51
|
Motswagole R, Gotcha N, Nyamukondiwa C. Thermal Biology and Seasonal Population Abundance of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae): Implications on Pest Management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 11:1179543319863417. [PMID: 31488955 PMCID: PMC6710710 DOI: 10.1177/1179543319863417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the first detection of Bactrocera dorsalis in Botswana in 2010, the establishment, spread, and response to prevailing Botswana microclimates under rapidly changing environments remain unknown. This study investigated the presence, seasonal population abundance, and thermal biology of B. dorsalis in Botswana. We measured B. dorsalis thermal tolerance vis critical thermal limits (CTLs) and lethal temperature assays (LTAs) to understand how temperature largely impacts on fitness and hence invasive potential. Seasonal monitoring results indicated B. dorsalis establishment in the Chobe district (its first area of detection). Trap catches showed continuous adult flies' presence all year round and high average monthly trap catches as compared with other districts. Furthermore, B. dorsalis was detected south of Botswana, including Kgatleng, Kweneng, South-east, and Southern districts. Critical thermal maxima (CTmax) to activity for adults and larvae were 46.16°C and 45.23°C, whereas critical thermal minima (CTmin) to activity for adults and larvae were 9.1°C and 7.3°C, respectively. Moreover, we found an improved CTmin for larvae at a slower ramping rate, indicating potential rapid cold hardening. The lower lethal temperature (LLT) and upper lethal temperature (ULT) assays revealed a reduction in survival at all the developmental stages as severity and duration of both temperature extremes increased. Microclimatic temperatures recorded in Botswana showed that environmental temperatures fall within the thermal breath of B. dorsalis activity measured here, indicating a potential conducive climate niche for the insect pest across the country, albeit other factors, e.g., host availability, play a significant role. These results therefore suggest that Botswana microclimatic temperatures aided B. dorsalis activity and invasion pathway are thus significant in mapping invasions and pest risk analysis, and may also aid in designing pest management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Casper Nyamukondiwa, Department of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science & Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Castañeda LE, Romero‐Soriano V, Mesas A, Roff DA, Santos M. Evolutionary potential of thermal preference and heat tolerance in
Drosophila subobscura. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:818-824. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. Castañeda
- Programa de Genética Humana Facultad de Medicina Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | | | - Andrés Mesas
- Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Valdivia Chile
| | - Derek A. Roff
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology University of California Riverside California
| | - Mauro Santos
- Grup de Genòmica, Bioinformàtica i Biologia Evolutiva (GGBE) Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Weldon CW, Mnguni S, Démares F, du Rand EE, Malod K, Manrakhan A, Nicolson SW. Adult diet does not compensate for impact of a poor larval diet on stress resistance in a tephritid fruit fly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.192534. [PMID: 30819722 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.192534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult holometabolous insects may derive metabolic resources from either larval or adult feeding, but little is known of whether adult diets can compensate for deficiencies in the larval diet in terms of stress resistance. We investigated how stress resistance is affected and compensated for by diet across life stages in the marula fruit fly Ceratitis cosyra (Diptera: Tephritidae). Larvae were fed diets containing either 8% torula yeast, the standard diet used to rear this species, or 1% yeast (low protein content similar to known host fruit). At emergence, adults from each larval diet were tested for initial mass, water content, body composition, and desiccation and starvation resistance or they were allocated to one of two adult diet treatments: sucrose only, or sucrose and yeast hydrolysate. The same assays were then repeated after 10 days of adult feeding. Development on a low protein larval diet led to lower body mass and improved desiccation and starvation resistance in newly emerged adults, even though adults from the high protein larval diet had the highest water content. Adult feeding decreased desiccation or starvation resistance, regardless of the diet provided. Irrespective of larval diet history, newly emerged, unfed adults had significantly higher dehydration tolerance than those that were fed. Lipid reserves played a role in starvation resistance. There was no evidence for metabolic water from stored nutrients extending desiccation resistance. Our findings show the possibility of a nutrient-poor larval environment leading to correlated improvement in adult performance, at least in the short term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Sandiso Mnguni
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Fabien Démares
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Esther E du Rand
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Kevin Malod
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Aruna Manrakhan
- Citrus Research International, PO Box 28, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa
| | - Susan W Nicolson
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Changes in biochemical contents and survival rates of two stored product moths under different thermal regimes. J Therm Biol 2019; 80:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
55
|
Andrew NR, Miller C, Hall G, Hemmings Z, Oliver I. Aridity and land use negatively influence a dominant species' upper critical thermal limits. PeerJ 2019; 6:e6252. [PMID: 30656070 PMCID: PMC6334740 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physiological tolerances of ectotherms, such as thermal limits, is important in predicting biotic responses to climate change. However, it is even more important to examine these impacts alongside those from other landscape changes: such as the reduction of native vegetation cover, landscape fragmentation and changes in land use intensity (LUI). Here, we integrate the observed thermal limits of the dominant and ubiquitous meat ant Iridomyrmex purpureus across climate (aridity), land cover and land use gradients spanning 270 km in length and 840 m in altitude across northern New South Wales, Australia. Meat ants were chosen for study as they are ecosystem engineers and changes in their populations may result in a cascade of changes in the populations of other species. When we assessed critical thermal maximum temperatures (CTmax) of meat ants in relation to the environmental gradients we found little influence of climate (aridity) but that CTmax decreased as LUI increased. We found no overall correlation between CTmax and CTmin. We did however find that tolerance to warming was lower for ants sampled from more arid locations. Our findings suggest that as LUI and aridification increase, the physiological resilience of I. purpureus will decline. A reduction in physiological resilience may lead to a reduction in the ecosystem service provision that these populations provide throughout their distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel R. Andrew
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Cara Miller
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham Hall
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Zac Hemmings
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian Oliver
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Office of Environment and Heritage, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Life-stage related responses to combined effects of acclimation temperature and humidity on the thermal tolerance of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). J Therm Biol 2019; 79:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
57
|
Jensen K, Michaelsen JV, Larsen MT, Kristensen TN, Holmstrup M, Overgaard J. Increased lipid accumulation but not reduced metabolism explains improved starvation tolerance in cold-acclimated arthropod predators. Naturwissenschaften 2018; 105:65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-018-1593-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
58
|
Manenti T, Cunha TR, Sørensen JG, Loeschcke V. How much starvation, desiccation and oxygen depletion can Drosophila melanogaster tolerate before its upper thermal limits are affected? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 111:1-7. [PMID: 30273554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat tolerance is commonly assessed as the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) using the dynamic method exposing organisms to a gradually increasing (ramping) temperature until organisms fall into a coma. The CTmax estimate is dependent on the ramping rate, with decreased rates leading to longer treatments and ultimately lower CTmax estimates. There is a current discussion surrounding the physiological dynamics of the effect of the time of exposure by temperature interaction on these estimates. Besides temperature the time of exposure to limited food (starvation), desiccation, and reduced levels of oxygen or increased levels of CO2 may, in interaction with ramping rate, act as confounding factors when assessing upper thermal limits using the dynamic method. Here we test the role of the different potentially confounding factors for assaying thermal tolerance using a ramping assay under four different ramping rates, varying from 0.01 °C/min to 0.2 °C/min. We find that CTmax values are higher at faster ramping rates and that oxygen or CO2 concentration does not show any negative effect on the CTmax values obtained within the experimental pre-treatment period (32 h). Both water (up to 6 h) and food (up to 42 h) deprivation prior to assay showed a negative correlation with thermal tolerance of the flies. For both traits, we found a significant interaction with ramping rate, most likely due to prolonged assays at lower rates. However, as little water was lost during the ramping assay and as food deprivation only modestly affected CTmax values, results were very robust to the conditions experienced during the assay (even at slow rates) and mainly affected by the conditions experienced prior to performing the assay. Thus, for the most commonly applied experimental conditions CTmax estimates are unlikely to be biased or confounded by ramping rate, starvation, desiccation or deteriorating atmospheric composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Manenti
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, Buildg. 1540, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tomás Rocha Cunha
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, Buildg. 1540, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Givskov Sørensen
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, Buildg. 1540, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Volker Loeschcke
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, Buildg. 1540, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Mir AH, Qamar A. Effects of Starvation and Thermal Stress on the Thermal Tolerance of Silkworm, Bombyx mori: Existence of Trade-offs and Cross-Tolerances. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:610-618. [PMID: 28956278 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-017-0559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organisms, in nature, are often subjected to multiple stressors, both biotic and abiotic. Temperature and starvation are among the main stressors experienced by organisms in their developmental cycle and the responses to these stressors may share signaling pathways, which affects the way these responses are manifested. Temperature is a major factor governing the performance of ectothermic organisms in ecosystems worldwide and, therefore, the thermal tolerance is a central issue in the thermobiology of these organisms. Here, we investigated the effects of starvation as well as mild heat and cold shocks on the thermal tolerance of the larvae of silkworm, Bombyx mori (Linnaeus). Starvation acted as a meaningful or positive stressor as it improved cold tolerance, measured as chill coma recovery time (CCRT), but, at the same time, it acted as a negative stressor and impaired the heat tolerance, measured as heat knockdown time (HKT). In the case of heat tolerance, starvation negated the positive effects of both mild cold as well as mild heat shocks and thus indicated the existence of trade-off between these stressors. Both mild heat and cold shocks improved the thermal tolerance, but the effects were more prominent when the indices were measured in response to a stressor of same type, i.e., a mild cold shock improved the cold tolerance more than the heat tolerance and vice versa. This improvement in thermal tolerance by both mild heat as well as cold shocks indicated the possibility of cross-tolerance between these stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H Mir
- Section of Entomology, Dept of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - A Qamar
- Section of Entomology, Dept of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, 202002, India
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Mutamiswa R, Chidawanyika F, Nyamukondiwa C. Comparative assessment of the thermal tolerance of spotted stemborer, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and its larval parasitoid, Cotesia sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:847-860. [PMID: 28374539 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Under stressful thermal environments, insects adjust their behavior and physiology to maintain key life-history activities and improve survival. For interacting species, mutual or antagonistic, thermal stress may affect the participants in differing ways, which may then affect the outcome of the ecological relationship. In agroecosystems, this may be the fate of relationships between insect pests and their antagonistic parasitoids under acute and chronic thermal variability. Against this background, we investigated the thermal tolerance of different developmental stages of Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and its larval parasitoid, Cotesia sesamiae Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) using both dynamic and static protocols. When exposed for 2 h to a static temperature, lower lethal temperatures ranged from -9 to 6 °C, -14 to -2 °C, and -1 to 4 °C while upper lethal temperatures ranged from 37 to 48 °C, 41 to 49 °C, and 36 to 39 °C for C. partellus eggs, larvae, and C. sesamiae adults, respectively. Faster heating rates improved critical thermal maxima (CTmax ) in C. partellus larvae and adult C. partellus and C. sesamiae. Lower cooling rates improved critical thermal minima (CTmin ) in C. partellus and C. sesamiae adults while compromising CTmin in C. partellus larvae. The mean supercooling points (SCPs) for C. partellus larvae, pupae, and adults were -11.82 ± 1.78, -10.43 ± 1.73 and -15.75 ± 2.47, respectively. Heat knock-down time (HKDT) and chill-coma recovery time (CCRT) varied significantly between C. partellus larvae and adults. Larvae had higher HKDT than adults, while the latter recovered significantly faster following chill-coma. Current results suggest developmental stage differences in C. partellus thermal tolerance (with respect to lethal temperatures and critical thermal limits) and a compromised temperature tolerance of parasitoid C. sesamiae relative to its host, suggesting potential asynchrony between host-parasitoid population phenology and consequently biocontrol efficacy under global change. These results have broad implications to biological pest management insect-natural enemy interactions under rapidly changing thermal environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reyard Mutamiswa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Frank Chidawanyika
- Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research, Weeds Division, Private Bag X6006, Hilton 3245, South Africa
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Machekano H, Mutamiswa R, Nyamukondiwa C. Evidence of rapid spread and establishment of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in semi-arid Botswana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40066-018-0201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
62
|
Geographic variation and plasticity in climate stress resistance among southern African populations of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Sci Rep 2018; 8:9849. [PMID: 29959431 PMCID: PMC6026165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traits of thermal sensitivity or performance are typically the focus of species distribution modelling. Among-population trait variation, trait plasticity, population connectedness and the possible climatic covariation thereof are seldom accounted for. Here, we examine multiple climate stress resistance traits, and the plasticity thereof, for a globally invasive agricultural pest insect, the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). We also accounted for body size and population genetic connectivity among distinct populations from diverse bioclimatic regions across southern Africa. Desiccation resistance, starvation resistance, and critical thermal minimum (CTmin) and maximum (CTmax) of C. capitata varied between populations. For thermal tolerance traits, patterns of flexibility in response to thermal acclimation were suggestive of beneficial acclimation, but this was not the case for desiccation or starvation resistance. Population differences in measured traits were larger than those associated with acclimation, even though gene flow was high. Desiccation resistance was weakly but positively affected by growing degree-days. There was also a weak positive relationship between CTmin and temperature seasonality, but CTmax was weakly but negatively affected by the same bioclimatic variable. Our results suggest that the invasive potential of C. capitata may be supported by adaptation of tolerance traits to local bioclimatic conditions.
Collapse
|
63
|
Nyamukondiwa C, Chidawanyika F, Machekano H, Mutamiswa R, Sands B, Mgidiswa N, Wall R. Climate variability differentially impacts thermal fitness traits in three coprophagic beetle species. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198610. [PMID: 29874290 PMCID: PMC5991409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While the impacts of extreme and rising mean temperatures are well documented, increased thermal variability associated with climate change may also threaten ectotherm fitness and survival, but remains poorly explored. Using three wild collected coprophagic species Copris elphenor, Metacatharsius opacus and Scarabaeus zambezianus, we explored the effects of thermal amplitude around the mean on thermal tolerance. Using standardized protocols, we measured traits of high- (critical thermal maxima [CTmax] and heat knockdown time [HKDT]) and -low temperature tolerance (critical thermal minima [CTmin], chill coma recovery time [CCRT] and supercooling points [SCPs]) following variable temperature pulses (δ0, δ3, δ6 and δ9°C) around the mean (27°C). Our results show that increased temperature variability may offset basal and plastic responses to temperature and differs across species and metrics tested. Furthermore, we also show differential effects of body mass, body water content (BWC) and body lipid content (BLC) on traits of thermal tolerance. For example, body mass significantly influenced C. elphenor and S. zambezianus CTmax and S. zambezianus HKDT but not CTmin and CCRT. BWC significantly affected M. opacus and C. elphenor CTmax and in only M. opacus HKDT, CTmin and CCRT. Similarly, BLC only had a significant effect for M opacus CTmin. These results suggest differential and species dependent effects of climate variability of thermal fitness traits. It is therefore likely that the ecological services provided by these species may be constrained in the face of climate change. This implies that, to develop more realistic predictions for the effects of climate change on insect biodiversity and ecosystem function, thermal variability is a significant determinant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
- * E-mail:
| | - Frank Chidawanyika
- Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Weeds Division, Hilton, South Africa
- School of Lifesciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Honest Machekano
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Reyard Mutamiswa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Bryony Sands
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Neludo Mgidiswa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Richard Wall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Mutamiswa R, Chidawanyika F, Nyamukondiwa C. Thermal plasticity potentially mediates the interaction between host Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in rapidly changing environments. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1335-1345. [PMID: 29193807 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing climatic average temperatures and variability elicit various insect physiological responses that affect fitness and survival and may influence subsequent trophic interactions in agroecosystems. In this background, we investigated short- and long-term plastic responses to temperature of the laboratory-reared stemborer Chilo partellus and its larval endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes. RESULTS Rapid cold- and heat-hardening effects in C. partellus larvae, pupae and adults and C. flavipes adults were highly significant (P < 0.001). High-temperature acclimation improved critical thermal limits and heat knockdown time in C. partellus larvae and C. flavipes adults, respectively. Low-temperature acclimation enhanced the supercooling point in C. flavipes and the chill coma recovery time in both C. partellus larvae and C. flavipes adults. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that thermal plasticity may enhance the survival of these two species when they are subjected to lethal low and high temperatures. However, C. partellus appeared to be more plastic than C. flavipes. These results have three major implications: (1) C. partellus may inhabit slightly warmer environments than C. flavipes, suggesting a potential mismatch in biogeography; (2) host-parasitoid relationships are complex and are probably trait dependent, and (3) host-parasitoid differential thermal plastic responses may offset biocontrol efficacy. These results may help inform biocontrol decision making under conditions of global change. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reyard Mutamiswa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Frank Chidawanyika
- Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research, Weeds Division, Hilton, South Africa
- School of Lifesciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Oyen KJ, Dillon ME. Critical thermal limits of bumblebees ( Bombus impatiens) are marked by stereotypical behaviors and are unchanged by acclimation, age or feeding status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [PMID: 29530975 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.165589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Critical thermal limits often determine species distributions for diverse ectotherms and have become a useful tool for understanding past and predicting future range shifts in response to changing climates. Despite recently documented population declines and range shifts of bumblebees (genus Bombus), the few measurements of thermal tolerance available for the group have relied on disparate measurement approaches. We describe a novel stereotypical behavior expressed by bumblebee individuals during entry into chill coma. This behavioral indicator of minimum critical temperature (CTmin) occurred at ambient temperatures of 3-5°C (approximately 7-9°C core temperatures) and was accompanied by a pronounced CO2 pulse, indicative of loss of spiracle function. Maximum critical temperature (CTmax) was indicated by the onset of muscular spasms prior to entering an unresponsive state and occurred at ambient temperatures of approximately 52-55°C (42-44°C core temperatures). Measurements of CTmin and CTmax were largely unaffected by acclimation, age or feeding status, but faster ramping rates significantly increased CTmax and decreased CTmin This high-throughput approach allows rapid measurement of critical thermal limits for large numbers of individuals, facilitating large-scale comparisons among bumblebee populations and species - a key step in determining current and future effects of climate on these critical pollinators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Jeannet Oyen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology & Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Michael E Dillon
- Department of Zoology and Physiology & Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Bar-Ziv MA, Scharf I. Thermal acclimation is not induced by habitat-of-origin, maintenance temperature, or acute exposure to low or high temperatures in a pit-building wormlion (Vermileo sp.). J Therm Biol 2018; 74:181-186. [PMID: 29801625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wormlions are sit-and-wait insect predators that construct pit-traps to capture arthropod prey. They require loose soil and shelter from direct sun, both common in Mediterranean cities, and explaining their high abundance in urban habitats. We studied different aspects of thermal acclimation in wormlions. We compared chill-coma recovery time (CCRT) and heat-shock recovery time (HSRT) of wormlions from urban, semi-urban and natural habitats, expecting those originating from the urban habitat to be more heat tolerant and less cold tolerant. However, no differences were detected among the three habitats. We then examined whether maintenance temperature affects CCRT and HSRT, and expected beneficial acclimation. However, CCRT was unaffected by maintenance temperature, while temperature affected HSRT in an opposite direction to our prediction: wormlions maintained under the higher temperatures took longer to recover. When testing with two successive thermal shocks, wormlions took longer to recover from both cold and heat shock after applying an initial cold shock. We therefore conclude that cold shock inflicts some damage rather than induces acclimation. Finally, both cold- and heat-shocked wormlions constructed smaller pits than wormlions of a control group. Smaller pits probably translate to a lower likelihood of capturing prey and also limit the size of the prey, indicating a concrete cost of thermal shock. In summary, we found no evidence for thermal acclimation related either to the habitat-of-origin or to maintenance temperatures, but, rather, negative effects of unfavorable temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bar-Ziv
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inon Scharf
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Gilad T, Koren R, Moalem Y, Subach A, Scharf I. Effect of continuous and alternating episodes of starvation on behavior and reproduction in the red flour beetle. J Zool (1987) 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Gilad
- School of Zoology; Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - R. Koren
- School of Zoology; Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Y. Moalem
- School of Zoology; Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - A. Subach
- School of Zoology; Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - I. Scharf
- School of Zoology; Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Mutamiswa R, Machekano H, Chidawanyika F, Nyamukondiwa C. Thermal resilience may shape population abundance of two sympatric congeneric Cotesia species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191840. [PMID: 29438408 PMCID: PMC5810992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal and plasticity of thermal tolerance determine abundance, biogeographical patterns and activity of insects over spatial and temporal scales. For coexisting stemborer parasitoids, offering synergistic impact for biological control, mismatches in thermal tolerance may influence their ultimate impact in biocontrol programs under climate variability. Using laboratory-reared congeneric parasitoid species Cotesia sesamiae Cameron and Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), we examined basal thermal tolerance to understand potential impact of climate variability on their survival and limits to activity. We measured upper- and lower -lethal temperatures (ULTs and LLTs), critical thermal limits [CTLs] (CTmin and CTmax), supercooling points (SCPs), chill-coma recovery time (CCRT) and heat knock-down time (HKDT) of adults. Results showed LLTs ranging -5 to 5°C and -15 to -1°C whilst ULTs ranged 35 to 42°C and 37 to 44°C for C. sesamiae and C. flavipes respectively. Cotesia flavipes had significantly higher heat tolerance (measured as CTmax), as well as cold tolerance (measured as CTmin) relative to C. sesamiae (P<0.0001). While SCPs did not vary significantly (P>0.05), C. flavipes recovered significantly faster following chill-coma and had higher HKDT compared to C. sesamiae. The results suggest marked differential basal thermal tolerance responses between the two congeners, with C. flavipes having an advantage at both temperature extremes. Thus, under predicted climate change, the two species may differ in phenologies and biogeography with consequences on their efficacy as biological control agents. These results may assist in predicting spatio-temporal activity patterns which can be used in integrated pest management programs under climate variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reyard Mutamiswa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnological Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Honest Machekano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnological Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Frank Chidawanyika
- Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research, Weeds Division, Hilton, South Africa
- School of Lifesciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnological Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Lux SA. Individual-Based Modeling Approach to Assessment of the Impacts of Landscape Complexity and Climate on Dispersion, Detectability and Fate of Incipient Medfly Populations. Front Physiol 2018; 8:1121. [PMID: 29375396 PMCID: PMC5767299 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir A. Lux
- inSilico-IPM, Konstancin-Jeziorna, Poland
- Formely: Department of Applied Entomology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Slawomir A. Lux ;
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Singh S, Mishra G, Omkar. Plasticity in reproductive output and development in response to thermal variation in ladybird beetle, Menochilus sexmaculatus. J Therm Biol 2018; 71:180-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
71
|
Mohammadzadeh M, Izadi H. Cooling rate and starvation affect supercooling point and cold tolerance of the Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts fourth instar larvae (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). J Therm Biol 2018; 71:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
72
|
Gotcha N, Terblanche JS, Nyamukondiwa C. Plasticity and cross-tolerance to heterogeneous environments: divergent stress responses co-evolved in an African fruit fly. J Evol Biol 2017; 31:98-110. [PMID: 29080375 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastic adjustments of physiological tolerance to a particular stressor can result in fitness benefits for resistance that might manifest not only in that same environment but also be advantageous when faced with alternative environmental stressors, a phenomenon termed 'cross-tolerance'. The nature and magnitude of cross-tolerance responses can provide important insights into the underlying genetic architecture, potential constraints on or versatility of an organism's stress responses. In this study, we tested for cross-tolerance to a suite of abiotic factors that likely contribute to setting insect population dynamics and geographic range limits: heat, cold, desiccation and starvation resistance in adult Ceratitis rosa following acclimation to all these isolated individual conditions prior to stress assays. Traits of stress resistance scored included critical thermal (activity) limits, chill coma recovery time (CCRT), heat knockdown time (HKDT), desiccation and starvation resistance. In agreement with other studies, we found that acclimation to one stress typically increased resistance for that same stress experienced later in life. A more novel outcome, however, is that here we also found substantial evidence for cross-tolerance. For example, we found an improvement in heat tolerance (critical thermal maxima, CTmax ) following starvation or desiccation hardening and improved desiccation resistance following cold acclimation, indicating pronounced cross-tolerance to these environmental stressors for the traits examined. We also found that two different traits of the same stress resistance differed in their responsiveness to the same stress conditions (e.g. HKDT was less cross-resistant than CTmax ). The results of this study have two major implications that are of broader importance: (i) that these traits likely co-evolved to cope with diverse or simultaneous stressors, and (ii) that a set of common underlying physiological mechanisms might exist between apparently divergent stress responses in this species. This species may prove to be a valuable model for future work on the evolutionary and mechanistic basis of cross-tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Gotcha
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - J S Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - C Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Bujan J, Kaspari M. Nutrition modifies critical thermal maximum of a dominant canopy ant. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 102:1-6. [PMID: 28830761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
While adaptive responses to climate gradients are increasingly documented, little is known about how individuals alter their upper thermal tolerances. Long-term increases in dietary carbohydrates can elevate upper thermal tolerances in insects. We explored how the nutritional state of a Neotropical canopy ant governs its CTmax - the temperature at which individuals lose muscle control. We predicted that Azteca chartifex workers recently fed a carbohydrate-rich diet, such as honeydew and extrafloral nectar, would use that energy to increase their CTmax. Moreover, if a carbohydrate-rich diet increases CTmax, then we predicted that ants from colonies with high CTmaxs feed at a lower trophic level, and thus have a higher carbon:nitrogen ratio. We used A. chartifex colonies from a long-term fertilization experiment where phosphorus addition increased A. chartifex foraging activity with respect to controls. As foraging activity can be governed by resource availability, we first measured CTmax of field collected colonies. In freshly collected field colonies, CTmax was 2°C higher in control plots. This difference disappeared when ants were provided with only water for 10h. Ants were then provided with a 10% sucrose solution ad lib which increased CTmax by 5°C. We thus support the hypothesis that enhanced carbohydrate nutrition enables higher thermal tolerance, but this does not appear to be linked to colony trophic status, higher carbon:nitrogen ratios, or higher total body phosphorus. This short-term thermal plasticity linked to carbohydrate nutrition demonstrates the importance of ant diet in shaping their physiological traits. It is especially relevant to ant species that maintain high abundance by feeding on plant exudates. In a rapidly warming world, carbohydrate availability and use may represent a new element for predicting population and community responses of herbivorous insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Bujan
- Department of Biology, Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
| | - Michael Kaspari
- Department of Biology, Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Mitchell KA, Boardman L, Clusella-Trullas S, Terblanche JS. Effects of nutrient and water restriction on thermal tolerance: A test of mechanisms and hypotheses. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 212:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
75
|
Chidawanyika F, Nyamukondiwa C, Strathie L, Fischer K. Effects of Thermal Regimes, Starvation and Age on Heat Tolerance of the Parthenium Beetle Zygogramma bicolorata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) following Dynamic and Static Protocols. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169371. [PMID: 28052099 PMCID: PMC5215736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature and resource availability are key elements known to limit the occurrence and survival of arthropods in the wild. In the current era of climate change, critical thermal limits and the factors affecting these may be of particular importance. We therefore investigated the critical thermal maxima (CTmax) of adult Zygogramma bicolorata beetles, a biological control agent for the invasive plant Parthenium hysterophorus, in relation to thermal acclimation, hardening, age, and food availability using static (constant) and dynamic (ramping) protocols. Increasing temperatures and exposure times reduced heat survival. In general, older age and lack of food reduced heat tolerance, suggesting an important impact of resource availability. Acclimation at constant temperatures did not affect CTmax, while fluctuating thermal conditions resulted in a substantial increase. Hardening at 33°C and 35°C improved heat survival in fed young and mid-aged but only partly in old beetles, while CTmax remained unaffected by hardening throughout. These findings stress the importance of methodology when assessing heat tolerance. Temperature data recorded in the field revealed that upper thermal limits are at least occasionally reached in nature. Our results therefore suggest that the occurrence of heat waves may influence the performance and survival of Z. bicolorata, potentially impacting on its field establishment and effectiveness as a biological control agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Chidawanyika
- Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Weeds Division, Hilton, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnological Sciences, College of Science, Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST), Palapye, Botswana
| | - Lorraine Strathie
- Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Weeds Division, Hilton, South Africa
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Zoological Institute & Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Scharf I, Daniel A, MacMillan HA, Katz N. The effect of fasting and body reserves on cold tolerance in 2 pit-building insect predators. Curr Zool 2016; 63:287-294. [PMID: 29491987 PMCID: PMC5804172 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pit-building antlions and wormlions are 2 distantly-related insect species, whose larvae construct pits in loose soil to trap small arthropod prey. This convergent evolution of natural histories has led to additional similarities in their natural history and ecology, and thus, these 2 species encounter similar abiotic stress (such as periodic starvation) in their natural habitat. Here, we measured the cold tolerance of the 2 species and examined whether recent feeding or food deprivation, as well as body composition (body mass and lipid content) and condition (quantified as mass-to-size residuals) affect their cold tolerance. In contrast to other insects, in which food deprivation either enhanced or impaired cold tolerance, prolonged fasting had no effect on the cold tolerance of either species, which had similar cold tolerance. The 2 species differed, however, in how cold tolerance related to body mass and lipid content: although body mass was positively correlated with the wormlion cold tolerance, lipid content was a more reliable predictor of cold tolerance in the antlions. Cold tolerance also underwent greater change with ontogeny in wormlions than in antlions. We discuss possible reasons for this lack of effect of food deprivation on both species' cold tolerance, such as their high starvation tolerance (being sit-and-wait predators).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inon Scharf
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, POB 39040, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel and
| | - Alma Daniel
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, POB 39040, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel and
| | | | - Noa Katz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, POB 39040, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel and
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Pujol-Lereis LM, Fagali NS, Rabossi A, Catalá Á, Quesada-Allué LA. Chill-coma recovery time, age and sex determine lipid profiles in Ceratitis capitata tissues. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 87:53-62. [PMID: 26868723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The remodeling of membrane composition by changes in phospholipid head groups and fatty acids (FA) degree of unsaturation has been associated with the maintenance of membrane homeostasis under stress conditions. Overall lipid levels and the composition of cuticle lipids also influence insect stress resistance and tissue protection. In a previous study, we demonstrated differences in survival, behavior and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene expression between subgroups of Ceratitis capitata flies that had a reversible recovery from chill-coma and those that developed chilling-injury. Here, we analyzed lipid profiles from comparable subgroups of 15 and 30-day-old flies separated according to their recovery time after a chill-coma treatment. Neutral and polar lipid classes of chill-coma subgroups were separated by thin layer chromatography and quantified by densitometry. FA composition of polar lipids of chill-coma subgroups and non-stressed flies was evaluated using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Higher amounts of neutral lipids such as triglycerides, diacylglycerol, wax esters, sterol esters and free esters were found in male flies that recovered faster from chill-coma compared to slower flies. A multivariate analysis revealed changes in patterns of storage and cuticle lipids among subgroups both in males and females. FA unsaturation increased after cold exposure, and was higher in thorax of slower subgroups compared to faster subgroups. The changes in neutral lipid patterns and FA composition depended on recovery time, sex, age and body-part, and were not specifically associated with the development of chilling-injury. An analysis of phospholipid classes showed that the phosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidylcholine ratio (PC/LPC) was significantly higher, or showed a tendency, in subgroups that may have developed chilling-injury compared to those with a reversible recovery from coma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mercedes Pujol-Lereis
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Fundación Instituto Leloir. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Natalia Soledad Fagali
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CCT La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Alejandro Rabossi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Fundación Instituto Leloir. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ángel Catalá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), CCT La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Luis Alberto Quesada-Allué
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Fundación Instituto Leloir. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Weldon CW, Boardman L, Marlin D, Terblanche JS. Physiological mechanisms of dehydration tolerance contribute to the invasion potential of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) relative to its less widely distributed congeners. Front Zool 2016; 13:15. [PMID: 27034703 PMCID: PMC4815119 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-016-0147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a highly invasive species now with an almost cosmopolitan distribution. Two other damaging, polyphagous and closely-related species, the marula fruit fly, Ceratitis cosyra (Walker), and the Natal fly, Ceratitis rosa Karsch, are not established outside of sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, adult water balance traits and nutritional body composition were measured in all three species at different temperatures and levels of relative humidity to determine whether tolerance of water stress may partially explain their distribution. Results Adult C. capitata exhibited higher desiccation resistance than C. rosa but not C. cosyra. Desiccation resistance of C. capitata was associated with lower rates of water loss under hot and dry conditions, higher dehydration tolerance, and higher lipid reserves that were catabolised during water stress. In comparison with C. capitata, C. cosyra and C. rosa lost water at significantly higher rates under hot, dry conditions, and did not catabolise lipids or other sources of metabolic water during water stress. Conclusions These results suggest that adult physiological traits permitting higher tolerance of water stress play a role in the success of C. capitata, particularly relative to C. rosa. The distribution of C. cosyra is likely determined by the interaction of temperature with water stress, as well as the availability of suitable hosts for larval development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12983-016-0147-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Weldon
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 South Africa
| | - Leigh Boardman
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa ; Present address: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, PO Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620 USA
| | - Danica Marlin
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 South Africa ; Present address: School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, 2000 South Africa
| | - John S Terblanche
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
DeVries ZC, Kells SA, Appel AG. Estimating the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of bed bugs, Cimex lectularius: Comparing thermolimit respirometry with traditional visual methods. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 197:52-7. [PMID: 26970580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) in insects has provided a number of challenges. Visual observations of endpoints (onset of spasms, loss of righting response, etc.) can be difficult to measure consistently, especially with smaller insects. To resolve this problem, Lighton and Turner (2004) developed a new technique: thermolimit respirometry (TLR). TLR combines real time measurements of both metabolism (V·CO2) and activity to provide two independent, objective measures of CTmax. However, several questions still remain regarding the precision of TLR and how accurate it is in relation to traditional methods. Therefore, we evaluated CTmax of bed bugs using both traditional (visual) methods and TLR at three important metabolic periods following feeding (1d, 9d, and 21d). Both methods provided similar estimates of CTmax, although traditional methods produced consistently lower values (0.7-1°C lower than TLR). Despite similar levels of precision, TLR provided a more complete profile of thermal tolerance, describing changes in metabolism and activity leading up to the CTmax, not available through traditional methods. In addition, feeding status had a significant effect on bed bug CTmax, with bed bugs starved 9d (45.19[±0.20]°C) having the greatest thermal tolerance, followed by bed bugs starved 1d (44.64[±0.28]°C), and finally bed bugs starved 21d (44.12[±0.28]°C). Accuracy of traditional visual methods in relation to TLR is highly dependent on the selected endpoint; however, when performed correctly, both methods provide precise, accurate, and reliable estimations of CTmax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C DeVries
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Department of Entomology, Campus Box 7613, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, USA.
| | - Stephen A Kells
- Department of Entomology, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Ave., University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Arthur G Appel
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
The negative effect of starvation and the positive effect of mild thermal stress on thermal tolerance of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
81
|
Frishkoff LO, Hadly EA, Daily GC. Thermal niche predicts tolerance to habitat conversion in tropical amphibians and reptiles. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:3901-3916. [PMID: 26148337 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Habitat conversion is a major driver of the biodiversity crisis, yet why some species undergo local extinction while others thrive under novel conditions remains unclear. We suggest that focusing on species' niches, rather than traits, may provide the predictive power needed to forecast biodiversity change. We first examine two Neotropical frog congeners with drastically different affinities to deforestation and document how thermal niche explains deforestation tolerance. The more deforestation-tolerant species is associated with warmer macroclimates across Costa Rica, and warmer microclimates within landscapes. Further, in laboratory experiments, the more deforestation-tolerant species has critical thermal limits, and a jumping performance optimum, shifted ~2 °C warmer than those of the more forest-affiliated species, corresponding to the ~3 °C difference in daytime maximum temperature that these species experience between habitats. Crucially, neither species strictly specializes on either habitat - instead habitat use is governed by regional environmental temperature. Both species track temperature along an elevational gradient, and shift their habitat use from cooler forest at lower elevations to warmer deforested pastures upslope. To generalize these conclusions, we expand our analysis to the entire mid-elevational herpetological community of southern Costa Rica. We assess the climatological affinities of 33 amphibian and reptile species, showing that across both taxonomic classes, thermal niche predicts presence in deforested habitat as well as or better than many commonly used traits. These data suggest that warm-adapted species carry a significant survival advantage amidst the synergistic impacts of land-use conversion and climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke O Frishkoff
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA
- Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Hadly
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA
| | - Gretchen C Daily
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA
- Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm SE-104 05, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Does metabolic rate and evaporative water loss reflect differences in migratory strategy in sexually dimorphic hoverflies? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 190:61-7. [PMID: 26384457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A typical explanation for ecologically stable strategies that apply to only a proportion of a population, is bet hedging, where increased reproductive success offsets reduced reproductive rate. One such is partial migration, where only a proportion of a population moves seasonally to avoid inclement climatic conditions. Bet hedging may overlook unseen costs to maintain broad physiological resilience, implied by encountering a breadth of environmental conditions. We investigated the physiological correlates of partial migration by measuring standard metabolic rates, and rates of evaporative water loss, and then estimating upper and lower thermal tolerance in males and females of two hoverfly species, Episyrphus balteatus and Eristalis tenax. In central Europe, females of these species may either migrate or overwinter, whereas males may migrate south to the Mediterranean, but have not been found overwintering. Both species were sexually dimorphic; female Ep. balteatus were lighter than males, but female Er. tenax were heavier than males. While allometrically- corrected metabolic rate in both species increased with temperature, the most parsimonious models included no sex-specific differences in metabolic rate for either species. Evaporative water loss of both species also increased with temperature, but was higher for females of both species than males. Assuming that resting metabolism is congruent with the activity requirements of migration, highly consistent thermal tolerance and metabolic rate suggests that any given fly could migrate, although water loss patterns suggest that females may be less well-adapted to Mediterranean climates. We infer that partial migration probably results from the imperatives of their reproductive strategies.
Collapse
|
83
|
McLean KM, Todgham AE. Effect of food availability on the growth and thermal physiology of juvenile Dungeness crabs (Metacarcinus magister). CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 3:cov013. [PMID: 27293698 PMCID: PMC4778468 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile Dungeness crabs spend ~1 year in the San Francisco Estuary, where they undergo considerable growth before returning to the coastal ocean. Previous studies suggest that competition, food scarcity and avoidance of conspecifics may cause some juvenile Dungeness crabs in the San Francisco Estuary to become food limited. Food limitation may force these crabs to forage in higher temperature intertidal environments in the estuary, exposing them to stressful conditions in order to sustain growth and, potentially, necessitating physiological trade-offs in energy allocation between growth and stress tolerance. To investigate the effects of food limitation on aerobic metabolism and physiological performance of crabs, we assessed growth, moulting frequency, metabolic rate, citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase enzyme activity and cardiac performance, as an index of temperature sensitivity and upper temperature tolerance. Summer- and winter-caught crabs were acclimated to either a high- or a low-food ration for 5 weeks. Overall, our results demonstrated that while food limitation had a negative effect on growth of juvenile Dungeness crabs in both the summer and the winter feeding trials, crabs in the low-food group maintained both metabolic rate at ambient San Francisco Estuary temperatures (15°C; summer trial only) and upper temperature tolerance as determined by failure of cardiac function when compared with crabs in the high-food group (summer and winter trials). Therefore, the ability to maintain stress tolerance when food is limited appears to come as a physiological trade-off to growth. Food-limited crabs were unable to increase their metabolic rate to the same level as that achieved by well-fed crabs; therefore, if exposure to elevated temperatures persists and requires more energy than can be met by crabs in their food-limited state, physiological performance may be compromised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. McLean
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Anne E. Todgham
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Halle S, Nowizki A, Scharf I. The consequences of parental age for development, body mass and resistance to stress in the red flour beetle. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Snir Halle
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; POB 39040 Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Anastasia Nowizki
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; POB 39040 Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Inon Scharf
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; POB 39040 Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Pujol-Lereis LM, Rabossi A, Quesada-Allué LA. Analysis of survival, gene expression and behavior following chill-coma in the medfly Ceratitis capitata: effects of population heterogeneity and age. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 71:156-163. [PMID: 25449902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The medfly Ceratitis capitata is an agricultural pest distributed worldwide thanks, in part, to its phenotypic plasticity of thermal tolerance. Cold exposure has been shown to reduce C. capitata survival, which may affect its distribution in areas with subfreezing temperatures. When insects are increasingly cooled, they attain a critical thermal threshold and enter a chill-coma state characterized by cessation of movement. It is not clear how a rapid cold exposure affects the physiological state of medflies, and how this is influenced by age and population heterogeneity. In order to approach these questions, C. capitata single-sex laboratory populations of 15 and 30 days old were subjected to a chill-coma recovery assay, and separated according to their recovery time in three subgroups: Fast-Subgroups, Intermediate-Subgroups, and Slow-Subgroups. Thereafter, we analyzed their survival, behavioral, and gene expression outputs. In female and old male populations, we found that flies with the slowest recovery time had a reduced life expectancy, a higher initial mortality rate, and a worse climbing performance compared with flies that recovered faster. Therefore, we were able to separate subgroups that developed chilling-injury from subgroups that had a reversible full recovery after cold exposure. The gene expression analysis of the heat shock protein genes hsp70 and hsp83 showed no clear association with the parameters studied. Interestingly, thorax expression levels of the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene were elevated during the recovery phase in the Fast-Subgroups, but remained constant in the Slow-Subgroups that developed chilling-injury. On the other hand, none of the young male subgroups seemed to have suffered irreversible damage. Thus, we concluded that depending on age and population heterogeneity, chill-coma recovery time points out significant differences on individual cold tolerance. Moreover, the inability to properly induce the antioxidant defense system to counteract the oxidative damage caused by cold seems to contribute to the development of chilling-injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mercedes Pujol-Lereis
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Alejandro Rabossi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Luis Alberto Quesada-Allué
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA), CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Stage- and sex-specific heat tolerance in the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria. J Therm Biol 2014; 46:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
87
|
Szyniszewska AM, Tatem AJ. Global assessment of seasonal potential distribution of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). PLoS One 2014; 9:e111582. [PMID: 25375649 PMCID: PMC4222914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) is one of the world's most economically damaging pests. It displays highly seasonal population dynamics, and the environmental conditions suitable for its abundance are not constant throughout the year in most places. An extensive literature search was performed to obtain the most comprehensive data on the historical and contemporary spatio-temporal occurrence of the pest globally. The database constructed contained 2328 unique geo-located entries on Medfly detection sites from 43 countries and nearly 500 unique localities, as well as information on hosts, life stages and capture method. Of these, 125 localities had information on the month when Medfly was recorded and these data were complemented by additional material found in comprehensive databases available online. Records from 1980 until present were used for medfly environmental niche modeling. Maximum Entropy Algorithm (MaxEnt) and a set of seasonally varying environmental covariates were used to predict the fundamental niche of the Medfly on a global scale. Three seasonal maps were also produced: January-April, May-August and September-December. Models performed significantly better than random achieving high accuracy scores, indicating a good discrimination of suitable versus unsuitable areas for the presence of the species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Szyniszewska
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Tatem
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Colinet H, Renault D. Dietary live yeast alters metabolic profiles, protein biosynthesis and thermal stress tolerance of Drosophila melanogaster. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 170:6-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
89
|
Exposing eggs to high temperatures affects the development, survival and reproduction of Harmonia axyridis. J Therm Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
90
|
Nyamukondiwa C, Weldon CW, Chown SL, le Roux PC, Terblanche JS. Thermal biology, population fluctuations and implications of temperature extremes for the management of two globally significant insect pests. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:1199-211. [PMID: 24080125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The link between environmental temperature, physiological processes and population fluctuations is a significant aspect of insect pest management. Here, we explore how thermal biology affects the population abundance of two globally significant pest fruit fly species, Ceratitis capitata (medfly) and C. rosa (Natal fruit fly), including irradiated individuals and those expressing a temperature sensitive lethal (tsl) mutation that are used in the sterile insect technique. Results show that upper and lower lethal temperatures are seldom encountered at the field sites, while critical minimum temperatures for activity and lower developmental thresholds are crossed more frequently. Estimates of abundance revealed that C. capitata are active year-round, but abundance declines markedly during winter. Temporal autocorrelation of average fortnightly trap captures and of development time, estimated from an integrated model to calculate available degree days, show similar seasonal lags suggesting that population increases in early spring occur after sufficient degree-days have accumulated. By contrast, population collapses coincide tightly with increasing frequency of low temperature events that fall below critical minimum temperatures for activity. Individuals of C. capitata expressing the tsl mutation show greater critical thermal maxima and greater longevity under field conditions than reference individuals. Taken together, this evidence suggests that low temperatures limit populations in the Western Cape, South Africa and likely do so elsewhere. Increasing temperature extremes and warming climates generally may extend the season over which these species are active, and could increase abundance. The sterile insect technique may prove profitable as climates change given that laboratory-reared tsl flies have an advantage under warmer conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Ge LQ, Huang LJ, Yang GQ, Song QS, Stanley D, Gurr GM, Wu JC. Molecular basis for insecticide-enhanced thermotolerance in the brown planthopperNilaparvata lugensStål (Hemiptera:Delphacidae). Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5624-34. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Quan Ge
- School of Plant Protection; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou 225009 China
| | - Liu-Juan Huang
- School of Plant Protection; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou 225009 China
| | - Guo-Qin Yang
- School of Plant Protection; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou 225009 China
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences; University of Missouri; 1-31 Agriculture Building Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/Agricultural Research Service; Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory; Columbia MO 65203 USA
| | - G. M. Gurr
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation; Charles Sturt University; P.O. BOX 883 Orange NSW 2800 Australia
| | - Jin-Cai Wu
- School of Plant Protection; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou 225009 China
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
De Villiers M, Manrakhan A, Addison P, Hattingh V. The distribution, relative abundance, and seasonal phenology of Ceratitis capitata, Ceratitis rosa, and Ceratitis cosyra (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 42:831-840. [PMID: 24331596 DOI: 10.1603/en12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), Ceratitis rosa Karsch, and Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) are fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) of economic importance in South Africa. These pests cause direct damage to a number of commercially produced fruit and are of phytosanitary concern. A study was conducted to determine the distribution, relative abundance, and seasonal occurrence of the three species in different climatic regions of South Africa. The relative abundance and seasonal phenology of C. capitata and C. rosa were also compared between production areas and home gardens in Stellenbosch, Western Cape. Yellow bucket traps baited with Biolure were used to trap the flies over a 2-yr period in the different sampling areas. Different fruit types were sampled in Stellenbosch to determine fruit fly infestation. C. capitata was found to have a widespread distribution in South Africa, whereas C. rosa were absent from or only present in low numbers in the drier regions. C. cosyra was restricted to the North East and East coast, following a similar pattern to the distribution of marula, Sclerocarrya birrea, an important wild host. Fruit in home gardens provided a breeding ground for C. capitata and C. rosa and a source for infestation of orchards when fruit started to mature, highlighting the need for an area-wide strategy for the control of fruit flies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marelize De Villiers
- Citrus Research International, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Victoria St, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Karsten M, van Vuuren BJ, Barnaud A, Terblanche JS. Population genetics of Ceratitis capitata in South Africa: implications for dispersal and pest management. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54281. [PMID: 23342117 PMCID: PMC3547002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasive Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata, is one of the major agricultural and economical pests globally. Understanding invasion risk and mitigation of medfly in agricultural landscapes requires knowledge of its population structure and dispersal patterns. Here, estimates of dispersal ability are provided in medfly from South Africa at three spatial scales using molecular approaches. Individuals were genotyped at 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci and a subset of individuals were also sequenced for the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. Our results show that South African medfly populations are generally characterized by high levels of genetic diversity and limited population differentiation at all spatial scales. This suggests high levels of gene flow among sampling locations. However, natural dispersal in C. capitata has been shown to rarely exceed 10 km. Therefore, documented levels of high gene flow in the present study, even between distant populations (>1600 km), are likely the result of human-mediated dispersal or at least some form of long-distance jump dispersal. These findings may have broad applicability to other global fruit production areas and have significant implications for ongoing pest management practices, such as the sterile insect technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minette Karsten
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Bettine Jansen van Vuuren
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | | | - John S. Terblanche
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Vorhees AS, Bradley TJ. Differences in critical thermal maxima and mortality across life stages of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:2319-26. [PMID: 22675193 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.070342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thermal limits to activity profoundly affect the abundance and distribution of ectothermic animals. Upper thermal limits to activity are typically reported as the critical thermal maximum (CT(max)), the temperature at which activity becomes uncontrolled. Thermolimit respirometry is a new technique that allows CT(max) to be quantified in small animals, such as insects, as the point of spiracular failure by measuring CO(2) release from the animal as temperature increases. Although prior studies have reported a characteristic pattern of CO(2) release for insects during thermolimit respirometry trials, no studies have been carried out to determine the universality of this pattern across development, or at what point death occurs along this pattern. Here, we compared the CT(max) and patterns of CO(2) release among three life stages of a beetle species, Tenebrio molitor, and mapped heat death onto these patterns. Our study is the first to report distinct patterns of CO(2) release in different life stages of an insect species during thermolimit respirometry. Our results show that CT(max) was significantly higher in adult beetles than in either larvae or pupae (P<0.001) and, similarly, death occurred at higher temperatures in adults than in larvae and pupae. We also found that death during heating closely follows CT(max) in these animals, which confirms that measuring the loss of spiracular control with thermolimit respirometry successfully identifies the point of physiological limitation during heat stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Vorhees
- University of California, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Bürgi LP, Mills NJ. Ecologically relevant measures of the physiological tolerance of light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, to high temperature extremes. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1184-1191. [PMID: 22732234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Invasive ectothermic species are limited in their geographic range expansion primarily by their capacity to withstand temperature extremes. Epiphyas postvittana is a highly polyphagous invasive leafroller that was discovered in California in 2006. To predict its potential range and future response to climate change, high temperature tolerance of this species was determined for all life stages and larval instars. Using the static method to estimate high temperature tolerance with response to probing as an endpoint, the mean time leading to 50% mortality (LT(50)) ranged from 45 to 187h at 32.3°C, 34 to 68h at 36°C, 11 to 21h at 38°C, and 1.2 to 5.6h at 40.4°C. There was no clear pattern in the relative tolerance of the life stages across the range of temperatures tested. For pupae and adults, gender did not influence the LT(50) values at any of the temperatures tested. For the larval instars, LT(50) values increased with increasing larval instar at the highest three temperatures while this trend was reversed for the lowest temperature (32.3°C). An analysis of LT(50) values obtained from acute responses to probing compared to subsequent survival to adult emergence, showed that chronic mortality severely affected all larval instars at three out of the four constant temperatures and resulted in 64-85% reduction in LT(50) values. No difference in acute and chronic mortality was found for exposure of the egg stage to high temperatures. These findings have important implications for predicting thermal limits and range expansions of insect species, since upper thermal tolerance could readily be overestimated from the use of ad hoc rather than ecologically relevant endpoint measurements such as survival to adult emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda P Bürgi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Weldon CW, Terblanche JS, Chown SL. Time-course for attainment and reversal of acclimation to constant temperature in two Ceratitis species. J Therm Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
97
|
Terblanche JS, Hoffmann AA, Mitchell KA, Rako L, le Roux PC, Chown SL. Ecologically relevant measures of tolerance to potentially lethal temperatures. J Exp Biol 2011; 214:3713-25. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Summary
The acute thermal tolerance of ectotherms has been measured in a variety of ways; these include assays where organisms are shifted abruptly to stressful temperatures and assays where organisms experience temperatures that are ramped more slowly to stressful levels. Ramping assays are thought to be more relevant to natural conditions where sudden abrupt shifts are unlikely to occur often, but it has been argued that thermal limits established under ramping conditions are underestimates of true thermal limits because stresses due to starvation and/or desiccation can arise under ramping. These confounding effects might also impact the variance and heritability of thermal tolerance. We argue here that ramping assays are useful in capturing aspects of ecological relevance even though there is potential for confounding effects of other stresses that can also influence thermal limits in nature. Moreover, we show that the levels of desiccation and starvation experienced by ectotherms in ramping assays will often be minor unless the assays involve small animals and last for many hours. Empirical data illustrate that the combined effects of food and humidity on thermal limits under ramping and sudden shifts to stressful conditions are unpredictable; in Drosophila melanogaster the presence of food decreased rather than increased thermal limits, whereas in Ceratitis capitata they had little impact. The literature provides examples where thermal limits are increased under ramping presumably because of the potential for physiological changes leading to acclimation. It is unclear whether heritabilities and population differentiation will necessarily be lower under ramping because of confounding effects. Although it is important to clearly define experimental methods, particularly when undertaking comparative assessments, and to understand potential confounding effects, thermotolerance assays based on ramping remain an important tool for understanding and predicting species responses to environmental change. An important area for further development is to identify the impact of rates of temperature change under field and laboratory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S. Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Katherine A. Mitchell
- The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lea Rako
- The University of Melbourne, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peter C. le Roux
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Steven L. Chown
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Maysov A, Kipyatkov VE. Contrasting dynamics of cold resistance traits in field-fresh Myrmica ants during the active season. J Therm Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
99
|
Chidawanyika F, Terblanche JS. Rapid thermal responses and thermal tolerance in adult codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:108-117. [PMID: 20933517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to preserve key activities or improve survival, insects facing variable and unfavourable thermal environments may employ physiological adjustments on a daily basis. Here, we investigate the survival of laboratory-reared adult Cydia pomonella at high or low temperatures and their responses to pre-treatments at sub-lethal temperatures over short time-scales. We also determined critical thermal limits (CTLs) of activity of C. pomonella and the effect of different rates of cooling or heating on CTLs to complement the survival assays. Temperature and duration of exposure significantly affected adult C. pomonella survival with more extreme temperatures and/or longer durations proving to be more lethal. Lethal temperatures, explored between -20 °C to -5 °C and 32 °C to 47 °C over 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4h exposures, for 50% of the population of adult C. pomonella were -12 °C for 2h and 44 °C for 2h. Investigation of rapid thermal responses (i.e. hardening) found limited low temperature responses but more pronounced high temperature responses. For example, C. pomonella pre-treated for 2h at 5 °C improved survival at -9 °C for 2h from 50% to 90% (p<0.001). At high temperatures, pre-treatment at 37 °C for 1h markedly improved survival at 43°C for 2h from 20% to 90% (p<0.0001). We also examined cross-tolerance of thermal stressors. Here, low temperature pre-treatments did not improve high temperature survival, while high temperature pre-treatment (37°C for 1h) significantly improved low temperature survival (-9 °C for 2h). Inducible cross-tolerance implicates a heat shock protein response. Critical thermal minima (CT min) were not significantly affected by cooling at rates of 0.06, 0.12 and 0.25 °C min(-1) (CT min range: 0.3-1.3 °C). By contrast, critical thermal maxima (CTmax) were significantly affected by heating at these rates and ranged from 42.5 to 44.9 °C. In sum, these results suggest pronounced plasticity of acute high temperature tolerance in adult C. pomonella, but limited acute low temperature responses. We discuss these results in the context of local agroecosystem microclimate recordings. These responses are significant to pest control programmes presently underway and have implications for understanding the evolution of thermal tolerance in these and other insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Chidawanyika
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|