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Lee NY, Shin MJ, Youn GS, Yoon SJ, Choi YR, Kim HS, Gupta H, Han SH, Kim BK, Lee DY, Park TS, Sung H, Kim BY, Suk KT. Lactobacillus attenuates progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by lowering cholesterol and steatosis. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 27:110-124. [PMID: 33317254 PMCID: PMC7820205 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely related to gut-microbiome. There is a paucity of research on which strains of gut microbiota affect the progression of NAFLD. This study explored the NAFLD-associated microbiome in humans and the role of Lactobacillus in the progression of NAFLD in mice. METHODS The gut microbiome was analyzed via next-generation sequencing in healthy people (n=37) and NAFLD patients with elevated liver enzymes (n=57). Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were separated into six groups (n=10 per group; normal, Western, and four Western diet + strains [109 colony-forming units/g for 8 weeks; L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, L. paracasei, and L. plantarum]). Liver/body weight ratio, liver pathology, serum analysis, and metagenomics in the mice were examined. RESULTS Compared to healthy subjects (1.6±4.3), NAFLD patients showed an elevated Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (25.0±29.0) and a reduced composition of Akkermansia and L. murinus (P<0.05). In the animal experiment, L. acidophilus group was associated with a significant reduction in liver/body weight ratio (5.5±0.4) compared to the Western group (6.2±0.6) (P<0.05). L. acidophilus (41.0±8.6), L. fermentum (44.3±12.6), and L. plantarum (39.0±7.6) groups showed decreased cholesterol levels compared to the Western group (85.7±8.6) (P<0.05). In comparison of steatosis, L. acidophilus (1.9±0.6), L. plantarum (2.4±0.7), and L. paracasei (2.0±0.9) groups showed significant improvement of steatosis compared to the Western group (2.6±0.5) (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Ingestion of Lactobacillus, such as L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, and L. plantarum, ameliorates the progression of nonalcoholic steatosis by lowering cholesterol. The use of Lactobacillus can be considered as a useful strategy for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Young Lee
- Institue for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Min Jea Shin
- Institue for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Gi Soo Youn
- Institue for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sang Jun Yoon
- Institue for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Ye Rin Choi
- Institue for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyeong Seop Kim
- Institue for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Haripriya Gupta
- Institue for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sang Hak Han
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | | | - Do Yup Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Sik Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Hotaik Sung
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | | | - Ki Tae Suk
- Institue for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
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Padberg F, Hering H, Luch A, Zellmer S. Indirect co-cultivation of HepG2 with differentiated THP-1 cells induces AHR signalling and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 68:104957. [PMID: 32739440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HepG2 and THP-1 cells, the latter differentiated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), were co-cultured and characterized for typical liver-specific functions, such as xenobiotic detoxification, lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, liver injury-associated pathways, such as inflammation, were studied. In general, the co-cultivation of these cells produced a pro-inflammatory system, as indicated by increased levels of cytokines (IL-8, TGF-α, IL-6, GM-CSF, G-CSF, TGF-β, and hFGF) in the respective supernatant. Increased expression levels of target genes of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), e.g., CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1, were detected, accompanied by the increased enzyme activity of CYP1A1. Moreover, transcriptome analyses indicated a significant upregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis, which could be reduced to baseline levels by lovastatin. In contrast, total de novo lipid synthesis was reduced in co-cultured HepG2 cells. Key events of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for fibrosis were activated by the co-cultivation, however, no increase in the concentration of extracellular collagen was detected. This indicates, that AOP should be used with care. In summary, the indirect co-culture of HepG2/THP-1 cells results in an increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an activation of the AHR pathway and an increased enzymatic CYP1A activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Padberg
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Henrik Hering
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zellmer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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Anti-Inflammatory Strategies Targeting Metaflammation in Type 2 Diabetes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092224. [PMID: 32397353 PMCID: PMC7249034 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the concepts explaining the coincidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the metaflammation theory. This chronic, low-grade inflammatory state originating from metabolic cells in response to excess nutrients, contributes to the development of T2D by increasing insulin resistance in peripheral tissues (mainly in the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue) and by targeting pancreatic islets and in this way impairing insulin secretion. Given the role of this not related to infection inflammation in the development of both: insulin resistance and insulitis, anti-inflammatory strategies could be helpful not only to control T2D symptoms but also to treat its causes. This review presents current concepts regarding the role of metaflammation in the development of T2D in obese individuals as well as data concerning possible application of different anti-inflammatory strategies (including lifestyle interventions, the extra-glycemic potential of classical antidiabetic compounds, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, immunomodulatory therapies, and bariatric surgery) in the management of T2D.
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Katsarou A, Moustakas II, Pyrina I, Lembessis P, Koutsilieris M, Chatzigeorgiou A. Metabolic inflammation as an instigator of fibrosis during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1993-2011. [PMID: 32536770 PMCID: PMC7267690 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i17.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive storage of fatty acids in the form of triglycerides in hepatocytes. It is most prevalent in western countries and includes a wide range of clinical and histopathological findings, namely from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis, which may lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer. The key event for the transition from steatosis to fibrosis is the activation of quiescent hepatic stellate cells (qHSC) and their differentiation to myofibroblasts. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), expressed by a plethora of immune cells, serve as essential components of the innate immune system whose function is to stimulate phagocytosis and mediate inflammation upon binding to them of various molecules released from damaged, apoptotic and necrotic cells. The activation of PRRs on hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, the resident macrophages of the liver, and other immune cells results in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as profibrotic factors in the liver microenvironment leading to qHSC activation and subsequent fibrogenesis. Thus, elucidation of the inflammatory pathways associated with the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD may lead to a better understanding of its pathophysiology and new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Katsarou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
- 251 Hellenic Airforce General Hospital, Athens 11525, Greece
| | - Ioannis I Moustakas
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Iryna Pyrina
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Lembessis
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.
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László BR, Hormay E, Szabó I, Mintál K, Nagy B, László K, Péczely L, Ollmann T, Lénárd L, Karádi Z. Disturbance of taste reactivity and other behavioral alterations after bilateral interleukin-1β microinjection into the cingulate cortex of the rat. Behav Brain Res 2020; 383:112537. [PMID: 32032742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), is known to be intimately involved in food-related motivational processes and their behavioral organization, primarily by evaluating hedonic properties of the relevant stimuli. In the present study, the involvement of cingulate cortical interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mediated mechanisms in a) gustation associated facial and somato-motor behavioral patterns of Wistar rats were examined in taste reactivity test (TR). In addition, b) conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm was performed to investigate the role of these cytokine mechanisms in taste sensation associated learning processes, c) the general locomotor activity of the animals was observed in open field test (OPF), and d) the potentially negative reinforcing effect of IL-1β was examined in conditioned place preference test (CPP). During the TR test, species specific behavioral patterns in response to the five basic tastes were analyzed. Response rates of ingestive and aversive patterns of the cytokine treated and the control groups differed significantly in case of the weaker bitter (QHCl, 0.03 mM), and the stronger umami (MSG, 0.5 M) tastes. IL-1β itself did not elicit CTA, it did not interfere with the acquisition of LiCl induced CTA, and it also failed to cause place preference or aversion in the CPP test. In the OPF paradigm, however, significant differences were found between the cytokine treated and the control groups in the rearing and grooming, the number of crossings, and in the distance moved. Our results indicate the involvement of cingulate cortical IL-1β mechanisms in the control of taste perception and other relevant behavioral processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Réka László
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Edina Hormay
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Szabó
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kitti Mintál
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Nagy
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kristóf László
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Péczely
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Ollmann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Lénárd
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Neuroendocrinology and Neurophysiology Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karádi
- Institute of Physiology, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Molecular Neuroendocrinology and Neurophysiology Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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El Hadi H, Di Vincenzo A, Vettor R, Rossato M. Relationship between Heart Disease and Liver Disease: A Two-Way Street. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030567. [PMID: 32121065 PMCID: PMC7140474 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical practice, combined heart and liver dysfunctions coexist in the setting of the main heart and liver diseases because of complex cardiohepatic interactions. It is becoming increasingly crucial to identify these interactions between heart and liver in order to ensure an effective management of patients with heart or liver disease to provide an improvement in overall prognosis and therapy. In this review, we aim to summarize the cross-talk between heart and liver in the setting of the main pathologic conditions affecting these organs. Accordingly, we present the clinical manifestation, biochemical profiles, and histological findings of cardiogenic ischemic hepatitis and congestive hepatopathy due to acute and chronic heart failure, respectively. In addition, we discuss the main features of cardiac dysfunction in the setting of liver cirrhosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and those following liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza El Hadi
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35100 Padova, Italy; (H.E.H.); (A.D.V.); (R.V.)
- Department of Medicine, Klinikum Rheine, 48431 Rheine, Germany
| | - Angelo Di Vincenzo
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35100 Padova, Italy; (H.E.H.); (A.D.V.); (R.V.)
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35100 Padova, Italy; (H.E.H.); (A.D.V.); (R.V.)
| | - Marco Rossato
- Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35100 Padova, Italy; (H.E.H.); (A.D.V.); (R.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8218747; Fax: +39049-8213332
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Giang PM, Thao DT, Nga NT, Van Trung B, Anh DH, Viet PH. Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Bisresorcinol Isolated from the Trunk of Heliciopsis Terminalis. Pharm Chem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-019-02051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Zakaria ZA, Mahmood ND, Omar MH, Taher M, Basir R. Methanol extract of Muntingia calabura leaves attenuates CCl 4-induced liver injury: possible synergistic action of flavonoids and volatile bioactive compounds on endogenous defence system. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:335-344. [PMID: 31068038 PMCID: PMC6508049 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1606836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Muntingia calabura L. (Muntingiaceae) exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, thus, it might be a good hepatoprotective agent. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effect of methanol extract of M. calabura leaves (MMCL) on hepatic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in CCl4-induced hepatotoxic rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague Dawley rats (n = 6) were treated (p.o.) with 10% DMSO (Groups 1 and 2), 50 mg/kg N-acetylcysteine (Group 3) or, 50, 250, or 500 mg/kg MMCL (Groups 4-6) for 7 consecutive days followed by pretreatment (i.p.) with vehicle (Group 1) or 50% CCl4 in olive oil (v/v) (Groups 2-6) on day 7th. Plasma liver enzymes and hepatic antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines concentrations were measured while liver histopathology was examined. RESULTS MMCL, at 500 mg/kg, significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity by decreasing the plasma level of alanine transaminase (429.1 versus 168.7 U/L) and aspartate transaminase (513.8 versus 438.1 U/L) as well as the tissue level of nitric oxide (62.7 versus 24.1 nmol/g tissue). At 50, 250, or 500 mg/kg, MMCL significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the tumour necrosis factor α (87.8 versus 32.7 pg/mg tissue), interleukin-1β (1474.4 versus 618.3 pg/mg tissue), and interleukin-6 (136.7 versus 30.8 pg/mg tissue) while increased the liver catalase (92.1 versus 114.4 U/g tissue) and superoxide dismutase (3.4 versus 5.5 U/g tissue). Additionally, qualitative phytochemicals analysis showed that MMCL contained gallic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, and genistein. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS MMCL ability to attenuate CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity could be helpful in the development of hepatoprotective agents with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Diyana Mahmood
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Maizatul Hasyima Omar
- Phytochemistry Unit Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyah of Pharmacy International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Rusliza Basir
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Youssry S, Kamel MA. Effect of folate supplementation on immunological and autophagy markers in experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur Cytokine Netw 2019; 30:135-143. [PMID: 32096475 DOI: 10.1684/ecn.2019.0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic hepatic inflammation is an important pathogenic mediator of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that contributes to disease severity. It is commonly suggested that autophagy dysfunction may be an underlying cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the exact role of autophagy in lipid metabolism remains controversial. There has been a growing interest in the role of folate supplementation for the treatment and/or prevention of NAFLD. We aimed in this study to investigate the effects of different doses of folate supplementation on several immune markers and autophagy trying to explore the complex role of IL-22 and autophagy in NAFLD. METHODS Fifty Wistar rats were randomly separated into experimental (n = 40) and control groups (n = 10), which were fed for eight weeks with a high-fat diet (HFD) containing 40% fats or a standard diet, respectively. The experimental group was further subdivided into four subgroups where the first subgroup was left untreated while the other three were treated with different doses of folate (50, 100, and 150 μg/kg of body weight, respectively). At the end of the experimental period, animals from each group were sacrificed for blood and tissue analyses. RESULTS NAFLD rats showed decreased IL-22 serum levels and increased LC3B expression as compared to controls. Folate treatment was significantly associated with improvement in disease parameters, reduced presence of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and CXCL8 and LC3B expression, and increased IL-22 levels in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These results highlight the capacity of folate to modulate the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and autophagy thereby having a favorable impact disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Youssry
- Lecturer of Immunology and Allergy, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Maher A Kamel
- Professor of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
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Kostrzewski T, Maraver P, Ouro-Gnao L, Levi A, Snow S, Miedzik A, Rombouts K, Hughes D. A Microphysiological System for Studying Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Hepatol Commun 2019; 4:77-91. [PMID: 31909357 PMCID: PMC6939502 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which to date has no approved drug treatments. There is an urgent need for better understanding of the genetic and molecular pathways that underlie NAFLD/NASH, and currently available preclinical models, be they in vivo or in vitro, do not fully represent key aspects of the human disease state. We have developed a human in vitro co‐culture NASH model using primary human hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells, which are cultured together as microtissues in a perfused three‐dimensional microphysiological system (MPS). The microtissues were cultured in medium containing free fatty acids for at least 2 weeks, to induce a NASH‐like phenotype. The co‐culture microtissues within the MPS display a NASH‐like phenotype, showing key features of the disease including hepatic fat accumulation, the production of an inflammatory milieu, and the expression of profibrotic markers. Addition of lipopolysaccharide resulted in a more pro‐inflammatory milieu. In the model, obeticholic acid ameliorated the NASH phenotype. Microtissues were formed from both wild‐type and patatin‐like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) I148M mutant hepatic stellate cells. Stellate cells carrying the mutation enhanced the overall disease state of the model and in particular produced a more pro‐inflammatory milieu. Conclusion: The MPS model displays a phenotype akin to advanced NAFLD or NASH and has utility as a tool for exploring mechanisms underlying the disease. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in co‐culture the PNPLA3 I148M mutation alone can cause hepatic stellate cells to enhance the overall NASH disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paloma Maraver
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd. Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Larissa Ouro-Gnao
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd. Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Ana Levi
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Royal Free University College London United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Snow
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd. Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Alina Miedzik
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd. Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire United Kingdom
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Royal Free University College London United Kingdom
| | - David Hughes
- CN Bio Innovations Ltd. Welwyn Garden City Hertfordshire United Kingdom
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Léveillé M, Estall JL. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Transition from NASH to HCC. Metabolites 2019; 9:E233. [PMID: 31623280 PMCID: PMC6836234 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver constantly adapts to meet energy requirements of the whole body. Despite its remarkable adaptative capacity, prolonged exposure of liver cells to harmful environmental cues (such as diets rich in fat, sugar, and cholesterol) results in the development of chronic liver diseases (including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) that can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of these diseases is extremely complex, multifactorial, and poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction or maladaptation contributes to detrimental effects on hepatocyte bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and cell death leading to NASH and HCC. The present review highlights the potential contribution of altered mitochondria function to NASH-related HCC and discusses how agents targeting this organelle could provide interesting treatment strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Léveillé
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
| | - Jennifer L Estall
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Targeting Inflammation by Flavonoids: Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194957. [PMID: 31597283 PMCID: PMC6801776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A balanced metabolic profile is essential for normal human physiological activities. Disproportions in nutrition give rise to imbalances in metabolism that are associated with aberrant immune function and an elevated risk for inflammatory-associated disorders. Inflammation is a complex process, and numerous mediators affect inflammation-mediated disorders. The available clinical modalities do not effectively address the underlying diseases but rather relieve the symptoms. Therefore, novel targeted agents have the potential to normalize the metabolic system and, thus, provide meaningful therapy to the underlying disorder. In this connection, polyphenols, the well-known and extensively studied phytochemical moieties, were evaluated for their effective role in the restoration of metabolism via various mechanistic signaling pathways. The various flavonoids that we observed in this comprehensive review interfere with the metabolic events that induce inflammation. The mechanisms via which the polyphenols, in particular flavonoids, act provide a promising treatment option for inflammatory disorders. However, detailed clinical studies of such molecules are required to decide their clinical fate.
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Wang H, Gao B. Fatty liver diseases: Recent advances and challenges. LIVER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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