51
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Duymuş M, Menzilcioğlu MS, Çetinçakmak M, Avcu S. A Rare Case of Polyorchidism: Four Testes. Pol J Radiol 2016; 81:39-41. [PMID: 26893794 PMCID: PMC4747319 DOI: 10.12659/pjr.895568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyorchidism or supernumerary testis means more than two testes. It is very rare and to the best of our knowledge, there have been only about 200 cases reported. Case Report In this case report we want to present radiological features and assessment of a patient with four testicles. Conclusions If the vascularity and echogenicity of the scrotal mass is similar with the normal testis parenchyma, multitestis should be considered. The MRI might not provide us with additional information to USG or CDUSG, thus it is not necessary to perform it if there is no suspicion of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Duymuş
- Department of Radiology, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Mehmet Çetinçakmak
- Department of Radiology, Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Serhat Avcu
- Department of Radiology, Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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52
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"Rosary of Testes": Splenogonadal Fusion in Association with Bilateral Abdominal Testes Presenting as Polyorchidism. Case Rep Urol 2015; 2015:317189. [PMID: 26693379 PMCID: PMC4677019 DOI: 10.1155/2015/317189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyorchidism is a rare anomaly where early segmentation in the gonadal ridge can lead to the development of three or less commonly four testes in one individual. Just over 150 reports of this phenomenon exist in English medical literature. However, once confronted by the clinical finding of supernumerary gonads, one must remain mindful of other likely diagnoses involving nontesticular origin. We report on a male patient with bilaterally impalpable testes in whom splenogonadal fusion mimicked polyorchidism. By keeping such differential diagnoses in mind, surgeons are more liable to take the appropriate intraoperative course of action.
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53
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Ibrahim H, Roberts MJ, Hussey D. Quadruple Orchidopexy for Torsion Testis in an Adolescent With Polyorchidism: A Case Report. Urology 2015; 87:196-9. [PMID: 26433080 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of testicular torsion in an adolescent with polyorchidism, specifically quadorchidism. Sonographic and intraoperative images are provided to describe the presentation and management of this case, while the challenges and pitfalls with this clinical scenario are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Ibrahim
- Department of General Surgery, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew J Roberts
- Department of Urology, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia.
| | - David Hussey
- Department of Urology, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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54
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Sağlam HS, Önol FF, Avcı E, Ergüven A. Report of a boy with polyorchidism and a review of current knowledge regarding this unusual anomaly. Turk J Urol 2015; 39:119-21. [PMID: 26328093 DOI: 10.5152/tud.2013.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyorchidism is an extremely rare testicular malformation in children, and its etiology is unknown. There is an increased risk for testicular malignancy in these patients and a common association with other abnormalities, such as cryptorchidism, inguinal hernia, testicular torsion, hydrocele, and varicocele. There are insufficient data in the literature on the ideal management of polyorchidism. We report a 14-year-old boy with polyorchidism and review the current literature regarding this anomaly. Physical examination revealed a discrete, painless, left intrascrotal lump. αFP, β-hCG and LDH were normal. Scrotal ultrasound showed a well-circumscribed tissue in the left hemiscrotum measuring 2.5×2.0×1.3 cm and having the same echo-genicity as the normal testes. Color Doppler study and magnetic resonance imaging also confirmed the tissue as a third testis with its own epididymis draining to a common vas. The testis was left in situ, and the patient was managed conservatively. Polyorchidism should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all scrotal masses. The etiology of polyorchidism is thought to be accidental division of the genital ridge before 8 weeks of gestation. The cases are divided into two categories according to anatomical properties, such as having drainage to an epididymis and vas deferens. The majority of cases are mainly encountered during evaluation for the other symptoms associated. Recent evidence supports that these cases may be followed conservatively when clinical findings and imaging techniques detect no complications or suspicion for malignancy, torsion, hernia, or cryptorchidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Salih Sağlam
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Fikret Fatih Önol
- Clinic of Urology, Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Egemen Avcı
- Clinic of Urology, Memorial Ataşehir Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Akif Ergüven
- Clinic of Radiology, Sakarya Training and Research Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
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55
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Avargues A, Rogel R, Broseta E, Luján S, Betancourt JA, Morales G, Boronat F. Polyorchidism: the case in a young male and review of the literature. Asian J Androl 2015; 17:511-2. [PMID: 25475664 PMCID: PMC4430962 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.143246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Avargues
- Department of Urology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - Ramón Rogel
- Department of Urology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - Enrique Broseta
- Department of Urology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - Saturnino Luján
- Department of Urology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - Jesús A Betancourt
- Department of Urology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Morales
- Department of Urology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
| | - Francisco Boronat
- Department of Urology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia 46026, Spain
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56
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Friedman D. Polyorchidism: a case of supernumerary testes. SONOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/sono.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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57
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Ellett JD, Rosoff JS, Prasad MM. Three testicles in one hemiscrotum: an unusual presentation of polyorchidism. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2014-206033. [PMID: 25564631 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-206033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyorchidism, or more than one testicle in a hemiscrotum, is a relatively rare phenomenon. It is often associated with several other conditions, including inguinal hernia, testicular maldescent, testicular torsion, hydrocele or hypospadias. In this report, we describe a patient who presented with three testicles in one hemiscrotum, which is a highly unusual presentation for an already uncommon condition. We also review the relevant literature as it relates to the need for surveillance due to the increased risk for malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Ellett
- Department of Urology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - James S Rosoff
- Department of Urology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michaella M Prasad
- Department of Urology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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58
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Artul S, Habib G. Polyorchidism: two case reports and a review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2014; 8:464. [PMID: 25539715 PMCID: PMC4307231 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Polyorchidism is a very rare anomaly that is defined by the presence of more than two testes. Although its presentation is primarily as triorchidism, cases of four testes have also been reported in the literature. Case presentation In this report, we describe color Doppler ultrasound findings in two cases. Patient 1 was a 37-year-old Arabic man with a scrotal mass and a double testicle in the right hemiscrotum visualized by ultrasound. Patient 2 was an 11-year-old Arabic boy with an inguinal mass resulted to be an additional testicle in the inguinal canal. The echogenic texture and vascular flow of supernumerary testicles in question were similar to those of the normal testicles; however, their size was smaller. After 3 years of follow-up, the tertiary testes in the two patients remained stable in both size and echogenicity. Conclusion Ultrasound plays a crucial role in the evaluation of masses. Notably, inguinal or scrotal masses should not always be considered as lymph nodes or tumors. Indeed, a radiologist should always keep polyorchidism in mind when such masses are encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suheil Artul
- Radiology Department, EMMS Hospital Nazareth, Bar Ilan University, Faculty of Medicine, P, O, Box 11, 16100 Nazareth, Israel.
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59
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Roca-Ferrer J, Rodríguez E, Ramírez GA, Moragas C, Sala M. A Rare Case of Polyorchidism in a Cat with Four Intra-abdominal Testes. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 50:172-6. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Roca-Ferrer
- Centre Veterinari Bonavista; Cornella de Llobregat; Catalonia Spain
| | - E Rodríguez
- Centre Veterinari Bonavista; Cornella de Llobregat; Catalonia Spain
| | - GA Ramírez
- Centre Veterinari Bonavista; Cornella de Llobregat; Catalonia Spain
| | - C Moragas
- Centre Veterinari Bonavista; Cornella de Llobregat; Catalonia Spain
| | - M Sala
- Centre Veterinari Bonavista; Cornella de Llobregat; Catalonia Spain
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60
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Ruptured extratesticular epidermal inclusion cyst mimicking polyorchidism with torsion on sonography. Emerg Radiol 2014; 21:643-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10140-014-1229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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61
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Leodoro BM, Beasley SW, Stringer MD. Polyorchidism with presumed contralateral intrauterine testicular torsion. Int J Surg Case Rep 2014; 5:865-7. [PMID: 25462053 PMCID: PMC4245670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2014.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The sentence, “Since then fewer than 200 cases have been reported in children and adults2” has been updated to “Since then nearly 230 cases of polyorchidism have been reported with a meta-analysis revealing 140 cases of histologically confirmed polyorchidism in children and adults.2” The sentence “It occurs mostly on the left side, with only a few reports of right sided polyorchidism3,4” has been changed to “Right sided polyorchidism is less common than on the left side.” Prenatal testicular torsion reportedly occurs in approximately 6.1 per 100,000 births.7,8 The frequency may be higher given that the infarcted testis gets resorbed giving rise to reports of the “vanishing testis” as is most likely in this case.8 While prenatal testicular torsion is increasingly being recognized and treated as a surgical emergency,9 prenatal testicular torsion in association with polyorchidism has not been previously reported.” has been included.
INTRODUCTION Polyorchidism was first described by Blasius in 16701 during a routine autopsy. We report a child with unilateral polyorchidism and a contralateral absent testis, a combination not reported previously. PRESENTATION OF CASE A 2-year-old boy was referred to the outpatient clinic with an impalpable left testis. At laparoscopy, the left vas deferens and testicular vessels ended blindly proximal to a closed internal ring. No gonadal tissue was identified. On the right side, a single vas deferens and testicular vessels were seen entering the internal ring as normal. The right side of the scrotum was explored and two testes were identified within a single tunica vaginalis. DISCUSSION Polyorchidism is rare with a literature search identifying approximately 230 reported cases. Whilst prenatal testicular torsion is increasing being recognized and treated as a surgical emergency,9 prenatal testicular torsion in association with polyorchidism has not been previously reported. CONCLUSION We describe a unique case of a 2-year-old boy with right-sided polyorchidism and an absent left testis associated with a blind ending vas deferens and testicular vessels, presumed secondary to intrauterine testicular torsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Leodoro
- Department of Surgery, Vila Central Hospital, Port Vila, Vanuatu.
| | - S W Beasley
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M D Stringer
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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62
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Ulbright TM, Young RH. Testicular and paratesticular tumors and tumor-like lesions in the first 2 decades. Semin Diagn Pathol 2014; 31:323-81. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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63
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Celik O, Budak S, Cakmak O, Tarhan H, Yalbuzdag ON, Peker A, Ilbey YO. Triorchidism: a rare genital abnormality. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:923-4. [PMID: 24969062 PMCID: PMC4236346 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.133317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Orcun Celik
- Department of Urology, Tepecik Educational and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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64
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Arlen AM, Holzman SA, Weiss AD, Garola RE, Cerwinka WH. Functional supernumerary testis in a child with testicular torsion and review of polyorchidism. Pediatr Surg Int 2014; 30:565-8. [PMID: 24557155 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-014-3485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Histologically confirmed polyorchidism is an uncommon condition. The majority of cases are asymptomatic and associated with inguinal hernia or cryptorchidism. There are few reported cases of pediatric supernumerary testis presenting with testicular torsion. We present a case of missed torsion with incidentally detected triorchidism as well as an overview of pediatric polyorchidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Arlen
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA,
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65
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Abstract
Supernumerary testis is a rare congenital anomaly of the testis arising from abnormal division in the genital ridge during the embryogenesis of testis. We describe a case of polyorchidism detected incidentally in a 52-year-old with renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep G Jakhere
- Department of Radiology, B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital and T. N. Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shenaz A Saifi
- Department of Radiology, B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital and T. N. Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhinav A Ranwaka
- Department of Radiology, B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital and T. N. Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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66
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Torsion of both ipsilateral testicles in a polyorchid male. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL UROLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjmsu.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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67
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Abstract
A bilobed testicle is an extremely rare congenital malformation, with only five cases published to date. We present the case of a 12-year-old boy with a bilobed testicle. With so few cases available, much of what is known about the management of this condition is based on cases of polyorchidism and the complications associated with this, including malignancy and torsion. Whilst surgery may play a role in some patients, uncomplicated cases can be managed conservatively. There is no long-term data on the outcome of conservative management but we propose this patient can be discharged if no further changes are identified after 18 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Halliday
- Department of General Surgery, Medway Maritime Hospital, Gillingham, UK
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68
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Abstract
Polyorchidism is an extremely rare congenital anomaly which refers to the presence of more than two testicles. There are very few reports of triorchidism in a 2 year old child. Polyorchidism is usually discovered incidentally. The most common anomalies associated with polyorchidism are inguinal hernia (30%), maldescended testis (15% to 30%), testicular torsion (13%) and hydrocele (9%). A 2-year-old child was brought with bilateral undescended testis with normal milestones. Ultrasonography of scrotum and abdomen showed both the testes to be in inguinal canal. Intra-operatively, on left side - there were two testes, which belonged to Leung III class and one testis on right side. Management of polyorchidism is still controversial. The management of polyorchidism will depend upon the location, size and anatomical organisation of the testicular drainage system and the age of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti Tonape
- Department of Surgery, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Pimpri, Pune, India
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69
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Hennekam RCM, Allanson JE, Biesecker LG, Carey JC, Opitz JM, Vilain E. Elements of morphology: standard terminology for the external genitalia. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1238-63. [PMID: 23650202 PMCID: PMC4440541 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we introduce the anatomy of the male and female genitalia, and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of these body regions. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul C M Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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70
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Thyoka M, Lall A, Godse A. Polyorchidism: a torted right-sided supernumerary testis. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2013-008600. [PMID: 23417389 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-008600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyorchidism is a rare congenital anomaly defined by the presence of more than two histologically proven testes. The commonest variant is triorchidism, the supernumerary testis being commonly reported on the left side. Most cases of polyorchidism are found incidentally in association with undescended testis, hydrocele, hernia or torsion. We report a right-sided triorchidism in a 15-year-old boy found at time of groin exploration for an irreducible right inguinal hernia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandela Thyoka
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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71
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Méndez-Gallart R, Estevez-Martínez E, Rodríguez-Barca P, García-Palacios M, Bautista-Casasnovas A. Incomplete unilateral polyorchidism (bilobed testicle) mimicking testicular tumour. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47:2140-2. [PMID: 23164013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Incomplete polyorchidism (also called bilobed testicle) is an extremely uncommon congenital anomaly. Only 3 cases of bilobed testicle were previously reported in the available literature. We describe a case of a 4-year-old boy who presented with a 6-month history of an asymptomatic scrotal mass located in the upper pole of the left testicle mimicking testicular tumour. After partial orchiectomy, macroscopic and pathological examination of the lesion confirmed the diagnosis of normal testicular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Méndez-Gallart
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela. A Coruña. Spain.
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72
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Abstract
Polyorchidism, the presence of more than two testes, is a very rare anomaly. We report the color Doppler ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging findings of the case of a 20-year-old man with polyorchidism, presenting with an asymptomatic scrotal mass. Ultrasonography showed double testes with double separate epididymides sharing a common vas deferens in the left side of the scrotum. The double testes demonstrated similar echo texture and vascular flow as the normal testis, but smaller in size. Magnetic resonance imaging showed three testes very clearly and confirmed the diagnoses. After 2 years of follow-up, he was managed with surgical intervention. Pathology report revealed polyorchidism.
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73
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Kajbafzadeh AM, Ghahestani SM, Zamani MM, Kajbafzadeh M, Kia MM. A Novel Approach in Eight Polyorchidism Cases: Vasoepidydimal or Epididymo-epididymal Approximation in Single Vas Deferens Duplicated Testis. Urology 2012; 79:1346-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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74
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Yalçınkaya S, Sahin C, Sahin AF. Polyorchidism: sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Can Urol Assoc J 2011; 5:E84-6. [PMID: 21989176 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.10077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyorchidism is a rare anomaly and frequently associated with criptorchidism, inguinal hernia and testicular torsion. It is also reported as increased risk of testicular malignancy. We report a case of 23 year old man with left supernumerary testis in the left hemiscrotum. He presented with painless mass in his left hemiscrotum. Normal physical examination and laboratory tests including spermiogram were examined. Both ultrasound and MRI examinations revealed polyorchidism without malignancy or any other concomitant features. In most cases sonography alone is diagnostic. MRI may provide additional information in complicated cases of polyorchidism. Conservative treatment with sonographic follow-up is the choice of treatment in uncomplicated cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Yalçınkaya
- Department of Urology, Gümüssuyu Military Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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75
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Topsakal K, Ak H, Yumurtas N. Polyorchidism with varicocele: a case report and review of literature. Andrologia 2011; 44 Suppl 1:829-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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76
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Fanning DM, Mc Dermott T. An epidermoid cyst presenting as testicular torsion in a patient with tri-orchidism. BMJ Case Rep 2011; 2011:bcr.05.2011.4170. [PMID: 22689558 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.05.2011.4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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77
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Bayraktar A, Olcucuoglu E, Sahin I, Bayraktar Y, Tastemur S, Sirin E. Management of polyorchidism: Surgery or conservative management? J Hum Reprod Sci 2011; 3:162-3. [PMID: 21234184 PMCID: PMC3017339 DOI: 10.4103/0974-1208.74166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Bayraktar
- Department of Urology, Turkiye Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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78
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79
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[Polyorchidim: a case report and review of the literature]. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 2010; 101:738-41. [PMID: 20954382 DOI: 10.5980/jpnjurol.101.738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A 28-year-old male presented with a small painless lump in his left hemiscrotum. A physical examination revealed a non-tender mass that was palpable on the tail of left epididymis, and the testis and spermatic cord were normal. Ultrasonography showed an isoechoic round shaped tumor, 16 mm in diameter. An exploration of the scrotum was performed, based on a preoperative diagnosis of a left epididymal tumor. The tumor was located below the tail of epididymis, and had a whitish capsule, which looked similar to tunica albuginea testis. A frozen section revealed testicular tissue without any malignant change, and therefore polyorchidism was diagnosed. The accessory testis was resected because there was no connection with the epididymis and vas deferens. Polyorchidism is a rare congenital anomaly with 24 cases reported in the Japanese literature. The indications for the resection of an accessory testis are controversial. Patients with intrascrotal polyorchidism might be recommended to undergo a resection of the accessory testes if there are signs of dysplasia during an intraoperative biopsy. Patients must be followed up with regular clinical and ultrasonic examinations when accessory testes are preserved. However, extrascrotal supernumerary testes should be managed by an orchiectomy because of the increased risk of malignancy.
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Routh JC, McGee SM, Ashley RA, Reinberg Y, Vandersteen DR. Predicting Renal Outcomes in Children With Anterior Urethral Valves: A Systematic Review. J Urol 2010; 184:1615-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Routh
- Department of Urology, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Clinic, Rochester and Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Minnesota (YR, DRV), Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Shawn M. McGee
- Department of Urology, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Clinic, Rochester and Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Minnesota (YR, DRV), Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Richard A. Ashley
- Department of Urology, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Clinic, Rochester and Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Minnesota (YR, DRV), Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yuri Reinberg
- Department of Urology, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Clinic, Rochester and Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Minnesota (YR, DRV), Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David R. Vandersteen
- Department of Urology, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Clinic, Rochester and Division of Urology, Children's Hospital of Minnesota (YR, DRV), Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Repetto P, Ceccarelli P, Bianchini A, Durante V, Biondini D, Cacciari A. Three small testes in left hemiscrotum: a rarer case of polyorchidism. J Pediatr Surg 2010; 45:e21-3. [PMID: 20152334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyorchidism is a rare congenital anomaly. A review of literature has yielded about 100 cases. We describe a rarer case of polyorchidism consisting of 3 testes on left hemiscrotum and one normal testis in right hemiscrotum. Diagnosis and management are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Repetto
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Modena Policlinic University Hospital, Modena, Italy.
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