51
|
Aria H, Ghaedrahmati F, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M. Cutting edge: Metabolic immune reprogramming, reactive oxygen species, and cancer. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6168-6189. [PMID: 33561318 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A recently proposed term "immunometabolism" points to the functional intracellular metabolic changes that occur within different immune cells. Recent findings suggest that immune responses can be determined by the metabolic status of immune cells and metabolic reprogramming is an important feature of immune cell activation. Metabolic reprogramming is also well known for cancer cells and has been suggested as a major sign of cancer progression. Metabolic reprogramming of immune cells is also seen in the tumor microenvironment. In the past decade, immunometabolism has progressively become an extraordinarily vibrant and productive area of study in immunology because of its importance for immunotherapy. Understanding the immunometabolic situation of T cells and other immune cells along with the metabolic behavior of cancer cells can help us design new therapeutic approaches against cancers. Here, we have the aim to review the cutting-edge findings on the immunometabolic situation in immune and tumor cells. We discuss new findings on signaling pathways during metabolic reprogramming, its regulation, and the participation of reactive oxygen species in these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Aria
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farhoodeh Ghaedrahmati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Zhang L, Jiang X, Liu N, Li M, Kang J, Chen L, Tang J, Dong S, Lu F, Zhang W. Exogenous H 2 S prevents the nuclear translocation of PDC-E1 and inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in the diabetic state. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8201-8214. [PMID: 34418283 PMCID: PMC8419187 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation induced by hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia; however, the mechanisms are unclear. Here, we observed lower H2S levels and higher expression of the proliferation‐related proteins PCNA and cyclin D1 in db/db mouse aortae and vascular smooth muscle cells treated with 40 mmol/L glucose and 500 μmol/L palmitate, whereas exogenous H2S decreased PCNA and cyclin D1 expression. The nuclear translocation of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex‐E1 (PDC‐E1) was significantly increased in VSMCs treated with high glucose and palmitate, and it increased the level of acetyl‐CoA and histone acetylation (H3K9Ac). Exogenous H2S inhibited PDC‐E1 translocation from the mitochondria to the nucleus because PDC‐E1 was modified by S‐sulfhydration. In addition, PDC‐E1 was mutated at Cys101. Overexpression of PDC‐E1 mutated at Cys101 increased histone acetylation (H3K9Ac) and VSMC proliferation. Based on these findings, H2S regulated PDC‐E1 S‐sulfhydration at Cys101 to prevent its translocation from the mitochondria to the nucleus and to inhibit VSMC proliferation under diabetic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linxue Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoshu Jiang
- Department of Functional experiment center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaxin Kang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lingxue Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingyuan Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shiyun Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fanghao Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
De Rosa V, Iommelli F, Terlizzi C, Leggiero E, Camerlingo R, Altobelli GG, Fonti R, Pastore L, Del Vecchio S. Non-Canonical Role of PDK1 as a Negative Regulator of Apoptosis through Macromolecular Complexes Assembly at the ER-Mitochondria Interface in Oncogene-Driven NSCLC. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164133. [PMID: 34439291 PMCID: PMC8391251 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Co-targeting of glucose metabolism and oncogene drivers in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been proposed as a potentially effective therapeutic strategy. Here, we demonstrate that downregulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), an enzyme of glycolytic cascade, enhances maximal respiration of cancer cells by upregulating mitochondrial complexes of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and improves tumor response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors by promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, we provided consistent evidence that PDK1 drives the formation of macromolecular complexes at the ER–mitochondria interface involving PKM2, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and serves as an indirect anchorage of anti-apoptotic proteins to the mitochondrial membrane. Our findings taken together highlighted a non-canonical role of PDK1 as a negative regulator of apoptosis, thus coupling the glycolytic phenotype to drug resistance. The major translational relevance of this study is to provide a rational basis for combined therapeutic strategies targeting PDK1 and oncogene drivers in NSCLC patients. Abstract Here, we tested whether co-targeting of glucose metabolism and oncogene drivers may enhance tumor response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in NSCLC. To this end, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) was stably downregulated in oncogene-driven NSCLC cell lines exposed or not to TKIs. H1993 and H1975 cells were stably transfected with scrambled (shCTRL) or PDK1-targeted (shPDK1) shRNA and then treated with MET inhibitor crizotinib (1 µM), double mutant EGFRL858R/T790M inhibitor WZ4002 (1 µM) or vehicle for 48 h. The effects of PDK1 knockdown on glucose metabolism and apoptosis were evaluated in untreated and TKI-treated cells. PDK1 knockdown alone did not cause significant changes in glycolytic cascade, ATP production and glucose consumption, but it enhanced maximal respiration in shPDK1 cells when compared to controls. When combined with TKI treatment, PDK1 downregulation caused a strong enhancement of OXPHOS and a marked reduction in key glycolytic enzymes. Furthermore, increased levels of apoptotic markers were found in shPDK1 cells as compared to shCTRL cells after treatment with TKIs. Co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that PDK1 interacts with PKM2, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, forming macromolecular complexes at the ER–mitochondria interface. Our findings showed that downregulation of PDK1 is able to potentiate the effects of TKIs through the disruption of macromolecular complexes involving PKM2, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana De Rosa
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 80145 Naples, Italy; (V.D.R.); (F.I.); (R.F.)
| | - Francesca Iommelli
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 80145 Naples, Italy; (V.D.R.); (F.I.); (R.F.)
| | - Cristina Terlizzi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.T.); (G.G.A.)
| | | | - Rosa Camerlingo
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotherapy, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giovanna G. Altobelli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.T.); (G.G.A.)
| | - Rosa Fonti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 80145 Naples, Italy; (V.D.R.); (F.I.); (R.F.)
| | - Lucio Pastore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.L.); (L.P.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvana Del Vecchio
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.T.); (G.G.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-746-3307
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Yin K, Lee J, Liu Z, Kim H, Martin DR, Wu D, Liu M, Xue X. Mitophagy protein PINK1 suppresses colon tumor growth by metabolic reprogramming via p53 activation and reducing acetyl-CoA production. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2421-2435. [PMID: 33723373 PMCID: PMC8329176 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US. Understanding the mechanisms of CRC progression is essential to improve treatment. Mitochondria is the powerhouse for healthy cells. However, in tumor cells, less energy is produced by the mitochondria and metabolic reprogramming is an early hallmark of cancer. The metabolic differences between normal and cancer cells are being interrogated to uncover new therapeutic approaches. Mitochondria targeting PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) is a key regulator of mitophagy, the selective elimination of damaged mitochondria by autophagy. Defective mitophagy is increasingly associated with various diseases including CRC. However, a significant gap exists in our understanding of how PINK1-dependent mitophagy participates in the metabolic regulation of CRC. By mining Oncomine, we found that PINK1 expression was downregulated in human CRC tissues compared to normal colons. Moreover, disruption of PINK1 increased colon tumorigenesis in two colitis-associated CRC mouse models, suggesting that PINK1 functions as a tumor suppressor in CRC. PINK1 overexpression in murine colon tumor cells promoted mitophagy, decreased glycolysis and increased mitochondrial respiration potentially via activation of p53 signaling pathways. In contrast, PINK1 deletion decreased apoptosis, increased glycolysis, and reduced mitochondrial respiration and p53 signaling. Interestingly, PINK1 overexpression in vivo increased apoptotic cell death and suppressed colon tumor xenograft growth. Metabolomic analysis revealed that acetyl-CoA was significantly reduced in tumors with PINK1 overexpression, which was partly due to activation of the HIF-1α-pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) kinase 1 (PDHK1)-PDHE1α axis. Strikingly, treating mice with acetate increased acetyl-CoA levels and rescued PINK1-suppressed tumor growth. Importantly, PINK1 disruption simultaneously increased xenografted tumor growth and acetyl-CoA production. In conclusion, mitophagy protein PINK1 suppresses colon tumor growth by metabolic reprogramming and reducing acetyl-CoA production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunlun Yin
- grid.266832.b0000 0001 2188 8502Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Jordan Lee
- grid.266832.b0000 0001 2188 8502Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Zhaoli Liu
- grid.266832.b0000 0001 2188 8502Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Hyeoncheol Kim
- grid.266832.b0000 0001 2188 8502Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - David R. Martin
- grid.266832.b0000 0001 2188 8502Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Dandan Wu
- grid.266832.b0000 0001 2188 8502Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Meilian Liu
- grid.266832.b0000 0001 2188 8502Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Xiang Xue
- grid.266832.b0000 0001 2188 8502Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Pietkiewicz D, Klupczynska-Gabryszak A, Plewa S, Misiura M, Horala A, Miltyk W, Nowak-Markwitz E, Kokot ZJ, Matysiak J. Free Amino Acid Alterations in Patients with Gynecological and Breast Cancer: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080731. [PMID: 34451829 PMCID: PMC8400482 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gynecological and breast cancers still remain a significant health problem worldwide. Diagnostic methods are not sensitive and specific enough to detect the disease at an early stage. During carcinogenesis and tumor progression, the cellular need for DNA and protein synthesis increases leading to changes in the levels of amino acids. An important role of amino acids in many biological pathways, including biosynthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, etc., which serve as an energy source and maintain redox balance, has been highlighted in many research articles. The aim of this review is a detailed analysis of the literature on metabolomic studies of gynecology and breast cancers with particular emphasis on alterations in free amino acid profiles. The work includes a brief overview of the metabolomic methodology and types of biological samples used in the studies. Special attention was paid to the possible role of selected amino acids in the carcinogenesis, especially proline and amino acids related to its metabolism. There is a clear need for further research and multiple external validation studies to establish the role of amino acid profiling in diagnosing gynecological and breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Pietkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.P.); (A.K.-G.); (S.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Klupczynska-Gabryszak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.P.); (A.K.-G.); (S.P.)
| | - Szymon Plewa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.P.); (A.K.-G.); (S.P.)
| | - Magdalena Misiura
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (M.M.); (W.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Horala
- Gynecologic Oncology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (A.H.); (E.N.-M.)
| | - Wojciech Miltyk
- Department of Analysis and Bioanalysis of Medicines, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (M.M.); (W.M.)
| | - Ewa Nowak-Markwitz
- Gynecologic Oncology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (A.H.); (E.N.-M.)
| | - Zenon J. Kokot
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland;
| | - Jan Matysiak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (D.P.); (A.K.-G.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Dharmalingam P, Venkatakrishnan K, Tan B. Predicting Metastasis from Cues of Metastatic Cancer Stem-like Cells-3D-Ultrasensitive Metasensor at a Single-Cell Level. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9967-9986. [PMID: 34081852 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary reason for treatment failure and cancer-related deaths. Hence forecasting the disease in its primary state can advance the prognosis. However, existing techniques fail to reveal the tumor heterogeneity or its evolutionary cascades; hence they are not feasible to predict the onset of metastatic cancer. The key to metastasis originates from the primary tumor cells, evolving by inheriting multistep sequential cue signals. We have identified this specific population, termed metastatic cancer stem-like cells (MCSCs), to foresee cancer's ability to metastasize. An invasive property renders MCSCs nonadherent, summoning a powerful technique to forecast metastasis. Thus, we have generated an ultrasensitive 3D-metasensor to efficiently capture and investigate MCSCs and magnify the vital premetastatic signals from a single cell. We developed 3D-metasensor by an ultrafast laser ionization technique, consisting of self-assembled three-dimensionally organized nanoprobes incorporated with dopant functionalities. This distinct methodology establishes attachment with nonadherent MCSCs, elevates Raman activity, and enables probing of consequent signals (metabolic, proliferation, and metastatic) specifically altered in MCSCs. Extensive analysis using prediction tools-the area under the curve (AUC) and principal component analysis (PCA)-revealed high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (80%) to differentiate the MCSCs from other populations. Further, investigation reveals that the cue signal level from MCSCs of primary cancer is analogous to MCSCs from higher-level tumors, disclosing the relative dependence to estimate the primary tumor's capacity to metastasize. Multiple spectrum evaluation using the metasensor pinpoint the dynamic cues in MCSCs predict the onset of metastasis; thus, exploring these metastasis hallmarks can enhance prognosis and revolutionize therapy strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Dharmalingam
- Ultrashort Laser Nano Manufacturing Research Facility, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (I-BEST), Partnership between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
- Nano Characterization Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Nano-Bio Interface Facility, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Krishnan Venkatakrishnan
- Ultrashort Laser Nano Manufacturing Research Facility, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Affiliate Scientist, Keenan Research Center, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Bo Tan
- Nano Characterization Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
- Affiliate Scientist, Keenan Research Center, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Metabolic reprogramming due to hypoxia in pancreatic cancer: Implications for tumor formation, immunity, and more. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111798. [PMID: 34120068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in most malignant tumors, especially in pancreatic cancer (PC). Hypoxia is the result of unlimited tumor growth and plays an active role in promoting tumor survival, progression, and invasion. As the part of the hypoxia microenvironment in PC is gradually clarified, hypoxia is becoming a key determinant and an important therapeutic target of pancreatic cancer. To adapt to the severe hypoxia environment, cells have changed their metabolic phenotypes to maintain their survival and proliferation. Enhanced glycolysis is the most prominent feature of cancer cells' metabolic reprogramming in response to hypoxia. It provides the energy source for hypoxic cancer cells (although it provides less than oxidative phosphorylation) and produces metabolites that can be absorbed and utilized by normoxic cancer cells. In addition, the uptake of glutamine and fatty acids by hypoxic cancer cells is also increased, which is also conducive to tumor progression. Their metabolites are pooled in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP). As a nutrition sensor, HBP, in turn, can coordinate glucose and glutamine metabolism. Its end product, UDP-GlcNAc, is the substrate of protein post-translational modification (PTM) involved in various signaling pathways supporting tumor progression. Adaptive metabolic changes of cancer cells promote their survival and affect tumor immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which contributes to tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment and induces tumor immunotherapy resistance. Here, we summarize the hypoxic microenvironment, its effect on metabolic reprogramming, and its contribution to immunotherapy resistance in pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
|
58
|
Sun L, Zhang H, Gao P. Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications on the path to cancer. Protein Cell 2021; 13:877-919. [PMID: 34050894 PMCID: PMC9243210 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring and epigenetic remodeling, which are closely linked and reciprocally regulate each other, are among the well-known cancer hallmarks. Recent evidence suggests that many metabolites serve as substrates or cofactors of chromatin-modifying enzymes as a consequence of the translocation or spatial regionalization of enzymes or metabolites. Various metabolic alterations and epigenetic modifications also reportedly drive immune escape or impede immunosurveillance within certain contexts, playing important roles in tumor progression. In this review, we focus on how metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells and immune cells reshapes epigenetic alterations, in particular the acetylation and methylation of histone proteins and DNA. We also discuss other eminent metabolic modifications such as, succinylation, hydroxybutyrylation, and lactylation, and update the current advances in metabolism- and epigenetic modification-based therapeutic prospects in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linchong Sun
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China. .,CAS Centre for Excellence in Cell and Molecular Biology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Inoue J, Kishikawa M, Tsuda H, Nakajima Y, Asakage T, Inazawa J. Identification of PDHX as a metabolic target for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2792-2802. [PMID: 33964039 PMCID: PMC8253269 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism in tumors is reprogrammed to meet its energetic and substrate demands. However, this metabolic reprogramming creates metabolic vulnerabilities, providing new opportunities for cancer therapy. Metabolic vulnerability as a therapeutic target in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been adequately clarified. Here, we identified pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) component X (PDHX) as a metabolically essential gene for the cell growth of ESCC. PDHX expression was required for the maintenance of PDH activity and the production of ATP, and its knockdown inhibited the proliferation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and in vivo tumor growth. PDHX was concurrently upregulated with the CD44 gene, a marker of CSCs, by co-amplification at 11p13 in ESCC tumors and these genes coordinately functioned in cancer stemness. Furthermore, CPI-613, a PDH inhibitor, inhibited the proliferation of CSCs in vitro and the growth of ESCC xenograft tumors in vivo. Thus, our study provides new insights related to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for ESCC by targeting the PDH complex-associated metabolic vulnerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Inoue
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kishikawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nakajima
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Asakage
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Gao F, Zhang X, Wang S, Zheng L, Sun Y, Wang G, Song Z, Bao Y. TSP50 promotes the Warburg effect and hepatocyte proliferation via regulating PKM2 acetylation. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:517. [PMID: 34016961 PMCID: PMC8138007 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of malignancy. Testes-specific protease 50 (TSP50), a newly identified oncogene, has been shown to play an important role in tumorigenesis. However, its role in tumor cell metabolism remains unclear. To investigate this issue, LC-MS/MS was employed to identify TSP50-binding proteins and pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2), a known key enzyme of aerobic glycolysis, was identified as a novel binding partner of TSP50. Further studies suggested that TSP50 promoted aerobic glycolysis in HCC cells by maintaining low pyruvate kinase activity of the PKM2. Mechanistically, TSP50 promoted the Warburg effect by increasing PKM2 K433 acetylation level and PKM2 acetylation site (K433R) mutation remarkably abrogated the TSP50-induced aerobic glycolysis, cell proliferation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Our findings indicate that TSP50-mediated low PKM2 pyruvate kinase activity is an important determinant for Warburg effect in HCC cells and provide a mechanistic link between TSP50 and tumor metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuyue Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lihua Zheng
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guannan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhenbo Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yongli Bao
- Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine Gene Engineering of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Regulation of Glycolysis in Head and Neck Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1280:219-230. [PMID: 33791985 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51652-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) glycolysis is an important factor for the advancement of the disease and metastasis. Upregulation of glycolysis leads to decreased sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiation. HNSCC cells maintain constitutive glycolytic flux generating metabolic intermediates for the synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and fats for cell survival and disease progression. There are several pathways such as PI3K/Akt, EGFR, and JAK-STAT that contribute a major role in metabolic alteration in HNSCC. Recent studies have demonstrated that cancer-associated fibroblasts abundant in the HNSCC tumor microenvironment play a major role in HNSCC metabolic alteration via hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met cross signaling. Despite therapeutic advancement, HNSCC lacks broad range of therapeutic interventions for the treatment of the disease. Thus, understanding the different key players involved in glucose metabolism and targeting them would lead to the development of novel drugs for the treatment of HNSCC.
Collapse
|
62
|
Singh N, Miner A, Hennis L, Mittal S. Mechanisms of temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma - a comprehensive review. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:17-43. [PMID: 34337348 PMCID: PMC8319838 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults and has an exceedingly low median overall survival of only 15 months. Current standard-of-care for GBM consists of gross total surgical resection followed by radiation with concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the first-choice chemotherapeutic agent in GBM; however, the development of resistance to TMZ often becomes the limiting factor in effective treatment. While O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase repair activity and uniquely resistant populations of glioma stem cells are the most well-known contributors to TMZ resistance, many other molecular mechanisms have come to light in recent years. Key emerging mechanisms include the involvement of other DNA repair systems, aberrant signaling pathways, autophagy, epigenetic modifications, microRNAs, and extracellular vesicle production. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the clinically relevant molecular mechanisms and their extensive interconnections to better inform efforts to combat TMZ resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Singh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA.,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA
| | - Alexandra Miner
- Division of Neurosurgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA.,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA
| | - Lauren Hennis
- Division of Neurosurgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA.,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA
| | - Sandeep Mittal
- Division of Neurosurgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA.,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA.,Carilion Clinic - Neurosurgery, Roanoke, VA 24014, USA
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Boese AC, Kang S. Mitochondrial metabolism-mediated redox regulation in cancer progression. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101870. [PMID: 33509708 PMCID: PMC8113029 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells display abnormal metabolic activity as a result of activated oncogenes and loss of tumor suppressor genes. The Warburg Effect is a common metabolic feature of cancer that involves a preference for aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP and building blocks for biosynthesis. However, emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial metabolic pathways are also reprogrammed in cancer and play vital roles in bioenergetics, biosynthesis, and managing redox homeostasis. The mitochondria act a central hub for metabolic pathways that generate ATP and building blocks for lipid, nucleic acid and protein biosynthesis. However, mitochondrial respiration is also a leading source of reactive oxygen species that can damage cellular organelles and trigger cell death if levels become too high. In general, cancer cells are reported to have higher levels of reactive oxygen species than their non-cancerous cells of origin, and therefore must employ diverse metabolic strategies to prevent oxidative stress. However, mounting evidence indicates that the metabolic profiles between proliferative and disseminated cancer cells are not the same. In this review, we will examine mitochondrial metabolic pathways, such as glutaminolysis, that proliferative and disseminated cancer cells utilize to control their redox status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Boese
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Sumin Kang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Han Z, Zhang Z, Guan Y, Chen B, Yu M, Zhang L, Fang J, Gao Y, Guo Z. New insights into Vitamin C function: Vitamin C induces JAK2 activation through its receptor-like transporter SVCT2. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:379-398. [PMID: 33484802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin C (VitC) is a requisite nutrient for humans and other primates. Extensive research continuously illustrates the applications of VitC in promoting cell reprogramming, fine-tuning embryonic stem cell function, and fighting diseases. Given its chemical reduction property, VitC predominantly acts as an antioxidant to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and as a cofactor for certain dioxygenases involved in epigenetic regulation. Here, we propose that VitC is also a bio-signaling molecule based on the finding that sodium-dependent VitC transporter (SVCT) 2 is a novel receptor-like transporter of VitC that possesses dual activities in mediating VitC uptake and Janus kinase (JAK) 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 2 signaling pathway. Through interaction, SVCT2 induces JAK2 phosphorylation while transporting VitC into cells. Activated JAK2 phosphorylates the C-terminus of SVCT2, resulting in the recruitment and activation of STAT2. As a highlight, our results suggest that the activation of JAK2 synergistically promotes regulation of VitC in ROS scavenging and epigenetic modifications through phosphorylating pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1, ten-eleven translocation enzyme 3, and histone H3 Tyr41. Furthermore, VitC-activated JAK2 exhibits bidirectional effects in regulating cell pluripotency and differentiation. Our results thus reveal that the SVCT2-mediated JAK2 activation facilitates VitC functions in a previously unknown manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yian Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Bingxue Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Mengying Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jingshuai Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, PR China
| | - Zekun Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
ARNT deficiency represses pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 to trigger ROS production and melanoma metastasis. Oncogenesis 2021; 10:11. [PMID: 33446631 PMCID: PMC7809415 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic changes in melanoma cells that are required for tumor metastasis have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we show that the increase in glucose uptake and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation confers metastatic ability as a result of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) deficiency. In clinical tissue specimens, increased ARNT, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), and NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) was observed in benign nevi, whereas lower expression was observed in melanoma. The depletion of ARNT dramatically repressed PDK1 and NQO1 expression, which resulted in an increase of ROS levels. The elimination of ROS using N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation using carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) and rotenone inhibited the ARNT and PDK1 deficiency-induced cell migration and invasion. In addition, ARNT deficiency in tumor cells manipulated the glycolytic pathway through enhancement of the glucose uptake rate, which reduced glucose dependence. Intriguingly, CCCP and NAC dramatically inhibited ARNT and PDK1 deficiency-induced tumor cell extravasation in mouse models. Our work demonstrates that downregulation of ARNT and PDK1 expression serves as a prognosticator, which confers metastatic potential as the metastasizing cells depend on metabolic changes.
Collapse
|
66
|
Patel MS, Mahmood S, Jung J, Rideout TC. Reprogramming of aerobic glycolysis in non-transformed mouse liver with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14684. [PMID: 33400855 PMCID: PMC7785054 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC), a key enzyme in glucose metabolism, catalyzes an irreversible oxidative decarboxylation reaction of pyruvate to acetyl‐CoA, linking the cytosolic glycolytic pathway to mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Earlier we reported a down‐regulation of several key hepatic lipogenic enzymes and their upstream regulators in liver‐specific PDC‐deficient mouse (L‐PDCKO model by deleting the Pdha1 gene). In this study we investigated gene expression profiles of key glycolytic enzymes and other proteins that respond to various metabolic stresses in liver from L‐PDCKO mice. Transcripts of several, such as hexokinase 2, phosphoglycerate kinase 1, pyruvate kinase muscle‐type 2, and lactate dehydrogenase B as well as those for the nonglycolysis‐related proteins, CD‐36, C/EBP homologous protein, and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ, were up‐regulated in L‐PDCKO liver whereas hypoxia‐induced factor‐1α, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 and Sirtuin 1 transcripts were down‐regulated. The protein levels of pyruvate kinase muscle‐type 2 and lactate dehydrogenase B were increased whereas that of lactate dehydrogenase A was decreased in PDC‐deficient mouse liver. Analysis of endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress indicators suggests that the L‐PDCKO liver showed evidence of the former but not the latter. These findings indicate that (i) liver‐specific PDC deficiency is sufficient to induce “aerobic glycolysis characteristic” in mouse liver, and (ii) the mechanism(s) responsible for these changes appears distinct from that which induces the Warburg effect in some cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mulchand S Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Saleh Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jiwon Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Todd C Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Yao S, Shang W, Huang L, Xu R, Wu M, Wang F. The oncogenic and prognostic role of PDK1 in the progression and metastasis of ovarian cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:630-643. [PMID: 33403023 PMCID: PMC7778543 DOI: 10.7150/jca.47278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal of gynecological tumors in women. Tumor metabolism has become a new opportunity in the treatment of tumors. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), as a key regulatory enzyme implicated in metabolic reprogramming of tumors, abnormally high expressed in various tumors and involved in the regulation of tumor cell biological behavior. However, the role of PDK1 in the occurrence and development of ovarian cancer remains unclear. Our team identified the expression of PDK1 in ovarian cancer cell lines and tissues through RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining and evaluated the correlation of PDK1 expression with clinicopathologic features of patients and survival analyses. We used a variety of in vitro experiments to explore the influence of PDK1 on proliferation, invasion, migration, colony formation, apoptosis and the cell cycle of ovarian cancer cell lines CAOV3 and SKOV3. PDK1 was highly expressed in ovarian cancer cell lines and OC tissues. High expression of PDK1 was closely correlated to tumor size, FIGO stage, extraovarian metastases status and distribution. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis identified that PDK1 was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. Moreover, PDK1 was a superior predictor in prognosis of ovarian cancer and the incorporation of CA125 into PDK1 generated a predictive combination that displayed better predictive accuracy for overall survival. Downregulation of PDK1 suppressed the biological behavior of ovarian cancer cells due to S phase arrest and cellular apoptosis. PDK1 may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker, even a promising antineoplastic target of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, 210029, Nanjing, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 211100, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwen Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China.,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, 210029, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Luengo A, Li Z, Gui DY, Sullivan LB, Zagorulya M, Do BT, Ferreira R, Naamati A, Ali A, Lewis CA, Thomas CJ, Spranger S, Matheson NJ, Vander Heiden MG. Increased demand for NAD + relative to ATP drives aerobic glycolysis. Mol Cell 2020; 81:691-707.e6. [PMID: 33382985 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis, or preferential fermentation of glucose-derived pyruvate to lactate despite available oxygen, is associated with proliferation across many organisms and conditions. To better understand that association, we examined the metabolic consequence of activating the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) to increase pyruvate oxidation at the expense of fermentation. We find that increasing PDH activity impairs cell proliferation by reducing the NAD+/NADH ratio. This change in NAD+/NADH is caused by increased mitochondrial membrane potential that impairs mitochondrial electron transport and NAD+ regeneration. Uncoupling respiration from ATP synthesis or increasing ATP hydrolysis restores NAD+/NADH homeostasis and proliferation even when glucose oxidation is increased. These data suggest that when demand for NAD+ to support oxidation reactions exceeds the rate of ATP turnover in cells, NAD+ regeneration by mitochondrial respiration becomes constrained, promoting fermentation, despite available oxygen. This argues that cells engage in aerobic glycolysis when the demand for NAD+ is in excess of the demand for ATP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Luengo
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhaoqi Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dan Y Gui
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lucas B Sullivan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Maria Zagorulya
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian T Do
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raphael Ferreira
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adi Naamati
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Caroline A Lewis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Craig J Thomas
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stefani Spranger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Atas E, Oberhuber M, Kenner L. The Implications of PDK1-4 on Tumor Energy Metabolism, Aggressiveness and Therapy Resistance. Front Oncol 2020; 10:583217. [PMID: 33384955 PMCID: PMC7771695 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.583217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis-known as the Warburg effect-is characteristic for many cancers. It gives the cancer cells a survival advantage in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and protects them from cytotoxic effects of oxidative damage and apoptosis. The main regulators of this metabolic shift are the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) isoforms 1-4. PDK is known to be overexpressed in several cancers and is associated with bad prognosis and therapy resistance. Whereas the expression of PDK1-3 is tissue specific, PDK4 expression is dependent on the energetic state of the whole organism. In contrast to other PDK isoforms, not only oncogenic, but also tumor suppressive functions of PDK4 have been reported. In tumors that profit from high OXPHOS and high de novo fatty acid synthesis, PDK4 can have a protective effect. This is the case for prostate cancer, the most common cancer in men, and makes PDK4 an interesting therapeutic target. While most work is focused on PDK in tumors characterized by high glycolytic activity, little research is devoted to those cases where PDK4 acts protective and is therefore highly needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emine Atas
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Oberhuber
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Area ‘Data & Technologies’, CBmed—Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Area ‘Data & Technologies’, CBmed—Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine GmbH, Graz, Austria
- Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Applied Metabolomics (CDL AM), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Jin L, Kim EY, Chung TW, Han CW, Park SY, Han JH, Bae SJ, Lee JR, Kim YW, Jang SB, Ha KT. Hemistepsin A suppresses colorectal cancer growth through inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21940. [PMID: 33318678 PMCID: PMC7736850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancer cells primarily produce their energy through a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation even in the presence of abundant oxygen. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) 1, an enzyme responsible for aerobic glycolysis via phosphorylating and inactivating pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex, is commonly overexpressed in tumors and recognized as a therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. Hemistepsin A (HsA) is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Hemistepta lyrata Bunge (Compositae). Here, we report that HsA is a PDK1 inhibitor can reduce the growth of colorectal cancer and consequent activation of mitochondrial ROS-dependent apoptotic pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Computational simulation and biochemical assays showed that HsA directly binds to the lipoamide-binding site of PDK1, and subsequently inhibits the interaction of PDK1 with the E2 subunit of PDH complex. As a result of PDK1 inhibition, lactate production was decreased, but oxygen consumption was increased. Mitochondrial ROS levels and mitochondrial damage were also increased. Consistent with these observations, the apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells was promoted by HsA with enhanced activation of caspase-3 and -9. These results suggested that HsA might be a potential candidate for developing a novel anti-cancer drug through suppressing cancer metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jin
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Yangsan, Gyeonsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Kim
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Yangsan, Gyeonsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Chung
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Woo Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Han
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Bae
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Rok Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Woo Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 38066, Korea
| | - Se Bok Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 49, Yangsan, Gyeonsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea.
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Role of tyrosine phosphorylation in modulating cancer cell metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
72
|
Digging deeper through glucose metabolism and its regulators in cancer and metastasis. Life Sci 2020; 264:118603. [PMID: 33091446 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism enzymes and transporters play major role in cancer development and metastasis. In this study, we discuss glucose metabolism, transporters, receptors, hormones, oncogenes and tumor suppressors which interact with glucose metabolism and we try to discuss their major role in cancer development and cancer metabolism. We try to highlight the. Metabolic changes in cancer and metastasis upregulation of glycolysis is observed in many primary and metastatic cancers and aerobic glycolysis is the most favorable mechanism for glucose metabolism in cancer cells, and it is a kind of evolutionary change. The question that is posed at this juncture is: Can we use aerobic glycolysis phenotype and enzymes beyond this mechanism in estimating cancer prognosis and metastasis? Lactate is a metabolite of glucose metabolism and it is a key player in cancer and metastasis in both normoxic and hypoxic condition so lactate dehydrogenase can be a good prognostic biomarker. Furthermore, monocarboxylic transporter which is the main lactate transporter can be good target in therapeutic studies. Glycolysis enzymes are valuable enzymes in cancer and metastasis diagnosis and can be used as therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. Designing a diagnostic and prognostic profile for cancer metastasis seems to be possible base on glycolysis enzymes and glucose transporters. Also, glucose metabolism enzymes and agents can give us a clear vision in estimating cancer metastasis. We can promote a panel of genes that detect genetic changes in glucose metabolism agents to diagnose cancer metastasis.
Collapse
|
73
|
Zhang D, Xu X, Ye Q. Metabolism and immunity in breast cancer. Front Med 2020; 15:178-207. [PMID: 33074528 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies that seriously threaten women's health. In the process of the malignant transformation of breast cancer, metabolic reprogramming and immune evasion represent the two main fascinating characteristics of cancer and facilitate cancer cell proliferation. Breast cancer cells generate energy through increased glucose metabolism. Lipid metabolism contributes to biological signal pathways and forms cell membranes except energy generation. Amino acids act as basic protein units and metabolic regulators in supporting cell growth. For tumor-associated immunity, poor immunogenicity and heightened immunosuppression cause breast cancer cells to evade the host's immune system. For the past few years, the complex mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming and immune evasion are deeply investigated, and the genes involved in these processes are used as clinical therapeutic targets for breast cancer. Here, we review the recent findings related to abnormal metabolism and immune characteristics, regulatory mechanisms, their links, and relevant therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Zhang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Qinong Ye
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Cai Z, Li CF, Han F, Liu C, Zhang A, Hsu CC, Peng D, Zhang X, Jin G, Rezaeian AH, Wang G, Zhang W, Pan BS, Wang CY, Wang YH, Wu SY, Yang SC, Hsu FC, D'Agostino RB, Furdui CM, Kucera GL, Parks JS, Chilton FH, Huang CY, Tsai FJ, Pasche B, Watabe K, Lin HK. Phosphorylation of PDHA by AMPK Drives TCA Cycle to Promote Cancer Metastasis. Mol Cell 2020; 80:263-278.e7. [PMID: 33022274 PMCID: PMC7534735 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis accounts for the major cause of cancer-related deaths. How disseminated cancer cells cope with hostile microenvironments in secondary site for full-blown metastasis is largely unknown. Here, we show that AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase), activated in mouse metastasis models, drives pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) activation to maintain TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) and promotes cancer metastasis by adapting cancer cells to metabolic and oxidative stresses. This AMPK-PDHc axis is activated in advanced breast cancer and predicts poor metastasis-free survival. Mechanistically, AMPK localizes in the mitochondrial matrix and phosphorylates the catalytic alpha subunit of PDHc (PDHA) on two residues S295 and S314, which activates the enzymatic activity of PDHc and alleviates an inhibitory phosphorylation by PDHKs, respectively. Importantly, these phosphorylation events mediate PDHc function in cancer metastasis. Our study reveals that AMPK-mediated PDHA phosphorylation drives PDHc activation and TCA cycle to empower cancer cells adaptation to metastatic microenvironments for metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan; National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan; Institute of Precision Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Fei Han
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chunfang Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anmei Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Che-Chia Hsu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Danni Peng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guoxiang Jin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abdol-Hossein Rezaeian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guihua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Weina Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Bo-Syong Pan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chi-Yun Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; International PhD Program in Innovative Technology of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Device, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243303, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Shih-Ying Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Shun-Chin Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ralph B D'Agostino
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Christina M Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Gregory L Kucera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John S Parks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Boris Pasche
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kounosuke Watabe
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Haydinger CD, Kittipassorn T, Peet DJ. Power to see-Drivers of aerobic glycolysis in the mammalian retina: A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 48:1057-1071. [PMID: 32710505 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian retina converts most glucose to lactate rather than catabolizing it completely to carbon dioxide via oxidative phosphorylation, despite the availability of oxygen. This unusual metabolism is known as aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect. Molecules and pathways that drive aerobic glycolysis have been identified and thoroughly studied in the context of cancer but remain relatively poorly understood in the retina. Here, we review recent research on the molecular mechanisms that underly aerobic glycolysis in the retina, focusing on key glycolytic enzymes including hexokinase 2 (HK2), pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA). We also discuss the potential involvement of cell signalling and transcriptional pathways including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signalling, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), which have been implicated in driving aerobic glycolysis in the context of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron D Haydinger
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thaksaon Kittipassorn
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Mahidol, Thailand
| | - Daniel J Peet
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Fukuda R, Marín‐Juez R, El‐Sammak H, Beisaw A, Ramadass R, Kuenne C, Guenther S, Konzer A, Bhagwat AM, Graumann J, Stainier DYR. Stimulation of glycolysis promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation after injury in adult zebrafish. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49752. [PMID: 32648304 PMCID: PMC7403660 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac metabolism plays a crucial role in producing sufficient energy to sustain cardiac function. However, the role of metabolism in different aspects of cardiomyocyte regeneration remains unclear. Working with the adult zebrafish heart regeneration model, we first find an increase in the levels of mRNAs encoding enzymes regulating glucose and pyruvate metabolism, including pyruvate kinase M1/2 (Pkm) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (Pdks), especially in tissues bordering the damaged area. We further find that impaired glycolysis decreases the number of proliferating cardiomyocytes following injury. These observations are supported by analyses using loss-of-function models for the metabolic regulators Pkma2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha. Cardiomyocyte-specific loss- and gain-of-function manipulations of pyruvate metabolism using Pdk3 as well as a catalytic subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) reveal its importance in cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation and proliferation after injury. Furthermore, we find that PDK activity can modulate cell cycle progression and protrusive activity in mammalian cardiomyocytes in culture. Our findings reveal new roles for cardiac metabolism and the PDK-PDC axis in cardiomyocyte behavior following cardiac injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Fukuda
- Department of Developmental GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
- The German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner Site Rhine‐MainMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Rubén Marín‐Juez
- Department of Developmental GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
- The German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner Site Rhine‐MainMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Hadil El‐Sammak
- Department of Developmental GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
- The German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner Site Rhine‐MainMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Arica Beisaw
- Department of Developmental GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
- The German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner Site Rhine‐MainMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Radhan Ramadass
- Department of Developmental GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
- The German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner Site Rhine‐MainMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Carsten Kuenne
- The Cardio‐Pulmonary Institute (CPI) and Deep Sequencing PlatformBad NauheimGermany
| | - Stefan Guenther
- The Cardio‐Pulmonary Institute (CPI) and Deep Sequencing PlatformBad NauheimGermany
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing PlatformMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Anne Konzer
- The German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner Site Rhine‐MainMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
- Biomolecular Mass SpectrometryMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Aditya M Bhagwat
- The German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner Site Rhine‐MainMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
- Biomolecular Mass SpectrometryMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- The German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner Site Rhine‐MainMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
- Biomolecular Mass SpectrometryMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| | - Didier YR Stainier
- Department of Developmental GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
- The German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)Partner Site Rhine‐MainMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung ResearchBad NauheimGermany
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Sochacka M, Opalinski L, Szymczyk J, Zimoch MB, Czyrek A, Krowarsch D, Otlewski J, Zakrzewska M. FHF1 is a bona fide fibroblast growth factor that activates cellular signaling in FGFR-dependent manner. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:69. [PMID: 32357892 PMCID: PMC7193404 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) via their receptors (FGFRs) transduce signals from the extracellular space to the cell interior, modulating pivotal cellular processes such as cell proliferation, motility, metabolism and death. FGF superfamily includes a group of fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHFs), proteins whose function is still largely unknown. Since FHFs lack the signal sequence for secretion and are unable to induce FGFR-dependent cell proliferation, these proteins were considered as intracellular proteins that are not involved in signal transduction via FGFRs. Here we demonstrate for the first time that FHF1 directly interacts with all four major FGFRs. FHF1 binding causes efficient FGFR activation and initiation of receptor-dependent signaling cascades. However, the biological effect of FHF1 differs from the one elicited by canonical FGFs, as extracellular FHF1 protects cells from apoptosis, but is unable to stimulate cell division. Our data define FHF1 as a FGFR ligand, emphasizing much greater similarity between FHFs and canonical FGFs than previously indicated. Video Abstract. (MP4 38460 kb)
Graphical abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Sochacka
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Opalinski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Szymczyk
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta B Zimoch
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Czyrek
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Krowarsch
- Department of Protein Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zakrzewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Gan D, Yue S, Jiang Y, Zhang D, Shi H, Qian H, Zhou T, Fang W, Yao M, Zuo G, Chen T. Nucleus-located PDK1 regulates growth, invasion and migration of breast cancer cells. Life Sci 2020; 253:117722. [PMID: 32348834 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS It is well known that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) is highly expressed in breast cancer (BC) tissues and promotes tumor growth, but the underlying mechanisms of this process are unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of nuclear PDK1 on growth, migration and invasion in human BC cells. MAIN METHODS The sub-cellular localization of PDK1 in BC cells was performed with subcellular fractionation followed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. The localization of PDK1 in breast normal tissue and breast duct carcinoma was detected by Immunohistochemistry. Then the protein-protein interaction between PDK1 and Importin β was verified by co-immunoprecipitation assay. Finally, the effects of nuclear PDK1 on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of BC cells were assessed. KEY FINDINGS In addition to its well-known sub-cellular localization, PDK1 was present in the nucleus of BC cells, and EGF treatment increased nucleus distribution of PDK1. Moreover, the level of nuclear PDK1 accumulation facilitated the growth of BC cells. We also found that the entry of PDK1 into nucleus mainly relied on the nuclear localization signal (NLS), and NLS mutation inhibited the entry of PDK1 into nucleus; as a result, the migration and invasion abilities of BC cells were impaired, and the number of apoptotic cells was significantly increased. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings provided a new supplement to the sub-cellular localization of PDK1 in BC cells and uncovered the function of nuclear PDK1 in facilitating BC cells growth, migration and invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delu Gan
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Shujun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yulin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Dian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - He Shi
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Husun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Wenli Fang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Mengli Yao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Guowei Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Tingmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (Ministry of Education), College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Contreras-Lopez R, Elizondo-Vega R, Paredes MJ, Luque-Campos N, Torres MJ, Tejedor G, Vega-Letter AM, Figueroa-Valdés A, Pradenas C, Oyarce K, Jorgensen C, Khoury M, Garcia-Robles MDLA, Altamirano C, Djouad F, Luz-Crawford P. HIF1α-dependent metabolic reprogramming governs mesenchymal stem/stromal cell immunoregulatory functions. FASEB J 2020; 34:8250-8264. [PMID: 32333618 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902232r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α (HIF1α), a regulator of metabolic change, is required for the survival and differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC). Its role in MSC immunoregulatory activity, however, has not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we evaluate the role of HIF1α on MSC immunosuppressive potential. We show that HIF1α silencing in MSC decreases their inhibitory potential on Th1 and Th17 cell generation and limits their capacity to generate regulatory T cells. This reduced immunosuppressive potential of MSC is associated with a metabolic switch from glycolysis to OXPHOS and a reduced capacity to express or produce some immunosuppressive mediators including Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM), IL-6, and nitric oxide (NO). Moreover, using the Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity murine model (DTH), we confirm, in vivo, the critical role of HIF1α on MSC immunosuppressive effect. Indeed, we show that HIF1α silencing impairs MSC capacity to reduce inflammation and inhibit the generation of pro-inflammatory T cells. This study reveals the pivotal role of HIF1α on MSC immunosuppressive activity through the regulation of their metabolic status and identifies HIF1α as a novel mediator of MSC immunotherapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Contreras-Lopez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Elizondo-Vega
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maria Jose Paredes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Noymar Luque-Campos
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Jose Torres
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Gautier Tejedor
- IRMB, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana Maria Vega-Letter
- Cells for Cells, Consorcio Regenero, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aliosha Figueroa-Valdés
- Cells for Cells, Consorcio Regenero, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Pradenas
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina Oyarce
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Maroun Khoury
- Cells for Cells, Consorcio Regenero, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria de Los Angeles Garcia-Robles
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Farida Djouad
- IRMB, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Zhou W, Niu YJ, Nie ZW, Kim JY, Xu YN, Yan CG, Cui XS. Nuclear accumulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha 1 promotes histone acetylation and is essential for zygotic genome activation in porcine embryos. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
81
|
Baumeister J, Chatain N, Hubrich A, Maié T, Costa IG, Denecke B, Han L, Küstermann C, Sontag S, Seré K, Strathmann K, Zenke M, Schuppert A, Brümmendorf TH, Kranc KR, Koschmieder S, Gezer D. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a new therapeutic target in JAK2V617F-positive myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leukemia 2020; 34:1062-1074. [PMID: 31728053 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Classical Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic malignancies including polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). The JAK2V617F mutation plays a central role in these disorders and can be found in 90% of PV and ~50-60% of ET and PMF. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a master transcriptional regulator of the response to decreased oxygen levels. We demonstrate the impact of pharmacological inhibition and shRNA-mediated knockdown (KD) of HIF-1α in JAK2V617F-positive cells. Inhibition of HIF-1 binding to hypoxia response elements (HREs) with echinomycin, verified by ChIP, impaired growth and survival by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in Jak2V617F-positive 32D cells, but not Jak2WT controls. Echinomycin selectively abrogated clonogenic growth of JAK2V617F cells and decreased growth, survival, and colony formation of bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear cells and iPS cell-derived progenitor cells from JAK2V617F-positive patients, while cells from healthy donors were unaffected. We identified HIF-1 target genes involved in the Warburg effect as a possible underlying mechanism, with increased expression of Pdk1, Glut1, and others. That was underlined by transcriptome analysis of primary patient samples. Collectively, our data show that HIF-1 is a new potential therapeutic target in JAK2V617F-positive MPN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Baumeister
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Chatain
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Annika Hubrich
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tiago Maié
- Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ivan G Costa
- Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd Denecke
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Aachen, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lijuan Han
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Caroline Küstermann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Sontag
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristin Seré
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Strathmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schuppert
- Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim H Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kamil R Kranc
- Laboratory of Haematopoietic Stem Cell & Leukaemia Biology, Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Deniz Gezer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Dong Q, Wang Z, Jiang M, Sun H, Wang X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Cheng H, Chai Y, Shao T, Shi L, Wang Z. Transcriptome analysis of the response provided by Lasiopodomys mandarinus to severe hypoxia includes enhancing DNA repair and damage prevention. Front Zool 2020; 17:9. [PMID: 32256671 PMCID: PMC7106638 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-020-00356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe hypoxia induces a series of stress responses in mammals; however, subterranean rodents have evolved several adaptation mechanisms of energy metabolisms and O2 utilization for hypoxia. Mammalian brains show extreme aerobic metabolism. Following hypoxia exposure, mammals usually experience irreversible brain damage and can even develop serious diseases, such as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and brain edema. To investigate mechanisms underlying the responses of subterranean rodents to severe hypoxia, we performed a cross-species brain transcriptomic analysis using RNA sequencing and identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the subterranean rodent Lasiopodomys mandarinus and its closely related aboveground species L. brandtii under severe hypoxia (5.0% O2, 6 h) and normoxia (20.9% O2, 6 h). Results We obtained 361 million clean reads, including 69,611 unigenes in L. mandarinus and 69,360 in L. brandtii. We identified 359 and 515 DEGs by comparing the hypoxic and normoxia groups of L. mandarinus and L. brandtii, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that upregulated DEGs in both species displayed similar terms in response to severe hypoxia; the main difference is that GO terms of L. brandtii were enriched in the immune system. However, in the downregulated DEGs, GO terms of L. mandarinus were enriched in cell proliferation and protein transport and those of L. brandtii were enriched in nuclease and hydrolase activities, particularly in terms of developmental functions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that upregulated DEGs in L. mandarinus were associated with DNA repair and damage prevention as well as angiogenesis and metastasis inhibition, whereas downregulated DEGs were associated with neuronal synaptic transmission and tumor-associated metabolic pathways. In L. brandtii, upregulated KEGG pathways were enriched in the immune, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems and particularly in cancer-related pathways, whereas downregulated DEGs were associated with environmental information processing and misregulation in cancers. Conclusions L. mandarinus has evolved hypoxia adaptation by enhancing DNA repair, damage prevention, and augmenting sensing, whereas L. brandtii showed a higher risk of tumorigenesis and promoted innate immunity toward severe hypoxia. These results reveal the hypoxic mechanisms of L. mandarinus to severe hypoxia, which may provide research clues for hypoxic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Dong
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Zishi Wang
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Mengwan Jiang
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Hong Sun
- 2College of Physical Education (main campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province China
| | - Xuqin Wang
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Yangwei Li
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China.,3Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan Province China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Han Cheng
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Yurong Chai
- 4School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Tian Shao
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Luye Shi
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- 1School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan Province China
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
PDK1 promotes ovarian cancer metastasis by modulating tumor-mesothelial adhesion, invasion, and angiogenesis via α5β1 integrin and JNK/IL-8 signaling. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:24. [PMID: 32071289 PMCID: PMC7028730 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-0209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancies owing to the lack of definitive symptoms until development of widespread metastases. Identification of novel prognostic and therapeutic targets is therefore an urgent need to improve survival. Here, we demonstrated high expression of the mitochondrial gatekeeping enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), in both clinical samples and cell lines of ovarian cancer. PDK1 expression was significantly associated with metastasis, reduced chemosensitivity, and poor overall and disease-free survival, and further highlighted as an independent prognostic factor. Silencing of PDK1 retarded lactate production, ovarian cancer cell adhesion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, and consequently metastasis, concomitant with decreased α5β1 integrin expression. Phospho-kinase array profiling and RNA sequencing analyses further revealed reduction of JNK activation and IL-8 expression in PDK1-depleted cells. Conversely, PDK1 overexpression promoted cell adhesion via modulation of α5β1 integrins, along with cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis through activation of JNK/IL-8 signaling. PDK1 depletion additionally hindered tumor growth and dissemination in nude mice in vivo. Importantly, PDK1 levels were upregulated upon treatment with conditioned medium from omental tissues, which in turn promoted metastasis. Our findings suggest that PDK1, which is regulated by the tumor microenvironment, controls lactate production and promotes ovarian cancer cell metastasis via modulation of α5β1 integrin and JNK/IL-8 signaling. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate an association between PDK1 and survival in patients with ovarian cancer, supporting its efficacy as a valuable prognostic marker and therapeutic molecular target for the disease.
Collapse
|
84
|
The Influence of Met Receptor Level on HGF-Induced Glycolytic Reprogramming in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020471. [PMID: 31940827 PMCID: PMC7013520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is known to overexpress a variety of receptor tyrosine kinases, such as the HGF receptor Met. Like other malignancies, HNSCC involves a mutual interaction between the tumor cells and surrounding tissues and cells. We hypothesized that activation of HGF/Met signaling in HNSCC influences glucose metabolism and therefore substantially changes the tumor microenvironment. To determine the effect of HGF, we submitted three established HNSCC cell lines to mRNA sequencing. Dynamic changes in glucose metabolism were measured in real time by an extracellular flux analyzer. As expected, the cell lines exhibited different levels of Met and responded differently to HGF stimulation. As confirmed by mRNA sequencing, the level of Met expression was associated with the number of upregulated HGF-dependent genes. Overall, Met stimulation by HGF leads to increased glycolysis, presumably mediated by higher expression of three key enzymes of glycolysis. These effects appear to be stronger in Methigh-expressing HNSCC cells. Collectively, our data support the hypothesized role of HGF/Met signaling in metabolic reprogramming of HNSCC.
Collapse
|
85
|
Atas E, Oberhuber M, Kenner L. The Implications of PDK1-4 on Tumor Energy Metabolism, Aggressiveness and Therapy Resistance. Front Oncol 2020. [PMID: 33384955 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis-known as the Warburg effect-is characteristic for many cancers. It gives the cancer cells a survival advantage in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and protects them from cytotoxic effects of oxidative damage and apoptosis. The main regulators of this metabolic shift are the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) isoforms 1-4. PDK is known to be overexpressed in several cancers and is associated with bad prognosis and therapy resistance. Whereas the expression of PDK1-3 is tissue specific, PDK4 expression is dependent on the energetic state of the whole organism. In contrast to other PDK isoforms, not only oncogenic, but also tumor suppressive functions of PDK4 have been reported. In tumors that profit from high OXPHOS and high de novo fatty acid synthesis, PDK4 can have a protective effect. This is the case for prostate cancer, the most common cancer in men, and makes PDK4 an interesting therapeutic target. While most work is focused on PDK in tumors characterized by high glycolytic activity, little research is devoted to those cases where PDK4 acts protective and is therefore highly needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emine Atas
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Oberhuber
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Area 'Data & Technologies', CBmed-Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Area 'Data & Technologies', CBmed-Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine GmbH, Graz, Austria
- Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Applied Metabolomics (CDL AM), Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Gándara L, Durrieu L, Behrensen C, Wappner P. A genetic toolkit for the analysis of metabolic changes in Drosophila provides new insights into metabolic responses to stress and malignant transformation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19945. [PMID: 31882718 PMCID: PMC6934733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the energetic metabolism occurs fundamentally at the cellular level, so analytical strategies must aim to attain single cell resolution to fully embrace its inherent complexity. We have developed methods to utilize a toolset of metabolic FRET sensors for assessing lactate, pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate levels of Drosophila tissues in vivo by imaging techniques. We show here how the energetic metabolism is altered by hypoxia: While some larval tissues respond to low oxygen levels by executing a metabolic switch towards lactic fermentation, the fat body and salivary glands do not alter their energetic metabolism. Analysis of tumor metabolism revealed that depending on the genetic background, some tumors undergo a lactogenic switch typical of the Warburg effect, while other tumors do not. This toolset allows for developmental and physiologic studies in genetically manipulated Drosophila individuals in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Gándara
- Instituto Leloir, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Durrieu
- Instituto Leloir, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular, y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Behrensen
- Instituto Leloir, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Wappner
- Instituto Leloir, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular, y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Fukuda R, Aharonov A, Ong YT, Stone OA, El-Brolosy M, Maischein HM, Potente M, Tzahor E, Stainier DY. Metabolic modulation regulates cardiac wall morphogenesis in zebrafish. eLife 2019; 8:50161. [PMID: 31868165 PMCID: PMC7000217 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During cardiac development, cardiomyocytes form complex inner wall structures called trabeculae. Despite significant investigation into this process, the potential role of metabolism has not been addressed. Using single cell resolution imaging in zebrafish, we find that cardiomyocytes seeding the trabecular layer actively change their shape while compact layer cardiomyocytes remain static. We show that Erbb2 signaling, which is required for trabeculation, activates glycolysis to support changes in cardiomyocyte shape and behavior. Pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis impairs cardiac trabeculation, and cardiomyocyte-specific loss- and gain-of-function manipulations of glycolysis decrease and increase trabeculation, respectively. In addition, loss of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 impairs trabeculation. Experiments with rat neonatal cardiomyocytes in culture further support these observations. Our findings reveal new roles for glycolysis in regulating cardiomyocyte behavior during cardiac wall morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Fukuda
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse, Germany
| | - Alla Aharonov
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yu Ting Ong
- Angiogenesis & Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse, Germany
| | - Oliver A Stone
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse, Germany
| | - Mohamed El-Brolosy
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Maischein
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse, Germany
| | - Michael Potente
- Angiogenesis & Metabolism Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse, Germany
| | - Eldad Tzahor
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Didier Yr Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Lee YG, Nam Y, Shin KJ, Yoon S, Park WS, Joung JY, Seo JK, Jang J, Lee S, Nam D, Caino MC, Suh PG, Chan Chae Y. Androgen-induced expression of DRP1 regulates mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 471:72-87. [PMID: 31838085 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a central role in metabolic reprogramming for prostate cancer (PCa) growth and progression. Mitochondria are metabolic powerhouses of the cell and support several hallmarks of cancer. However, the molecular links between AR signaling and the mitochondria that support the metabolic demands of PCa cells are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate increased levels of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a mitochondrial fission mediator, in androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant AR-driven PCa. AR signaling upregulates DRP1 to form the VDAC-MPC2 complex, increases pyruvate transport into mitochondria, and supports mitochondrial metabolism, including oxidative phosphorylation and lipogenesis. DRP1 inhibition activates the cellular metabolic stress response, which involves AMPK phosphorylation, induction of autophagy, and the ER unfolded protein response, and attenuates androgen-induced proliferation. Additionally, DRP1 expression facilitates PCa cell survival under diverse metabolic stress conditions, including hypoxia and oxidative stress. Moreover, we found that increased DRP1 expression was indicative of poor prognosis in patients with castration-resistant PCa. Collectively, our findings link androgen signaling-mediated mitochondrial dynamics to metabolic reprogramming; moreover, they have important implications for understanding PCa progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Geon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Nam
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Shin
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Yoon
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Weon Seo Park
- Department of Pathology, Prostate Cancer Center, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Joung
- Department of Urology, Prostate Cancer Center, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Kon Seo
- UNIST Central Research Facility, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Jang
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Semin Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dougu Nam
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - M Cecilia Caino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chan Chae
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National University of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Figueroa V, Rodríguez MS, Lanari C, Lamb CA. Nuclear action of FGF members in endocrine-related tissues and cancer: Interplay with steroid receptor pathways. Steroids 2019; 152:108492. [PMID: 31513818 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the fibroblast growth factors/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) pathway has been implicated in a wide range of human disorders and several members have been localized in the nuclear compartment. Hormone-activated steroid receptors or ligand independent activated receptors form nuclear complexes that activate gene transcription. This review aims to highlight the interplay between the steroid receptor and the FGF/FGFR pathways and focuses on the current knowledge on nuclear action of FGF members in endocrine-related tissues and cancer. The nuclear trafficking and targets of FGF/FGFR members and the available evidence on the interplay with steroid hormones and receptors is described. Finally, the data on aberrant FGF/FGFR signaling is summarized and the nuclear action of FGF members on endocrine resistant breast cancer is highlighted. Identifying the mechanisms underlying FGF-induced endocrine resistance will be important to understand how to efficiently target endocrine-related diseases and even enhance or restore endocrine sensitivity in hormone receptor positive tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Figueroa
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - María Sol Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Claudia Lanari
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Caroline Ana Lamb
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Jiang H, Gu J, Du J, Qi X, Qian C, Fei B. A 21‑gene Support Vector Machine classifier and a 10‑gene risk score system constructed for patients with gastric cancer. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:347-359. [PMID: 31939629 PMCID: PMC6896370 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) ranks fifth in terms of incidence and third in terms of tumor mortality worldwide. The present study was designed to construct a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier and risk score system for GC. The GSE62254 (training set) and GSE26253 (validation set 2) datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Furthermore, the gene expression profile of GC (validation set 1) was obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between recurrent and non‑recurrent samples were determined using the limma package. The feature genes were selected using the Caret package, and an SVM classifier was built using the e1071 package. Using the penalized package, the optimal predictive genes for constructing a risk score system were screened. Finally, stratification analysis of clinical factors and pathway enrichment analysis were performed using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. A total of 239 DEGs were identified in GSE62254, among which 114 DEGs were significantly associated with both recurrence‑free survival and overall survival. Subsequently, 21 feature genes were screened from the 114 DEGs, and an SVM classifier was built. A risk score system for survival prediction was constructed, following the selection of 10 optimal genes, including A‑kinase anchoring protein 12, angiopoietin‑like protein 1, cysteine‑rich sequence 1, myeloid/lymphoid or mixed‑lineage leukemia, translocated to chromosome 11, neuron navigator 3, neurobeachin, nephroblastoma overexpressed, pleiotrophin, tumor suppressor candidate 3 and zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 18. The stratification analysis revealed that pathological stage was an independent prognostic clinical factor in the high‑risk group. Additionally, eight significant pathways were associated with the 10‑gene signature. The SVM classifier and risk score system may be applied for classifying and predicting the prognosis of patients with GC, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
| | - Jiming Gu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Qi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
| | - Chengjia Qian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
| | - Bojian Fei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Venkatesh S, Suzuki CK. Cell stress management by the mitochondrial LonP1 protease - Insights into mitigating developmental, oncogenic and cardiac stress. Mitochondrion 2019; 51:46-61. [PMID: 31756517 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial LonP1 is an essential stress response protease that mediates mitochondrial proteostasis, metabolism and bioenergetics. Homozygous and compound heterozygous variants in the LONP1 gene encoding the LonP1 protease have recently been shown to cause a diverse spectrum of human pathologies, ranging from classical mitochondrial disease phenotypes, profound neurologic impairment and multi-organ dysfunctions, some of which are uncommon to mitochondrial disorders. In this review, we focus primarily on human LonP1 and discuss findings, which demonstrate its multidimensional roles in maintaining mitochondrial proteostasis and adapting cells to metabolic flux and stress during normal physiology and disease processes. We also discuss emerging roles of LonP1 in responding to developmental, oncogenic and cardiac stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sundararajan Venkatesh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Carolyn K Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Lu H, Lu Y, Xie Y, Qiu S, Li X, Fan Z. Rational combination with PDK1 inhibition overcomes cetuximab resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. JCI Insight 2019; 4:131106. [PMID: 31578313 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetuximab, an EGFR-blocking antibody, is currently approved for treatment of metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but its response rate is limited. In addition to blocking EGFR-stimulated cell signaling, cetuximab can induce endocytosis of ASCT2, a glutamine transporter associated with EGFR in a complex, leading to glutathione biosynthesis inhibition and cellular sensitization to ROS. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-1 (PDK1), a key mitochondrial enzyme overexpressed in cancer cells, redirects glucose metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation toward aerobic glycolysis. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that targeting PDK1 is a rational approach to synergize with cetuximab through ROS overproduction. We found that combination of PDK1 knockdown or inhibition by dichloroacetic acid (DCA) with ASCT2 knockdown or with cetuximab treatment induced ROS overproduction and apoptosis in HNSCC cells, and this effect was independent of effective inhibition of EGFR downstream pathways but could be lessened by N-acetyl cysteine, an anti-oxidative agent. In several cetuximab-resistant HNSCC xenograft models, DCA plus cetuximab induced marked tumor regression, whereas either agent alone failed to induce tumor regression. Our findings call for potentially novel clinical trials of combining cetuximab and DCA in patients with cetuximab-sensitive EGFR-overexpressing tumors and patients with cetuximab-resistant EGFR-overexpressing tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yangyiran Xie
- Program in Neuroscience, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Songbo Qiu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xinqun Li
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhen Fan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Rabalski AJ, Bogdan AR, Baranczak A. Evaluation of Chemically-Cleavable Linkers for Quantitative Mapping of Small Molecule-Cysteinome Reactivity. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1940-1950. [PMID: 31430117 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Numerous reagents have been developed to enable chemical proteomic analysis of small molecule-protein interactomes. However, the performance of these reagents has not been systematically evaluated and compared. Herein, we report our efforts to conduct a parallel assessment of two widely used chemically cleavable linkers equipped with dialkoxydiphenylsilane (DADPS linker) and azobenzene (AZO linker) moieties. Profiling a cellular cysteinome using the iodoacetamide alkyne probe demonstrated a significant discrepancy between the experimental results obtained through the application of each of the reagents. To better understand the source of observed discrepancy, we evaluated the key sample preparation steps. We also performed a mass tolerant database search strategy using MSFragger software. This resulted in identifying a previously unreported artifactual modification on the residual mass of the azobenzene linker. Furthermore, we conducted a comparative analysis of enrichment modes using both cleavable linkers. This effort determined that enrichment of proteolytic digests yielded a far greater number of identified cysteine residues than the enrichment conducted prior to protein digest. Inspired by recent studies where multiplexed quantitative labeling strategies were applied to cleavable biotin linkers, we combined this further optimized protocol using the DADPS cleavable linker with tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling to profile the FDA-approved covalent EGFR kinase inhibitor dacomitinib against the cysteinome of an epidermoid cancer cell line. Our analysis resulted in the detection and quantification of over 10,000 unique cysteine residues, a nearly 3-fold increase over previous studies that used cleavable biotin linkers for enrichment. Critically, cysteine residues corresponding to proteins directly as well as indirectly modulated by dacomitinib treatment were identified. Overall, our study suggests that the dialkoxydiphenylsilane linker could be broadly applied wherever chemically cleavable linkers are required for chemical proteomic characterization of cellular proteomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Rabalski
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6101, United States
| | - Andrew R. Bogdan
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6101, United States
| | - Aleksandra Baranczak
- Drug Discovery Science & Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6101, United States
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Wang JJ, Siu MK, Jiang YX, Leung TH, Chan DW, Cheng RR, Cheung AN, Ngan HY, Chan KK. Aberrant upregulation of PDK1 in ovarian cancer cells impairs CD8 + T cell function and survival through elevation of PD-L1. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1659092. [PMID: 31646108 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1659092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the programmed cell death 1(PD-1)/PD-1 ligand-1(PD-L1) pathway has been exploited therapeutically in many cancer types. Upregulation of PD-L1 in tumor cells contributes to malignancy through suppression of the T cell-mediated antitumor response. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), a glycolytic gate-keeping enzyme, is also known to promote tumor development. Here, we have uncovered a mechanism of regulation of PD-L1 by PDK1 through activation of c-Jun-NH2-kinase (JNK)-c-Jun in ovarian cancer cells. Elevated PDK1 expression was correlated with that of PD-L1 in the TCGA ovarian cancer dataset and ovarian cancer tissue array. Overexpression of PDK1 in ovarian cancer cells impaired CD8+ T cell function by suppressing IFN-γ secretion through the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Conversely, knockdown of PDK1 in ovarian cancer cells relieved suppression of CD8+ T cell function. CD8+ T cell apoptosis induced by binding of PD-1 with PD-L1 was increased after co-culture with ovarian cancer cells overexpressing PDK1, while depletion of PDK1 exerted the opposite effect. In vivo experiments revealed synergistic improved overall survival and enhanced inhibition of tumor growth upon co-treatment with dichloroacetate (DCA), a PDK inhibitor, and PD-L1 antibody, accompanied by increased IFN-γ secretion by monocytes infiltrating tumor islets. Moreover, PDK1 expression and CD8+ T cell infiltration were inversely correlated in the ovarian cancer tissue array. Our collective findings provide a novel explanation of how PDK1 contributes to upregulation of PD-L1 in ovarian cancer and highlight its potential as a target therapeutic molecule that cooperates with the immune checkpoint blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Michelle K Siu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yu-Xin Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Thomas H Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| | - David W Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ran-Ran Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Annie N Cheung
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Hextan Y Ngan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Karen K Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Cho H, Shin I, Cho K, Yoon H, Yoo EK, Kim MJ, Park S, Lee IK, Kim ND, Sim T. Identification of Novel Resorcinol Amide Derivatives as Potent and Specific Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase (PDHK) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8461-8479. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Cho
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Injae Shin
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungseon Cho
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojong Yoon
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Yoo
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Kim
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmi Park
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, 2387 Dalgubeol-daero, Suseong-gu, Daegu 42019, Republic of Korea
- NDBio Therapeutics Inc., 32 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21984, Republic of Korea
| | - Taebo Sim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Hypoxia-reprogrammed tricarboxylic acid cycle promotes the growth of human breast tumorigenic cells. Oncogene 2019; 38:6970-6984. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0932-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
97
|
Mazucanti CH, Kawamoto EM, Mattson MP, Scavone C, Camandola S. Activity-dependent neuronal Klotho enhances astrocytic aerobic glycolysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:1544-1556. [PMID: 29493420 PMCID: PMC6681535 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18762700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the β-glucuronidase protein α-Klotho have been associated with premature aging, and altered cognitive function. Although highly expressed in specific areas of the brain, Klotho functions in the central nervous system remain unknown. Here, we show that cultured hippocampal neurons respond to insulin and glutamate stimulation by elevating Klotho protein levels. Conversely, AMPA and NMDA antagonism suppress neuronal Klotho expression. We also provide evidence that soluble Klotho enhances astrocytic aerobic glycolysis by hindering pyruvate metabolism through the mitochondria, and stimulating its processing by lactate dehydrogenase. Pharmacological inhibition of FGFR1, Erk phosphorylation, and monocarboxylic acid transporters prevents Klotho-induced lactate release from astrocytes. Taken together, these data suggest Klotho is a potential new player in the metabolic coupling between neurons and astrocytes. Neuronal glutamatergic activity and insulin modulation elicit Klotho release, which in turn stimulates astrocytic lactate formation and release. Lactate can then be used by neurons and other cells types as a metabolic substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caio H Mazucanti
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa M Kawamoto
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mark P Mattson
- 2 Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.,3 Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cristoforo Scavone
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simonetta Camandola
- 2 Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) and its severe subtype pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) encompass a set of multifactorial diseases defined by sustained elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance leading to right ventricular failure and subsequent death. Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by vascular remodeling in association with smooth muscle cell proliferation of the arterioles, medial thickening, and plexiform lesion formation. Despite our recent advances in understanding its pathogenesis and related therapeutic discoveries, PH still remains a progressive disease without a cure. Nevertheless, development of drugs that specifically target molecular pathways involved in disease pathogenesis has led to improvement in life quality and clinical outcomes in patients with PAH. There are presently more than 12 Food and Drug Administration-approved vasodilator drugs in the United States for the treatment of PAH; however, mortality with contemporary therapies remains high. More recently, there have been exuberant efforts to develop new pharmacologic therapies that target the fundamental origins of PH and thus could represent disease-modifying opportunities. This review aims to summarize recent developments on key signaling pathways and molecular targets that drive PH disease progression, with emphasis on new therapeutic options under development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Shan Chen Woodcock
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen Y. Chan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Gender-Related Effect of Sodium Dichloroacetate on the Number of Hassall's Corpuscles and RNA NKCC1 Expression in Rat Thymus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1602895. [PMID: 31179315 PMCID: PMC6507237 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1602895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the effect of dichloroacetate (DCA) on thymus weight, Hassall's corpuscle number (HCs), and NKCC1 RNA expression in Wistar rats aged 4–5 weeks. They were investigated in the controls and DCA-treated gonad-intact and castrated males and females. The treatment lasted 4 weeks with DCA 200 mg/kg/day. At the end of the experiment, rat thymus was weighted, and its lobe was taken for the expression of NKCC1 RNA determined by the PCR method and of Hassall's corpuscles by immunohistochemistry. DCA caused a thymus weight decrease in DCA-treated gonad-intact rats of both genders as compared with their controls (p < 0.05), and no such impact was found in castrated DCA-treated males and females. DCA caused an increase of the HCs in gonad-intact males (p < 0.05), and no such increase in the DCA-treated gonad-intact females was found. There was gender-related difference in the HCs when comparing DCA-treated gonad-intact males and females: males showed significantly higher HCs (p < 0.05); no gender-related differences were found in the castrated DCA-treated groups. The Slc12a2 gene RNA expression level was found to be significantly decreased only in gonad-intact and in castrated DCA-treated males. The authors discuss the gender-related DCA effects on the thymus.
Collapse
|
100
|
Gao Y, Chen L, Du Z, Gao W, Wu Z, Liu X, Huang H, Xu D, Li Q. Glutamate Decarboxylase 65 Signals through the Androgen Receptor to Promote Castration Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4638-4649. [PMID: 31182548 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gao
- Department of Urology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Urology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - ZunGuo Du
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, HuaShan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - WenChao Gao
- Department of General Surgery, ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - ZhengMing Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - XiuJuan Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Urology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - DanFeng Xu
- Department of Urology, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - QingQuan Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|