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van Gastel N, Spinelli JB, Sharda A, Schajnovitz A, Baryawno N, Rhee C, Oki T, Grace E, Soled HJ, Milosevic J, Sykes DB, Hsu PP, Vander Heiden MG, Vidoudez C, Trauger SA, Haigis MC, Scadden DT. Induction of a Timed Metabolic Collapse to Overcome Cancer Chemoresistance. Cell Metab 2020; 32:391-403.e6. [PMID: 32763164 PMCID: PMC8397232 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer relapse begins when malignant cells pass through the extreme metabolic bottleneck of stress from chemotherapy and the byproducts of the massive cell death in the surrounding region. In acute myeloid leukemia, complete remissions are common, but few are cured. We tracked leukemia cells in vivo, defined the moment of maximal response following chemotherapy, captured persisting cells, and conducted unbiased metabolomics, revealing a metabolite profile distinct from the pre-chemo growth or post-chemo relapse phase. Persisting cells used glutamine in a distinctive manner, preferentially fueling pyrimidine and glutathione generation, but not the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle. Notably, malignant cell pyrimidine synthesis also required aspartate provided by specific bone marrow stromal cells. Blunting glutamine metabolism or pyrimidine synthesis selected against residual leukemia-initiating cells and improved survival in leukemia mouse models and patient-derived xenografts. We propose that timed cell-intrinsic or niche-focused metabolic disruption can exploit a transient vulnerability and induce metabolic collapse in cancer cells to overcome chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick van Gastel
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jessica B Spinelli
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Azeem Sharda
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Amir Schajnovitz
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ninib Baryawno
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Catherine Rhee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Toshihiko Oki
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eliane Grace
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Heather J Soled
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jelena Milosevic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David B Sykes
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Peggy P Hsu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charles Vidoudez
- FAS Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Facility, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sunia A Trauger
- FAS Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Facility, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Marcia C Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David T Scadden
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Stepp MA, Pal-Ghosh S, Tadvalkar G, de Paiva CS. Parity Attenuates Intraepithelial Corneal Sensory Nerve Loss in Female Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5172. [PMID: 32708332 PMCID: PMC7404034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging impacts the ocular surface and reduces intraepithelial corneal nerve (ICN) density in male and female mice. Many researchers use retired breeders to study naturally aged female mice. Yet, the impact of parity and the length of time since breeders were retired on age-related changes in the intraepithelial corneal nerves is not known. Here we study 2 month (M) nulliparous (NP) females as well as 9M, 10M, and 11M NP and multiparous (MP) female mice to determine whether parity impacts the age-related decline seen in corneal axon density; 9M male mice are also included in these assessments. After showing that parity attenuates age-related loss in axon density, we also assess the impact of parity on corneal epithelial cell proliferation and find that it impacts cell proliferation and axon density normalized by cell proliferation. Stromal nerve arborization is also impacted by aging with parity enhancing stromal nerves in older mice. qPCR was performed on 20 genes implicated in ICN density using corneal epithelial RNA isolated from 10M NP and MP mice and showed that NGF expression was significantly elevated in MP corneal epithelium. Corneal sensitivity was significantly higher in 9M MP mice compared to NP mice and increased sensitivity in MP mice was accompanied by increased nerve terminals in the apical and middle cell layers. Together, these data show that parity in mice attenuates several aspects of the age-related decline seen on the ocular surface by retaining sensory axons and corneal sensitivity as mice age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Gauri Tadvalkar
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Debruin DA, Timpani CA, Lalunio H, Rybalka E, Goodman CA, Hayes A. Exercise May Ameliorate the Detrimental Side Effects of High Vitamin D Supplementation on Muscle Function in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:1092-1106. [PMID: 32078180 PMCID: PMC9327727 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D is commonly prescribed to normalize deficiencies and to treat osteoporosis. However, the effect vitamin D supplements have on skeletal muscle health is equivocal. Although vitamin D is known to play a role in the various processes that maintain muscle integrity and function, recent studies utilizing high bolus dose vitamin D supplementation has demonstrated an increased risk of falls. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high vitamin D supplementation on skeletal muscle function with and without exercise enrichment. Four-week old C57BL/10 mice (n = 48) were separated into either normal vitamin D (1500 IU/kg diet; unsupplemented) or high vitamin D (20,000 IU/kg diet; supplemented) treatment groups. Each dietary group was further separated into interventional subgroups where mice either remained sedentary or received exercise-enrichment for 8 weeks in the form of voluntary running. Following the intervention period, whole body in vivo and ex vivo contractile analysis were performed. High vitamin D supplementation decreased force production in the slow-twitch soleus muscles of sedentary mice (p < .01); however, exercise normalized this effect. Eight weeks of exercise did not improve fatigue resistance of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) or soleus muscles in unsupplemented mice, likely due to low levels of activation in these muscles. In contrast, fatigability was improved in the EDL (p < .01) and even more so in the soleus (p < .001) in the supplemented exercise-enriched group. Our data highlights that increasing vitamin D levels above normal reduces postural muscle force as seen in the soleus. Thus, unnecessary vitamin D supplementation may contribute to the increased risk of falls observed in some studies. Interestingly, when vitamin D supplementation was combined with exercise, force production was effectively restored, and fatigue resistance improved, even in muscles lowly activated. Regular exercise may modulate the effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle, and be recommended for individuals receiving vitamin D supplements. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Debruin
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cara A Timpani
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hannah Lalunio
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, Australia.,Department of Medicine - Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma Rybalka
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig A Goodman
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Muscle Research (CMR), Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine - Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Dinu AR, Rogobete AF, Bratu T, Popovici SE, Bedreag OH, Papurica M, Bratu LM, Sandesc D. Cannabis Sativa Revisited-Crosstalk between microRNA Expression, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Endocannabinoid Response System in Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis. Cells 2020; 9:E307. [PMID: 32012914 PMCID: PMC7072707 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Critically ill patients with sepsis require a multidisciplinary approach, as this situation implies multiorgan distress, with most of the bodily biochemical and cellular systems being affected by the condition. Moreover, sepsis is characterized by a multitude of biochemical interactions and by dynamic changes of the immune system. At the moment, there is a gap in our understanding of the cellular, genetic, and molecular mechanisms involved in sepsis. One of the systems intensely studied in recent years is the endocannabinoid signaling pathway, as light was shed over a series of important interactions of cannabinoid receptors with biochemical pathways, specifically for sepsis. Furthermore, a series of important implications on inflammation and the immune system that are induced by the activity of cannabinoid receptors stimulated by the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) have been noticed. One of the most important is their ability to reduce the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators and the modulation of immune mechanisms. Different studies have reported that cannabinoids can reduce oxidative stress at mitochondrial and cellular levels. The aim of this review paper was to present, in detail, the important mechanisms modulated by the endocannabinoid signaling pathway, as well as of the molecular and cellular links it has with sepsis. At the same time, we wish to present the possible implications of cannabinoids in the most important biological pathways involved in sepsis, such as inflammation, redox activity, immune system, and epigenetic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Raluca Dinu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.R.D.); (A.F.R.); (S.E.P.); (M.P.); (L.M.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Alexandru Florin Rogobete
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.R.D.); (A.F.R.); (S.E.P.); (M.P.); (L.M.B.); (D.S.)
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, 325100 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Bratu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.R.D.); (A.F.R.); (S.E.P.); (M.P.); (L.M.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Sonia Elena Popovici
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.R.D.); (A.F.R.); (S.E.P.); (M.P.); (L.M.B.); (D.S.)
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, 325100 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Horea Bedreag
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.R.D.); (A.F.R.); (S.E.P.); (M.P.); (L.M.B.); (D.S.)
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, 325100 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Papurica
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.R.D.); (A.F.R.); (S.E.P.); (M.P.); (L.M.B.); (D.S.)
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, 325100 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lavinia Melania Bratu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.R.D.); (A.F.R.); (S.E.P.); (M.P.); (L.M.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Dorel Sandesc
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (A.R.D.); (A.F.R.); (S.E.P.); (M.P.); (L.M.B.); (D.S.)
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, 325100 Timisoara, Romania
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Wei S, Liang XZ, Hu Q, Wang WS, Xu WJ, Cheng XQ, Peng J, Guo QY, Liu SY, Jiang W, Ding X, Han GH, Liu P, Shi CH, Wang Y. Different protein expression patterns in rat spinal nerves during Wallerian degeneration assessed using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation proteomics profiling. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:315-323. [PMID: 31552905 PMCID: PMC6905349 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory and motor nerve fibers of peripheral nerves have different anatomies and regeneration functions after injury. To gain a clear understanding of the biological processes behind these differences, we used a labeling technique termed isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation to investigate the protein profiles of spinal nerve tissues from Sprague-Dawley rats. In response to Wallerian degeneration, a total of 626 proteins were screened in sensory nerves, of which 368 were upregulated and 258 were downregulated. In addition, 637 proteins were screened in motor nerves, of which 372 were upregulated and 265 were downregulated. All identified proteins were analyzed using the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of bioinformatics, and the presence of several key proteins closely related to Wallerian degeneration were tested and verified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. The differentially expressed proteins only identified in the sensory nerves were mainly relevant to various biological processes that included cell-cell adhesion, carbohydrate metabolic processes and cell adhesion, whereas differentially expressed proteins only identified in the motor nerves were mainly relevant to biological processes associated with the glycolytic process, cell redox homeostasis, and protein folding. In the aspect of the cellular component, the differentially expressed proteins in the sensory and motor nerves were commonly related to extracellular exosomes, the myelin sheath, and focal adhesion. According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, the differentially expressed proteins identified are primarily related to various types of metabolic pathways. In conclusion, the present study screened differentially expressed proteins to reveal more about the differences and similarities between sensory and motor nerves during Wallerian degeneration. The present findings could provide a reference point for a future investigation into the differences between sensory and motor nerves in Wallerian degeneration and the characteristics of peripheral nerve regeneration. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, China (approval No. 2016-x9-07) in September 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xue-Zhen Liang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; The First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wei-Shan Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Cheng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Quan-Yi Guo
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yun Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gong-Hai Han
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province; Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province; Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Chen-Hui Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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56
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Naviaux RK. Perspective: Cell danger response Biology-The new science that connects environmental health with mitochondria and the rising tide of chronic illness. Mitochondrion 2019; 51:40-45. [PMID: 31877376 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper is written for non-specialists in mitochondrial biology to provide access to an important area of science that has broad implications for all people. The cell danger response (CDR) is a universal response to environmental threat or injury. Once triggered, healing cannot be completed until the choreographed stages of the CDR are returned to an updated state of readiness. Although the CDR is a cellular response, it has the power to change human thought and behavior, child development, physical fitness and resilience, fertility, and the susceptibility of entire populations to disease. Mitochondria regulate the CDR by monitoring and responding to the physical, chemical, and microbial conditions within and around the cell. In this way, mitochondria connect cellular health to environmental health. Over 7,000 chemicals are now made or imported to the US for industrial, agricultural, and personal care use in amounts ranging from 25,000 to over 1 million pounds each year, and plastic waste now exceeds 83 billion pounds/year. This chemical load creates a rising tide of manmade pollutants in the oceans, air, water, and food chain. Fewer than 5% of these chemicals have been tested for developmental toxicity. In the 1980s, 5-10% of children lived with a chronic illness. As of 2018, 40% of children, 50% of teens, 60% of adults under age 65, and 90% of adults over 65 live with a chronic illness. Several studies now report the presence of dozens to hundreds of manmade chemicals and pollutants in placenta, umbilical cord blood, and newborn blood spots. New methods in metabolomics and exposomics allow scientists to measure thousands of chemicals in blood, air, water, soil, and the food chain. Systematic measurements of environmental chemicals can now be correlated with annual and regional patterns of childhood illness. These data can be used to prepare a prioritized list of molecules for congressional action, ranked according to their impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Naviaux
- Professor of Genetics, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson Street, Building CTF, Room C107, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
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57
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Dal Lin C, Tona F, Osto E. The crosstalk between the cardiovascular and the immune system. VASCULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 1:H83-H88. [PMID: 32923958 PMCID: PMC7439936 DOI: 10.1530/vb-19-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The heart and the immune system are highly integrated systems cross-talking through cytokines, hormones and neurotransmitters. Their balance can be altered by numerous physical or psychological stressors leading to the onset of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and tissue damage. Here, we review the main players and mechanisms involved in the field. A new research paradigm, which considers also novel contributors, like endothelial cells, is needed to better understand the pathophysiology of immune-mediated cardiovascular disorders and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Dal Lin
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Padua University-Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Tona
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Padua University-Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Osto
- University and University Hospital Zurich, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Hospital Zurich, Heart Center, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Zurich, Switzerland
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58
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Hong MP, Erickson CA. Investigational drugs in early-stage clinical trials for autism spectrum disorder. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:709-718. [PMID: 31352835 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1649656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Pharmacologic interventions in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have historically focused on symptom-based approaches. However, a treatment for the core social deficits has remained unidentified. While a definitive theory for the cause of ASD is not yet known, recent advances in our understanding of ASD pathophysiology have opened the door for research on new pharmaceutical methods to target core symptomology. Areas covered: Herein, we review the novel pharmacologic therapies undergoing early-stage clinical trials for the treatment of the social symptoms associated with ASD. Specifically, these strategies center on altering neurologic excitatory and inhibitory imbalance, neuropeptide abnormalities, immunologic dysfunction, and biochemical deficiencies in ASD. Expert opinion: Utilizing the growing field of knowledge regarding the pathological mechanisms and altered neurobiology of individuals with ASD has led to the development of many innovative pharmaceutical interventions. Clinical trials for neurobiologic and immunologic targets show promise in impacting the social behavior and processing deficits in ASD but need evaluation in larger clinical trials and continued biomarker development to more effectively and consistently assess pharmacologic effects. Additionally, evaluating patient-specific drug responsivity and integrating behavioral intervention in conjunction with pharmacologic treatment is crucial to developing a successful approach to ASD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hong
- a Division of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,b College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Oh , USA
| | - Craig A Erickson
- a Division of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,b College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Oh , USA
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59
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Naviaux RK, Naviaux JC, Li K, Wang L, Monk JM, Bright AT, Koslik HJ, Ritchie JB, Golomb BA. Metabolic features of Gulf War illness. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219531. [PMID: 31348786 PMCID: PMC6660083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 230,000 veterans-about 1/3 of US personnel deployed in the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War-developed chronic, multi-symptom health problems now called "Gulf War illness" (GWI), for which mechanisms and objective diagnostic signatures continue to be sought. METHODS Targeted, broad-spectrum serum metabolomics was used to gain insights into the biology of GWI. 40 male participants, included 20 veterans who met both Kansas and CDC diagnostic criteria for GWI and 20 nonveteran controls without similar symptoms that were 1:1 matched to GWI cases by age, sex, and ethnicity. Serum samples were collected and archived at -80° C prior to testing. 358 metabolites from 46 biochemical pathways were measured by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Veterans with GWI, compared to healthy controls, had abnormalities in 8 of 46 biochemical pathways interrogated. Lipid abnormalities accounted for 78% of the metabolic impact. Fifteen ceramides and sphingomyelins, and four phosphatidylcholine lipids were increased. Five of the 8 pathways were shared with the previously reported metabolic phenotype of males with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). However, 4 of the 5 shared pathways were regulated in opposite directions; key pathways that were up-regulated in GWI were down-regulated in ME/CFS. The single pathway regulated in the same direction was purines, which were decreased. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that despite heterogeneous exposure histories, a metabolic phenotype of GWI was clearly distinguished from controls. Metabolomic differences between GWI and ME/CFS show that common clinical symptoms like fatigue can have different chemical mechanisms and different diagnostic implications. Larger studies will be needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Division of Comparative Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RKN); (BAG)
| | - Jane C. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Monk
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - A. Taylor Bright
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Hayley J. Koslik
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Janis B. Ritchie
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Beatrice A. Golomb
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RKN); (BAG)
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60
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Missailidis D, Annesley SJ, Fisher PR. Pathological Mechanisms Underlying Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:E80. [PMID: 31330791 PMCID: PMC6787592 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying molecular basis of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is not well understood. Characterized by chronic, unexplained fatigue, a disabling payback following exertion ("post-exertional malaise"), and variably presenting multi-system symptoms, ME/CFS is a complex disease, which demands a concerted biomedical investigation from disparate fields of expertise. ME/CFS research and patient treatment have been challenged by the lack of diagnostic biomarkers and finding these is a prominent direction of current work. Despite these challenges, modern research demonstrates a tangible biomedical basis for the disorder across many body systems. This evidence is mostly comprised of disturbances to immunological and inflammatory pathways, autonomic and neurological dysfunction, abnormalities in muscle and mitochondrial function, shifts in metabolism, and gut physiology or gut microbiota disturbances. It is possible that these threads are together entangled as parts of an underlying molecular pathology reflecting a far-reaching homeostatic shift. Due to the variability of non-overlapping symptom presentation or precipitating events, such as infection or other bodily stresses, the initiation of body-wide pathological cascades with similar outcomes stemming from different causes may be implicated in the condition. Patient stratification to account for this heterogeneity is therefore one important consideration during exploration of potential diagnostic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Missailidis
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Sarah J Annesley
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Paul R Fisher
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, VIC 3086, Australia.
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61
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Castora FJ. Mitochondrial function and abnormalities implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 92:83-108. [PMID: 30599156 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouse that generate over 90% of the ATP produced in cells. In addition to its role in energy production, the mitochondrion also plays a major role in carbohydrate, fatty acid, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, programmed cell death (apoptosis), generation of and protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS), immune response, regulation of intracellular calcium ion levels and even maintenance of gut microbiota. With its essential role in bio-energetic as well as non-energetic biological processes, it is not surprising that proper cellular, tissue and organ function is dependent upon proper mitochondrial function. Accordingly, mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to be directly linked to a variety of medical disorders, particularly neuromuscular disorders and increasing evidence has linked mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Rett Syndrome (RS) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Over the last 40 years there has been a dramatic increase in the diagnosis of ASD and, more recently, an increasing body of evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in ASD development. In this review, the latest evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormalities in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to the pathogenesis of autism will be presented. This review will also summarize the results of several recent `approaches used for improving mitochondrial function that may lead to new therapeutic approaches to managing and/or treating ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Castora
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA; Department of Neurology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.
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62
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Naviaux RK. Incomplete Healing as a Cause of Aging: The Role of Mitochondria and the Cell Danger Response. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8020027. [PMID: 31083530 PMCID: PMC6627909 DOI: 10.3390/biology8020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rate of biological aging varies cyclically and episodically in response to changing environmental conditions and the developmentally-controlled biological systems that sense and respond to those changes. Mitochondria and metabolism are fundamental regulators, and the cell is the fundamental unit of aging. However, aging occurs at all anatomical levels. At levels above the cell, aging in different tissues is qualitatively, quantitatively, and chronologically distinct. For example, the heart can age faster and differently than the kidney and vice versa. Two multicellular features of aging that are universal are: (1) a decrease in physiologic reserve capacity, and (2) a decline in the functional communication between cells and organ systems, leading to death. Decreases in reserve capacity and communication impose kinetic limits on the rate of healing after new injuries, resulting in dyssynchronous and incomplete healing. Exercise mitigates against these losses, but recovery times continue to increase with age. Reinjury before complete healing results in the stacking of incomplete cycles of healing. Developmentally delayed and arrested cells accumulate in the three stages of the cell danger response (CDR1, 2, and 3) that make up the healing cycle. Cells stuck in the CDR create physical and metabolic separation—buffer zones of reduced communication—between previously adjoining, synergistic, and metabolically interdependent cells. Mis-repairs and senescent cells accumulate, and repeated iterations of incomplete cycles of healing lead to progressively dysfunctional cellular mosaics in aging tissues. Metabolic cross-talk between mitochondria and the nucleus, and between neighboring and distant cells via signaling molecules called metabokines regulates the completeness of healing. Purinergic signaling and sphingolipids play key roles in this process. When viewed against the backdrop of the molecular features of the healing cycle, the incomplete healing model provides a new framework for understanding the hallmarks of aging and generates a number of testable hypotheses for new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.
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63
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The Possible Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092115. [PMID: 31035684 PMCID: PMC6539237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
New research points to a possible link between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the gut microbiota as many autistic children have co-occurring gastrointestinal problems. This review focuses on specific alterations of gut microbiota mostly observed in autistic patients. Particularly, the mechanisms through which such alterations may trigger the production of the bacterial metabolites, or leaky gut in autistic people are described. Various altered metabolite levels were observed in the blood and urine of autistic children, many of which were of bacterial origin such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), indoles and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). A less integrative gut-blood-barrier is abundant in autistic individuals. This explains the leakage of bacterial metabolites into the patients, triggering new body responses or an altered metabolism. Some other co-occurring symptoms such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress in cells, altered tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier and structural changes in the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and cerebellum were also detected. Moreover, this paper suggests that ASD is associated with an unbalanced gut microbiota (dysbiosis). Although the cause-effect relationship between ASD and gut microbiota is not yet well established, the consumption of specific probiotics may represent a side-effect free tool to re-establish gut homeostasis and promote gut health. The diagnostic and therapeutic value of bacterial-derived compounds as new possible biomarkers, associated with perturbation in the phenylalanine metabolism, as well as potential therapeutic strategies will be discussed.
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64
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Horn SR, Leve LD, Levitt P, Fisher PA. Childhood adversity, mental health, and oxidative stress: A pilot study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215085. [PMID: 31026258 PMCID: PMC6485615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood adversity is a potent risk factor for mental health conditions via disruptions to stress response systems. Dysregulations in oxidative stress systems have been associated with both childhood adversity and several psychological disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder) in adult populations. However, few studies have examined associations between childhood adversity, oxidative stress, and mental health in pediatric populations. Childhood adversity (Adverse Childhood Events [ACE]), oxidative stress [F2t-isoprostanes (IsoPs)], and mental health pathology were assessed in 50 adolescent females recruited primarily through the Department of Youth Services. Standard ordinary least squares regression models were run co-varying for age, race/ethnicity, adolescent nicotine use, study condition, and parent history of ACEs. Adolescents who reported experiencing four or more ACEs had significantly elevated IsoP levels. Further, internalizing symptom scores across diagnoses were significantly associated with elevated IsoPs, whereas no externalizing symptoms scores, except Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, were related to altered oxidative stress. Results indicate that IsoPs may be a global marker of childhood adversity and mental health symptomatology, particularly within internalizing symptom domains. A limitation is that body mass index was not collected for this sample. Future studies are needed to replicate and extend these findings in larger, more diverse samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Horn
- University of Oregon, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Leslie D. Leve
- University of Oregon, College of Education, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
| | - Pat Levitt
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Philip A. Fisher
- University of Oregon, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States of America
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65
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Mellon SH, Bersani FS, Lindqvist D, Hammamieh R, Donohue D, Dean K, Jett M, Yehuda R, Flory J, Reus VI, Bierer LM, Makotkine I, Abu Amara D, Henn Haase C, Coy M, Doyle FJ, Marmar C, Wolkowitz OM. Metabolomic analysis of male combat veterans with post traumatic stress disorder. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213839. [PMID: 30883584 PMCID: PMC6422302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with impaired major domains of psychology and behavior. Individuals with PTSD also have increased co-morbidity with several serious medical conditions, including autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, raising the possibility that systemic pathology associated with PTSD might be identified by metabolomic analysis of blood. We sought to identify metabolites that are altered in male combat veterans with PTSD. In this case-control study, we compared metabolomic profiles from age-matched male combat trauma-exposed veterans from the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts with PTSD (n = 52) and without PTSD (n = 51) (‘Discovery group’). An additional group of 31 PTSD-positive and 31 PTSD-negative male combat-exposed veterans was used for validation of these findings (‘Test group’). Plasma metabolite profiles were measured in all subjects using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. We identified key differences between PTSD subjects and controls in pathways related to glycolysis and fatty acid uptake and metabolism in the initial ‘Discovery group’, consistent with mitochondrial alterations or dysfunction, which were also confirmed in the ‘Test group’. Other pathways related to urea cycle and amino acid metabolism were different between PTSD subjects and controls in the ‘Discovery’ but not in the smaller ‘Test’ group. These metabolic differences were not explained by comorbid major depression, body mass index, blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, smoking, or use of analgesics, antidepressants, statins, or anti-inflammatories. These data show replicable, wide-ranging changes in the metabolic profile of combat-exposed males with PTSD, with a suggestion of mitochondrial alterations or dysfunction, that may contribute to the behavioral and somatic phenotypes associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synthia H. Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - F. Saverio Bersani
- Department of Psychiatry and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Lindqvist
- Department of Psychiatry and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, USACEHR, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Duncan Donohue
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, USACEHR, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Dean
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Marti Jett
- Integrative Systems Biology, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, USACEHR, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Rachel Yehuda
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Janine Flory
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Victor I. Reus
- Department of Psychiatry and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Linda M. Bierer
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Iouri Makotkine
- Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY and Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Duna Abu Amara
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical School, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Clare Henn Haase
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical School, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Michelle Coy
- Department of Psychiatry and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Francis J. Doyle
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Charles Marmar
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical School, New York, NY, United States of America
- Stephen and Alexandra Cohen Veteran Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Owen M. Wolkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry and UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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66
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Esterhuizen K, Lindeque JZ, Mason S, van der Westhuizen FH, Suomalainen A, Hakonen AH, Carroll CJ, Rodenburg RJ, de Laat PB, Janssen MC, Smeitink JA, Louw R. A urinary biosignature for mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes (MELAS). Mitochondrion 2019; 45:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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67
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Bjørklund G, Waly MI, Al-Farsi Y, Saad K, Dadar M, Rahman MM, Elhoufey A, Chirumbolo S, Jóźwik-Pruska J, Kałużna-Czaplińska J. The Role of Vitamins in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know? J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:373-387. [PMID: 30607900 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin or mineral supplementation is considered to be the most commonly used medical treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in addition to other interventions such as neurological and psychological interventions. There is not much evidence of therapeutic efficacy between vitamin and mineral supplementation and improvements in ASD. However, several researchers have noted that patients with ASD have various metabolic and nutritional abnormalities including issues with sulfation, methylation, glutathione redox imbalances, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. There is some evidence that vitamin and mineral supplementation may support these basic physiologic processes. Recently, the nutritional status of ASD patients has been gaining focus in this particular area. Pointing out the nutritional status as a potential etiological factor for attention/communication disorders, more importance has been given to this particular point. Moreover, autistic specific considerations like the feature and behavior of ASD might be increased or at least fall in the higher risk due to the sub-optimal nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Mostafa I Waly
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Yahya Al-Farsi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Khaled Saad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- CONEM Upper Egypt Pediatric Research Group, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Amira Elhoufey
- CONEM Upper Egypt Pediatric Research Group, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
| | - Jagoda Jóźwik-Pruska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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68
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Marchev S, Andreeva-Gateva P, Tzoneva R, Surcheva S, Tzonev A, Kamenova K, Angelova VT, Tchekalarova J, Vlaskovska M. Analgesic activity of some aroylhydrazone-based molecular hybrids with antiseizure activity: in vivo and in silico evaluations. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1555009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Marchev
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Pavlina Andreeva-Gateva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Roumiana Tzoneva
- Department of Lipid-Protein Interactions, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Slavina Surcheva
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alex Tzonev
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kalina Kamenova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Violina T. Angelova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jana Tchekalarova
- Department of Behaviour Neurobiology, Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mila Vlaskovska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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69
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Nilsson MI, Bourgeois JM, Nederveen JP, Leite MR, Hettinga BP, Bujak AL, May L, Lin E, Crozier M, Rusiecki DR, Moffatt C, Azzopardi P, Young J, Yang Y, Nguyen J, Adler E, Lan L, Tarnopolsky MA. Lifelong aerobic exercise protects against inflammaging and cancer. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210863. [PMID: 30682077 PMCID: PMC6347267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological aging is associated with progressive damage accumulation, loss of organ reserves, and systemic inflammation ('inflammaging'), which predispose for a wide spectrum of chronic diseases, including several types of cancer. In contrast, aerobic exercise training (AET) reduces inflammation, lowers all-cause mortality, and enhances both health and lifespan. In this study, we examined the benefits of early-onset, lifelong AET on predictors of health, inflammation, and cancer incidence in a naturally aging mouse model (C57BL/J6). Lifelong, voluntary wheel-running (O-AET; 26-month-old) prevented age-related declines in aerobic fitness and motor coordination vs. age-matched, sedentary controls (O-SED). AET also provided partial protection against sarcopenia, dynapenia, testicular atrophy, and overall organ pathology, hence augmenting the 'physiologic reserve' of lifelong runners. Systemic inflammation, as evidenced by a chronic elevation in 17 of 18 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (P < 0.05 O-SED vs. 2-month-old Y-CON), was potently mitigated by lifelong AET (P < 0.05 O-AET vs. O-SED), including master regulators of the cytokine cascade and cancer progression (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6). In addition, circulating SPARC, previously known to be upregulated in metabolic disease, was elevated in old, sedentary mice, but was normalized to young control levels in lifelong runners. Remarkably, malignant tumours were also completely absent in the O-AET group, whereas they were present in the brain (pituitary), liver, spleen, and intestines of sedentary mice. Collectively, our results indicate that early-onset, lifelong running dampens inflammaging, protects against multiple cancer types, and extends healthspan of naturally-aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats I. Nilsson
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline M. Bourgeois
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua P. Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marlon R. Leite
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bart P. Hettinga
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam L. Bujak
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda May
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ethan Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Crozier
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Rusiecki
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Moffatt
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Azzopardi
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacob Young
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yifan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ethan Adler
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucy Lan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A. Tarnopolsky
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center (MUMC), Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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70
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Metabolomic and glycomic findings in posttraumatic stress disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 88:181-193. [PMID: 30025792 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stressor-related disorder that develops in a subset of individuals exposed to a traumatic experience. Factors associated with vulnerability to PTSD are still not fully understood. PTSD is frequently comorbid with various psychiatric and somatic disorders, moderate response to treatment and remission rates. The term "theranostics" combines diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy and offers targeted therapy based on specific analyses. Theranostics, combined with novel techniques and approaches called "omics", which integrate genomics, transcriptomic, proteomics and metabolomics, might improve knowledge about biological underpinning of PTSD, and offer novel therapeutic strategies. The focus of this review is on metabolomic and glycomic data in PTSD. Metabolomics evaluates changes in the metabolome of an organism by exploring the set of small molecules (metabolites), while glycomics studies the glycome, a complete repertoire of glycan structures with their functional roles in biological systems. Both metabolome and glycome reflect the physiological and pathological conditions in individuals. Only a few studies evaluated metabolic and glycomic changes in patients with PTSD. The metabolomics studies in PTSD patients uncovered different metabolites that might be associated with psychopathological alterations in PTSD. The glycomics study in PTSD patients determined nine N-glycan structures and found accelerated and premature aging in traumatized subjects and subjects with PTSD based on a GlycoAge index. Therefore, further larger studies and replications are needed. Better understanding of the biological basis of PTSD, including metabolomic and glycomic data, and their integration with other "omics" approaches, might identify new molecular targets and might provide improved therapeutic approaches.
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71
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Capri M, Morsiani C, Santoro A, Moriggi M, Conte M, Martucci M, Bellavista E, Fabbri C, Giampieri E, Albracht K, Flück M, Ruoss S, Brocca L, Canepari M, Longa E, Di Giulio I, Bottinelli R, Cerretelli P, Salvioli S, Gelfi C, Franceschi C, Narici M, Rittweger J. Recovery from 6-month spaceflight at the International Space Station: muscle-related stress into a proinflammatory setting. FASEB J 2019; 33:5168-5180. [PMID: 30620616 PMCID: PMC6436655 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801625r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Sarcolab pilot study of 2 crewmembers, investigated before and after a 6-mo International Space Station mission, has demonstrated the substantial muscle wasting and weakness, along with disruption of muscle's oxidative metabolism. The present work aimed at evaluating the pro/anti-inflammatory status in the same 2 crewmembers (A, B). Blood circulating (c-)microRNAs (miRs), c-proteasome, c-mitochondrial DNA, and cytokines were assessed by real-time quantitative PCR or ELISA tests. Time series analysis was performed ( i.e., before flight and after landing) at 1 and 15 d of recovery (R+1 and R+15, respectively). C-biomarkers were compared with an age-matched control population and with 2-dimensional proteomic analysis of the 2 crewmembers' muscle biopsies. Striking differences were observed between the 2 crewmembers at R+1, in terms of inflamma-miRs (c-miRs-21-5p, -126-3p, and -146a-5p), muscle specific (myo)-miR-206, c-proteasome, and IL-6/leptin, thus making the 2 astronauts dissimilar to each other. Final recovery levels of c-proteasome, c-inflamma-miRs, and c-myo-miR-206 were not reverted to the baseline values in crewmember A. In both crewmembers, myo-miR-206 changed significantly after recovery. Muscle biopsy of astronaut A showed an impressive 80% increase of α-1-antitrypsin, a target of miR-126-3p. These results point to a strong stress response induced by spaceflight involving muscle tissue and the proinflammatory setting, where inflamma-miRs and myo-miR-206 mediate the systemic recovery phase after landing.-Capri, M., Morsiani, C., Santoro, A., Moriggi, M., Conte, M., Martucci, M., Bellavista, E., Fabbri, C., Giampieri, E., Albracht, K., Flück, M., Ruoss, S., Brocca, L., Canepari, M., Longa, E., Di Giulio, I., Bottinelli, R., Cerretelli, P., Salvioli, S., Gelfi, C., Franceschi, C., Narici, M., Rittweger, J. Recovery from 6-month spaceflight at the International Space Station: muscle-related stress into a proinflammatory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Capri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Galvani Interdepartmental Center, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Morsiani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Galvani Interdepartmental Center, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aurelia Santoro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Galvani Interdepartmental Center, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Moriggi
- National Research Council-Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (CNR-IBFM), Segrate, Milan, Italy.,Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Galvani Interdepartmental Center, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Morena Martucci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Galvani Interdepartmental Center, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Bellavista
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Fabbri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Galvani Interdepartmental Center, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Giampieri
- Galvani Interdepartmental Center, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kirsten Albracht
- Faculty of Medical Engineering and Technomathematics, FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Flück
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Severin Ruoss
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenza Brocca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Canepari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Longa
- Sport Medicine Center, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Irene Di Giulio
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Bottinelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Institute of Hospitalization and Scientific Care (IRCCS), Scientific Institute of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Cerretelli
- National Research Council-Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (CNR-IBFM), Segrate, Milan, Italy.,Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI), Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Galvani Interdepartmental Center, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Information Technology, Mathematics, and Mechanics (ITMM), Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod-National Research University (UNN), Nizhny Novogoro, Russia
| | - Marco Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany; and.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Shelton GD, Minor KM, Li K, Naviaux JC, Monk J, Wang L, Guzik E, Guo LT, Porcelli V, Gorgoglione R, Lasorsa FM, Leegwater PJ, Persico AM, Mickelson JR, Palmieri L, Naviaux RK. A Mutation in the Mitochondrial Aspartate/Glutamate Carrier Leads to a More Oxidizing Intramitochondrial Environment and an Inflammatory Myopathy in Dutch Shepherd Dogs. J Neuromuscul Dis 2019; 6:485-501. [PMID: 31594244 PMCID: PMC6918910 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-190421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory myopathies are characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells into muscle. Typically, immune-mediated disorders such as polymyositis, dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis are diagnosed. OBJECTIVE A small family of dogs with early onset muscle weakness and inflammatory muscle biopsies were investigated for an underlying genetic cause. METHODS Following the histopathological diagnosis of inflammatory myopathy, mutational analysis including whole genome sequencing, functional transport studies of the mutated and wild-type proteins, and metabolomic analysis were performed. RESULTS Whole genome resequencing identified a pathological variant in the SLC25A12 gene, resulting in a leucine to proline substitution at amino acid 349 in the mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate transporter known as the neuron and muscle specific aspartate glutamate carrier 1 (AGC1). Functionally reconstituting recombinant wild-type and mutant AGC1 into liposomes demonstrated a dramatic decrease in AGC1 transport activity and inability to transfer reducing equivalents from the cytosol into mitochondria. Targeted, broad-spectrum metabolomic analysis from affected and control muscles demonstrated a proinflammatory milieu and strong support for oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first description of a metabolic mechanism in which ablated mitochondrial glutamate transport markedly reduced the import of reducing equivalents into mitochondria and produced a highly oxidizing and proinflammatory muscle environment and an inflammatory myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katie M. Minor
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jane C. Naviaux
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jon Monk
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Guzik
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ling T. Guo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vito Porcelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Gorgoglione
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco M. Lasorsa
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Peter J. Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio M. Persico
- Interdepartmental Program “Autism 0–90”, “G. Martino” Hospital, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - James R. Mickelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Robert K. Naviaux
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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73
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Marshall NC, Klein T, Thejoe M, von Krosigk N, Kizhakkedathu J, Finlay BB, Overall CM. Global Profiling of Proteolysis from the Mitochondrial Amino Terminome during Early Intrinsic Apoptosis Prior to Caspase-3 Activation. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:4279-4296. [PMID: 30371095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human genome encodes ∼20 mitochondrial proteases, yet we know little of how they sculpt the mitochondrial proteome, particularly during important mitochondrial events such as the initiation of apoptosis. To characterize global mitochondrial proteolysis we refined our technique, terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates, for mitochondrial SILAC (MS-TAILS) to identify proteolysis across mitochondria and parent cells in parallel. Our MS-TAILS analyses identified 45% of the mitochondrial proteome and identified protein amino (N)-termini from 26% of mitochondrial proteins, the highest reported coverage of the human mitochondrial N-terminome. MS-TAILS revealed 97 previously unknown proteolytic sites. MS-TAILS also identified mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) removal by proteolysis during protein import, confirming 101 MTS sites and identifying 135 new MTS sites, revealing a wobbly requirement for the MTS cleavage motif. To examine the relatively unknown initial cleavage events occurring before the well-studied activation of caspase-3 in intrinsic apoptosis, we quantitatively compared N-terminomes of mitochondria and their parent cells before and after initiation of apoptosis at very early time points. By identifying altered levels of >400 N-termini, MS-TAILS analyses implicated specific mitochondrial pathways including protein import, fission, and iron homeostasis in apoptosis initiation. Notably, both staurosporine and Bax activator molecule-7 triggered in common 7 mitochondrial and 85 cellular cleavage events that are potentially part of an essential core of apoptosis-initiating events. All mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium with the dataset identifier PXD009054.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Marshall
- Michael Smith Laboratories , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , V6T 1Z4 , Canada
| | | | - Maichael Thejoe
- Michael Smith Laboratories , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , V6T 1Z4 , Canada
| | - Niklas von Krosigk
- Michael Smith Laboratories , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , V6T 1Z4 , Canada
| | - Jayachandran Kizhakkedathu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z2 , Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , V6T 1Z4 , Canada
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74
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Serum free amino acid levels in rheumatoid arthritis according to therapy and physical disability. Cytokine 2018; 113:332-339. [PMID: 30337216 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In presented study the amino acid analysis was performed in serum derived from rheumatoid arthritis patients (RA) according to undertaken therapy and classification of physical disability. The results were compared with previously published data. METHODS The levels of 31 free amino acids were determined in 50 serum samples derived from RA subjects and 51 controls. The RA patients were divided into two groups according to the therapy (methotrexate/leflunomide, infliximab/adalimumab/etanercept/tocilizumab, prednisolone/NSAID) and classification of physical disability of the patients. Levels of amino acids were measured by LC-MS/MS. The obtained results were subjected to multivariate statistical tests. RESULTS According to the therapy that was being used, threonine differentiated RA patients treated with methotrexate/leflunomide - infliximab/adalimumab/etanercept/tocilizumab (p = 0.00954) and infliximab/adalimumab/etanercept/tocilizumab - prednisolone/NSAID (p = 0.03109), while tryptophan differentiated RA patients treated with methotrexate/leflunomide - infliximab/adalimumab/etanercept/tocilizumab (p = 0.01723). In the functional classification, arginine differentiated RA samples between class III and IV (p = 0.02332), while glycine differentiated them between class I+II and III of the Steinbrocker functional classification (p = 0.03366). CONCLUSIONS An analysis of the metabolome profile requires the use of validated bioanalytical methods that are strictly dedicated for this purpose. The obtained results are not accidental (p value less than 0.05), and all of the selected amino acids play an important role in inflammation and immune response. It is suggested that studied amino acids can be considered as a markers for diagnosis of RA and monitoring pharmacotherapy of the disease.
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75
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Naviaux RK. Metabolic features and regulation of the healing cycle-A new model for chronic disease pathogenesis and treatment. Mitochondrion 2018; 46:278-297. [PMID: 30099222 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Without healing, multicellular life on Earth would not exist. Without healing, one injury predisposes to another, leading to disability, chronic disease, accelerated aging, and death. Over 60% of adults and 30% of children and teens in the United States now live with a chronic illness. Advances in mass spectrometry and metabolomics have given scientists a new lens for studying health and disease. This study defines the healing cycle in metabolic terms and reframes the pathophysiology of chronic illness as the result of metabolic signaling abnormalities that block healing and cause the normal stages of the cell danger response (CDR) to persist abnormally. Once an injury occurs, active progress through the stages of healing is driven by sequential changes in cellular bioenergetics and the disposition of oxygen and carbon skeletons used for fuel, signaling, defense, repair, and recovery. >100 chronic illnesses can be organized into three persistent stages of the CDR. One hundred and two targetable chemosensory G-protein coupled and ionotropic receptors are presented that regulate the CDR and healing. Metabokines are signaling molecules derived from metabolism that regulate these receptors. Reframing the pathogenesis of chronic illness in this way, as a systems problem that maintains disease, rather than focusing on remote trigger(s) that caused the initial injury, permits new research to focus on novel signaling therapies to unblock the healing cycle, and restore health when other approaches have failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, MC#8467, San Diego, CA 92103, United States.
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76
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Rogozin IB, Gertz EM, Baranov PV, Poliakov E, Schaffer AA. Genome-Wide Changes in Protein Translation Efficiency Are Associated with Autism. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1902-1919. [PMID: 29986017 PMCID: PMC6086092 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously proposed that changes in the efficiency of protein translation are associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). This hypothesis connects environmental factors and genetic factors because each can alter translation efficiency. For genetic factors, we previously tested our hypothesis using a small set of ASD-associated genes, a small set of ASD-associated variants, and a statistic to quantify by how much a single nucleotide variant (SNV) in a protein coding region changes translation speed. In this study, we confirm and extend our hypothesis using a published set of 1,800 autism quartets (parents, one affected child and one unaffected child) and genome-wide variants. Then, we extend the test statistic to combine translation efficiency with other possibly relevant variables: ribosome profiling data, presence/absence of CpG dinucleotides, and phylogenetic conservation. The inclusion of ribosome profiling abundances strengthens our results for male-male sibling pairs. The inclusion of CpG information strengthens our results for female-female pairs, giving an insight into the significant gender differences in autism incidence. By combining the single-variant test statistic for all variants in a gene, we obtain a single gene score to evaluate how well a gene distinguishes between affected and unaffected siblings. Using statistical methods, we compute gene sets that have some power to distinguish between affected and unaffected siblings by translation efficiency of gene variants. Pathway and enrichment analysis of those gene sets suggest the importance of Wnt signaling pathways, some other pathways related to cancer, ATP binding, and ATP-ase pathways in the etiology of ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor B Rogozin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - E Michael Gertz
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pasha V Baranov
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eugenia Poliakov
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alejandro A Schaffer
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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77
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Abstract
The bidirectional epidemiological association between asthma and obesity is well known. Recent evidence suggests that there is an intersection of the pathophysiological molecular pathways leading to either obesity or asthma, at the level of mitochondria. This is not surprising, because mitochondria, beyond their roles as the metabolic powerhouses of the cell, serve as sensors of threats, regulators of stress signaling, and effectors of cytotoxicity. Reduced mitochondrial function and low metabolic activity are well-recognized features of obesity. Three distinct lines of experimental evidences connect mitochondrial dysfunction with asthma. First, asthma is associated with aberrant mitochondrial metabolism. Second, mitochondrial dysfunction may either induce asthma-like features or increase asthma severity. Third, mitochondria-targeted therapies appear effective in preventing or reversing asthma features. Importantly, mitochondrial dysfunction in airway epithelial cells appears to be a powerful trigger for airway remodeling that is independent of cellular inflammation. This is clinically relevant to the obese-asthma phenotype, with exaggerated symptoms despite apparently low levels of inflammation, and poor response to antiinflammatory treatment. In summary, mitochondrial dysfunction is a common thread tying together the twin epidemics of obesity and asthma. Environmental and lifestyle factors leading to primary mitochondrial dysfunction may be increasing the risk for either disease. Further, secondary mitochondrial dysfunction emerging from the pathogenesis of either obesity or asthma may increase the risk of the other. Mitochondrial health-centric strategies may be relevant to prevention and treatment of both obesity and asthma, and should be actively considered.
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78
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Mocking RJT, Assies J, Ruhé HG, Schene AH. Focus on fatty acids in the neurometabolic pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018. [PMID: 29524021 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Continuous research into the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and schizophrenia, suggests an important role for metabolism. This narrative review will provide an up-to-date summary of how metabolism is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of these psychiatric disorders. We will focus on (I) the important role of fatty acids in these metabolic alterations, (II) whether fatty acid alterations represent epiphenomena or risk factors, and (III) similarities and dissociations in fatty acid alterations between different psychiatric disorders. (Historical) epidemiological evidence links fatty acid intake to psychiatric disorder prevalence, corroborated by altered fatty acid concentrations measured in psychiatric patients. These fatty acid alterations are connected with other concomitant pathophysiological mechanisms, including biological stress (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis and oxidative stress), inflammation, and brain network structure and function. Metabolomics and lipidomics studies are underway to more deeply investigate this complex network of associated neurometabolic alterations. Supplementation of fatty acids as disease-modifying nutraceuticals has clinical potential, particularly add-on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in depressed patients with markers of increased inflammation. However, by interpreting the observed fatty acid alterations as partly (mal)adaptive phenomena, we attempt to nuance translational expectations and provide new clinical applications for these novel neurometabolic insights, e.g., to predict treatment response or depression recurrence. In conclusion, placing fatty acids in context can contribute to further understanding and optimized treatment of psychiatric disorders, in order to diminish their overwhelming burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J T Mocking
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - J Assies
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - H G Ruhé
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Warneford Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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79
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Mellon SH, Gautam A, Hammamieh R, Jett M, Wolkowitz OM. Metabolism, Metabolomics, and Inflammation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:866-875. [PMID: 29628193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined by classic psychological manifestations, although among the characteristics are significantly increased rates of serious somatic comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, immune dysfunction, and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we assess the evidence for disturbances that may contribute to somatic pathology in inflammation, metabolic syndrome, and circulating metabolites (implicating mitochondrial dysfunction) in individuals with PTSD and in animal models simulating features of PTSD. The clinical and preclinical data highlight probable interrelated features of PTSD pathophysiology, including a proinflammatory milieu, metabolomic changes (implicating mitochondrial and other processes), and metabolic dysregulation. These data suggest that PTSD may be a systemic illness, or that it at least has systemic manifestations, and the behavioral manifestations are those most easily discerned. Whether somatic pathology precedes the development of PTSD (and thus may be a risk factor) or follows the development of PTSD (as a result of either shared pathophysiologies or lifestyle adaptations), comorbid PTSD and somatic illness is a potent combination placing affected individuals at increased physical as well as mental health risk. We conclude with directions for future research and novel treatment approaches based on these abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synthia H Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Integrative Systems Biology, United States Army Medical Research and Material Command, United States Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Integrative Systems Biology, United States Army Medical Research and Material Command, United States Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Marti Jett
- Integrative Systems Biology, United States Army Medical Research and Material Command, United States Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland.
| | - Owen M Wolkowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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80
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Meyer A, Laverny G, Bernardi L, Charles AL, Alsaleh G, Pottecher J, Sibilia J, Geny B. Mitochondria: An Organelle of Bacterial Origin Controlling Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:536. [PMID: 29725325 PMCID: PMC5916961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a cellular and molecular response to infection and/or tissues injury. While a suited inflammatory response in intensity and time allows for killing pathogens, clearing necrotic tissue, and healing injury; an excessive inflammatory response drives various diseases in which inflammation and tissues damages/stress self-sustain each other. Microbes have been poorly implied in non-resolving inflammation, emphasizing the importance of endogenous regulation of inflammation. Mitochondria have been historically identified as the main source of cellular energy, by coupling the oxidation of fatty acids and pyruvate with the production of high amount of adenosine triphosphate by the electron transport chain. Mitochondria are also the main source of reactive oxygen species. Interestingly, research in the last decade has highlighted that since its integration in eukaryote cells, this organelle of bacterial origin has not only been tolerated by immunity, but has also been placed as a central regulator of cell defense. In intact cells, mitochondria regulate cell responses to critical innate immune receptors engagement. Downstream intracellular signaling pathways interact with mitochondrial proteins and are tuned by mitochondrial functioning. Moreover, upon cell stress or damages, mitochondrial components are released into the cytoplasm or the extra cellular milieu, where they act as danger signals when recognized by innate immune receptors. Finally, by regulating the energetic state of immunological synapse between dendritic cells and lymphocytes, mitochondria regulate the inflammation fate toward immunotolerance or immunogenicity. As dysregulations of these processes have been recently involved in various diseases, the identification of the underlying mechanisms might open new avenues to modulate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Meyer
- Institut de Physiologie EA 3072, Service de physiologie et d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre de Référence des Maladies Autoimmunes Rares, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Laverny
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7104, INSERM U1248, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Livio Bernardi
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Autoimmunes Rares, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Laure Charles
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ghada Alsaleh
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology (KIR), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julien Pottecher
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Pôle d'Anesthésie-Réanimation SAMU-SMUR, Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation Chirurgicale, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean Sibilia
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Autoimmunes Rares, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernard Geny
- Institut de Physiologie EA 3072, Service de physiologie et d'Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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81
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Mangold CA, Yao PJ, Du M, Freeman WM, Benkovic SJ, Szpara ML. Expression of the purine biosynthetic enzyme phosphoribosyl formylglycinamidine synthase in neurons. J Neurochem 2018; 144:723-735. [PMID: 29337348 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purines are metabolic building blocks essential for all living organisms on earth. De novo purine biosynthesis occurs in the brain and appears to play important roles in neural development. Phosphoribosyl formylglycinamidine synthase (FGAMS, also known as PFAS or FGARAT), a core enzyme involved in the de novo synthesis of purines, may play alternative roles in viral pathogenesis. To date, no thorough investigation of the endogenous expression and localization of de novo purine biosynthetic enzymes has been conducted in human neurons or in virally infected cells. In this study, we characterized expression of FGAMS using multiple neuronal models. In differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, primary rat hippocampal neurons, and in whole-mouse brain sections, FGAMS immunoreactivity was distributed within the neuronal cytoplasm. FGAMS immunolabeling in vitro demonstrated extensive distribution throughout neuronal processes. To investigate potential changes in FGAMS expression and localization following viral infection, we infected cells with the human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1. In infected fibroblasts, FGAMS immunolabeling shifted from a diffuse cytoplasmic location to a mainly perinuclear localization by 12 h post-infection. In contrast, in infected neurons, FGAMS localization showed no discernable changes in the localization of FGAMS immunoreactivity. There were no changes in total FGAMS protein levels in either cell type. Together, these data provide insight into potential purine biosynthetic mechanisms utilized within neurons during homeostasis as well as viral infection. Cover Image for this Issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14169.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A Mangold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pamela J Yao
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute of Aging/National Institute of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mei Du
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Stephen J Benkovic
- Department of Chemistry, and the Eberly College of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Moriah L Szpara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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82
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Kondashevskaya MV. Experimental Evaluation of the Effects of Low-Dose Heparin on the Behavior and Morphofunctional Status of the Liver in Wistar Rats with Posttraumatic Stress Disorders. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 164:488-492. [PMID: 29504098 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorders were induced in Wistar rats by modeling predatory stress. Animals tested in elevated plus-maze demonstrated signs of high anxiety and difficulties in space orientation. Behavioral disorders were paralleled by degenerative changes in hepatocytes. A course of low-dose high-molecular heparin after stress exposure promoted effective adaptation and normalization of behavioral and morphofunctional disorders. Analysis of the results indicated good prospects of heparin as an effective drug under conditions of exposure to extreme factors of psychotraumatic type.
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83
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Butyrate enhances mitochondrial function during oxidative stress in cell lines from boys with autism. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:42. [PMID: 29391397 PMCID: PMC5804031 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrate (BT) is a ubiquitous short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) principally derived from the enteric microbiome. BT positively modulates mitochondrial function, including enhancing oxidative phosphorylation and beta-oxidation and has been proposed as a neuroprotectant. BT and other SCFAs have also been associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), a condition associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. We have developed a lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) model of ASD, with a subset of LCLs demonstrating mitochondrial dysfunction (AD-A) and another subset of LCLs demonstrating normal mitochondrial function (AD-N). Given the positive modulation of BT on mitochondrial function, we hypothesized that BT would have a preferential positive effect on AD-A LCLs. To this end, we measured mitochondrial function in ASD and age-matched control (CNT) LCLs, all derived from boys, following 24 and 48 h exposure to BT (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM) both with and without an in vitro increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also examined the expression of key genes involved in cellular and mitochondrial response to stress. In CNT LCLs, respiratory parameters linked to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production were attenuated by 1 mM BT. In contrast, BT significantly increased respiratory parameters linked to ATP production in AD-A LCLs but not in AD-N LCLs. In the context of ROS exposure, BT increased respiratory parameters linked to ATP production for all groups. BT was found to modulate individual LCL mitochondrial respiration to a common set-point, with this set-point slightly higher for the AD-A LCLs as compared to the other groups. The highest concentration of BT (1 mM) increased the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial fission (PINK1, DRP1, FIS1) and physiological stress (UCP2, mTOR, HIF1α, PGC1α) as well as genes thought to be linked to cognition and behavior (CREB1, CamKinase II). These data show that the enteric microbiome-derived SCFA BT modulates mitochondrial activity, with this modulation dependent on concentration, microenvironment redox state, and the underlying mitochondrial function of the cell. In general, these data suggest that BT can enhance mitochondrial function in the context of physiological stress and/or mitochondrial dysfunction, and may be an important metabolite that can help rescue energy metabolism during disease states. Thus, insight into this metabolic modulator may have wide applications for both health and disease since BT has been implicated in a wide variety of conditions including ASD. However, future clinical studies in humans are needed to help define the practical implications of these physiological findings.
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84
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Ruiz-Núñez B, Tarasse R, Vogelaar EF, Janneke Dijck-Brouwer DA, Muskiet FAJ. Higher Prevalence of "Low T3 Syndrome" in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Case-Control Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:97. [PMID: 29615976 PMCID: PMC5869352 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a heterogeneous disease with unknown cause(s). CFS symptoms resemble a hypothyroid state, possibly secondary to chronic (low-grade) (metabolic) inflammation. We studied 98 CFS patients (21-69 years, 21 males) and 99 age- and sex-matched controls (19-65 years, 23 males). We measured parameters of thyroid function, (metabolic) inflammation, gut wall integrity and nutrients influencing thyroid function and/or inflammation. Most remarkably, CFS patients exhibited similar thyrotropin, but lower free triiodothyronine (FT3) (difference of medians 0.1%), total thyroxine (TT4) (11.9%), total triiodothyronine (TT3) (12.5%), %TT3 (4.7%), sum activity of deiodinases (14.4%), secretory capacity of the thyroid gland (14.9%), 24-h urinary iodine (27.6%), and higher % reverse T3 (rT3) (13.3%). FT3 below the reference range, consistent with the "low T3 syndrome," was found in 16/98 CFS patients vs. 7/99 controls (OR 2.56; 95% confidence interval = 1.00-6.54). Most observations persisted in two sensitivity analyses with more stringent cutoff values for body mass index, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and WBC. We found possible evidence of (chronic) low-grade metabolic inflammation (ferritin and HDL-C). FT3, TT3, TT4, and rT3 correlated positively with hsCRP in CFS patients and all subjects. TT3 and TT4 were positively related to hsCRP in controls. Low circulating T3 and the apparent shift from T3 to rT3 may reflect more severely depressed tissue T3 levels. The present findings might be in line with recent metabolomic studies pointing at a hypometabolic state. They resemble a mild form of "non-thyroidal illness syndrome" and "low T3 syndrome" experienced by a subgroup of hypothyroid patients receiving T4 monotherapy. Our study needs confirmation and extension by others. If confirmed, trials with, e.g., T3 and iodide supplements might be indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Ruiz-Núñez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Healthy Institute, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Begoña Ruiz-Núñez,
| | - Rabab Tarasse
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - D. A. Janneke Dijck-Brouwer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Frits A. J. Muskiet
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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85
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Frye RE, Nankova B, Bhattacharyya S, Rose S, Bennuri SC, MacFabe DF. Modulation of Immunological Pathways in Autistic and Neurotypical Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines by the Enteric Microbiome Metabolite Propionic Acid. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1670. [PMID: 29312285 PMCID: PMC5744079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionic acid (PPA) is a ubiquitous short-chain fatty acid which is a fermentation product of the enteric microbiome and present or added to many foods. While PPA has beneficial effects, it is also associated with human disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We previously demonstrated that PPA modulates mitochondrial dysfunction differentially in subsets of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from patients with ASD. Specifically, PPA significantly increases mitochondrial function in LCLs that have mitochondrial dysfunction at baseline [individuals with autistic disorder with atypical mitochondrial function (AD-A) LCLs] as compared to ASD LCLs with normal mitochondrial function [individuals with autistic disorder with normal mitochondrial function (AD-N) LCLs] and control (CNT) LCLs. PPA at 1 mM was found to have a minimal effect on expression of immune genes in CNT and AD-N LCLs. However, as hypothesized, Panther analysis demonstrated that 1 mM PPA exposure at 24 or 48 h resulted in significant activation of the immune system genes in AD-A LCLs. When the effect of PPA on ASD LCLs were compared to the CNT LCLs, both ASD groups demonstrated immune pathway activation, although the AD-A LCLs demonstrate a wider activation of immune genes. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified several immune-related pathways as key Canonical Pathways that were differentially regulated, specifically human leukocyte antigen expression and immunoglobulin production genes were upregulated. These data demonstrate that the enteric microbiome metabolite PPA can evoke atypical immune activation in LCLs with an underlying abnormal metabolic state. As PPA, as well as enteric bacteria which produce PPA, have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases which have components of immune dysfunction, including ASD, diabetes, obesity, and inflammatory diseases, insight into this metabolic modulator may have wide applications for both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Frye
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Autism Research Program, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | | | - Sudeepa Bhattacharyya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Autism Research Program, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Shannon Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Autism Research Program, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Sirish C Bennuri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Autism Research Program, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Derrick F MacFabe
- Kilee Patchell-Evans Autism Research Group, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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86
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Galluzzo M, D'Adamio S, Pastorino R, Andreoli A, Servoli S, Bianchi L, Talamonti M. Effect of anti IL-12/23 on body composition: results of bioelectrical impedance analysis in Caucasian psoriatic patients. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 18:229-235. [PMID: 29252034 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1419183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is an inexpensive, non-invasive and fast method to assess body composition. Little is known of the interaction between anti IL 12/23 treatment and body composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate 6- and 12-month changes in body weight, Body Mass Index (BMI) and body composition assessed by BIA in psoriatic patients treated with anti-IL-12/23. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Demographic and clinical data were collected for each enrolled patient. Physical examination, anthropometric assessment, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) assessment and body composition by BIA (single-frequency 50 kHz), were assessed at baseline and at 6 and 12 months of treatment. RESULTS A significant decrease in body weight, compared to baseline, in BMI, Fat Mass at month 6 and a significant increase at month 12 for body cellular mass (BCM) and Phase Angle (PhA) were observed. In addition, a significant increase was found for intracellular water. CONCLUSION At baseline, psoriatic patients showed a lower BCM and a lower mean PhA score. During ustekinumab treatment, the mean PhA and BCM scores increased with an improvement in psoriatic disease. Thus, ustekinumab can be an effective drug for improving not only psoriasis but also the general clinical status of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galluzzo
- a Department of Dermatology , University of Rome 'Tor Vergata ,' Rome , Italy
| | - Simone D'Adamio
- a Department of Dermatology , University of Rome 'Tor Vergata ,' Rome , Italy
| | - Roberta Pastorino
- b Section of Hygiene , Institute of Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Angela Andreoli
- c Department of System Medicine, Human Physiology and Nutrition Unit , University of Rome 'Tor Vergata ,' Rome , Italy
| | - Stella Servoli
- a Department of Dermatology , University of Rome 'Tor Vergata ,' Rome , Italy
| | - Luca Bianchi
- a Department of Dermatology , University of Rome 'Tor Vergata ,' Rome , Italy
| | - Marina Talamonti
- a Department of Dermatology , University of Rome 'Tor Vergata ,' Rome , Italy
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87
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Antipurinergic therapy for autism-An in-depth review. Mitochondrion 2017; 43:1-15. [PMID: 29253638 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Are the symptoms of autism caused by a treatable metabolic syndrome that traces to the abnormal persistence of a normal, alternative functional state of mitochondria? A small clinical trial published in 2017 suggests this is possible. Based on a new unifying theory of pathogenesis for autism called the cell danger response (CDR) hypothesis, this study of 10 boys, ages 5-14years, showed that all 5 boys who received antipurinergic therapy (APT) with a single intravenous dose of suramin experienced improvements in all the core symptoms of autism that lasted for 5-8weeks. Language, social interaction, restricted interests, and repetitive movements all improved. Two children who were non-verbal spoke their first sentences. None of these improvements were observed in the placebo group. Larger and longer studies are needed to confirm this promising discovery. This review introduces the concept of M2 (anti-inflammatory) and M1 (pro-inflammatory) mitochondria that are polarized along a functional continuum according to cell stress. The pathophysiology of the CDR, the complementary functions of M1 and M2 mitochondria, relevant gene-environment interactions, and the metabolic underpinnings of behavior are discussed as foundation stones for understanding the improvements in ASD behaviors produced by antipurinergic therapy in this small clinical trial.
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88
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Eapen V, Nicholls L, Spagnol V, Mathew NE. Current status of biological treatment options in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 30:1-10. [PMID: 28704714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are characterised by deficits in social communication and restricted and repetitive behaviours. With an onset in early childhood, ASDs are thought to be heterogeneous, both genetically and clinically. This has led to the notion that "autism" is "autisms", however, there has been limited progress in understanding the different subgroups and the unique pathogenesis that would then allow targeted intervention. Although existing treatments are mainly symptom focussed, research is beginning to unravel the underlying genetic and molecular pathways, structural and functional neuronal circuitry involvement and the associated neurochemicals. This paper will review selected biological models with regard to pharmacological targets while also covering some of the non-pharmacological treatments such as neuro-stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valsamma Eapen
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Academic Unit of Child Psychiatry South West Sydney and Ingham Institute, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Laura Nicholls
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa Spagnol
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nisha E Mathew
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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89
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Singh B, Modica-Napolitano JS, Singh KK. Defining the momiome: Promiscuous information transfer by mobile mitochondria and the mitochondrial genome. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 47:1-17. [PMID: 28502611 PMCID: PMC5681893 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are complex intracellular organelles that have long been identified as the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells because of the central role they play in oxidative metabolism. A resurgence of interest in the study of mitochondria during the past decade has revealed that mitochondria also play key roles in cell signaling, proliferation, cell metabolism and cell death, and that genetic and/or metabolic alterations in mitochondria contribute to a number of diseases, including cancer. Mitochondria have been identified as signaling organelles, capable of mediating bidirectional intracellular information transfer: anterograde (from nucleus to mitochondria) and retrograde (from mitochondria to nucleus). More recently, evidence is now building that the role of mitochondria extends to intercellular communication as well, and that the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) and even whole mitochondria are indeed mobile and can mediate information transfer between cells. We define this promiscuous information transfer function of mitochondria and mtDNA as "momiome" to include all mobile functions of mitochondria and the mitochondrial genome. Herein, we review the "momiome" and explore its role in cancer development, progression, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Center for Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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90
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Energetic mitochondrial failing in vitiligo and possible rescue by cardiolipin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13663. [PMID: 29057950 PMCID: PMC5654478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is characterized by death or functional defects of epidermal melanocytes through still controversial pathogenic process. Previously, we showed that mitochondria-driven pre-senescent phenotype diminishes the capability of vitiligo melanocytes to cope with stressful stimuli. In the current study, we investigated markers of mitochondrial energy metabolism including the PGC1a axis, and then we determined the index of mitochondrial impairment using a cytomic approach. We found in cultured epidermal vitiligo melanocytes, compared to healthy ones, low ATP, increased proton leakage, and altered expression of several glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase II, pyruvic dehydrogenase kinase 1 and pyruvic kinase M2), We suggest that the low ATP production may be sufficient in steady-state conditions but it is unable to cover further needs. We also found in vitiligo melanocyrtes hyper-activation of the PGC1α axis, finalized to counteract the energy defect. Cytomic analysis, supported by MitoTracker Red pattern and ex-vivo immunohistochemistry, suggested an increased mitochondrial mass, possibly useful to ensure the essential ATP level. Finally, pharmacological cardiolipin stabilization reverted the energetic impairment, confirming the initial mitochondrial role. In conclusion, we report new insight in the pathogenetic mechanism of viitligo and indicate that the mitochondrial failure rescue by cardiolipin manipulation may be a new intriguing target in treatment development.
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91
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Freese J, Klement RJ, Ruiz-Núñez B, Schwarz S, Lötzerich H. The sedentary (r)evolution: Have we lost our metabolic flexibility? F1000Res 2017; 6:1787. [PMID: 29225776 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12724.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of evolution, up until the agricultural revolution, environmental fluctuations forced the human species to develop a flexible metabolism in order to adapt its energy needs to various climate, seasonal and vegetation conditions. Metabolic flexibility safeguarded human survival independent of food availability. In modern times, humans switched their primal lifestyle towards a constant availability of energy-dense, yet often nutrient-deficient, foods, persistent psycho-emotional stressors and a lack of exercise. As a result, humans progressively gain metabolic disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, certain types of cancer, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer´s disease, wherever the sedentary lifestyle spreads in the world. For more than 2.5 million years, our capability to store fat for times of food shortage was an outstanding survival advantage. Nowadays, the same survival strategy in a completely altered surrounding is responsible for a constant accumulation of body fat. In this article, we argue that the metabolic disease epidemic is largely based on a deficit in metabolic flexibility. We hypothesize that the modern energetic inflexibility, typically displayed by symptoms of neuroglycopenia, can be reversed by re-cultivating suppressed metabolic programs, which became obsolete in an affluent environment, particularly the ability to easily switch to ketone body and fat oxidation. In a simplified model, the basic metabolic programs of humans' primal hunter-gatherer lifestyle are opposed to the current sedentary lifestyle. Those metabolic programs, which are chronically neglected in modern surroundings, are identified and conclusions for the prevention of chronic metabolic diseases are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Freese
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Rainer Johannes Klement
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, 97422, Germany
| | - Begoña Ruiz-Núñez
- Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Schwarz
- University College Physiotherapy Thim van der Laan,, Landquart, 7302, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Lötzerich
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
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92
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Freese J, Klement RJ, Ruiz-Núñez B, Schwarz S, Lötzerich H. The sedentary (r)evolution: Have we lost our metabolic flexibility? F1000Res 2017; 6:1787. [PMID: 29225776 PMCID: PMC5710317 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12724.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of evolution, up until the agricultural revolution, environmental fluctuations forced the human species to develop a flexible metabolism in order to adapt its energy needs to various climate, seasonal and vegetation conditions. Metabolic flexibility safeguarded human survival independent of food availability. In modern times, humans switched their primal lifestyle towards a constant availability of energy-dense, yet often nutrient-deficient, foods, persistent psycho-emotional stressors and a lack of exercise. As a result, humans progressively gain metabolic disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, certain types of cancer, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer´s disease, wherever the sedentary lifestyle spreads in the world. For more than 2.5 million years, our capability to store fat for times of food shortage was an outstanding survival advantage. Nowadays, the same survival strategy in a completely altered surrounding is responsible for a constant accumulation of body fat. In this article, we argue that the metabolic disease epidemic is largely based on a deficit in metabolic flexibility. We hypothesize that the modern energetic inflexibility, typically displayed by symptoms of neuroglycopenia, can be reversed by re-cultivating suppressed metabolic programs, which became obsolete in an affluent environment, particularly the ability to easily switch to ketone body and fat oxidation. In a simplified model, the basic metabolic programs of humans’ primal hunter-gatherer lifestyle are opposed to the current sedentary lifestyle. Those metabolic programs, which are chronically neglected in modern surroundings, are identified and conclusions for the prevention of chronic metabolic diseases are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Freese
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Rainer Johannes Klement
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, 97422, Germany
| | - Begoña Ruiz-Núñez
- Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Schwarz
- University College Physiotherapy Thim van der Laan,, Landquart, 7302, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Lötzerich
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
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93
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Venter M, van der Westhuizen FH, Elson JL. The aetiology of cardiovascular disease: a role for mitochondrial DNA? Cardiovasc J Afr 2017; 29:122-132. [PMID: 28906532 PMCID: PMC6009096 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2017-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a world-wide cause of mortality in humans and its incidence is on the rise in Africa. In this review, we discuss the putative role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the aetiology of CVD and consequently identify mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation as a viable genetic risk factor to be considered. We then describe the contribution and pitfalls of several current approaches used when investigating mtDNA in relation to complex disease. We also propose an alternative approach, the adjusted mutational load hypothesis, which would have greater statistical power with cohorts of moderate size, and is less likely to be affected by population stratification. We therefore address some of the shortcomings of the current haplogroup association approach. Finally, we discuss the unique challenges faced by studies done on African populations, and recommend the most viable methods to use when investigating mtDNA variation in CVD and other common complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Venter
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | | | - Joanna L Elson
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
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Involvement of the kynurenine pathway in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:76-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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吴 巧, 尹 海, 徐 广, 余 曙, 唐 勇. 肠道菌群与脑科学. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:1832-1839. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i20.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
肠道菌群在维持机体正常功能中的作用已经越来越受到重视, 最近研究发现, 肠道菌群可以调节机体的情绪、认知、疼痛和睡眠等, 并与阿尔茨海默病、帕金森、焦虑抑郁和孤独症等多种疾病密切相关, 也是多种神经系统疾病发生和发展的关键调节者, 相关领域的研究如火如荼, 取得的成绩斐然. 但是, 如何解析肠道菌群在各个疾病中的作用机制, 其最关键的环节等问题还没有很好的得到回答, 此外, 相关研究成果与其他领域研究结果之间的融合和互补也需要进一步探索. 本文对肠道菌群与脑的相互关系、作用机制以及目前存在的问题进行了述评.
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Metabolomics of mitochondrial disease. Mitochondrion 2017; 35:97-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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97
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Naviaux RK, Curtis B, Li K, Naviaux JC, Bright AT, Reiner GE, Westerfield M, Goh S, Alaynick WA, Wang L, Capparelli EV, Adams C, Sun J, Jain S, He F, Arellano DA, Mash LE, Chukoskie L, Lincoln A, Townsend J. Low-dose suramin in autism spectrum disorder: a small, phase I/II, randomized clinical trial. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:491-505. [PMID: 28695149 PMCID: PMC5497533 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE No drug is yet approved to treat the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Low-dose suramin was effective in the maternal immune activation and Fragile X mouse models of ASD. The Suramin Autism Treatment-1 (SAT-1) trial was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, translational pilot study to examine the safety and activity of low-dose suramin in children with ASD. METHODS Ten male subjects with ASD, ages 5-14 years, were matched by age, IQ, and autism severity into five pairs, then randomized to receive a single, intravenous infusion of suramin (20 mg/kg) or saline. The primary outcomes were ADOS-2 comparison scores and Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test (EOWPVT). Secondary outcomes were the aberrant behavior checklist, autism treatment evaluation checklist, repetitive behavior questionnaire, and clinical global impression questionnaire. RESULTS Blood levels of suramin were 12 ± 1.5 μmol/L (mean ± SD) at 2 days and 1.5 ± 0.5 μmol/L after 6 weeks. The terminal half-life was 14.7 ± 0.7 days. A self-limited, asymptomatic rash was seen, but there were no serious adverse events. ADOS-2 comparison scores improved by -1.6 ± 0.55 points (n = 5; 95% CI = -2.3 to -0.9; Cohen's d = 2.9; P = 0.0028) in the suramin group and did not change in the placebo group. EOWPVT scores did not change. Secondary outcomes also showed improvements in language, social interaction, and decreased restricted or repetitive behaviors. INTERPRETATION The safety and activity of low-dose suramin showed promise as a novel approach to treatment of ASD in this small study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102San Diego92103‐8467California
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102San Diego92103‐8467California
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102San Diego92103‐8467California
- Department of PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102San Diego92103‐8467California
| | - Brooke Curtis
- Alliant International University10455 Pomerado RoadSan DiegoCalifornia92131
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102San Diego92103‐8467California
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102San Diego92103‐8467California
| | - Jane C. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102San Diego92103‐8467California
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine9500 Gilman Drive.La JollaCA92093‐0662
| | - A. Taylor Bright
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102San Diego92103‐8467California
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102San Diego92103‐8467California
| | - Gail E. Reiner
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102San Diego92103‐8467California
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine9500 Gilman Drive.La JollaCA92093‐0662
| | - Marissa Westerfield
- The Research in Autism and Development Laboratory (RAD Lab)University of California9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaCA92093‐0959
| | - Suzanne Goh
- Pediatric Neurology Therapeutics7090 Miratech DrSan DiegoCA92121
| | - William A. Alaynick
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102San Diego92103‐8467California
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102San Diego92103‐8467California
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102San Diego92103‐8467California
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102San Diego92103‐8467California
| | - Edmund V. Capparelli
- Department of Pediatricsand Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaCA92093‐0657
| | - Cynthia Adams
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute (CTRI)University of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA92037
| | - Ji Sun
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute (CTRI)University of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA92037
| | - Sonia Jain
- Department of Family Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA92093
| | - Feng He
- Department of Family Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA92093
| | - Deyna A. Arellano
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute (CTRI)University of CaliforniaSan DiegoLa JollaCA92037
| | - Lisa E. Mash
- The Research in Autism and Development Laboratory (RAD Lab)University of California9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaCA92093‐0959
- Department of PsychologySan Diego State University5500 Campanile DriveSan DiegoCA92182
| | - Leanne Chukoskie
- The Research in Autism and Development Laboratory (RAD Lab)University of California9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaCA92093‐0959
- Institute for Neural ComputationUniversity of California9500 Gilman DriveLa Jolla92093‐0523
| | - Alan Lincoln
- Alliant International University10455 Pomerado RoadSan DiegoCalifornia92131
| | - Jeanne Townsend
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego School of Medicine9500 Gilman Drive.La JollaCA92093‐0662
- The Research in Autism and Development Laboratory (RAD Lab)University of California9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaCA92093‐0959
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Meyer JN, Chan SSL. Sources, mechanisms, and consequences of chemical-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Toxicology 2017. [PMID: 28627407 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708-0328, USA.
| | - Sherine S L Chan
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Neuroene Therapeutics, Mt. Pleasant, SC 29464, USA.
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Singh R, Turner RC, Nguyen L, Motwani K, Swatek M, Lucke-Wold BP. Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury and Autism: Elucidating Shared Mechanisms. Behav Neurol 2016; 2016:8781725. [PMID: 28074078 PMCID: PMC5198096 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8781725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are two serious conditions that affect youth. Recent data, both preclinical and clinical, show that pediatric TBI and ASD share not only similar symptoms but also some of the same biologic mechanisms that cause these symptoms. Prominent symptoms for both disorders include gastrointestinal problems, learning difficulties, seizures, and sensory processing disruption. In this review, we highlight some of these shared mechanisms in order to discuss potential treatment options that might be applied for each condition. We discuss potential therapeutic and pharmacologic options as well as potential novel drug targets. Furthermore, we highlight advances in understanding of brain circuitry that is being propelled by improved imaging modalities. Going forward, advanced imaging will help in diagnosis and treatment planning strategies for pediatric patients. Lessons from each field can be applied to design better and more rigorous trials that can be used to improve guidelines for pediatric patients suffering from TBI or ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Ryan C. Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Kartik Motwani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michelle Swatek
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brandon P. Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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