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Hernández-López SH, Rodríguez-Carpena JG, Lemus-Flores C, Galindo-García J, Estévez M. Antioxidant protection of proteins and lipids in processed pork loin chops through feed supplementation with avocado. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 53:2788-96. [PMID: 27478235 PMCID: PMC4951432 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to analyze the impact of dietary avocado on the oxidative stability of lipids and proteins during pork processing. Loins from control (fed basic diet) and treated pigs (fed on avocado-supplemented diet) were roasted (102 °C/20 min) and subsequently packed in trays wrapped with oxygen-permeable films and chilled at 4 °C for 12 days. At each processing stage (raw, cooked and cooked & chilled), pork samples from both groups were analyzed for the concentration of TBARS, the loss of tryptophan and free thiols, and the formation of protein carbonyls, disulphide bonds and Schiff bases. Processing led to a depletion of tryptophan and sulfur-containing amino acids and an increase of lipid and protein oxidation products. Dietary avocado was not able to protect against the oxidation of tryptophan and thiols but cooked & chilled loins from treated pigs had significantly lower concentration of lipid and protein carbonyls than control counterparts. Likewise, dietary avocado alleviated the formation of Schiff bases during cooking. These results illustrate the benefits of dietary avocado on the oxidative stability of processed pork loins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clemente Lemus-Flores
- />Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Autonomous University of Nayarit, 63190 Tepic, Nayarit Mexico
| | - Jorge Galindo-García
- />Department of Animal Production, University of Guadalajara, 44100 Guadalajara, Jalisco Mexico
| | - Mario Estévez
- />IPROCAR Research Institute, TECAL Research Group, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
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52
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Parr T, Mareko MHD, Ryan KJP, Hemmings KM, Brown DM, Brameld JM. The impact of growth promoters on muscle growth and the potential consequences for meat quality. Meat Sci 2016; 120:93-99. [PMID: 27179582 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To meet the demands of increased global meat consumption, animal production systems will have to become more efficient, or at least maintain the current efficiency utilizing feed ingredients that are not also used for human consumption. Use of growth promoters is a potential option for increasing production animal feed efficiency and increased muscle growth. The objective of this manuscript is to describe the mechanisms by which the growth promoters, beta-adrenergic agonists and growth hormone, mediate their effects, with specific consideration of the aspects which have implications for meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Parr
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leics LE12 5RD, UK.
| | | | - Kevin J P Ryan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leics LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Krystal M Hemmings
- College of Life and Natural Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - David M Brown
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leics LE12 5RD, UK
| | - John M Brameld
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leics LE12 5RD, UK
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53
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Effects of whole linseed and rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid enriched diets on beef quality. Animal 2016; 10:709-17. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115002591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Fahri FT, Clarke IJ, Pethick DW, Warner RD, Dunshea FR. Rosiglitazone maleate increases weight gain and body fat content in growing lambs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an14885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZD) are synthetic orally active peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligands used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ gene plays an important role in regulating fat cell development, energy balance, and lipid metabolism in adipose and skeletal muscle tissue. There is interest in pharmacologic or nutritional means that may complement genetic techniques to improve growth and carcass composition of lambs and the major aim of the present study was to determine whether TZD impact on growth performance and meat quality of growing lambs. An initial study with four cross-bred lambs confirmed that rosiglitazone maleate is absorbed after oral dosing for 7 days. A second study was conducted with 30 cross-bred lambs to investigate the effects of sex (ewe vs wether) and dose of orally administered rosiglitazone maleate (0, 8 and 24 mg/day) for 55 days on growth performance, body composition, plasma metabolites and insulin and meat quality. Feed intake tended to increase linearly with dose of TZD (1521, 1816 and 1878 g/day for 0, 8 and 24 mg/day, P = 0.07) over the entire study, and particularly during the second half of the study (P < 0.05). There were both linear (P = 0.05) and quadratic (P = 0.04) responses in average daily gain to TZD (215, 270 and 261 g/day) with the quadratic response being most pronounced over the second half of the study (P = 0.004). As a result of the increased feed intake back fat (9.4, 11.1 and 13.5 mm, P < 0.001) and carcass fat (27.5%, 29.2% and 30.1%, P = 0.05) increased linearly with dose of TZD. However, there was no effect of TZD on internal fat depots. Plasma non-esterified acid concentrations increased linearly (0.37, 0.39 and 0.41 mM, P = 0.01) whereas plasma insulin concentrations (23.2, 26.9 and 20.9 mU/L, P = 0.05) and the homeostatic model assessment (6.82, 7.73 and 5.98, P = 0.05) exhibited quadratic responses to TZD. There were no significant effects of TZD on muscle pH, temperature or colour although muscle pH was higher at any temperature in ewes (+ 0.05 of a pH unit, P = 0.036) than in wethers. In conclusion, these data confirm that rosiglitazone maleate was rapidly absorbed from the digestive tract of growing ruminant lambs and was metabolically active. Oral TZD treatment appeared to mitigate against the inhibitory effect of carcass fatness on feed intake but the additional energy consumed was in turn deposited as fat.
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Vahedi V, Towhidi A, Hedayat-Evrigh N, Vaseghi-Dodaran H, Khodaei Motlagh M, Ponnampalam E. The effects of supplementation methods and length of feeding of zilpaterol hydrochloride on meat characteristics of fattening lambs. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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56
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Zhang T, Zhou Y, Zou Y, Hu X, Zheng L, Wei H, Giannenas I, Jin L, Peng J, Jiang S. Effects of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on the stress response, antioxidative capacity, and HSPs mRNA expression of transported pigs. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride and dietary protein content on performance, carcass traits and meat quality of Nellore bulls. Animal 2015; 10:539-46. [PMID: 26355556 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115001895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ractopamine hydrochloride (RH) alters protein metabolism and improves growth performance in Bos taurus cattle with high carcass fat. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of RH, dietary CP and RH×CP interaction on performance, blood metabolites, carcass characteristics and meat quality of young Nellore bulls. A total of 48 bulls were randomly assigned to four treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. The factors were two levels of dietary CP (100% and 120% of metabolizable protein requirement, defined as CP100 and CP120, respectively), and two levels of RH (0 and 300 mg/animal·per day). Treated animal received RH for the final 35 days before slaughter. Animals were weighed at the beginning of the feedlot period (day 63), at the beginning of ractopamine supplementation (day 0), after 18 days of supplementation (day 18) and before slaughter (day 34). Animals were slaughtered and hot carcass weights recorded. After chilling, carcass data was collected and longissimus samples were obtained for determination of meat quality. The 9-11th rib section was removed for carcass composition analysis. Supplementation with RH increased ADG independently of dietary CP. There was a RH×CP interaction on dry matter intake (DMI), where RH reduced DMI at CP120, with no effect at CP100. Ractopamine improved feed efficiency, without RH×CP interaction. Ractopamine had no effect on plasma creatinine and urea concentration. Greater dietary CP tended to increase blood urea, and there was a RH×CP interaction for plasma total protein. Ractopamine supplementation increased plasma total protein at CP120, and had no effect at CP100. Ractopamine also decreased plasma glucose concentration at CP100, but had no effect at CP120. Ractopamine increased alkaline phosphatase activity at CP120 and had no effect at CP100. There was a tendency for RH to increase longissimus muscle area, independently of dietary CP. Ractopamine did not alter fat thickness; however, fat thickness was reduced by greater CP in the diet. Supplementation with RH decreased meat shear force, but only at day 0 of aging, having no effect after 7, 14 or 21 days. Greater dietary protein increased meat shear force after 0 and 7 days of aging, with no effect after 14 or 21 days. These results demonstrate for the first time the efficacy of ractopamine supplementation to improve gain and feed efficiency of intact Bos indicus males, with relatively low carcass fat content. Ractopamine effects were not further improved by increasing dietary protein content above requirements.
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Soladoye PO, Shand PJ, Aalhus JL, Gariépy C, Juárez M. Review: Pork belly quality, bacon properties and recent consumer trends. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soladoye, P. O., Shand, P. J., Aalhus, J. L., Gariépy, C. and Juárez, M. 2015. Review: Pork belly quality, bacon properties and recent consumer trends. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 325–340. Several factors can affect pork belly quality and, subsequently, bacon quality. Going by the recent trends in the bacon market and bearing in mind the more choosy nature of the consuming populace, it is imperative to consider the factors that can affect or improve bacon quality, thereby sustaining the current market surge. In as much as both genetic and environmental factors have been identified as largely affecting muscle food quality, nutritional interventions also seem to be a very viable tool to improve the quality of meat and its products. Processing and storage methods can also affect bacon quality, including microbial quality, physicochemical attributes and palatability. Both objective and subjective measures have been explored in assessing belly quality, most of which use belly softness and fatty acid profile as yardsticks, whereas bacon quality has been widely assessed only subjectively in terms of fat quality and slice integrity. Although consumers’ and producers’ quality perceptions seem to be in conflict, it is the responsibility of all stakeholders in the bacon industries to come together in ensuring a balanced approach to satisfy both parties along the production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. O. Soladoye
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - P. J. Shand
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8
| | - J. L. Aalhus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
| | - C. Gariépy
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 8E3
| | - M. Juárez
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1
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Kim JC, Jose CG, Trezona M, Moore KL, Pluske JR, Mullan BP. Supra-nutritional vitamin E supplementation for 28 days before slaughter maximises muscle vitamin E concentration in finisher pigs. Meat Sci 2015; 110:270-7. [PMID: 26313847 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 4 × 3 factorial experiment (n=8 pigs per treatment combination) was conducted with 96 female Landrace × Large White pigs to examine the required level of dietary vitamin E and optimum feeding duration before slaughter to maximise muscle vitamin E content in the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle. The respective factors were four dietary levels of vitamin E (supplemented as dl-α-tocopheryl acetate; 35, 300, 500, and 700 IU/kg) and three feeding durations (14, 28 and 42 days before slaughter). Vitamin E concentration in the LTL was maximised at 6 mg/kg, which was achieved by feeding a 700 IU vitamin E diet for 28 days before slaughter (P<0.001). There was no further increase in the vitamin E content of the LTL by feeding the high vitamin E diet more than 28 days before slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Kim
- Pork Innovation, Department of Agriculture and Food, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia.
| | - C G Jose
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
| | - M Trezona
- Pork Innovation, Department of Agriculture and Food, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| | - K L Moore
- Pork Innovation, Department of Agriculture and Food, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
| | - J R Pluske
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia
| | - B P Mullan
- Sheep Industry Development, Department of Agriculture and Food, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
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Liu Y, Kong X, Jiang G, Tan B, Deng J, Yang X, Li F, Xiong X, Yin Y. Effects of dietary protein/energy ratio on growth performance, carcass trait, meat quality, and plasma metabolites in pigs of different genotypes. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:36. [PMID: 26279834 PMCID: PMC4537580 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protein/energy ratio is important for the production performance and utilization of available feed resources by animals. Increased protein consumption by mammals leads to elevated feed costs and increased nitrogen release into the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary protein/energy ratio on the growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, and plasma metabolites of pigs of different genotypes. METHODS Bama mini-pigs and Landrace pigs were randomly assigned to two dietary treatment groups (Chinese conventional diet with low protein/energy ratio or National Research Council diet with high protein/energy ratio; n = 24 per treatment) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Blood and muscle samples were collected at the end of the nursery, growing, and finishing phases. RESULTS We observed significant interactions (P < 0.05) between breed and diet for total fat percentage, intramuscular fat (IMF) content, protein content in biceps femoris (BF) muscle, and plasma urea nitrogen (UN) concentration in the nursery phase; for average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), dry matter, IMF content in psoas major (PM) muscle, and plasma total protein and albumin concentrations in the growing phase; and for drip loss and plasma UN concentration in the finishing phase. Breed influenced (P < 0.05) growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality, but not plasma metabolites. Throughout the trial, Landrace pigs showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) ADG, ADFI, dressing percentage, lean mass rate, and loin-eye area than did Bama mini-pigs, but significantly lower (P < 0.05) feed/gain ratio, fat percentage, backfat thickness, and IMF content. Dietary protein/energy ratio influenced the pH value, chemical composition of BF and PM muscles, and plasma activities of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and plasma concentration of UN. CONCLUSIONS Compared with Landrace pigs, Bama mini-pigs showed slower growth and lower carcass performance, but had better meat quality. Moreover, unlike Landrace pigs, the dietary protein/energy ratio did not affect the growth performance of Bama mini-pigs. These results suggest that, in swine production, low dietary protein/energy ratio may be useful for reducing feed costs and minimizing the adverse effects of ammonia release into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- />Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, and Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China
- />Hunan Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan 410131 China
- />University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- />Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, and Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China
| | - Guoli Jiang
- />Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, and Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China
- />University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Bi’e Tan
- />Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, and Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China
| | - Jinping Deng
- />College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128 China
| | - Xiaojian Yang
- />Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN 56093 USA
| | - Fengna Li
- />Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, and Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China
| | - Xia Xiong
- />Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, and Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China
| | - Yulong Yin
- />Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, and Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125 China
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A review of feed efficiency in swine: biology and application. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2015; 6:33. [PMID: 26251721 PMCID: PMC4527244 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-015-0031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed efficiency represents the cumulative efficiency with which the pig utilizes dietary nutrients for maintenance, lean gain and lipid accretion. It is closely linked with energy metabolism, as the oxidation of carbon-containing components in the feed drive all metabolic processes. While much is known about nutrient utilization and tissue metabolism, blending these subjects into a discussion on feed efficiency has proven to be difficult. For example, while increasing dietary energy concentration will almost certainly increase feed efficiency, the correlation between dietary energy concentration and feed efficiency is surprisingly low. This is likely due to the plethora of non-dietary factors that impact feed efficiency, such as the environment and health as well as individual variation in maintenance requirements, body composition and body weight. Nonetheless, a deeper understanding of feed efficiency is critical at many levels. To individual farms, it impacts profitability. To the pork industry, it represents its competitive position against other protein sources. To food economists, it means less demand on global feed resources. There are environmental and other societal implications as well. Interestingly, feed efficiency is not always reported simply as a ratio of body weight gain to feed consumed. This review will explain why this arithmetic calculation, as simple as it initially seems, and as universally applied as it is in science and commerce, can often be misleading due to errors inherent in recording of both weight gain and feed intake. This review discusses the importance of feed efficiency, the manner in which it can be measured and reported, its basis in biology and approaches to its improvement. It concludes with a summary of findings and recommendations for future efforts.
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Neale EP, Nolan-Clark DJ, Charlton KE. Australian parents’ perceptions of factors that influence their children’s pork consumption: an exploratory qualitative study. BMC Nutr 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40795-015-0007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Realini C, Guàrdia M, Díaz I, García-Regueiro J, Arnau J. Effects of acerola fruit extract on sensory and shelf-life of salted beef patties from grinds differing in fatty acid composition. Meat Sci 2015; 99:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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González-Calvo L, Ripoll G, Molino F, Calvo JH, Joy M. The relationship between muscle α-tocopherol concentration and meat oxidation in light lambs fed vitamin E supplements prior to slaughter. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:103-110. [PMID: 24723073 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of concentrates supplemented with α-tocopherol in animals is an effective method to reduce the oxidative processes that occur in meat products. The high cost of α-tocopherol requires accurate feeding, so it is necessary to define the minimum period of α-tocopherol concentrate supplementation that will ensure an acceptable meat quality. Indoor concentrate-fed light lambs (n = 35) were supplemented with 500 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate (VE) kg(-1) concentrate for a period of between 4 and 28 days before being slaughtered at 22-24 kg body weight. Control lambs (n = 12) were not supplemented with α-tocopherol. RESULTS The α-tocopherol content in both plasma and muscle tissues increased significantly with the length of supplementation (P < 0.001). The thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) concentration in meat decreased exponentially when the muscle α-tocopherol concentration was increased to 0.61-0.90 mg kg(-1) fresh meat (P < 0.05). After 7 days of display, the formation of metmyoglobin (MMb) decreased significantly as the α-tocopherol content increased to 0.31-0.60 mg kg(-1) meat (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION A range of 0.61-0.90 mg α-tocopherol kg(-1) fresh meat protected fresh lamb meat from lipid oxidation and MMb formation. This level can be achieved by supplementation with 500 mg VE kg(-1) concentrate for a period of 7-14 days before slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura González-Calvo
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda Montañana, 930, E-50059, Zaragoza, Spain
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Lean IJ, Thompson JM, Dunshea FR. A meta-analysis of zilpaterol and ractopamine effects on feedlot performance, carcass traits and shear strength of meat in cattle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115904. [PMID: 25548908 PMCID: PMC4280124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is a meta-analysis of the effects of the beta-agonists zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) and ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) on feedlot performance, carcase characteristics of cattle and Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF) of muscles. It was conducted to evaluate the effect of the use of these agents on beef production and meat quality and to provide data that would be useful in considerations on the effect of these agents on meat quality in Meat Standards Australia evaluations. We conducted a comprehensive literature search and study assessment using PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scirus, and CAB and identification of other studies from reference lists in papers and searches. Searches were based on the key words: zilpaterol, zilmax, ractopamine, optaflexx, cattle and beef. Studies from theses obtained were included. Data were extracted from more than 50 comparisons for both agents and analysed using meta-analysis and meta-regression. Both agents markedly increased weight gain, hot carcase weight and longissimus muscle area and increased the efficiency of gain:feed. These effects were particularly large for ZH, however, fat thickness was decreased by ZH, but not RAC. Zilpaterol also markedly increased WBSF by 1.2 standard deviations and more than 0.8 kg, while RAC increased WBSF by 0.43 standard deviations and 0.2 kg. There is evidence in the ZH studies, in particular, of profound re-partitioning of nutrients from fat to protein depots. This work has provided critically needed information on the effects of ZH and RAC on production, efficiency and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Lean
- SBScibus, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - John M. Thompson
- Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Effects of conjugated linoleic acid or betaine on the growth performance and fatty acid composition in backfat and belly fat of finishing pigs fed dried distillers grains with solubles. Animal 2014; 9:569-75. [PMID: 25491273 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114002699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) or betaine on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acid composition in backfat and belly fat of pigs fed distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Thirty-two (60±2 kg) crossbred barrows (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshine) were assigned to one of four diets randomly: (1) the control diet containing no corn DDGS (control group); (2) the diet containing 30% corn DDGS (DDGS-fed group); (3) the diet containing 30% corn DDGS and 10 g/kg CLA (CLA-fed group); (4) the diet containing 30% corn DDGS and 1 g/kg BET (BET-fed group). The pigs fed DDGS showed that the percentages of C18:2, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and iodine value (IV) increased, while C18:1, saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) decreased. Pigs fed the DDGS+CLA or DDGS+betaine diets showed the increased percentage of SFA, and the decreased percentage of C18:2, PUFA and IV. In conclusion, results confirmed that the diets containing 30% DDGS had no detrimental effects on growth performance, but increased the percentage of PUFA and IV and decreased the percentage of SFA and MUFA in the backfat and belly fat. However, supplementation with CLA or BET can part reverse these effects on carcass fat in finishing pigs.
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Suman SP, Hunt MC, Nair MN, Rentfrow G. Improving beef color stability: Practical strategies and underlying mechanisms. Meat Sci 2014; 98:490-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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68
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Pérez-Juan M, Realini CE, Barahona M, Sarriés MV, del Mar Campo M, Beriain MJ, Vitale M, Gil M, Albertí P. Effects of Enrichment with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (Omega-3 and Conjugated Linoleic Acid) on Consumer Liking of Beef Aged for 7 or 21 d Evaluated at Different Locations. J Food Sci 2014; 79:S2377-82. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Barahona
- Dept. of Animal Production and Food Science; Univ. of Zaragoza; Miguel Servet 177 50013 Zaragoza Spain
| | | | - Maria del Mar Campo
- Dept. of Animal Production and Food Science; Univ. of Zaragoza; Miguel Servet 177 50013 Zaragoza Spain
| | - María José Beriain
- ETSIA; Univ. Pública de Navarra; Campus de Arrosadia 31600 Pamplona Spain
| | - Mauro Vitale
- IRTA-Monells; Finca Camps i Armet 17121 Monells Girona Spain
| | - Marta Gil
- IRTA-Monells; Finca Camps i Armet 17121 Monells Girona Spain
| | - Pere Albertí
- Unidad de Tecnología en Producción Animal; CITA Gobierno de Aragón; Avenida de Montañana 930 50059 Zaragoza Spain
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69
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Vahedi V, Towhidi A, Zare Shahneh A, Sadeghi M, Zamani F, Dunshea F. Effects of β-agonist zilpaterol hydrochloride feeding and supplementation period on growth and carcass characteristics of Lori-Bakhtiari lambs. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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70
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Li L, Zhu Y, Wang X, He Y, Cao B. Effects of different dietary energy and protein levels and sex on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of F1 Angus × Chinese Xiangxi yellow cattle. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:21. [PMID: 24739901 PMCID: PMC4003514 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The experiment evaluated the effect of nutrition levels and sex on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of F1 Angus × Chinese Xiangxi yellow cattle. METHODS During the background period of 184 d,23 steers and 24 heifers were fed the same ration,then put into a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement under two levels of - dietary energy (TDN: 70/80% DM), protein (CP: 11.9/14.3% DM) and sex (S: male/female) during the finishing phase of 146 d. The treatments were - (1) high energy/low protein (HELP), (2) high energy/high protein (HEHP), (3) low energy/low protein (LELP) and (4) low energy/high protein (LEHP). Each treatment used 6 steers and 6 heifers, except for HELP- 5 steers and 6 heifers. RESULTS Growth rate and final carcass weight were unaffected by dietary energy and protein levels or by sex. Compared with the LE diet group, the HE group had significantly lower dry matter intake (DMI, 6.76 vs. 7.48 kg DM/d), greater chest girth increments (46.1 vs. 36.8 cm), higher carcass fat (19.9 vs.16.3%) and intramuscular fat content (29.9 vs. 22.8% DM). The HE group also had improved yields of top and medium top grade commercial meat cuts (39.9 vs.36.5%). The dressing percentage was higher for the HP group than the LP group (53.4 vs. 54.9%). Steers had a greater length increment (9.0 vs. 8.3 cm), but lower carcass fat content (16.8 vs. 19.4%) than heifers. The meat quality traits (shear force value, drip loss, cooking loss and water holding capacity) were not affected by treatments or sex, averaging 3.14 kg, 2.5, 31.5 and 52.9%, respectively. The nutritive profiles (both fatty and amino acid composition) were not influenced by the energy or protein levels or by sex. CONCLUSIONS The dietary energy and protein levels and sex significantly influenced the carcass characteristics and chemical composition of meat but not thegrowth performance, meat quality traits and nutritive profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Li
- National Beef Cattle Industry and Technology System, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuankui Zhu
- Tin Wah Industrial Co.Ltd, Shimen Industrial Area of Lian Yuan 417100, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xianyou Wang
- National Beef Cattle Industry and Technology System, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang He
- National Beef Cattle Industry and Technology System, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Binghai Cao
- National Beef Cattle Industry and Technology System, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Realini C, Kallas Z, Pérez-Juan M, Gómez I, Olleta J, Beriain M, Albertí P, Sañudo C. Relative importance of cues underlying Spanish consumers’ beef choice and segmentation, and consumer liking of beef enriched with n-3 and CLA fatty acids. Food Qual Prefer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Paulk CB, Tokach MD, Nelssen JL, Burnett DD, Vaughn MA, Phelps KJ, Dritz SS, Derouchey JM, Goodband RD, Woodworth JC, Houser TA, Haydon KD, Gonzalez JM. Effect of dietary zinc and ractopamine hydrochloride on pork chop muscle fiber type distribution, tenderness, and color characteristics. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2325-35. [PMID: 24671591 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 320 finishing pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 98 kg) were used to determine the effects of adding Zn to diets containing ractopamine HCl (RAC) on muscle fiber type distribution, fresh chop color, and cooked meat characteristics. Dietary treatments were fed for approximately 35 d and consisted of a corn-soybean meal-based negative control (CON), a positive control diet with 10 mg/kg of RAC (RAC+), and the RAC+ diet plus 75, 150, or 225 mg/kg added Zn from either ZnO or Availa-Zn. Loins randomly selected from each treatment (n = 20) were evaluated using contrasts: CON vs. RAC+, interaction of Zn level × source, Zn level linear and quadratic polynomials, and Zn source. There were no Zn source effects or Zn source × level interactions throughout the study (P > 0.10). Pigs fed RAC+ had increased (P < 0.02) percentage type IIX and a tendency for increased (P = 0.10) percent type IIB muscle fibers. Increasing added Zn decreased (linear, P = 0.01) percentage type IIA and tended to increase (P = 0.09) IIX muscle fibers. On d 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of display, pork chops from pigs fed the RAC+ treatment had greater (P < 0.03) L* values compared to the CON. On d 0 and 3 of display, increasing added Zn tended to decrease (quadratic, P = 0.10) L* values and decreased (quadratic, P < 0.03) L* values on d 1, 2, 4, and 5. Pigs fed RAC+ had decreased (P < 0.05) a* values on d 1 and 4 of display and tended to have decreased (P < 0.10) a* values on d 0 and 2 compared to CON pork chops. Pork chops from the RAC+ treatment had a tendency for increased (P < 0.08) oxymyoglobin percentage compared to CON pork chops on d 1, 2, 4, and 5. On d 0, as dietary Zn increased in RAC+ diets, there was a decrease (linear, P < 0.01) in the formation of pork chop surface oxymyoglobin percentage. Metmyoglobin reducing ability (MRA) of pork chops on d 5 was decreased in the RAC+ group. Chops from pigs fed added Zn had increased (quadratic, P < 0.03) MRA on d 3 and 5 of the display period. There was a trend for increased (linear, P = 0.07) cooking loss with increasing Zn in RAC diets and treatments did not affect tenderness as measured by Warner-Bratzler shear force (P > 0.07). In conclusion, RAC+ diets produced chops that were lighter and less red but maintained a greater percentage of surface oxymyoglobin throughout a 5-d simulated retail display. Ractopamine reduced MRA at the end of the display period, but supplementing Zn to RAC diets restored MRA to near CON treatment levels at the end of the display period.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Paulk
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
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73
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Sex-specific effect of ractopamine on quality attributes of pork frankfurters. Meat Sci 2014; 96:799-805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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74
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Chauhan SS, Celi P, Ponnampalam EN, Leury BJ, Liu F, Dunshea FR. Antioxidant dynamics in the live animal and implications for ruminant health and product (meat/milk) quality: role of vitamin E and selenium. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/an14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The global population is predicted to grow to over 9 billion by the middle of 21st century, with 70% of people living in urban areas, and food demand is projected to grow by 70% by 2050. Climate change presents a series of challenges for global animal agriculture. As a result of thermal challenges associated with climate variability, availability of quality pasture, animal behaviour, physiological and immunological functions are potentially impacted. Oxidative status plays an important role in the regulation and maintenance of several physiological and immunological functions of the body. Ruminants are exposed to several environmental and metabolic challenges that can trigger oxidative stress. In this scenario, it is possible for an increase in free radical production and a depletion of antioxidant reserves, resulting in damage to lipids, proteins and DNA. Since oxidative stress can affect animal health and the quality of their products (meat/milk), antioxidant supplementation of ruminant diets represents a useful tool to sustain redox homeostasis when the ruminants are exposed to oxidative stress. This paper will examine the roles that oxidative stress plays in some physiological functions, and it will discuss the implications of antioxidant supplementation on ruminant health and production. Physiological levels of dietary antioxidants underpin efficient energy utilisation, optimal antioxidant potential, and balanced mitochondrial function to enhance protein deposition without impacting animal health. The research conducted over the last decade has improved the understanding of physiological functions of antioxidants, with selenium and vitamin E receiving particular attention. There is evidence that the functions of selenium and vitamin E extend beyond the classical antioxidant properties to immunomodulation especially when administered at higher doses than recommended. Improving the oxidative status of ruminants will play an important role in delivering high-quality milk and meat products to consumers. Considering the growing awareness among consumers of the benefits of antioxidant-rich food, there is a great opportunity for the livestock industries to focus on producing antioxidant-enriched milk and meat products or functional foods. Therefore, the premise of this paper is to review the recent developments in understanding antioxidant dynamics in ruminants and their role in reducing the impact of environmental stress and metabolic diseases. In addition, the paper will explore the putative implications that antioxidant supplementation has on the quality animal products and how the improved understanding can be best utilised to achieve efficient and sustainable animal production systems to ensure quality animal products for human consumption.
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75
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Al-Husseini W, Gondro C, Quinn K, Cafe LM, Herd RM, Gibson JP, Greenwood PL, Chen Y. Hormonal growth implants affect feed efficiency and expression of residual feed intake-associated genes in beef cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/an12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal growth promotants (HGP) have been used to improve feed conversion ratio (FCR) and growth rates of cattle by modifying protein turnover rates. Residual feed intake (RFI) is correlated with FCR and has been adopted in Australia as a measure of feed efficiency in cattle for the purpose of genetic improvement. Eight genes (AHSG, GHR, GSTM1, INHBA, PCDH19, S100A10, SERPINI2 and SOD3) have been previously reported to be highly associated with RFI and could potentially be used to predict RFI in bulls and steers. In this study, expression levels of these genes in liver tissue of 46 cattle were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. These cattle were part of a larger tenderness gene marker experiment consisting of two breeds (Angus and Brahman); two sexes (steers and heifers) and HGP treatments (implanted vs control). Cattle were measured for growth, feed efficiency, body composition and carcass traits. Results showed the expression of these eight genes was significantly correlated with RFI. However, HGP treatment did not affect RFI or the expression of the RFI-associated genes. HGP treatment increased average daily gain by 20%, improved FCR by 18%, and increased rib eye-muscle area by 7.5%. HGP treatment was effective in improving growth rate, presumably by its known action in the protein turnover mechanism. This mechanism has been hypothesised as one of the regulators of RFI. Lack of effect of HGP treatment on RFI does not support this hypothesis.
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76
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DiGiacomo K, Leury BJ, Dunshea FR. Potential nutritional strategies for the amelioration or prevention of high rigor temperature in cattle – a review. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/an13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Environmental conditions influence animal production from an animal performance perspective and at the carcass level post-slaughter. High rigor temperature occurs when the animal is hyperthermic pre-slaughter, and this leads to tougher meat. Hyperthermia can result from increased environmental temperature, exercise, stress or a combination of these factors. Consumer satisfaction with beef meat is influenced by the visual and sensory traits of the product when raw and cooked, with beef consumers commonly selecting tenderness of the product as the most important quality trait. High rigor temperature leads to a reduction in carcass and eating quality. This review examines some possible metabolic causes of hyperthermia, with focus on the importance of adipose tissue metabolism and the roles of insulin and leptin. Potential strategies for the amelioration or prevention of high rigor temperature are offered, including the use of dietary supplements such as betaine and chromium, anti-diabetic agents such as thiazolidinediones, vitamin D, and magnesium (Mg) to provide stress relief.
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77
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Morel PC, Leong J, Nuijten WG, Purchas RW, Wilkinson BH. Effect of lipid type on growth performance, meat quality and the content of long chain n−3 fatty acids in pork meat. Meat Sci 2013; 95:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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78
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Lu D, Sargolzaei M, Kelly M, Vander Voort G, Wang Z, Mandell I, Moore S, Plastow G, Miller SP. Genome-wide association analyses for carcass quality in crossbred beef cattle. BMC Genet 2013; 14:80. [PMID: 24024930 PMCID: PMC3827924 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic improvement of beef quality will benefit both producers and consumers, and can be achieved by selecting animals that carry desired quantitative trait nucleotides (QTN), which result from intensive searches using genetic markers. This paper presents a genome-wide association approach utilizing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip to seek genomic regions that potentially harbor genes or QTN underlying variation in carcass quality of beef cattle. This study used 747 genotyped animals, mainly crossbred, with phenotypes on twelve carcass quality traits, including hot carcass weight (HCW), back fat thickness (BF), Longissimus dorsi muscle area or ribeye area (REA), marbling scores (MRB), lean yield grade by Beef Improvement Federation formulae (BIFYLD), steak tenderness by Warner-Bratzler shear force 7-day post-mortem (LM7D) as well as body composition as determined by partial rib (IMPS 103) dissection presented as a percentage of total rib weight including body cavity fat (BDFR), lean (LNR), bone (BNR), intermuscular fat (INFR), subcutaneous fat (SQFR), and total fat (TLFR). Results At the genome wide level false discovery rate (FDR < 10%), eight SNP were found significantly associated with HCW. Seven of these SNP were located on Bos taurus autosome (BTA) 6. At a less stringent significance level (P < 0.001), 520 SNP were found significantly associated with mostly individual traits (473 SNP), and multiple traits (47 SNP). Of these significant SNP, 48 were located on BTA6, and 22 of them were in association with hot carcass weight. There were 53 SNP associated with percentage of rib bone, and 12 of them were on BTA20. The rest of the significant SNP were scattered over other chromosomes. They accounted for 1.90 - 5.89% of the phenotypic variance of the traits. A region of approximately 4 Mbp long on BTA6 was found to be a potential area to harbor candidate genes influencing growth. One marker on BTA25 accounting for 2.67% of the variation in LM7D may be worth further investigation for the improvement of beef tenderness. Conclusion This study provides useful information to further assist the identification of chromosome regions and subsequently genes affecting carcass quality traits in beef cattle. It also revealed many SNP that acted pleiotropically to affect carcass quality. This knowledge is important in selecting subsets of SNP to improve the performance of beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Lu
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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79
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Talton CS, Stelzleni AM, Shook JS, Hill GM, Kerth CR, Pence M, Pringle TD. Effects of ovariectomization and ractopamine hydrochloride inclusion on heifer feedlot performance, meat yield, and tenderness of select muscles. Meat Sci 2013; 96:73-81. [PMID: 23896139 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight British cross heifers were used to examine the effects of ovariectomization (OVX v. intact; INT) and ractopamine-HCl inclusion (0 or 0.41 mg/kg of BW day(-1); NORAC or RAC) for the final 31 days on performance, meat yield, and tenderness of select muscles. Ractopamine supplemented heifers had heavier BW (P≤0.05) and greater dressing percent than NORAC. Dressing percent was also greater (P<0.01) for INT v. OVX. LM area tended to be larger for RAC (P=0.07) and was larger for INT (P=0.05). Neither ractopamine inclusion nor sex class affected (P>0.08) organ weights or percent intramuscular fat. Ractopamine inclusion increased (P≤0.05) subprimal weight for the shoulder clod and bottom round. However, ractopamine inclusion and sex class had minimal effects on subprimal yields or slice shear force. Heifers receiving ractopamine had increased BW, DP, carcass weight and select subprimal weights without impacting meat quality. Ovariectomization did not influence the affects of ractopamine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Talton
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, United States
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Trefan L, Doeschl-Wilson A, Rooke J, Terlouw C, Bünger L. Meta-analysis of effects of gender in combination with carcass weight and breed on pork quality1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:1480-92. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Trefan
- Animal and Veterinary Science Group, Scotland's Rural College, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - A. Doeschl-Wilson
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - J.A. Rooke
- Animal and Veterinary Science Group, Scotland's Rural College, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - C. Terlouw
- UMR 1213 Herbivores, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Genès, F-63122 St. Genés Champanelle, France
| | - L. Bünger
- Animal and Veterinary Science Group, Scotland's Rural College, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
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Almeida VV, Nuñez AJC, Schinckel AP, Andrade C, Balieiro JCC, Sbardella M, Miyada VS. Time-response relationship of ractopamine feeding on growth performance, plasma urea nitrogen concentration, and carcass traits of finishing pigs1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:811-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V. V. Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - A. J. C. Nuñez
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - A. P. Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - C. Andrade
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - J. C. C. Balieiro
- Department of Basic Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - M. Sbardella
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - V. S. Miyada
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
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82
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Samadi, Jois M, Dunshea F, Leury B. The β3-adrenergic agonist (BRL35135A) improves feed efficiency and decreases visceral but not subcutaneous fat in lambs. Small Rumin Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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83
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Wang H, Wang LS, Shi BM, Shan AS. Effects of dietary corn dried distillers grains with solubles and vitamin E on growth performance, meat quality, fatty acid profiles, and pork shelf life of finishing pigs. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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84
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Key signalling factors and pathways in the molecular determination of skeletal muscle phenotype. Animal 2012; 1:681-98. [PMID: 22444469 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731107702070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis and control of the biochemical and biophysical properties of skeletal muscle, regarded as muscle phenotype, are examined in terms of fibre number, fibre size and fibre types. A host of external factors or stimuli, such as ligand binding and contractile activity, are transduced in muscle into signalling pathways that lead to protein modifications and changes in gene expression which ultimately result in the establishment of the specified phenotype. In skeletal muscle, the key signalling cascades include the Ras-extracellular signal regulated kinase-mitogen activated protein kinase (Erk-MAPK), the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)-Akt1, p38 MAPK, and calcineurin pathways. The molecular effects of external factors on these pathways revealed complex interactions and functional overlap. A major challenge in the manipulation of muscle of farm animals lies in the identification of regulatory and target genes that could effect defined and desirable changes in muscle quality and quantity. To this end, recent advances in functional genomics that involve the use of micro-array technology and proteomics are increasingly breaking new ground in furthering our understanding of the molecular determinants of muscle phenotype.
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Moore K, Mullan B, D'Souza D. The interaction between ractopamine supplementation, porcine somatotropin and moisture infusion on pork quality. Meat Sci 2012; 92:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Fat affects meat quality, value and production efficiency as well as providing energy reserves for pregnancy and lactation in farm livestock. Leptin, the adipocyte product of the obese (ob) gene, was quickly seen as a predictor of body fat content in animals approaching slaughter and an aid to assessing reproductive readiness in females. Its participation in inflammation and immune responses that help animals survive infection and trauma has clear additional relevance to meat and milk production. Furthermore, almost a decade of discoveries of nucleotide polymorphisms in the leptin and leptin receptor genes has suggested useful applications relating to feed intake regulation, the efficiency of feed use, the composition of growth, the timing of puberty, mammogenesis and mammary gland function and fertility in cattle, pigs and poultry. The current review attempts to summarise where research has taken us in each of these aspects and speculates on where future research might lead.
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87
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Effect of dietary beta-agonist treatment, vitamin D3 supplementation and electrical stimulation of carcasses on colour and drip loss of steaks from feedlot steers. Meat Sci 2012; 90:607-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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88
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Impact of dietary betaine and conjugated linoleic acid on insulin sensitivity, protein and fat metabolism of obese pigs. Animal 2012; 6:1058-67. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111002308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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89
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Dietary n-3 PUFA affect lipid metabolism and tissue function-related genes in bovine muscle. Br J Nutr 2011; 108:858-63. [PMID: 22093548 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511006179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiles of bovine longissimus muscle as affected by dietary n-3 v. n-6 fatty acid (FA) intervention were analysed by microarray pre-screening of >3000 muscle biology/meat quality-related genes as well as subsequent quantitative RT-PCR gene expression validation of genes encoding lipogenesis-related transcription factors (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1), key-lipogenic enzymes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase α (ACACA), fatty acid synthase (FASN), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)), lipid storage-associated proteins (adipose differentiation-related protein (ADFP)) and muscle biology-related proteins (cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, α1, farnesyl diphosphate farnesyl transferase 1, sema domain 3C (SEMA3C)). Down-regulation of ACACA (P = 0·00), FASN (P = 0·09) and SCD (P = 0·02) gene expression upon an n-3 FA intervention directly corresponded to reduced SFA, MUFA and total FA concentrations in longissimus muscle, whereas changes in ADFP (P = 0·00) and SEMA3C (P = 0·05) gene expression indicated improved muscle function via enhanced energy metabolism, vasculogenesis, innervation and mediator synthesis. The present study highlights the significance of dietary n-3 FA intervention on muscle development, maintenance and function, which are relevant for meat quality tailoring of bovine tissues and modulating animal production-relevant physiological processes.
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90
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Jeong JY, Choi JH, Choi YS, Han DJ, Kim HY, Lee MA, Lee DH, Kim CJ. The Effects of Immunocastration on Meat Quality and Sensory Properties of Pork Bellies. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2011. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.3.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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91
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Lara MS, Gutierrez JI, Timón M, Andrés AI. Evaluation of two natural extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Melissa officinalis L.) as antioxidants in cooked pork patties packed in MAP. Meat Sci 2011; 88:481-8. [PMID: 21345605 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two natural extracts, from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.; Nutrox) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.; Meliox) showing a potential antioxidant activity, have been evaluated and compared with a synthetic antioxidant (Butylated hydroxytoluene; BHT) and a control batch. Pork meat patties were made by addition of the mentioned compounds, cooked and packed in modified atmosphere and stored under illumination for 6 days. A descriptive sensory analysis was also conducted. The patties with natural extracts showed higher a*-values (P<0.001) than control and BHT samples. Cooked pork hardness was the lowest for Meliox batch after 0 and 3 days of storage in comparison with the rest of the batches. Nutrox batch showed the lowest TBARS values and hexanal content (P<0.05) throughout the storage period. The batches with natural antioxidants produced the highest concentrations of free thiol groups after 0 and 3 days. Differences in sensory attributes among batches were not detected by the judge panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Lara
- Food Technology Department, School of Agricultural Engineering in Badajoz, University of Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
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92
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Stress reactivity and its relationship to beef quality in Nguni steers supplemented with Acacia karroo leaves. Animal 2011; 5:1361-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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93
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Ripoll G, Joy M, Muñoz F. Use of dietary vitamin E and selenium (Se) to increase the shelf life of modified atmosphere packaged light lamb meat. Meat Sci 2011; 87:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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94
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Samadi, Jois M, Dunshea FR, Leury BJ. The β3-adrenergic agonist (BRL35135A) acutely increases oxygen consumption and plasma intermediate metabolites in sheep. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/an10019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that an atypical adrenoreceptor subtype is involved in mediating some of the physiological effects of catecholamines, particularly in some adipose tissue sites. Therefore, three experiments were conducted to determine the metabolic and energetic responses to oral administration of the purported β3-agonist BRL35135A in ruminant lambs. The post-prandial increase in O2 consumption (0.109 versus 0.139 L/min) and CO2 production (0.102 versus 0.127 L/min) at 30 min after feeding was greater (P < 0.05) in the lambs receiving 5 mg of the BRL35135A. Treatment × time interactions over the period between –50 and 220 min indicate significant increases in plasma non-esterified fatty acids (P < 0.001), glucose (P < 0.001) and lactate (P = 0.024) in lambs consuming a single oral dose of 5 mg BRL35135A. In a subsequent experiment there were similar interactions over the period between –120 and 1440 min for non-esterified fatty acids (P < 0.001), glucose (P < 0.001) and lactate (P < 0.001) in lambs consuming a lower oral dose of 1 mg BRL35135A. The effects of BRL35135A on plasma non-esterified fatty acids (P = 0.95), glucose (P = 0.84) and lactate (P = 0.68) were not modified by the β1- and β2-adrenergic antagonist alprenolol suggesting that the effects were mediated via β3-adrenergic receptor subtypes. In conclusion, these experiments indicate that BRL35135A is acutely active in sheep when given with feed, as indicated by increases in respiratory gas exchange and plasma metabolite concentrations.
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95
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Effect of dietary supplementation with different sources of selenium on growth response, selenium blood levels and meat quality of intensively finished Charolais young bulls. Animal 2011; 5:1531-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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96
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Trefan L, Bünger L, Bloom-Hansen J, Rooke JA, Salmi B, Larzul C, Terlouw C, Doeschl-Wilson A. Meta-analysis of the effects of dietary vitamin E supplementation on α-tocopherol concentration and lipid oxidation in pork. Meat Sci 2010; 87:305-14. [PMID: 21146329 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analyses have been carried out to quantify the effect of dietary vitamin E on α-tocopherol accumulation and on lipid oxidation in porcine M. longissimus. Published results of 13 (vitamin E accumulation) and 10 (lipid oxidation) experiments respectively were used for the analyses. After a number of standardization procedures, a nonlinear relationship was found between the supplementary vitamin E and the accumulation of α-tocopherol in pork which approached a maximum value of 6.4 μg/g tissue. Pork lipid oxidation levels were described in terms of Thiobarbituric Acid Reacting Substances (TBARS) values. The statistical analysis revealed significant effect of vitamin E dose, muscle α-tocopherol concentration and supplementation time on TBARS, resulting in two prediction models for lipid oxidation. Meta-analysis has proven to be a valuable tool for combining results from previous studies to quantify the effects of dietary vitamin E. Further studies, carried out with standardized experimental protocols would be beneficial for model validation and to increase the predictive power of the derived models.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Trefan
- Sustainable Livestock Systems Group, Scottish Agricultural College, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH93JG, UK.
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97
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Hope-Jones M, Strydom P, Frylinck L, Webb E. The efficiency of electrical stimulation to counteract the negative effects of β-agonists on meat tenderness of feedlot cattle. Meat Sci 2010; 86:699-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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98
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Cafe LM, McIntyre BL, Robinson DL, Geesink GH, Barendse W, Pethick DW, Thompson JM, Greenwood PL. Production and processing studies on calpain-system gene markers for tenderness in Brahman cattle: 2. Objective meat quality1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:3059-69. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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99
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Cafe LM, McIntyre BL, Robinson DL, Geesink GH, Barendse W, Greenwood PL. Production and processing studies on calpain-system gene markers for tenderness in Brahman cattle: 1. Growth, efficiency, temperament, and carcass characteristics1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:3047-58. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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100
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Leick CM, Puls CL, Ellis M, Killefer J, Carr TR, Scramlin SM, England MB, Gaines AM, Wolter BF, Carr SN, McKeith FK. Effect of distillers dried grains with solubles and ractopamine (Paylean) on quality and shelf-life of fresh pork and bacon. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:2751-66. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2009-2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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