51
|
Pauli G, Aepfelbacher M, Bauerfeind U, Blümel J, Burger R, Gärtner B, Gröner A, Gürtler L, Heiden M, Hildebrandt M, Jansen B, Offergeld R, Schlenkrich U, Schottstedt V, Seitz R, Strobel J, Willkommen H, Baylis SA. Hepatitis E Virus. Transfus Med Hemother 2015; 42:247-65. [PMID: 26557817 DOI: 10.1159/000431191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
52
|
Lin J, Karlsson M, Olofson AS, Belák S, Malmsten J, Dalin AM, Widén F, Norder H. High prevalence of hepatitis e virus in Swedish moose--a phylogenetic characterization and comparison of the virus from different regions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122102. [PMID: 25906163 PMCID: PMC4408071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infects a range of species, including humans, pigs, wild boars and deer. Zoonotic transmission may contribute to the high HEV seroprevalence in the human population of many countries. A novel divergent HEV from moose (Alces alces) in Sweden was recently identified by partial genome sequencing. Since only one strain was found, its classification within the HEV family, prevalence in moose and zoonotic potential was unclear. We therefore investigated samples from 231 moose in seven Swedish counties for HEV, and sequenced a near complete moose HEV genome. Phylogenetic analysis to classify this virus within the family Hepeviridae and to explore potential host specific determinants was performed. METHODS AND FINDINGS The HEV prevalence of moose was determined by PCR (marker for active infection) and serological assays (marker of past infection) of sera and 51 fecal samples from 231 Swedish moose. Markers of active and past infection were found in 67 (29%) animals, while 34 (15%) were positive for HEV RNA, 43 (19%) were seropositive for anti-HEV antibodies, and 10 (4%) had both markers. The number of young individuals positive for HEV RNA was larger than for older individuals, and the number of anti-HEV antibody positive individuals increased with age. The high throughput sequenced moose HEV genome was 35-60% identical to existing HEVs. Partial ORF1 sequences from 13 moose strains showed high similarity among them, forming a distinct monophyletic clade with a common ancestor to HEV genotype 1-6 group, which includes members known for zoonotic transmission. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a high frequency of HEV in moose in Sweden, with markers of current and past infection demonstrated in 30% of the animals. Moose is thus an important animal reservoir of HEV. The phylogenetic relationship demonstrated that the moose HEV belonged to the genotype 1-6 group, which includes strains that also infect humans, and therefore may signify a potential for zoonotic transmission of this HEV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Lin
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Sophie Olofson
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Malmsten
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne-Marie Dalin
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frederik Widén
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology (VIP), National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heléne Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Section of Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Sridhar S, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Hepatitis E: A disease of reemerging importance. J Formos Med Assoc 2015; 114:681-90. [PMID: 25773541 PMCID: PMC7126687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Originally considered to be restricted to humans, it is now clear that HEV and HEV-like viruses have several animal reservoirs with complex ecology and genetic diversity, as exemplified by the recent discovery of HEV in dromedaries, a previously underestimated reservoir of zoonotic viruses prior to the emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus. Zoonotic foodborne transmission from pigs and feral animals such as wild boar is of increasing importance in the rapidly industrializing countries of the Asia Pacific region. Such zoonotic hepatitis E infection has particular relevance to the increasing population living with immunosuppression, due to the risk of chronic hepatitis E in these patients. Fortunately, major strides have been made recently in the management of chronic hepatitis E patients. Furthermore, an effective vaccine is also available that promises better control of hepatitis E burden in the near future. This review highlights these major recent developments in the epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Liu X, Saito M, Sayama Y, Suzuki E, Malbas FF, Galang HO, Furuse Y, Saito M, Li T, Suzuki A, Oshitani H. Seroprevalence and molecular characteristics of hepatitis E virus in household-raised pig population in the Philippines. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:11. [PMID: 25622684 PMCID: PMC4312430 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a significant public health concern in Asia, and swine is an important source of sporadic HEV infection in human. However, no epidemiological data are available regarding HEV infection among the swine or human population in the Philippines. To assess the HEV infection status among pigs in rural areas, we investigated the molecular characteristics and seroprevalence of HEV among household-raised pigs in San Jose, Tarlac Province, the Philippines. Result Serum and rectal swab samples were collected from 299 pigs aged 2–24 months from 155 households in four barangays (villages) between July 2010 and June 2011. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that 50.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 44.5–56.2%] and 22.9% (95% CI 18.2–28.1%) of pigs tested positive for anti-HEV IgG and IgM, respectively. HEV RNA was detected in the feces of 22 pigs (7.4%, 95% CI 4.7–10.9%). A total of 103 households (66.5%, 95% CI 58.4–73.8%) had at least one pig that tested positive for anti-HEV IgG or IgM or HEV RNA. The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG and IgM in breeding pig (8–24 months) were higher than that in growing pigs (2–4 months) (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.008, respectively). HEV RNA was more frequently detected in 2–4-month-old pigs (9.2%, 95% CI 5.4–14.6%) than in ≥5-month-old pigs (4.8%, 95% CI 1.1–8.5%) without statistical significance (p = 0.142). HEV RNA showed 0–27.6% nucleotide difference at the partial ORF2 gene among the detected viruses, and a majority of them belonged to subtype 3a (20/22, 90.9%). Conclusion We found a high prevalence of HEV antibodies in the household-raised pig population in rural areas of the Philippines, which indicates the potential risk of HEV infection among local residents. Only genotype 3 of HEV was observed, and genetically diverse strains of HEV were found to be circulating in pigs in this study. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0322-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Mariko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan. .,Tohoku-RITM Collaborating Research Center on Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, RITM compound, FCC, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines.
| | - Yusuke Sayama
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Ellie Suzuki
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Fedelino F Malbas
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, FCC, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines.
| | - Hazel O Galang
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, FCC, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines.
| | - Yuki Furuse
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Tiancheng Li
- Depatment of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan. .,Tohoku-RITM Collaborating Research Center on Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, RITM compound, FCC, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, 1781, Philippines.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Wang S, Wei W, Luo X, Cai X. Genome-wide comparisons of phylogenetic similarities between partial genomic regions and the full-length genome in Hepatitis E virus genotyping. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115785. [PMID: 25542033 PMCID: PMC4277416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides the complete genome, different partial genomic sequences of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) have been used in genotyping studies, making it difficult to compare the results based on them. No commonly agreed partial region for HEV genotyping has been determined. In this study, we used a statistical method to evaluate the phylogenetic performance of each partial genomic sequence from a genome wide, by comparisons of evolutionary distances between genomic regions and the full-length genomes of 101 HEV isolates to identify short genomic regions that can reproduce HEV genotype assignments based on full-length genomes. Several genomic regions, especially one genomic region at the 3'-terminal of the papain-like cysteine protease domain, were detected to have relatively high phylogenetic correlations with the full-length genome. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the identical performances between these regions and the full-length genome in genotyping, in which the HEV isolates involved could be divided into reasonable genotypes. This analysis may be of value in developing a partial sequence-based consensus classification of HEV species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xuenong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Jia Z, Yi Y, Liu J, Cao J, Zhang Y, Tian R, Yu T, Wang H, Wang X, Su Q, Zhou W, Cui F, Liang X, Bi S. Epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in China: results from the Third National Viral Hepatitis Prevalence Survey, 2005-2006. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110837. [PMID: 25360522 PMCID: PMC4215996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, hepatitis E virus (HEV) is prevalent and causes disease, but its epidemiological profile is not well understood. We used a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect total antibodies to hepatitis E virus in 15,862 serum samples collected during the Third National Viral Hepatitis Prevalence Survey. The results were analyzed to calculate estimates of HEV seroprevalence and to examine the effects of some putative risk factors. The seroprevalence of HEV in the general Chinese population during the period from 2005 through 2006 was 23.46% (95% confidence interval [CI], 18.41%–28.50%). The farming population, the age group of 15–60 year olds, and those living in the Midwest or Mideast region and in Xinjiang province had the highest seroprevalence estimates. The prevalence of HEV is high in China. The seroprevalence rate of HEV shows an unbalanced distribution among areas with different geographic location and economic development levels. The characteristics of the distribution associated may be due to the route of HEV transmission (via contaminated water or animal reservoirs). Within the same region, the seroprevalence of HEV is generally increased with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Jia
- National Institute of Virology Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Yi
- National Institute of Virology Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyuan Cao
- National Institute of Virology Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Institute of Virology Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiguang Tian
- National Institute of Virology Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yu
- National Institute of Virology Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Institute of Virology Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Wang
- National Institute of Virology Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qiudong Su
- National Institute of Virology Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenting Zhou
- National Institute of Virology Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shengli Bi
- National Institute of Virology Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Han J, Zeng H, Wang L, Liu P, Liu L, Xia J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhuang H. Hepatitis E virus infection in farmed rabbits and swine in the Eastern Chinese city Lianyungang: Showing no potential interspecies transmission. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1898-904. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Han
- Department of Microbiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Hang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Microbiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Microbiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Microbiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Junke Xia
- Department of Microbiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Microbiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Johne R, Dremsek P, Reetz J, Heckel G, Hess M, Ulrich RG. Hepeviridae: an expanding family of vertebrate viruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:212-29. [PMID: 25050488 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) was first identified in 1990, although hepatitis E-like diseases in humans have been recorded for a long time dating back to the 18th century. The HEV genotypes 1-4 have been subsequently detected in human hepatitis E cases with different geographical distribution and different modes of transmission. Genotypes 3 and 4 have been identified in parallel in pigs, wild boars and other animal species and their zoonotic potential has been confirmed. Until 2010, these genotypes along with avian HEV strains infecting chicken were the only known representatives of the family Hepeviridae. Thereafter, additional HEV-related viruses have been detected in wild boars, distinct HEV-like viruses were identified in rats, rabbit, ferret, mink, fox, bats and moose, and a distantly related agent was described from closely related salmonid fish. This review summarizes the characteristics of the so far known HEV-like viruses, their phylogenetic relationship, host association and proposed involvement in diseases. Based on the reviewed knowledge, a suggestion for a new taxonomic grouping scheme of the viruses within the family Hepeviridae is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reimar Johne
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Dremsek
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jochen Reetz
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerald Heckel
- University of Bern, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine (Vetmeduni Vienna), Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Lara J, Purdy MA, Khudyakov YE. Genetic host specificity of hepatitis E virus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 24:127-39. [PMID: 24667049 PMCID: PMC5745802 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes epidemic and sporadic cases of hepatitis worldwide. HEV genotypes 3 (HEV3) and 4 (HEV4) infect humans and animals, with swine being the primary reservoir. The relevance of HEV genetic diversity to host adaptation is poorly understood. We employed a Bayesian network (BN) analysis of HEV3 and HEV4 to detect epistatic connectivity among protein sites and its association with the host specificity in each genotype. The data imply coevolution among ∼70% of polymorphic sites from all HEV proteins and association of numerous coevolving sites with adaptation to swine or humans. BN models for individual proteins and domains of the nonstructural polyprotein detected the host origin of HEV strains with accuracy of 74-93% and 63-87%, respectively. These findings, taken together with lack of phylogenetic association to host, suggest that the HEV host specificity is a heritable and convergent phenotypic trait achievable through variety of genetic pathways (abundance), and explain a broad host range for HEV3 and HEV4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Lara
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Michael A Purdy
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yury E Khudyakov
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Liu P, Du RJ, Wang L, Han J, Liu L, Zhang YL, Xia JK, Lu FM, Zhuang H. Management of hepatitis E virus (HEV) zoonotic transmission: protection of rabbits against HEV challenge following immunization with HEV 239 vaccine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87600. [PMID: 24498149 PMCID: PMC3907545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) constitutes a significant health burden worldwide, with an estimated approximately 33% of the world's population exposed to the pathogen. The recent licensed HEV 239 vaccine in China showed excellent protective efficacy against HEV of genotypes 1 and 4 in the general population and pregnant women. Because hepatitis E is a zoonosis, it is also necessary to ascertain whether this vaccine can serve to manage animal sources of human HEV infection. To test the efficacy of the HEV 239 vaccine in protecting animal reservoirs of HEV against HEV infection, twelve specific-pathogen-free (SPF) rabbits were divided randomly into two groups of 6 animals and inoculated intramuscularly with HEV 239 and placebo (PBS). All animals were challenged intravenously with swine HEV of genotype 4 or rabbit HEV seven weeks after the initial immunization. The course of infection was monitored for 10 weeks by serum ALT levels, duration of viremia and fecal virus excretion and HEV antibody responses. All rabbits immunized with HEV 239 developed high titers of anti-HEV and no signs of HEV infection were observed throughout the experiment, while rabbits inoculated with PBS developed viral hepatitis following challenge, with liver enzyme elevations, viremia, and fecal virus shedding. Our data indicated that the HEV 239 vaccine is highly immunogenic for rabbits and that it can completely protect rabbits against homologous and heterologous HEV infections. These findings could facilitate the prevention of food-borne sporadic HEV infection in both developing and industrialized countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ren jie Du
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jian Han
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu lin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun ke Xia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng min Lu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Geng Y, Zhang H, Huang W, J Harrison T, Geng K, Li Z, Wang Y. Persistent hepatitis e virus genotype 4 infection in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2014; 14:e15618. [PMID: 24596581 PMCID: PMC3929864 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.15618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In general, the hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes acute, self-limiting hepatitis. Prolonged and chronic infections caused by HEV genotype 3 have been found in some immunosuppressed patients in developed countries. CASE PRESENTATION Here we report a Chinese boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, who developed hepatitis E during a period of intensive chemotherapy. Twenty months after the initial infection, HEV viremia was reappeared in the patient, with detectable anti-HEV IgM and IgG and modestly elevated serum transaminases. Sequence analysis of the viral RNAs revealed the reactivation of the HEV genotype 4d strain, indicating viral persistence in the patient. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first chronic case confirmed by the prolonged presence of HEV RNA in china. It is also the first reported persistent hepatitis E infection caused by HEV genotype 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Geng
- Health Science Center, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Health Science Center, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Tiantanxili, Beijing, China
| | - Tim J Harrison
- Division of Medicine, University College London Medical School, London, UK
| | - Kunjing Geng
- Baoding Hospital for Infectious Disease, Baoding, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Affiliate Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Hepatitis Institute of Beijing Municipal Health Bureau, Beijing, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Tiantanxili, Beijing, China
- Corresponding Author: Youchun Wang, Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, 2 Tiantianxili, Beijing, China. Tel: +86-1067095921, Fax: +86-1067053754, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Krain LJ, Nelson KE, Labrique AB. Host immune status and response to hepatitis E virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 27:139-65. [PMID: 24396140 PMCID: PMC3910912 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00062-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV), identified over 30 years ago, remains a serious threat to life, health, and productivity in developing countries where access to clean water is limited. Recognition that HEV also circulates as a zoonotic and food-borne pathogen in developed countries is more recent. Even without treatment, most cases of HEV-related acute viral hepatitis (with or without jaundice) resolve within 1 to 2 months. However, HEV sometimes leads to acute liver failure, chronic infection, or extrahepatic symptoms. The mechanisms of pathogenesis appear to be substantially immune mediated. This review covers the epidemiology of HEV infection worldwide, the humoral and cellular immune responses to HEV, and the persistence and protection of antibodies produced in response to both natural infection and vaccines. We focus on the contributions of altered immune states (associated with pregnancy, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], and immunosuppressive agents used in cancer and transplant medicine) to the elevated risks of chronic infection (in immunosuppressed/immunocompromised patients) and acute liver failure and mortality (among pregnant women). We conclude by discussing outstanding questions about the immune response to HEV and interactions with hormones and comorbid conditions. These questions take on heightened importance now that a vaccine is available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J. Krain
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenrad E. Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alain B. Labrique
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Geng YS, Li HQ, Zhang HX, Lian HC, Li J, Geng KJ, Zhou YC. Clinical significance of serum hepatitis E virus ORF2 antigen detection in hepatitis E patients. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:4153-4157. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i36.4153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the correlation of serum hepatitis E virus (HEV) ORF2 antigen with other serum markers of HEV infection and assess the significance of HEV ORF2 antigen detection for the diagnosis of HEV infection.
METHODS: Serum samples collected from sporadic hepatitis E patients were detected for anti-HEV IgM, anti-HEV IgG and HEV-Ag using ELISA kits. HEV RNA was detected by RT-Nested-PCR. The use of hepatitis E virus antigen as an early diagnostic marker for HEV infection was evaluated by comparing with HEV RNA detection.
RESULTS: Among 116 samples collected for the first time after patient admission to the hospital, 5, 21, 63 and 27 were IgM-IgG-, IgM+ IgG-, IgM+IgG+ and IgM-IgG+, respectively, and the HEV-Ag positive rate in each group was 100% (5/5), 90.5% (19/21), 61.9% (39/63) and 3.7% (1/27), respectively. Out of the 64 HEV-Ag positive samples, 40 (62.5%, 40/64) were HEV RNA positive; while out of the 52 HEV-Ag negative samples, only 1 (1.9%, 2/52) was HEV RNA positive. The consistency between ELISA for ORF2 antigen detection and RT-PCR for HEV RNA was good (Kappa value = 0.582).
CONCLUSION: The presence of HEV antigen is correlated with HEV RNA in serum samples of hepatitis E patients. HEV antigen detection is useful for the early diagnosis of acute hepatitis E.
Collapse
|
64
|
Mao J, Zhao Y, She R, Xiao P, Tian J, Chen J. One case of swine hepatitis E virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus co-infection in weaned pigs. Virol J 2013; 10:341. [PMID: 24252365 PMCID: PMC4225530 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Using various methods, we analyzed the cause of death among weaned pigs from a pig farm in Hebei Province, China. All 300 piglets (100% fatality) were identified as moribund, with death occurring within 1 month from the onset of clinical signs. Results A single case exhibited obvious hemorrhagic necrotic changes with massive lymphocytic infiltration in multiple organs, in particular the liver, lungs and intestines. Dysplasia and lymphocyte deterioration were common in lymphatic organs. No visible bacterial colonies from liver and spleen were observed in nutrient, MacConkey, and blood agar plates. Using polymerase chain reaction techniques for this case, we attempted to detect a number of epidemic swine viruses in spleen and liver, including PRRSV, CSF, HEV, and PCV2. We found that this sample was positive for the presence of HEV and PRRSV. Conclusions We have detected HEV and PRRSV co-infection in one piglet. Severe pathologic changes were observed. The high mortality of weaned pigs which showed the similar clinical syptom was possibly a result of HEV and PRRSV co-infection, which has rarely been reported previously. We speculated that co-infection with PRRSV and HEV might lead to more serious problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruiping She
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Lu YH, Qian HZ, Hu AQ, Ren H, Qin X, Jiang QW, Zheng YJ. Duration of viraemia in Chinese acute sporadic hepatitis E. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:755-9. [PMID: 24241947 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-2007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Acute sporadic hepatitis E (ASHE) cases induced by hepatitis E virus genotype 4 (HEV-4) are increasing in China. Our study aimed to estimate the duration of HEV-4 viraemia in Chinese ASHE. A total of 619 serum specimens from 499 ASHE patients were examined for the presence of HEV RNA. The association between viraemia detection and serum sampling time was compared between subtypes. The cumulative probability of HEV viraemia detection was determined using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and the viraemia duration was estimated. A total of 42.7 % of serum specimens were positive for HEV RNA and all the isolated strains were identified as genotype 4 and subsequently assigned to five subtypes. Among the patients infected with subtypes 4d and 4i, the time interval from the initiation of clinical symptoms to serum specimen sampling was shorter than that among the patients with subtypes 4a, 4b and 4h. Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted with 101 sequential specimens as well as with both 101 sequential specimens and 236 single negative specimens. The cumulative probability of HEV-4 viraemia detection was estimated to decline quickly to approximately 10 % within 32 days after the initiation of clinical symptoms and then to decline very slowly to 5 % by the 41st day and to zero by the 131st day. The majority of ASHE cases maintain detectable HEV-4 viraemia within one month after onset, whereas a small portion of cases maintain long-term viraemia and may act as a reservoir for further transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Lu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education-Department of Epidemiology, Fudan University School of Public Health, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Bouamra Y, Gérolami R, Arzouni JP, Grimaud JC, Lafforgue P, Nelli M, Tivoli N, Ferretti A, Motte A, Colson P. Emergence of autochthonous infections with hepatitis E virus of genotype 4 in Europe. Intervirology 2013; 57:43-8. [PMID: 24157452 DOI: 10.1159/000354801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, autochthonous hepatitis E is caused by genotype 3 hepatitis E virus (HEV) in almost all cases. A total of 15 infections with genotype 4 HEV were diagnosed in France from May 2009 to April 2012, and all but one of the HEV-4 strains implicated in these infections were genetically related and highly similar to HEV-4 sequences isolated from swine in Belgium. In addition, 5 autochthonous HEV-4 infections have been described in the region of Lazio, Italy, during March and April 2011, and these HEV sequences were 100% identical to one another but showed relatively low similarity (74-85%) to HEV-4 RNA samples collected in France. We report 6 additional HEV-4 infections that were diagnosed from May to July 2012 which represented 50% of the HEV infections diagnosed during this period in our clinical microbiology laboratory. Five of these HEV-4 strains were associated with autochthonous infections and were clustered together and with the majority of HEV-4 previously described in France, whereas the sixth strain was genetically divergent. Taken together with reports from other teams, these observations indicate that autochthonous infections with HEV-4 are emerging in Europe and have been transmitted by at least two distinct sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanis Bouamra
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Geng Y, Zhao C, Fan J, Harrison TJ, Zhang H, Lian H, Geng K, Wang Y. Genotype analysis of hepatitis E virus from sporadic hepatitis E cases in northern China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:413-7. [PMID: 24140474 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is an important public health problem in many countries. However, there is no definite conclusion about the zoonotic reservoir, transmission patterns and risk factors of hepatitis E in the human population. The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological and viral genotype characteristics of hepatitis E cases in northern China. Surveillance was conducted in two hospitals in Liaoning and Hebei province from July 2010 to June 2012. Out of a total of 116 diagnosed patients, 88 (75.9%) were male and 28 (24.1%) were female and most (73%) were in the age group 40-70 years. In both hospitals, cases were diagnosed more frequently in March than in other months. HEV RNA was amplified from 41 patients and characterized by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Most of the isolates (37 strains, 90.3%) were genotype 4, including subgenotypes 4a, 4b, 4d, 4h, 4i and a new subgenotype. One subgenotype 3a strain was isolated from Baoding, Hebei province. Three genotype 1b strains were found from patients in Jinzhou, Liaoning province. Most of the genotype 4 strains and the genotype 3 strains were phylogenetically related to known swine isolates. In conclusion, the finding that HEV infects mostly middle-aged and elderly men and that the incidence spiked in March may reflect the zoonotic transmission characteristics of HEV infection. Pigs, but not rabbits, were the important reservoirs in this area, because genotype 4 HEV was found to be responsible for the majority hepatitis E cases. However, genotype 1 is still present in northern China. Also, the first isolation of genotype 3 HEV in this area indicates that alternative routes of HEV transmission might exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Geng
- Health Science Center, Hebei University, No. 342 Yuhuadonglu, Baoding 071000, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Pérez-Gracia MT, Mateos Lindemann ML, Caridad Montalvo Villalba M. Hepatitis E: current status. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:384-98. [PMID: 24038432 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute hepatitis E is a very common disease in developing countries, to the point that, according to World Health Organization estimates, one third of the world's population has been exposed to HEV. It also causes outbreaks in refugee camps or after natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes. Sporadic cases of acute hepatitis have been observed in practically all European countries and other developed geographical areas, not only in travelers from endemic countries but also in people with no risk factors. But, lately, new aspects of this infection are appearing in industrialized countries such as the possibility of the disease becoming chronic in transplant patients, the immunocompromised in general, and even in patients with previous liver disease who are immunocompetent. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the current knowledge on HEV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Pérez-Gracia
- Área de Microbiología. Departamento Farmacia. Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada Valencia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Nakano T, Takahashi K, Arai M, Okano H, Kato H, Ayada M, Okamoto H, Mishiro S. Identification of European-type hepatitis E virus subtype 3e isolates in Japanese wild boars: Molecular tracing of HEV from swine to wild boars. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 18:287-98. [PMID: 23770142 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
70
|
Yang D, Jiang M, Jin M, Qiu Z, Cui W, Shen Z, Li B, Gong L, Chen Z, Wang X, Li JW. Full-length sequence analysis of hepatitis E virus isolates: showing potential determinants of virus genotype and identity. Virus Genes 2013; 47:414-21. [PMID: 23888309 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0962-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of a genotype 4 strain of hepatitis E virus (CH-YT-HEV02) from a patient (in Yantai, China) has been determined. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CH-YT-HEV02 belongs to genotype 4, subtype 4a. However, the phylogenetic analysis indicated that it was most closely related to JKO-CHiSai98C (AB197673) strain, sharing only 91.6% sequence identity with it. Judging from the phylogenetic tree based on the full-length nucleotide sequences of all 70 genotype 4 HEV isolates retrieved from GenBank up to May, 2013, the CH-YT-HEV02 isolates could serve as a Yantai-indigenous strain. A broader comparison with other genotype isolates revealed that there are a few conserved amino acids in the HVR region of different HEV genotypes, and two amino acid motifs in ORF2 and ORF3 might serve as signatures of genotype diversity of HEV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, No. 1, Dali Road, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Ma H, Geng Y, Li Z, Harrison TJ, Huang W, Zhao C, Wang Y. Analysis of the complete genome sequences of one swine and two human hepatitis E virus genotype 4 strains isolated in Beijing, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 18:42-7. [PMID: 23684630 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Full-length sequences were determined and analyzed for two human (MO and W3) and one swine (W2-5) hepatitis E virus (HEV) isolates from Beijing, China. The genomes of the three strains were composed of 7242, 7239, 7239 nucleotides, respectively, excluding the poly (A) tails, and were 84% identical to each other. All were classified into genotype 4. Sequence analysis shows that the 2 human isolates have up to 91-94% nucleotide identity in full length genome with swine strains isolated in China, while the swine isolate share 92% identity with the human strain T1 from Beijing. At the amino acid level, the three strains share 94%, 97% and 89-92% identity in the ORF1, ORF2 and ORF3, proteins respectively. The human strains MO and W3 have the highest identity, 97%, 98-99% and 96-98% in ORFs 1-3, respectively, to swine strains CHN-XJ-SW13 and CHN-XJ-SW33 from Xinjiang, China, while swine strain W2-5 has highest identity with the human strain HE-JA2, 96%, 99% and 91% in ORFs 1-3, respectively. Genotype specific amino acid substitutions were found at a single site in all three ORFs by sequences alignment, and genotype specific short sequences (5-10aa in length) were found in ORF1 and the C-terminus of ORF3. However, no difference was found at any amino acid position that discriminates between human and swine HEVs within genotype 4 for any of the three ORFs. These results indicated that the genotype 4 HEV strains from humans and pigs in China may evolve from the common ancestor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2, Tiantanxili, Beijing 100050, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Seasonal pattern of hepatitis E virus prevalence in swine in two different geographical areas of China. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:2403-9. [PMID: 23388392 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied seasonal patterns of swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in China. From 2008 to 2011, 4200 swine bile specimens were collected for the detection of HEV RNA. A total of 92/2400 (3·83%) specimens in eastern China and 47/1800 (2·61%) specimens in southwestern China were positive for HEV. Seasonal patterns differing by geographical area were suggested. In eastern China, the major peak of HEV RNA prevalence was during March-April, with a minor peak during September-October, and a dip during July-August. In southwestern China, the peak was during September-October and the dip during March-April. The majority of subtype 4a cases (63/82, 76·83%) were detected in the first half of the year, while the majority of subtype 4b cases (26/29, 89·66%) were concentrated in the second half of the year, suggesting that different subtypes contribute to different peaks. Our results indicate that the distribution of HEV subtypes is associated with seasonal patterns.
Collapse
|
73
|
Lu YH, Qian HZ, Qin X, Jiang QW, Zheng YJ. Subtypes of genotype 3 hepatitis E virus in pigs. Vet J 2013; 197:509-11. [PMID: 23357066 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA in faecal and bile samples from pigs in abattoirs in Eastern and South Western China from 2006 to 2011 was determined by reverse transcriptase PCR. HEV-3 was detected in 4/5952 (0.07%) pigs and HEV-4 was detected in 287/5952 (4.8%) pigs. Two HEV-3 subtype 3a strains from South Western China had 87.1-89.7% sequence identity. Two HEV-3 subtype 3b strains from Eastern China had 91.8-93.8% sequence identity and were similar to strains reported previously in Eastern and Central China. The distinct subtypes of HEV-3 in different regions of China suggested multiple origins of HEV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Lu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Department of Epidemiology, Fudan University School of Public Health, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
de la Caridad Montalvo Villalba M, Owot JC, Benedito EC, Corrreia B, Corredor MB, Flaquet PP, Frometa SS, Wong MS, Rodríguez Lay LDLÁ. Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 in humans and swine, Cuba. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 14:335-9. [PMID: 23333774 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study was conduced to determinate the seroprevalence and risk factors associated to hepatitis E virus (HEV) exposition, in individuals who work in pig farms located at western of Artemise Province. The presence of HEV in human and swine samples and the phylogenetic analysis were evaluated. One hundred six workers (with an age range of 18-70years) were enrolled in this study. Two groups were defined, 69 employees with swine related occupations and 37 workers without contact with pigs. None had abroad travel history. Serum samples were tested for immunoglobulins (Ig) M, G and A against HEV. Individual fecal samples were obtained from 57 workers and 53 swine. All feces were tested for HEV RNA using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The amplification products were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed by using MEGA5 software. A total of 38 (35.8%) (95% CI: 26.2-45.4) sera was positive for antibodies against HEV (anti-HEV). These were higher in persons who work in contact with swine compare as individuals with occupations without pig contact (40.5%, 28/69, 95% CI: 28.2-52.8, versus 27.0%, 10/37, 95% CI: 11.3-42.6, respectively). The prevalence of anti-HEV was higher in workers with an age range of 60-70years old and time-work 10-13years. HEV RNA was detected in 8 (14.0%) of 57 human fecal samples and 10 (18.8%) of 53 swine fecal samples. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on 7 amplification products obtained from 3 human and 4 swine fecal samples. Human and swine HEV sequences were closely related (94-99% nucleotide homology) and belonged to HEV genotype 3, subtype 3a.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María de la Caridad Montalvo Villalba
- National Reference Laboratory on Viral Hepatitis, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí (IPK), Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6 ½ e/Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, La Lisa. P.O. Box: 601, Marianao 13, Havana City, Cuba.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Complete genome sequence of the genotype 4 hepatitis E virus strain prevalent in swine in Jiangsu Province, China, reveals a close relationship with that from the human population in this area. J Virol 2012; 86:8334-5. [PMID: 22787267 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01060-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen of which several species of animal were reported as reservoirs. Swine stands out as the major reservoir for HEV infection in humans, as suggested by the close genetic relationship of swine and human viruses. In a previous study, we sequenced the complete genome of a human genotype 4 HEV strain (HM439284) that is prevalent in Jiangsu Province, China. Here we report the complete genome of one genotype 4 HEV strain which is prevalent in swine herds in Jiangsu Province. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the swine HEV strain in the present study has high sequence homology (>92%) with the genotype 4 HEV strains prevalent in the human population of Jiangsu Province. These results suggested that the genotype 4 HEV strain in the present study is involved in cross-species transmission between swine and humans in this area.
Collapse
|
76
|
Genetic characterization and codon usage bias of full-length Hepatitis E virus sequences shed new lights on genotypic distribution, host restriction and genome evolution. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1842-53. [PMID: 22951575 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is present in different species and ecological niches. It has been divided into 4 major mammalian genotypes. In this study, 3 new full-length genomes of swine HEV were sequenced and the results did not reveal any particular host determinant in comparison with human isolates belonging to the same genotype. Nucleotide composition and codon usage bias were determined to characterize HEV host restriction and genome evolution. Peculiar nucleotide bias was observed for A and C nucleotides in all HEV genotypes. Apart from the ORF1 hypervariable region and the ORF2/3 overlapping region, no nucleotide bias was observed between the 3 codon positions. CpG dinucleotides were also shown to be under-represented in HEV as in most RNA viruses. The effective number of codon used in HEV genome was high, indicating a lack of codon bias. Correspondence analysis of the relative synonymous codon usage was performed and demonstrated that evolution of HEV is not driven by geographical or host factors, but is representative of HEV phylogeny. These results confirm that HEV genome evolution is mainly based on mutational pressure. Natural selection, for instance involving fine-tuning translation kinetics and escape from the host immune system, may also play a role in shaping the HEV genome, particularly in the ORF1 hypervariable region and the ORF2/3 overlapping region. These regions might be involved in host restriction. Finally this study revealed the need to re-evaluate the possible subtyping classification.
Collapse
|