may hold high promise in exploring important issues in cancer that are linked to functionality of signaling pathways. Examples include genomic-driven therapy, intratumoral heterogeneity, and drug resistances.
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94
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Hyperpolarized NMR probes for biological assays. SENSORS 2014; 14:1576-97. [PMID: 24441771 PMCID: PMC3926627 DOI: 10.3390/s140101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, the development of nuclear spin polarization enhanced (hyperpolarized) molecular probes has opened up new opportunities for studying the inner workings of living cells in real time. The hyperpolarized probes are produced ex situ, introduced into biological systems and detected with high sensitivity and contrast against background signals using high resolution NMR spectroscopy. A variety of natural, derivatized and designed hyperpolarized probes has emerged for diverse biological studies including assays of intracellular reaction progression, pathway kinetics, probe uptake and export, pH, redox state, reactive oxygen species, ion concentrations, drug efficacy or oncogenic signaling. These probes are readily used directly under natural conditions in biofluids and are often directly developed and optimized for cellular assays, thus leaving little doubt about their specificity and utility under biologically relevant conditions. Hyperpolarized molecular probes for biological NMR spectroscopy enable the unbiased detection of complex processes by virtue of the high spectral resolution, structural specificity and quantifiability of NMR signals. Here, we provide a survey of strategies used for the selection, design and use of hyperpolarized NMR probes in biological assays, and describe current limitations and developments.
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95
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von Morze C, Bok RA, Reed GD, Ardenkjaer-Larsen JH, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB. Simultaneous multiagent hyperpolarized (13)C perfusion imaging. Magn Reson Med 2013; 72:1599-609. [PMID: 24382698 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate simultaneous hyperpolarization and imaging of three (13)C-labeled perfusion MRI contrast agents with dissimilar molecular structures ([(13)C]urea, [(13)C]hydroxymethyl cyclopropane, and [(13)C]t-butanol) and correspondingly variable chemical shifts and physiological characteristics, and to exploit their varying diffusibility for simultaneous measurement of vascular permeability and perfusion in initial preclinical studies. METHODS Rapid and efficient dynamic multislice imaging was enabled by a novel pulse sequence incorporating balanced steady state free precession excitation and spectral-spatial readout by multiband frequency encoding, designed for the wide, regular spectral separation of these compounds. We exploited the varying bilayer permeability of these tracers to quantify vascular permeability and perfusion parameters simultaneously, using perfusion modeling methods that were investigated in simulations. "Tripolarized" perfusion MRI methods were applied to initial preclinical studies with differential conditions of vascular permeability, in normal mouse tissues and advanced transgenic mouse prostate tumors. RESULTS Dynamic imaging revealed clear differences among the individual tracer distributions. Computed permeability maps demonstrated differential permeability of brain tissue among the tracers, and tumor perfusion and permeability were both elevated over values expected for normal tissues. CONCLUSION Tripolarized perfusion MRI provides new molecular imaging measures for specifically monitoring permeability, perfusion, and transport simultaneously in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius von Morze
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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96
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Bokacheva L, Ackerstaff E, LeKaye HC, Zakian K, Koutcher JA. High-field small animal magnetic resonance oncology studies. Phys Med Biol 2013; 59:R65-R127. [PMID: 24374985 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/2/r65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the applications of high magnetic field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) to cancer studies in small animals. High-field MRI can provide information about tumor physiology, the microenvironment, metabolism, vascularity and cellularity. Such studies are invaluable for understanding tumor growth and proliferation, response to treatment and drug development. The MR techniques reviewed here include (1)H, (31)P, chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging and hyperpolarized (13)C MRS as well as diffusion-weighted, blood oxygen level dependent contrast imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. These methods have been proven effective in animal studies and are highly relevant to human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Bokacheva
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 415 East 68 Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
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97
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Keshari KR, Wilson DM. Chemistry and biochemistry of 13C hyperpolarized magnetic resonance using dynamic nuclear polarization. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 43:1627-59. [PMID: 24363044 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60124b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The study of transient chemical phenomena by conventional NMR has proved elusive, particularly for non-(1)H nuclei. For (13)C, hyperpolarization using the dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) technique has emerged as a powerful means to improve SNR. The recent development of rapid dissolution DNP methods has facilitated previously impossible in vitro and in vivo study of small molecules. This review presents the basics of the DNP technique, identification of appropriate DNP substrates, and approaches to increase hyperpolarized signal lifetimes. Also addressed are the biochemical events to which DNP-NMR has been applied, with descriptions of several probes that have met with in vivo success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
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98
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Josan S, Park JM, Hurd R, Yen YF, Pfefferbaum A, Spielman D, Mayer D. In vivo investigation of cardiac metabolism in the rat using MRS of hyperpolarized [1-13C] and [2-13C]pyruvate. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:1680-7. [PMID: 23904148 PMCID: PMC3838505 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (13)C MRS allows the in vivo assessment of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) flux, which converts pyruvate to acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). [1-(13)C]pyruvate has been used to measure changes in cardiac PDC flux, with demonstrated increase in (13)C-bicarbonate production after dichloroacetate (DCA) administration. With [1-(13)C]pyruvate, the (13)C label is released as (13 CO2 /(13)C-bicarbonate, and, hence, does not allow us to follow the fate of acetyl-CoA. Pyruvate labeled in the C2 position has been used to track the (13)C label into the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle and measure [5-(13)C]glutamate as well as study changes in [1-(13)C]acetylcarnitine with DCA and dobutamine. This work investigates changes in the metabolic fate of acetyl-CoA in response to metabolic interventions of DCA-induced increased PDC flux in the fed and fasted state, and increased cardiac workload with dobutamine in vivo in rat heart at two different pyruvate doses. DCA led to a modest increase in the (13)C labeling of [5-(13)C]glutamate, and a considerable increase in [1-(13)C]acetylcarnitine and [1,3-(13)C]acetoacetate peaks. Dobutamine resulted in an increased labeling of [2-(13)C]lactate, [2-(13)C]alanine and [5-(13)C]glutamate. The change in glutamate with dobutamine was observed using a high pyruvate dose but not with a low dose. The relative changes in the different metabolic products provide information about the relationship between PDC-mediated oxidation of pyruvate and its subsequent incorporation into the TCA cycle compared with other metabolic pathways. Using a high dose of pyruvate may provide an improved ability to observe changes in glutamate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Josan
- SRI International, Neuroscience Program, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Lucas MRI Center, 1201 Welch Rd. Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jae Mo Park
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Lucas MRI Center, 1201 Welch Rd. Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Ralph Hurd
- GE Healthcare Applied Sciences Laboratory, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | - Yi-Fen Yen
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Lucas MRI Center, 1201 Welch Rd. Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- SRI International, Neuroscience Program, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Stanford University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Daniel Spielman
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Lucas MRI Center, 1201 Welch Rd. Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Dirk Mayer
- SRI International, Neuroscience Program, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Lucas MRI Center, 1201 Welch Rd. Stanford, CA 94305
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99
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Cheng T, Mishkovsky M, Bastiaansen JAM, Ouari O, Hautle P, Tordo P, van den Brandt B, Comment A. Automated transfer and injection of hyperpolarized molecules with polarization measurement prior to in vivo NMR. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:1582-1588. [PMID: 23893539 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance via dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization necessitates the transfer of the hyperpolarized molecules from the polarizer to the imager prior to in vivo measurements. This process leads to unavoidable losses in nuclear polarization, which are difficult to evaluate once the solution has been injected into an animal. We propose a method to measure the polarization of the hyperpolarized molecules inside the imager bore, 3 s following dissolution, at the time of the injection, using a precise quantification of the infusate concentration. This in situ quantification allows for distinguishing between signal modulations related to variations in the nuclear polarization at the time of the injection and signal modulations related to physiological processes such as tissue perfusion. In addition, our method includes a radical scavenging process that leads to a minor reduction in sample concentration and takes place within a couple of seconds following the dissolution in order to minimize the losses due to the presence of paramagnetic polarizing agent in the infusate. We showed that proton exchange between vitamin C, the scavenging molecule and the deuterated solvent shortens the long carboxyl (13)C longitudinal relaxation time in [1-(13)C]acetate. This additional source of dipolar relaxation can be avoided by using deuterated ascorbate. Overall, the method allows for a substantial gain in polarization and also leads to an extension of the time window available for in vivo measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cheng
- Institute of Physics of Biological System, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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100
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Spin hyperpolarization in NMR to address enzymatic processes in vivo. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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