51
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Asur RS, Kimble DC, Lach FP, Jung M, Donovan FX, Kamat A, Noonan RJ, Thomas JW, Park M, Chines P, Vlachos A, Auerbach AD, Smogorzewska A, Chandrasekharappa SC. Somatic mosaicism of an intragenic FANCB duplication in both fibroblast and peripheral blood cells observed in a Fanconi anemia patient leads to milder phenotype. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2018; 6:77-91. [PMID: 29193904 PMCID: PMC5823675 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare disorder characterized by congenital malformations, progressive bone marrow failure, and predisposition to cancer. Patients harboring X-linked FANCB pathogenic variants usually present with severe congenital malformations resembling VACTERL syndrome with hydrocephalus. METHODS We employed the diepoxybutane (DEB) test for FA diagnosis, arrayCGH for detection of duplication, targeted capture and next-gen sequencing for defining the duplication breakpoint, PacBio sequencing of full-length FANCB aberrant transcript, FANCD2 ubiquitination and foci formation assays for the evaluation of FANCB protein function by viral transduction of FANCB-null cells with lentiviral FANCB WT and mutant expression constructs, and droplet digital PCR for quantitation of the duplication in the genomic DNA and cDNA. RESULTS We describe here an FA-B patient with a mild phenotype. The DEB diagnostic test for FA revealed somatic mosaicism. We identified a 9154 bp intragenic duplication in FANCB, covering the first coding exon 3 and the flanking regions. A four bp homology (GTAG) present at both ends of the breakpoint is consistent with microhomology-mediated duplication mechanism. The duplicated allele gives rise to an aberrant transcript containing exon 3 duplication, predicted to introduce a stop codon in FANCB protein (p.A319*). Duplication levels in the peripheral blood DNA declined from 93% to 7.9% in the span of eleven years. Moreover, the patient fibroblasts have shown 8% of wild-type (WT) allele and his carrier mother showed higher than expected levels of WT allele (79% vs. 50%) in peripheral blood, suggesting that the duplication was highly unstable. CONCLUSION Unlike sequence point variants, intragenic duplications are difficult to precisely define, accurately quantify, and may be very unstable, challenging the proper diagnosis. The reversion of genomic duplication to the WT allele results in somatic mosaicism and may explain the relatively milder phenotype displayed by the FA-B patient described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi S. Asur
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics BranchNational Human Genome Research InstituteNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Danielle C. Kimble
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics BranchNational Human Genome Research InstituteNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Francis P. Lach
- Laboratory of Genome MaintenanceThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Moonjung Jung
- Laboratory of Genome MaintenanceThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Frank X. Donovan
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics BranchNational Human Genome Research InstituteNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Aparna Kamat
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics BranchNational Human Genome Research InstituteNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Raymond J. Noonan
- Laboratory of Genome MaintenanceThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - James W. Thomas
- NIH Intramural Sequencing CenterNational Human Genome Research InstituteNIHRockvilleMDUSA
| | - Morgan Park
- NIH Intramural Sequencing CenterNational Human Genome Research InstituteNIHRockvilleMDUSA
| | - Peter Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics BranchNational Human Genome Research InstituteNIHBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Adrianna Vlachos
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell TransplantationCohen Children's Medical CenterNew Hyde ParkNYUSA
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research of Northwell HealthManhassetNYUSA
| | - Arleen D. Auerbach
- Human Genetics and Hematology ProgramThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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52
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Boland A, Chang L, Barford D. The potential of cryo-electron microscopy for structure-based drug design. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:543-560. [PMID: 29118099 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based drug design plays a central role in therapeutic development. Until recently, protein crystallography and NMR have dominated experimental approaches to obtain structural information of biological molecules. However, in recent years rapid technical developments in single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) have enabled the determination to near-atomic resolution of macromolecules ranging from large multi-subunit molecular machines to proteins as small as 64 kDa. These advances have revolutionized structural biology by hugely expanding both the range of macromolecules whose structures can be determined, and by providing a description of macromolecular dynamics. Cryo-EM is now poised to similarly transform the discipline of structure-based drug discovery. This article reviews the potential of cryo-EM for drug discovery with reference to protein ligand complex structures determined using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Boland
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, U.K
| | - Leifu Chang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, U.K
| | - David Barford
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, U.K.
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53
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Niraj J, Caron MC, Drapeau K, Bérubé S, Guitton-Sert L, Coulombe Y, Couturier AM, Masson JY. The identification of FANCD2 DNA binding domains reveals nuclear localization sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:8341-8357. [PMID: 28666371 PMCID: PMC5737651 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessive genetic disorder characterized by congenital abnormalities, progressive bone-marrow failure, and cancer susceptibility. The FA pathway consists of at least 21 FANC genes (FANCA-FANCV), and the encoded protein products interact in a common cellular pathway to gain resistance against DNA interstrand crosslinks. After DNA damage, FANCD2 is monoubiquitinated and accumulates on chromatin. FANCD2 plays a central role in the FA pathway, using yet unidentified DNA binding regions. By using synthetic peptide mapping and DNA binding screen by electromobility shift assays, we found that FANCD2 bears two major DNA binding domains predominantly consisting of evolutionary conserved lysine residues. Furthermore, one domain at the N-terminus of FANCD2 bears also nuclear localization sequences for the protein. Mutations in the bifunctional DNA binding/NLS domain lead to a reduction in FANCD2 monoubiquitination and increase in mitomycin C sensitivity. Such phenotypes are not fully rescued by fusion with an heterologous NLS, which enable separation of DNA binding and nuclear import functions within this domain that are necessary for FANCD2 functions. Collectively, our results enlighten the importance of DNA binding and NLS residues in FANCD2 to activate an efficient FA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshi Niraj
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Caron
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Karine Drapeau
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Bérubé
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Laure Guitton-Sert
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Yan Coulombe
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Anthony M Couturier
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center, HDQ Pavilion, Oncology Axis, 9 McMahon, Québec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology; Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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54
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Tian Y, Shen X, Wang R, Klages-Mundt NL, Lynn EJ, Martin SK, Ye Y, Gao M, Chen J, Schlacher K, Li L. Constitutive role of the Fanconi anemia D2 gene in the replication stress response. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20184-20195. [PMID: 29021208 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.814780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to DNA cross-linking damage, the Fanconi anemia (FA) core complex activates the FA pathway by monoubiquitinating Fanconi anemia complementation group D2 (FANCD2) for the initiation of the nucleolytic processing of the DNA cross-links and stabilization of stalled replication forks. Given that all the classic FA proteins coordinately monoubiquitinate FANCD2, it is unclear why losses of individual classic FA genes yield varying cellular sensitivities to cross-linking damage. To address this question, we generated cellular knock-out models of FA core complex components and FANCD2 and found that FANCD2-null mutants display higher levels of spontaneous chromosomal damage and hypersensitivity to replication-blocking lesions than Fanconi anemia complementation group L (FANCL)-null mutants, suggesting that FANCD2 provides a basal level of DNA protection countering endogenous lesions in the absence of monoubiquitination. FANCD2's ubiquitination-independent function is likely involved in optimized recruitment of nucleolytic activities for the processing and protection of stressed replication forks. Our results reveal that FANCD2 has a ubiquitination-independent role in countering endogenous levels of replication stress, a function that is critical for the maintenance of genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Tian
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Xi Shen
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Rui Wang
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Naeh L Klages-Mundt
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030; Programs in Genetics and Epigenetics, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Erica J Lynn
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sara K Martin
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030; Programs in Genetics and Epigenetics, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yin Ye
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Min Gao
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Junjie Chen
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030; Programs in Genetics and Epigenetics, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Katharina Schlacher
- Cancer Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Cancer Biology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Lei Li
- Departments of Experimental Radiation Biology, Houston, Texas 77030; Programs in Genetics and Epigenetics, Houston, Texas 77030.
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55
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Madireddy A, Kosiyatrakul ST, Boisvert RA, Herrera-Moyano E, García-Rubio ML, Gerhardt J, Vuono EA, Owen N, Yan Z, Olson S, Aguilera A, Howlett NG, Schildkraut CL. FANCD2 Facilitates Replication through Common Fragile Sites. Mol Cell 2017; 64:388-404. [PMID: 27768874 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Common fragile sites (CFSs) are genomic regions that are unstable under conditions of replicative stress. Although the characteristics of CFSs that render them vulnerable to stress are associated mainly with replication, the cellular pathways that protect CFSs during replication remain unclear. Here, we identify and describe a role for FANCD2 as a trans-acting facilitator of CFS replication, in the absence of exogenous replicative stress. In the absence of FANCD2, replication forks stall within the AT-rich fragility core of CFS, leading to dormant origin activation. Furthermore, FANCD2 deficiency is associated with DNA:RNA hybrid formation at CFS-FRA16D, and inhibition of DNA:RNA hybrid formation suppresses replication perturbation. In addition, we also found that FANCD2 reduces the number of potential sites of replication initiation. Our data demonstrate that FANCD2 protein is required to ensure efficient CFS replication and provide mechanistic insight into how FANCD2 regulates CFS stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Advaitha Madireddy
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | | | - Rebecca A Boisvert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Emilia Herrera-Moyano
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - María L García-Rubio
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Jeannine Gerhardt
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Vuono
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Nichole Owen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Zi Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Susan Olson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andrés Aguilera
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Niall G Howlett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Carl L Schildkraut
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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56
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Vierra DA, Garzon JL, Rego MA, Adroved MM, Mauro M, Howlett NG. Modulation of the Fanconi anemia pathway via chemically induced changes in chromatin structure. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76443-76457. [PMID: 29100324 PMCID: PMC5652718 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare disease characterized by congenital defects, bone marrow failure, and atypically early-onset cancers. The FA proteins function cooperatively to repair DNA interstrand crosslinks. A major step in the activation of the pathway is the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2 and FANCI proteins, and their recruitment to chromatin-associated nuclear foci. The regulation and function of FANCD2 and FANCI, however, is poorly understood. In addition, how chromatin state impacts pathway activation is also unknown. In this study, we have examined the influence of chromatin state on the activation of the FA pathway. We describe potent activation of FANCD2 and FANCI monoubiquitination and nuclear foci formation following treatment of cells with the histone methyltransferase inhibitor BRD4770. BRD4770-induced activation of the pathway does not occur via the direct induction of DNA damage or via the inhibition of the G9a histone methyltransferase, a mechanism previously proposed for this molecule. Instead, we show that BRD4770-inducible FANCD2 and FANCI monoubiquitination and nuclear foci formation may be a consequence of inhibition of the PRC2/EZH2 chromatin-modifying complex. In addition, we show that inhibition of the class I and II histone deacetylases leads to attenuated FANCD2 and FANCI monoubiquitination and nuclear foci formation. Our studies establish that chromatin state is a major determinant of the activation of the FA pathway and suggest an important role for the PRC2/EZH2 complex in the regulation of this critical tumor suppressor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Vierra
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, U.S.A
| | - Jada L Garzon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, U.S.A
| | | | - Morganne M Adroved
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, U.S.A
| | - Maurizio Mauro
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Niall G Howlett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, U.S.A
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57
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Mechanism and disease association of E2-conjugating enzymes: lessons from UBE2T and UBE2L3. Biochem J 2017; 473:3401-3419. [PMID: 27729585 PMCID: PMC5095918 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin signalling is a fundamental eukaryotic regulatory system, controlling diverse cellular functions. A cascade of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes is required for assembly of distinct signals, whereas an array of deubiquitinases and ubiquitin-binding modules edit, remove, and translate the signals. In the centre of this cascade sits the E2-conjugating enzyme, relaying activated ubiquitin from the E1 activating enzyme to the substrate, usually via an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Many disease states are associated with dysfunction of ubiquitin signalling, with the E3s being a particular focus. However, recent evidence demonstrates that mutations or impairment of the E2s can lead to severe disease states, including chromosome instability syndromes, cancer predisposition, and immunological disorders. Given their relevance to diseases, E2s may represent an important class of therapeutic targets. In the present study, we review the current understanding of the mechanism of this important family of enzymes, and the role of selected E2s in disease.
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58
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Ishiai M, Sato K, Tomida J, Kitao H, Kurumizaka H, Takata M. Activation of the FA pathway mediated by phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Mutat Res 2017; 803-805:89-95. [PMID: 28552166 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a devastating hereditary condition that impacts genome integrity, leading to clinical features such as skeletal and visceral organ malformations, attrition of bone marrow stem cells, and carcinogenesis. At least 21 proteins, when absent or defective, have been implicated in this disorder, and they together constitute the FA pathway, which functions in detection and repair of, and tolerance to, endogenous DNA damage. The damage primarily handled by the FA pathway has been assumed to be related to DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). The FA pathway is activated upon ICL damage, and a hallmark of this activation is the mono-ubiquitination events of the key FANCD2-FANCI protein complex. Recent data have revealed unexpectedly complex details in the regulation of FA pathway activation by ICLs. In this short review, we summarize the knowledge accumulated over the years regarding how the FA pathway is activated via protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Ishiai
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junya Tomida
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitao
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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59
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A defined role for multiple Fanconi anemia gene products in DNA-damage-associated ubiquitination. Exp Hematol 2017; 50:27-32. [PMID: 28315701 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited blood disorder that causes bone marrow failure and high predisposition to cancers. The FA pathway guards the cell's genome stability by orchestrating the repair of interstrand cross-linking during the S phase of the cell cycle, preventing the chromosomal instability that is a key event in bone marrow failure syndrome. Central to the FA pathway is loss of monoubiquitinated forms of the Fanconi proteins FANCI and FANCD2, a process that is normally mediated by a "core complex" of seven other Fanconi proteins. Each protein, when mutated, can cause FA. The FA core-complex-catalyzed reaction is critical for signaling DNA cross-link damage such as that induced by chemotherapies. Here, we present a perspective on the current understanding of FANCI and FANCD2 monoubiquitination-mediated DNA repair. Our recent biochemical reconstitution of the monoubiquitination (and deubiquitination) reactions creates a paradigm for understanding FA. Further biochemical analysis will create new opportunities to address the leukemic phenotype of FA patients.
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60
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Chun MJ, Choi H, Jun DW, Kim S, Kim YN, Kim SY, Lee CH. Fanconi anemia protein FANCD2 is activated by AICAR, a modulator of AMPK and cellular energy metabolism. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:284-292. [PMID: 28174693 PMCID: PMC5292659 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
FANCD2 is a pivotal molecule in the pathogenesis of Fanconi anemia (FA), an autosomal recessive human syndrome with diverse clinical phenotypes, including cancer predisposition, short stature, and hematological abnormalities. In our previous study, we detected the functional association of FANC proteins, whose mutations are responsible for the onset of FA, with AMPK in response to DNA interstrand crosslinking lesions. Because AMPK is well known as a critical sensing molecule for cellular energy levels, we checked whether FANCD2 activation occurs after treatments affecting AMPK and/or cellular energy status. Among the treatments tested, AMPK‐activating 5‐aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide‐ribonucleoside (AICAR) induced monoubiquitination and nuclear foci formation of FANCD2, which are biomarkers of FANCD2 activation. FANCD2 activation was abolished by treatments with Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, or after AMPKα1 knockdown, substantiating the involvement of AMPK in AICAR‐induced FANCD2 activation. Similarly, FANCA protein, which is a component of the FA core complex monoubiquitinating FANCD2, was required for this event. Furthermore, FANCD2 repression enhanced cell death upon AICAR treatments in transformed fibroblasts and cell cycle arrest in the renal cell carcinoma cell line Caki‐1. Overall, this study showed FANCD2 involvement in response to AICAR, a chemical modulating cellular energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Chun
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Korea
| | - Hana Choi
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Korea
| | - Dong Wha Jun
- Precision Medicine Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Korea
| | - Sunshin Kim
- Precision Medicine Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Korea
| | - Yong-Nyun Kim
- Comparative Biomedicine Research Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Korea
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Korea
| | - Chang-Hun Lee
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Korea
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61
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Swuec P, Renault L, Borg A, Shah F, Murphy VJ, van Twest S, Snijders AP, Deans AJ, Costa A. The FA Core Complex Contains a Homo-dimeric Catalytic Module for the Symmetric Mono-ubiquitination of FANCI-FANCD2. Cell Rep 2016; 18:611-623. [PMID: 27986592 PMCID: PMC5266791 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the main DNA interstrand crosslink repair pathway in higher eukaryotes requires mono-ubiquitination of FANCI and FANCD2 by FANCL, the E3 ligase subunit of the Fanconi anemia core complex. FANCI and FANCD2 form a stable complex; however, the molecular basis of their ubiquitination is ill defined. FANCD2 mono-ubiquitination by FANCL is stimulated by the presence of the FANCB and FAAP100 core complex components, through an unknown mechanism. How FANCI mono-ubiquitination is achieved remains unclear. Here, we use structural electron microscopy, combined with crosslink-coupled mass spectrometry, to find that FANCB, FANCL, and FAAP100 form a dimer of trimers, containing two FANCL molecules that are ideally poised to target both FANCI and FANCD2 for mono-ubiquitination. The FANCC-FANCE-FANCF subunits bridge between FANCB-FANCL-FAAP100 and the FANCI-FANCD2 substrate. A transient interaction with FANCC-FANCE-FANCF alters the FANCI-FANCD2 configuration, stabilizing the dimerization interface. Our data provide a model to explain how equivalent mono-ubiquitination of FANCI and FANCD2 occurs. FANCB, FANCL, and FAAP100 form a symmetric dimer of trimers FANCL is ideally poised for the symmetric mono-ubiquitination of FANCI-FANCD2 Two separate FANCC-FANCE-FANCF complexes bind to the opposing poles of FANCB-FANCL-FAAP100 FANCC-FANCE-FANCF stabilizes FANCI-FANCD2 for efficient mono-ubiquitination
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Swuec
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Ludovic Renault
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Aaron Borg
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics and Metabolomics, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Fenil Shah
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St Fitzroy, Victoria, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Vincent J Murphy
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St Fitzroy, Victoria, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Sylvie van Twest
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St Fitzroy, Victoria, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics and Metabolomics, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Andrew J Deans
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St Fitzroy, Victoria, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Alessandro Costa
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK.
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van Twest S, Murphy VJ, Hodson C, Tan W, Swuec P, O'Rourke JJ, Heierhorst J, Crismani W, Deans AJ. Mechanism of Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination in the Fanconi Anemia Pathway. Mol Cell 2016; 65:247-259. [PMID: 27986371 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoubiquitination and deubiquitination of FANCD2:FANCI heterodimer is central to DNA repair in a pathway that is defective in the cancer predisposition syndrome Fanconi anemia (FA). The "FA core complex" contains the RING-E3 ligase FANCL and seven other essential proteins that are mutated in various FA subtypes. Here, we purified recombinant FA core complex to reveal the function of these other proteins. The complex contains two spatially separate FANCL molecules that are dimerized by FANCB and FAAP100. FANCC and FANCE act as substrate receptors and restrict monoubiquitination to the FANCD2:FANCI heterodimer in only a DNA-bound form. FANCA and FANCG are dispensable for maximal in vitro ubiquitination. Finally, we show that the reversal of this reaction by the USP1:UAF1 deubiquitinase only occurs when DNA is disengaged. Our work reveals the mechanistic basis for temporal and spatial control of FANCD2:FANCI monoubiquitination that is critical for chemotherapy responses and prevention of Fanconi anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie van Twest
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Vincent J Murphy
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Charlotte Hodson
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Winnie Tan
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine (St. Vincent's Health), The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paolo Swuec
- Architecture and Dynamics of Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, London Research Institute, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Julienne J O'Rourke
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine (St. Vincent's Health), The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jörg Heierhorst
- Molecular Genetics Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine (St. Vincent's Health), The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Wayne Crismani
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Andrew J Deans
- Genome Stability Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia; Department of Medicine (St. Vincent's Health), The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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63
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Swuec P, Costa A. DNA replication and inter-strand crosslink repair: Symmetric activation of dimeric nanomachines? Biophys Chem 2016; 225:15-19. [PMID: 27989548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic DNA replication initiation and the Fanconi anemia pathway of interstrand crosslink repair both revolve around the recruitment of a set of DNA-processing factors onto a dimeric protein complex, which functions as a loading platform (MCM and FANCI-FANCD2 respectively). Here we compare and contrast the two systems, identifying a set of unresolved mechanistic questions. How is the dimeric loading platform assembled on the DNA? How can equivalent covalent modification of both factors in a dimer be achieved? Are multicomponent DNA-interacting machines built symmetrically around their dimeric loading platform? Recent biochemical reconstitution studies are starting to shed light on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Swuec
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Alessandro Costa
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, Clare Hall Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, UK.
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64
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Sourisseau T, Helissey C, Lefebvre C, Ponsonnailles F, Malka-Mahieu H, Olaussen KA, André F, Vagner S, Soria JC. Translational regulation of the mRNA encoding the ubiquitin peptidase USP1 involved in the DNA damage response as a determinant of Cisplatin resistance. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:295-302. [PMID: 26825230 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1120918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (cis-diaminedichloroplatin (II), CDDP) is part of the standard therapy for a number of solid tumors including Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). The initial response observed is in most cases only transient and tumors quickly become refractory to the drug. Tumor cell resistance to CDDP relies on multiple mechanisms, some of which still remain unknown. In search for such mechanisms, we examined the impact of CDDP on mRNA translation in a sensitive and in a matched resistant NSCLC cell line. We identified a set of genes whose mRNAs are differentially translated in CDDP resistant vs. sensitive cells. The translation of the mRNA encoding the Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 1 (USP1), a Ubiquitin peptidase with important function in multiple DNA repair pathways, is inhibited by CDDP exposure in the sensitive cells, but not in the resistant cells. This lack of down-regulation of USP1 expression at the translational level plays a primary role in CDDP resistance since inhibition of USP1 expression or activity by siRNA or the small molecule inhibitor ML323, respectively is sufficient to re-sensitize resistant cells to CDDP. We involved the USP1 mRNA translation as a major mechanism of CDDP resistance in NSCLC cells and suggest that USP1 could be evaluated as a candidate predictive marker and as a therapeutic target to overcome CDDP resistance. More generally, our results indicate that analysis of gene expression at the level of mRNA translation is a useful approach to identify new determinants of CDDP resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Sourisseau
- a Inserm Unit 981, DHU TORINO; Gustave Roussy and University Paris Sud ; Villejuif , France
| | - Carole Helissey
- a Inserm Unit 981, DHU TORINO; Gustave Roussy and University Paris Sud ; Villejuif , France
| | - Céline Lefebvre
- a Inserm Unit 981, DHU TORINO; Gustave Roussy and University Paris Sud ; Villejuif , France
| | - Florence Ponsonnailles
- a Inserm Unit 981, DHU TORINO; Gustave Roussy and University Paris Sud ; Villejuif , France
| | - Hélène Malka-Mahieu
- a Inserm Unit 981, DHU TORINO; Gustave Roussy and University Paris Sud ; Villejuif , France
| | - Ken A Olaussen
- a Inserm Unit 981, DHU TORINO; Gustave Roussy and University Paris Sud ; Villejuif , France
| | - Fabrice André
- a Inserm Unit 981, DHU TORINO; Gustave Roussy and University Paris Sud ; Villejuif , France
| | - Stephan Vagner
- b Institut Curie ; Center de Recherche ; Orsay , France.,c CNRS UMR3348 ; Orsay , France.,d University Paris-Sud XI ; Orsay , France.,e PSL research university ; Paris , France
| | - Jean-Charles Soria
- a Inserm Unit 981, DHU TORINO; Gustave Roussy and University Paris Sud ; Villejuif , France
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65
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Mamrak NE, Shimamura A, Howlett NG. Recent discoveries in the molecular pathogenesis of the inherited bone marrow failure syndrome Fanconi anemia. Blood Rev 2016; 31:93-99. [PMID: 27760710 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal and X-linked genetic disease characterized by congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure (BMF), and increased cancer risk during early adulthood. The median lifespan for FA patients is approximately 33years. The proteins encoded by the FA genes function together in the FA-BRCA pathway to repair DNA damage and to maintain genome stability. Within the past two years, five new FA genes have been identified-RAD51/FANCR, BRCA1/FANCS, UBE2T/FANCT, XRCC2/FANCU, and REV7/FANCV-bringing the total number of disease-causing genes to 21. This review summarizes the discovery of these new FA genes and describes how these proteins integrate into the FA-BRCA pathway to maintain genome stability and critically prevent early-onset BMF and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Mamrak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
| | - Akiko Shimamura
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Niall G Howlett
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
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66
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Sato K, Shimomuki M, Katsuki Y, Takahashi D, Kobayashi W, Ishiai M, Miyoshi H, Takata M, Kurumizaka H. FANCI-FANCD2 stabilizes the RAD51-DNA complex by binding RAD51 and protects the 5'-DNA end. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:10758-10771. [PMID: 27694619 PMCID: PMC5159555 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The FANCI-FANCD2 (I-D) complex is considered to work with RAD51 to protect the damaged DNA in the stalled replication fork. However, the means by which this DNA protection is accomplished have remained elusive. In the present study, we found that the I-D complex directly binds to RAD51, and stabilizes the RAD51-DNA filament. Unexpectedly, the DNA binding activity of FANCI, but not FANCD2, is explicitly required for the I-D complex-mediated RAD51-DNA filament stabilization. The RAD51 filament stabilized by the I-D complex actually protects the DNA end from nucleolytic degradation by an FA-associated nuclease, FAN1. This DNA end protection is not observed with the RAD51 mutant from FANCR patient cells. These results clearly answer the currently enigmatic question of how RAD51 functions with the I-D complex to prevent genomic instability at the stalled replication fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Mayo Shimomuki
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yoko Katsuki
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Wataru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Masamichi Ishiai
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan .,Institute for Medical-oriented Structural Biology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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67
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Lopez-Martinez D, Liang CC, Cohn MA. Cellular response to DNA interstrand crosslinks: the Fanconi anemia pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3097-114. [PMID: 27094386 PMCID: PMC4951507 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are a highly toxic form of DNA damage. ICLs can interfere with vital biological processes requiring separation of the two DNA strands, such as replication and transcription. If ICLs are left unrepaired, it can lead to mutations, chromosome breakage and mitotic catastrophe. The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway can repair this type of DNA lesion, ensuring genomic stability. In this review, we will provide an overview of the cellular response to ICLs. First, we will discuss the origin of ICLs, comparing various endogenous and exogenous sources. Second, we will describe FA proteins as well as FA-related proteins involved in ICL repair, and the post-translational modifications that regulate these proteins. Finally, we will review the process of how ICLs are repaired by both replication-dependent and replication-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lopez-Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Chih-Chao Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Martin A Cohn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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68
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Son MY, Deng CX, Hoeijmarkers JH, Rebel VI, Hasty P. A mechanism for 1,4-Benzoquinone-induced genotoxicity. Oncotarget 2016; 7:46433-46447. [PMID: 27340773 PMCID: PMC5216808 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is a common environmental toxin and its metabolite, 1-4-Benzoquinone (BQ) causes hematopoietic cancers like myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). BQ has not been comprehensively assessed for its impact on genome maintenance, limiting our understanding of the true health risks associated with benzene exposure and our ability to identify people with increased sensitivity to this genotoxin. Here we analyze the impact BQ exposure has on wild type and DNA repair-defective mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and wild type human cells. We find that double strand break (DSB) repair and replication fork maintenance pathways including homologous recombination (HR) and Fanconi anemia (FA) suppress BQ toxicity. BQ-induced damage efficiently stalls replication forks, yet poorly induces ATR/DNA-PKCS responses. Furthermore, the pattern of BQ-induced γH2AX and 53BP1foci is consistent with the formation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1)-stabilized regressed replication forks. At a biochemical level, BQ inhibited topoisomerase 1 (topo1)-mediated DNA ligation and nicking in vitro; thus providing mechanism for the cellular phenotype. These data are consistent with a model that proposes BQ interferes with type I topoisomerase's ability to maintain replication fork restart and progression leading to chromosomal instability that has the potential to cause hematopoietic cancers like MDS and AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Son
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR China
| | - Jan H. Hoeijmarkers
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus MC, The Netherlands
| | - Vivienne I. Rebel
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Cancer Therapy Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Current address: BioAffinity, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Hasty
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Cancer Therapy Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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69
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Chun MJ, Hwang SK, Kim HG, Goh SH, Kim S, Lee CH. Aurora A kinase is required for activation of the Fanconi anemia/BRCA pathway upon DNA damage. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:782-90. [PMID: 27398318 PMCID: PMC4932458 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have linked the DNA damage response to mitotic progression machinery. Mitotic kinases, such as Aurora A kinase and Polo‐like kinase, are involved in the phosphorylation of cell cycle regulators in response to DNA damage. Here, we investigated the potential involvement of Aurora A kinase in the activation of the Fanconi anemia (FA)/BRCA pathway, which participates in cellular response to DNA interstrand cross‐link lesions (ICL). Initially, we detected interactions between Aurora A kinase and FANCA protein, one of the components of the FA nuclear core complex. Silencing of Aurora A kinase led to inhibition of monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and formation of nuclear foci, the final consequences of FA/BRCA pathway activation upon ICL induction. An in vitro kinase assay revealed that Aurora A kinase phosphorylates S165 of FANCA. Moreover, this phosphorylation event was induced by the treatment with mitomycin C (MMC), an ICL‐inducing agent. In cells overexpressing S165A mutant FANCA, monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and nuclear foci formation was impaired and cellular sensitivity to MMC was enhanced. These results suggest that S165 phosphorylation by Aurora A kinase is required for proper activation of the FA/BRCA pathway in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Chun
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Hwang
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Hyoun Geun Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Goh
- Precision Medicine Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Sunshin Kim
- Precision Medicine Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Chang-Hun Lee
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
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70
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Renaudin X, Koch Lerner L, Menck CFM, Rosselli F. The ubiquitin family meets the Fanconi anemia proteins. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 769:36-46. [PMID: 27543315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a hereditary disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, developmental defects, predisposition to cancer and chromosomal abnormalities. FA is caused by biallelic mutations that inactivate genes encoding proteins involved in replication stress-associated DNA damage responses. The 20 FANC proteins identified to date constitute the FANC pathway. A key event in this pathway involves the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2-FANCI heterodimer by the collective action of at least 10 different proteins assembled in the FANC core complex. The FANC core complex-mediated monoubiquitination of FANCD2-FANCI is essential to assemble the heterodimer in subnuclear, chromatin-associated, foci and to regulate the process of DNA repair as well as the rescue of stalled replication forks. Several recent works have demonstrated that the activity of the FANC pathway is linked to several other protein post-translational modifications from the ubiquitin-like family, including SUMO and NEDD8. These modifications are related to DNA damage responses but may also affect other cellular functions potentially related to the clinical phenotypes of the syndrome. This review summarizes the interplay between the ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins and the FANC proteins that constitute a major pathway for the surveillance of the genomic integrity and addresses the implications of their interactions in maintaining genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Renaudin
- CNRS UMR 8200-Equipe Labellisée "La Ligue Contre le Cancer"-Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France.
| | - Leticia Koch Lerner
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | - Filippo Rosselli
- CNRS UMR 8200-Equipe Labellisée "La Ligue Contre le Cancer"-Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Sud, 91400 Orsay, France.
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71
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Michl J, Zimmer J, Tarsounas M. Interplay between Fanconi anemia and homologous recombination pathways in genome integrity. EMBO J 2016; 35:909-23. [PMID: 27037238 PMCID: PMC4865030 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201693860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway plays a central role in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) and regulates cellular responses to replication stress. Homologous recombination (HR), the error-free pathway for double-strand break (DSB) repair, is required during physiological cell cycle progression for the repair of replication-associated DNA damage and protection of stalled replication forks. Substantial crosstalk between the two pathways has recently been unravelled, in that key HR proteins such as the RAD51 recombinase and the tumour suppressors BRCA1 and BRCA2 also play important roles in ICL repair. Consistent with this, rare patient mutations in these HR genes cause FA pathologies and have been assigned FA complementation groups. Here, we focus on the clinical and mechanistic implications of the connection between these two cancer susceptibility syndromes and on how these two molecular pathways of DNA replication and repair interact functionally to prevent genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Michl
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, Department of Oncology, The CRUK-MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jutta Zimmer
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, Department of Oncology, The CRUK-MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Madalena Tarsounas
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, Department of Oncology, The CRUK-MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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72
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The UBC Domain Is Required for BRUCE to Promote BRIT1/MCPH1 Function in DSB Signaling and Repair Post Formation of BRUCE-USP8-BRIT1 Complex. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144957. [PMID: 26683461 PMCID: PMC4684287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BRUCE is implicated in the regulation of DNA double-strand break response to preserve genome stability. It acts as a scaffold to tether USP8 and BRIT1, together they form a nuclear BRUCE-USP8-BRIT1 complex, where BRUCE holds K63-ubiquitinated BRIT1 from access to DSB in unstressed cells. Following DSB induction, BRUCE promotes USP8 mediated deubiquitination of BRIT1, a prerequisite for BRIT1 to be released from the complex and recruited to DSB by binding to γ-H2AX. BRUCE contains UBC and BIR domains, but neither is required for the scaffolding function of BRUCE mentioned above. Therefore, it remains to be determined whether they are required for BRUCE in DSB response. Here we show that the UBC domain, not the BIR domain, is required for BRUCE to promote DNA repair at a step post the formation of BRUCE-USP8-BRIT1 complex. Mutation or deletion of the BRUCE UBC domain did not disrupt the BRUCE-USP8-BRIT1 complex, but impaired deubiquitination and consequent recruitment of BRIT1 to DSB. This leads to impaired chromatin relaxation, decreased accumulation of MDC1, NBS1, pATM and RAD51 at DSB, and compromised homologous recombination repair of DNA DSB. These results demonstrate that in addition to the scaffolding function in complex formation, BRUCE has an E3 ligase function to promote BRIT1 deubiquitination by USP8 leading to accumulation of BRIT1 at DNA double-strand break. These data support a crucial role for BRUCE UBC activity in the early stage of DSB response.
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73
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Raghunandan M, Chaudhury I, Kelich SL, Hanenberg H, Sobeck A. FANCD2, FANCJ and BRCA2 cooperate to promote replication fork recovery independently of the Fanconi Anemia core complex. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:342-53. [PMID: 25659033 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.987614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is an inherited multi-gene cancer predisposition syndrome that is characterized on the cellular level by a hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). To repair these lesions, the FA pathway proteins are thought to act in a linear hierarchy: Following ICL detection, an upstream FA core complex monoubiquitinates the central FA pathway members FANCD2 and FANCI, followed by their recruitment to chromatin. Chromatin-bound monoubiquitinated FANCD2 and FANCI subsequently coordinate DNA repair factors including the downstream FA pathway members FANCJ and FANCD1/BRCA2 to repair the DNA ICL. Importantly, we recently showed that FANCD2 has additional independent roles: it binds chromatin and acts in concert with the BLM helicase complex to promote the restart of aphidicolin (APH)-stalled replication forks, while suppressing the firing of new replication origins. Here, we show that FANCD2 fulfills these roles independently of the FA core complex-mediated monoubiquitination step. Following APH treatment, nonubiquitinated FANCD2 accumulates on chromatin, recruits the BLM complex, and promotes robust replication fork recovery regardless of the absence or presence of a functional FA core complex. In contrast, the downstream FA pathway members FANCJ and BRCA2 share FANCD2's role in replication fork restart and the suppression of new origin firing. Our results support a non-linear FA pathway model at stalled replication forks, where the nonubiquitinated FANCD2 isoform - in concert with FANCJ and BRCA2 - fulfills a specific function in promoting efficient replication fork recovery independently of the FA core complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Raghunandan
- a Department of Biochemistry; Molecular Biology and Biophysics ; University of Minnesota ; Minneapolis , MN USA
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74
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Duxin JP, Walter JC. What is the DNA repair defect underlying Fanconi anemia? Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 37:49-60. [PMID: 26512453 PMCID: PMC4688103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare human genetic disease characterized by bone marrow failure, cancer predisposition, and genomic instability. It has been known for many years that FA patient-derived cells are exquisitely sensitive to DNA interstrand cross-linking agents such as cisplatin and mitomycin C. On this basis, it was widely assumed that failure to repair endogenous interstrand cross-links (ICLs) causes FA, although the endogenous mutagen that generates these lesions remained elusive. Recent genetic evidence now suggests that endogenous aldehydes are the driving force behind FA. Importantly, aldehydes cause a variety of DNA lesions, including ICLs and DNA protein cross-links (DPCs), re-kindling the debate about which DNA lesions cause FA. In this review, we discuss new developments in our understanding of DPC and ICL repair, and how these findings bear on the question of which DNA lesion underlies FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien P Duxin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Johannes C Walter
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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75
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Wang B, Merillat SA, Vincent M, Huber AK, Basrur V, Mangelberger D, Zeng L, Elenitoba-Johnson K, Miller RA, Irani DN, Dlugosz AA, Schnell S, Scaglione KM, Paulson HL. Loss of the Ubiquitin-conjugating Enzyme UBE2W Results in Susceptibility to Early Postnatal Lethality and Defects in Skin, Immune, and Male Reproductive Systems. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3030-42. [PMID: 26601958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.676601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UBE2W ubiquitinates N termini of proteins rather than internal lysine residues, showing a preference for substrates with intrinsically disordered N termini. The in vivo functions of this intriguing E2, however, remain unknown. We generated Ube2w germ line KO mice that proved to be susceptible to early postnatal lethality without obvious developmental abnormalities. Although the basis of early death is uncertain, several organ systems manifest changes in Ube2w KO mice. Newborn Ube2w KO mice often show altered epidermal maturation with reduced expression of differentiation markers. Mirroring higher UBE2W expression levels in testis and thymus, Ube2w KO mice showed a disproportionate decrease in weight of these two organs (~50%), suggesting a functional role for UBE2W in the immune and male reproductive systems. Indeed, Ube2w KO mice displayed sustained neutrophilia accompanied by increased G-CSF signaling and testicular vacuolation associated with decreased fertility. Proteomic analysis of a vulnerable organ, presymptomatic testis, showed a preferential accumulation of disordered proteins in the absence of UBE2W, consistent with the view that UBE2W preferentially targets disordered polypeptides. These mice further allowed us to establish that UBE2W is ubiquitously expressed as a single isoform localized to the cytoplasm and that the absence of UBE2W does not alter cell viability in response to various stressors. Our results establish that UBE2W is an important, albeit not essential, protein for early postnatal survival and normal functioning of multiple organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- From the Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and
| | | | - Michael Vincent
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics
| | | | | | | | - Li Zeng
- From the Departments of Neurology
| | | | - Richard A Miller
- Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and
| | | | | | - Santiago Schnell
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics
| | - Kenneth Matthew Scaglione
- Department of Biochemistry and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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76
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Dalvai M, Loehr J, Jacquet K, Huard CC, Roques C, Herst P, Côté J, Doyon Y. A Scalable Genome-Editing-Based Approach for Mapping Multiprotein Complexes in Human Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 13:621-633. [PMID: 26456817 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry (AP-MS) analysis is a broadly applicable method used to decipher molecular interaction networks and infer protein function. However, it is sensitive to perturbations induced by ectopically overexpressed target proteins and does not reflect multilevel physiological regulation in response to diverse stimuli. Here, we developed an interface between genome editing and proteomics to isolate native protein complexes produced from their natural genomic contexts. We used CRISPR/Cas9 and TAL effector nucleases (TALENs) to tag endogenous genes and purified several DNA repair and chromatin-modifying holoenzymes to near homogeneity. We uncovered subunits and interactions among well-characterized complexes and report the isolation of MCM8/9, highlighting the efficiency and robustness of the approach. These methods improve and simplify both small- and large-scale explorations of protein interactions as well as the study of biochemical activities and structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Dalvai
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology and Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Jeremy Loehr
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Karine Jacquet
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology and Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Caroline C Huard
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Céline Roques
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology and Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Pauline Herst
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology and Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Jacques Côté
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology and Laval University Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Yannick Doyon
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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77
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Castella M, Jacquemont C, Thompson EL, Yeo JE, Cheung RS, Huang JW, Sobeck A, Hendrickson EA, Taniguchi T. FANCI Regulates Recruitment of the FA Core Complex at Sites of DNA Damage Independently of FANCD2. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005563. [PMID: 26430909 PMCID: PMC4592014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA)-BRCA pathway mediates repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks. The FA core complex, a multi-subunit ubiquitin ligase, participates in the detection of DNA lesions and monoubiquitinates two downstream FA proteins, FANCD2 and FANCI (or the ID complex). However, the regulation of the FA core complex itself is poorly understood. Here we show that the FA core complex proteins are recruited to sites of DNA damage and form nuclear foci in S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. ATR kinase activity, an intact FA core complex and FANCM-FAAP24 were crucial for this recruitment. Surprisingly, FANCI, but not its partner FANCD2, was needed for efficient FA core complex foci formation. Monoubiquitination or ATR-dependent phosphorylation of FANCI were not required for the FA core complex recruitment, but FANCI deubiquitination by USP1 was. Additionally, BRCA1 was required for efficient FA core complex foci formation. These findings indicate that FANCI functions upstream of FA core complex recruitment independently of FANCD2, and alter the current view of the FA-BRCA pathway. Fanconi anemia is a genetic disease characterized by bone marrow failure, congenital malformations and cancer predisposition. Cells derived from Fanconi anemia patients have a dysfunctional FA-BRCA pathway and are deficient in the repair of a specific form of DNA damage, DNA interstrand-crosslinks, that are induced by certain chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore, the study of FA-BRCA pathway regulation is essential for developing new treatments for Fanconi anemia patients and cancer patients in general. One of the first steps in the pathway is the detection of DNA lesions by the FA core complex. We have optimized a method to visualize the recruitment of the FA core complex to sites of DNA damage and, for the first time, explored how this process occurs. We have uncovered several factors that are required for this recruitment. Among them is a FA core complex substrate, FANCI. We report that non-phosphorylated FANCI, previously believed to be an inactive form, has an important role in the recruitment of the FA core complex and DNA interstrand-crosslink repair. Our findings change the current view of the FA-BRCA pathway and have implications for potential clinical strategies aimed at activating or inhibiting the FA-BRCA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Castella
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Celine Jacquemont
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Thompson
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Department, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jung Eun Yeo
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Department, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ronald S. Cheung
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jen-Wei Huang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Sobeck
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Department, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Hendrickson
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Department, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Toshiyasu Taniguchi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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78
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Dai CH, Li J, Chen P, Jiang HG, Wu M, Chen YC. RNA interferences targeting the Fanconi anemia/BRCA pathway upstream genes reverse cisplatin resistance in drug-resistant lung cancer cells. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:77. [PMID: 26385482 PMCID: PMC4575453 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin is one of the most commonly used chemotherapy agent for lung cancer. The therapeutic efficacy of cisplatin is limited by the development of resistance. In this study, we test the effect of RNA interference (RNAi) targeting Fanconi anemia (FA)/BRCA pathway upstream genes on the sensitivity of cisplatin-sensitive (A549 and SK-MES-1) and -resistant (A549/DDP) lung cancer cells to cisplatin. RESULT Using small interfering RNA (siRNA), knockdown of FANCF, FANCL, or FANCD2 inhibited function of the FA/BRCA pathway in A549, A549/DDP and SK-MES-1 cells, and potentiated sensitivity of the three cells to cisplatin. The extent of proliferation inhibition induced by cisplatin after knockdown of FANCF and/or FANCL in A549/DDP cells was significantly greater than in A549 and SK-MES-1 cells, suggesting that depletion of FANCF and/or FANCL can reverse resistance of cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells to cisplatin. Furthermore, knockdown of FANCL resulted in higher cisplatin sensitivity and dramatically elevated apoptosis rates compared with knockdown of FANCF in A549/DDP cells, indicating that FANCL play an important role in the repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage. CONCLUSION Knockdown of FANCF, FANCL, or FANCD2 by RNAi could synergize the effect of cisplatin on suppressing cell proliferation in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells through inhibition of FA/BRCA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Dai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212001, China.
| | - He-Guo Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Ming Wu
- Institute of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Yong-Chang Chen
- Institute of Medical Science, Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, 212013, China.
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79
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare recessive genetic disease characterized by congenital abnormalities, bone marrow failure and heightened cancer susceptibility in early adulthood. FA is caused by biallelic germ-line mutation of any one of 16 genes. While several functions for the FA proteins have been ascribed, the prevailing hypothesis is that the FA proteins function cooperatively in the FA-BRCA pathway to repair damaged DNA. A pivotal step in the activation of the FA-BRCA pathway is the monoubiquitination of the FANCD2 and FANCI proteins. Despite their importance for DNA repair, the domain structure, regulation, and function of FANCD2 and FANCI remain poorly understood. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of FANCD2 and FANCI, with an emphasis on their posttranslational modification and common and unique functions.
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Key Words
- AML , acute myeloid leukemia
- APC/C, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome
- APH, aphidicolin
- ARM, armadillo repeat domain
- AT, ataxia-telangiectasia
- ATM, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated
- ATR, ATM and Rad3-related
- BAC, bacterial-artificial-chromosome
- BS, Bloom syndrome
- CUE, coupling of ubiquitin conjugation to endoplasmic reticulum degradation
- ChIP-seq, CHIP sequencing
- CtBP, C-terminal binding protein
- CtIP, CtBP-interacting protein
- DNA interstrand crosslink repair
- DNA repair
- EPS15, epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 15
- FA, Fanconi anemia
- FAN1, FANCD2-associated nuclease1
- FANCD2
- FANCI
- FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization
- Fanconi anemia
- HECT, homologous to E6-AP Carboxy Terminus
- HJ, Holliday junction
- HR, homologous recombination
- MCM2-MCM7, minichromosome maintenance 2–7
- MEFs, mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MMC, mitomycin C
- MRN, MRE11/RAD50/NBS1
- NLS, nuclear localization signal
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PIKK, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-like family of protein kinases
- PIP-box, PCNA-interacting protein motif
- POL κ, DNA polymerase κ
- RACE, rapid amplification of cDNA ends
- RING, really interesting new gene
- RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase
- SCF, Skp1/Cullin/F-box protein complex
- SCKL1, seckel syndrome
- SILAC, stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture
- SLD1/SLD2, SUMO-like domains
- SLIM, SUMO-like domain interacting motif
- TIP60, 60 kDa Tat-interactive protein
- TLS, Translesion DNA synthesis
- UAF1, USP1-associated factor 1
- UBD, ubiquitin-binding domain
- UBZ, ubiquitin-binding zinc finger
- UFB, ultra-fine DNA bridges
- UIM, ubiquitin-interacting motif
- ULD, ubiquitin-like domain
- USP1, ubiquitin-specific protease 1
- VRR-nuc, virus-type replication repair nuclease
- iPOND, isolation of proteins on nascent DNA
- ubiquitin
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Boisvert
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology ; University of Rhode Island ; Kingston , RI USA
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Miles JA, Frost MG, Carroll E, Rowe ML, Howard MJ, Sidhu A, Chaugule VK, Alpi AF, Walden H. The Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway Is Regulated by an Interaction between Ubiquitin and the E2-like Fold Domain of FANCL. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20995-21006. [PMID: 26149689 PMCID: PMC4543658 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.675835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi Anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway is essential for the recognition and repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICL). Inefficient repair of these ICL can lead to leukemia and bone marrow failure. A critical step in the pathway is the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 by the RING E3 ligase FANCL. FANCL comprises 3 domains, a RING domain that interacts with E2 conjugating enzymes, a central domain required for substrate interaction, and an N-terminal E2-like fold (ELF) domain. The ELF domain is found in all FANCL homologues, yet the function of the domain remains unknown. We report here that the ELF domain of FANCL is required to mediate a non-covalent interaction between FANCL and ubiquitin. The interaction involves the canonical Ile44 patch on ubiquitin, and a functionally conserved patch on FANCL. We show that the interaction is not necessary for the recognition of the core complex, it does not enhance the interaction between FANCL and Ube2T, and is not required for FANCD2 monoubiquitination in vitro. However, we demonstrate that the ELF domain is required to promote efficient DNA damage-induced FANCD2 monoubiquitination in vertebrate cells, suggesting an important function of ubiquitin binding by FANCL in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Miles
- Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories of the London Research Institute, Cancer Research, United Kingdom, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Mark G Frost
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Eilis Carroll
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom; Scottish Institute for Cell Signalling, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L Rowe
- Protein Science Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Howard
- Protein Science Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ateesh Sidhu
- Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories of the London Research Institute, Cancer Research, United Kingdom, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Viduth K Chaugule
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Arno F Alpi
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom; Scottish Institute for Cell Signalling, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom.
| | - Helen Walden
- Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories of the London Research Institute, Cancer Research, United Kingdom, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom.
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81
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Jo U, Kim H. Exploiting the Fanconi Anemia Pathway for Targeted Anti-Cancer Therapy. Mol Cells 2015; 38:669-76. [PMID: 26194820 PMCID: PMC4546938 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome instability, primarily caused by faulty DNA repair mechanisms, drives tumorigenesis. Therapeutic interventions that exploit deregulated DNA repair in cancer have made considerable progress by targeting tumor-specific alterations of DNA repair factors, which either induces synthetic lethality or augments the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The study of Fanconi anemia (FA), a rare inherited blood disorder and cancer predisposition syndrome, has been instrumental in understanding the extent to which DNA repair defects contribute to tumorigenesis. The FA pathway functions to resolve blocked replication forks in response to DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs), and accumulating knowledge of its activation by the ubiquitin-mediated signaling pathway has provided promising therapeutic opportunities for cancer treatment. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of FA pathway regulation and its potential application for designing tailored therapeutics that take advantage of deregulated DNA ICL repair in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukhyun Jo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, New York 11794,
USA
| | - Hyungjin Kim
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, New York 11794,
USA
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82
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Rane JK, Ylipää A, Adamson R, Mann VM, Simms MS, Collins AT, Visakorpi T, Nykter M, Maitland NJ. Construction of therapeutically relevant human prostate epithelial fate map by utilising miRNA and mRNA microarray expression data. Br J Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26203762 PMCID: PMC4647689 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Objective identification of key miRNAs from transcriptomic data is difficult owing to the inherent inconsistencies within miRNA target-prediction algorithms and the promiscuous nature of miRNA-mRNA target relationship. Methods: An integrated database of miRNAs and their ‘relevant' mRNA targets was generated from validated miRNA and mRNA microarray data sets generated from patient-derived prostate epithelial normal and cancer stem-like cells (SCs) and committed basal (CB) cells. The effect of miR-542-5p inhibition was studied to provide proof-of-principle for database utility. Results: Integration of miRNA-mRNA databases showed that signalling pathways and processes can be regulated by a single or relatively few miRNAs, for example, DNA repair/Notch pathway by miR-542-5p, P=0.008. Inhibition of miR-542-5p in CB cells (thereby achieving miR-542-5p expression levels similar to SCs) promoted efficient DNA repair and activated expression of Notch reporters, HES1 and Survivin, without inducing dedifferentiation into SCs. Conclusions: Our novel framework impartially identifies therapeutically relevant miRNA candidates from transcriptomic data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant K Rane
- Department of Biology, YCR Cancer Research Unit, University of York, York YO10 5DD, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Antti Ylipää
- 1] Prostate Cancer Research Center, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology (BioMediTech), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 8, Tampere 33520, Finland [2] Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 10, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Rachel Adamson
- Department of Biology, YCR Cancer Research Unit, University of York, York YO10 5DD, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Vincent M Mann
- 1] Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, East Yorkshire, UK [2] Department of Urology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham HU16 5JQ, East Yorkshire, UK
| | - Matthew S Simms
- 1] Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, East Yorkshire, UK [2] Department of Urology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham HU16 5JQ, East Yorkshire, UK
| | - Anne T Collins
- Department of Biology, YCR Cancer Research Unit, University of York, York YO10 5DD, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Tapio Visakorpi
- Molecular Biology of Prostate Cancer Group, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology (BioMediTech), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, BioMediTech, Biokatu 8, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Matti Nykter
- 1] Prostate Cancer Research Center, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology (BioMediTech), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 8, Tampere 33520, Finland [2] Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 10, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Norman J Maitland
- 1] Department of Biology, YCR Cancer Research Unit, University of York, York YO10 5DD, North Yorkshire, UK [2] Department of Urology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham HU16 5JQ, East Yorkshire, UK
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83
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Kato Y, Alavattam KG, Sin HS, Meetei AR, Pang Q, Andreassen PR, Namekawa SH. FANCB is essential in the male germline and regulates H3K9 methylation on the sex chromosomes during meiosis. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5234-49. [PMID: 26123487 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessive X-linked and autosomal genetic disease associated with bone marrow failure and increased cancer, as well as severe germline defects such as hypogonadism and germ cell depletion. Although deficiencies in FA factors are commonly associated with germ cell defects, it remains unknown whether the FA pathway is involved in unique epigenetic events in germ cells. In this study, we generated Fancb mutant mice, the first mouse model of X-linked FA, and identified a novel function of the FA pathway in epigenetic regulation during mammalian gametogenesis. Fancb mutant mice were infertile and exhibited primordial germ cell (PGC) defects during embryogenesis. Further, Fancb mutation resulted in the reduction of undifferentiated spermatogonia in spermatogenesis, suggesting that FANCB regulates the maintenance of undifferentiated spermatogonia. Additionally, based on functional studies, we dissected the pathway in which FANCB functions during meiosis. The localization of FANCB on sex chromosomes is dependent on MDC1, a binding partner of H2AX phosphorylated at serine 139 (γH2AX), which initiates chromosome-wide silencing. Also, FANCB is required for FANCD2 localization during meiosis, suggesting that the role of FANCB in the activation of the FA pathway is common to both meiosis and somatic DNA damage responses. H3K9me2, a silent epigenetic mark, was decreased on sex chromosomes, whereas H3K9me3 was increased on sex chromosomes in Fancb mutant spermatocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that FANCB functions at critical stages of germ cell development and reveal a novel function of the FA pathway in the regulation of H3K9 methylation in the germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Kato
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 4929, USA
| | - Kris G Alavattam
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 4929, USA
| | - Ho-Su Sin
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 4929, USA
| | - Amom Ruhikanta Meetei
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 4929, USA
| | - Qishen Pang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 4929, USA
| | - Paul R Andreassen
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 4929, USA
| | - Satoshi H Namekawa
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 4929, USA
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84
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Rickman KA, Lach FP, Abhyankar A, Donovan FX, Sanborn EM, Kennedy JA, Sougnez C, Gabriel SB, Elemento O, Chandrasekharappa SC, Schindler D, Auerbach AD, Smogorzewska A. Deficiency of UBE2T, the E2 Ubiquitin Ligase Necessary for FANCD2 and FANCI Ubiquitination, Causes FA-T Subtype of Fanconi Anemia. Cell Rep 2015; 12:35-41. [PMID: 26119737 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare bone marrow failure and cancer predisposition syndrome resulting from pathogenic mutations in genes encoding proteins participating in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). Mutations in 17 genes (FANCA-FANCS) have been identified in FA patients, defining 17 complementation groups. Here, we describe an individual presenting with typical FA features who is deficient for the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), UBE2T. UBE2T is known to interact with FANCL, the E3 ubiquitin-ligase component of the multiprotein FA core complex, and is necessary for the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and FANCI. Proband fibroblasts do not display FANCD2 and FANCI monoubiquitination, do not form FANCD2 foci following treatment with mitomycin C, and are hypersensitive to crosslinking agents. These cellular defects are complemented by expression of wild-type UBE2T, demonstrating that deficiency of the protein UBE2T can lead to Fanconi anemia. UBE2T gene gains an alias of FANCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Rickman
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Francis P Lach
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Frank X Donovan
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erica M Sanborn
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kennedy
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carrie Sougnez
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Olivier Elemento
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Settara C Chandrasekharappa
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Detlev Schindler
- Institute for Human Genetics, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Arleen D Auerbach
- Human Genetics and Hematology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Agata Smogorzewska
- Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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85
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Budzowska M, Graham TGW, Sobeck A, Waga S, Walter JC. Regulation of the Rev1-pol ζ complex during bypass of a DNA interstrand cross-link. EMBO J 2015; 34:1971-85. [PMID: 26071591 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are repaired in S phase by a complex, multistep mechanism involving translesion DNA polymerases. After replication forks collide with an ICL, the leading strand approaches to within one nucleotide of the ICL ("approach"), a nucleotide is inserted across from the unhooked lesion ("insertion"), and the leading strand is extended beyond the lesion ("extension"). How DNA polymerases bypass the ICL is incompletely understood. Here, we use repair of a site-specific ICL in Xenopus egg extracts to study the mechanism of lesion bypass. Deep sequencing of ICL repair products showed that the approach and extension steps are largely error-free. However, a short mutagenic tract is introduced in the vicinity of the lesion, with a maximum mutation frequency of ~1%. Our data further suggest that approach is performed by a replicative polymerase, while extension involves a complex of Rev1 and DNA polymerase ζ. Rev1-pol ζ recruitment requires the Fanconi anemia core complex but not FancI-FancD2. Our results begin to illuminate how lesion bypass is integrated with chromosomal DNA replication to limit ICL repair-associated mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Budzowska
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas G W Graham
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Sobeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shou Waga
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Johannes C Walter
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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86
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Mutations in the gene encoding the E2 conjugating enzyme UBE2T cause Fanconi anemia. Am J Hum Genet 2015; 96:1001-7. [PMID: 26046368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by genome instability, increased cancer susceptibility, progressive bone marrow failure (BMF), and various developmental abnormalities resulting from the defective FA pathway. FA is caused by mutations in genes that mediate repair processes of interstrand crosslinks and/or DNA adducts generated by endogenous aldehydes. The UBE2T E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme acts in FANCD2/FANCI monoubiquitination, a critical event in the pathway. Here we identified two unrelated FA-affected individuals, each harboring biallelic mutations in UBE2T. They both produced a defective UBE2T protein with the same missense alteration (p.Gln2Glu) that abolished FANCD2 monoubiquitination and interaction with FANCL. We suggest this FA complementation group be named FA-T.
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87
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Takahashi D, Sato K, Hirayama E, Takata M, Kurumizaka H. Human FAN1 promotes strand incision in 5'-flapped DNA complexed with RPA. J Biochem 2015; 158:263-70. [PMID: 25922199 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a human infantile recessive disorder. Seventeen FA causal proteins cooperatively function in the DNA interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair pathway. Dual DNA strand incisions around the crosslink are critical steps in ICL repair. FA-associated nuclease 1 (FAN1) is a DNA structure-specific endonuclease that is considered to be involved in DNA incision at the stalled replication fork. Replication protein A (RPA) rapidly assembles on the single-stranded DNA region of the stalled fork. However, the effect of RPA on the FAN1-mediated DNA incision has not been determined. In this study, we purified human FAN1, as a bacterially expressed recombinant protein. FAN1 exhibited robust endonuclease activity with 5'-flapped DNA, which is formed at the stalled replication fork. We found that FAN1 efficiently promoted DNA incision at the proper site of RPA-coated 5'-flapped DNA. Therefore, FAN1 possesses the ability to promote the ICL repair of 5'-flapped DNA covered by RPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan and
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan and
| | - Emiko Hirayama
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan and
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshida-konoe, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan and
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88
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Oka Y, Bekker-Jensen S, Mailand N. Ubiquitin-like protein UBL5 promotes the functional integrity of the Fanconi anemia pathway. EMBO J 2015; 34:1385-98. [PMID: 25862789 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) function in a wide array of cellular processes. UBL5 is an atypical UBL that does not form covalent conjugates with cellular proteins and which has a known role in modulating pre-mRNA splicing. Here, we report an unexpected involvement of human UBL5 in promoting the function of the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway for repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), mediated by a specific interaction with the central FA pathway component FANCI. UBL5-deficient cells display spliceosome-independent reduction of FANCI protein stability, defective FANCI function in response to DNA damage and hypersensitivity to ICLs. By mapping the sequence determinants underlying UBL5-FANCI binding, we generated separation-of-function mutants to demonstrate that key aspects of FA pathway function, including FANCI-FANCD2 heterodimerization, FANCD2 and FANCI monoubiquitylation and maintenance of chromosome stability after ICLs, are compromised when the UBL5-FANCI interaction is selectively inhibited by mutations in either protein. Together, our findings establish UBL5 as a factor that promotes the functionality of the FA DNA repair pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Oka
- Ubiquitin Signaling Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Bekker-Jensen
- Ubiquitin Signaling Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Mailand
- Ubiquitin Signaling Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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89
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Xie J, Kim H, Moreau LA, Puhalla S, Garber J, Al Abo M, Takeda S, D'Andrea AD. RNF4-mediated polyubiquitination regulates the Fanconi anemia/BRCA pathway. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1523-32. [PMID: 25751062 DOI: 10.1172/jci79325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia/BRCA (FA/BRCA) pathway is a DNA repair pathway that is required for excision of DNA interstrand cross-links. The 17 known FA proteins, along with several FA-associated proteins (FAAPs), cooperate in this pathway to detect, unhook, and excise DNA cross-links and to subsequently repair the double-strand breaks generated in the process. In the current study, we identified a patient with FA with a point mutation in FANCA, which encodes a mutant FANCA protein (FANCAI939S). FANCAI939S failed to bind to the FAAP20 subunit of the FA core complex, leading to decreased stability. Loss of FAAP20 binding exposed a SUMOylation site on FANCA at amino acid residue K921, resulting in E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9-mediated SUMOylation, RING finger protein 4-mediated (RNF4-mediated) polyubiquitination, and proteasome-mediated degradation of FANCA. Mutation of the SUMOylation site of FANCA rescued the expression of the mutant protein. Wild-type FANCA was also subject to SUMOylation, RNF4-mediated polyubiquitination, and degradation, suggesting that regulated release of FAAP20 from FANCA is a critical step in the normal FA pathway. Consistent with this model, cells lacking RNF4 exhibited interstrand cross-linker hypersensitivity, and the gene encoding RNF4 was epistatic with the other genes encoding members of the FA/BRCA pathway. Together, the results from our study underscore the importance of analyzing unique patient-derived mutations for dissecting complex DNA repair processes.
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90
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Kim TM, Son MY, Dodds S, Hu L, Luo G, Hasty P. RECQL5 and BLM exhibit divergent functions in cells defective for the Fanconi anemia pathway. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:893-903. [PMID: 25520194 PMCID: PMC4333386 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) patients exhibit bone marrow failure, developmental defects and cancer. The FA pathway maintains chromosomal stability in concert with replication fork maintenance and DNA double strand break (DSB) repair pathways including RAD51-mediated homologous recombination (HR). RAD51 is a recombinase that maintains replication forks and repairs DSBs, but also rearranges chromosomes. Two RecQ helicases, RECQL5 and Bloom syndrome mutated (BLM) suppress HR through nonredundant mechanisms. Here we test the impact deletion of RECQL5 and BLM has on mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells deleted for FANCB, a member of the FA core complex. We show that RECQL5, but not BLM, conferred resistance to mitomycin C (MMC, an interstrand crosslinker) and camptothecin (CPT, a type 1 topoisomerase inhibitor) in FANCB-defective cells. RECQL5 suppressed, while BLM caused, breaks and radials in FANCB-deleted cells exposed to CPT or MMC, respectively. RECQL5 protected the nascent replication strand from MRE11-mediated degradation and restarted stressed replication forks in a manner additive to FANCB. By contrast BLM restarted, but did not protect, replication forks in a manner epistatic to FANCB. RECQL5 also lowered RAD51 levels in FANCB-deleted cells at stressed replication sites implicating a rearrangement avoidance mechanism. Thus, RECQL5 and BLM impact FANCB-defective cells differently in response to replication stress with relevance to chemotherapeutic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Moon Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Mi Young Son
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Sherry Dodds
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Lingchuan Hu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Guangbin Luo
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, BRB-720, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Paul Hasty
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, The Barshop Center of Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
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91
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Gibbs-Seymour I, Oka Y, Rajendra E, Weinert BT, Passmore LA, Patel KJ, Olsen JV, Choudhary C, Bekker-Jensen S, Mailand N. Ubiquitin-SUMO circuitry controls activated fanconi anemia ID complex dosage in response to DNA damage. Mol Cell 2014; 57:150-64. [PMID: 25557546 PMCID: PMC4416315 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We show that central components of the Fanconi anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway, the tumor suppressor proteins FANCI and FANCD2 (the ID complex), are SUMOylated in response to replication fork stalling. The ID complex is SUMOylated in a manner that depends on the ATR kinase, the FA ubiquitin ligase core complex, and the SUMO E3 ligases PIAS1/PIAS4 and is antagonized by the SUMO protease SENP6. SUMOylation of the ID complex drives substrate selectivity by triggering its polyubiquitylation by the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase RNF4 to promote its removal from sites of DNA damage via the DVC1-p97 ubiquitin segregase complex. Deregulation of ID complex SUMOylation compromises cell survival following replication stress. Our results uncover a regulatory role for SUMOylation in the FA pathway, and we propose that ubiquitin-SUMO signaling circuitry is a mechanism that contributes to the balance of activated ID complex dosage at sites of DNA damage. The Fanconi anemia ID complex (FANCI/FANCD2) is SUMOylated after DNA damage ID complex SUMOylation is regulated by ATR, the FA core complex, PIAS1/4, and SENP6 SUMO-dependent ubiquitylation by RNF4 allows ID complex removal from DNA by DVC1/p97 Deregulated ID complex SUMOylation compromises cell survival following DNA damage
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Gibbs-Seymour
- Ubiquitin Signaling Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yasuyoshi Oka
- Ubiquitin Signaling Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eeson Rajendra
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Brian T Weinert
- Department of Proteomics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lori A Passmore
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Jesper V Olsen
- Department of Proteomics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chunaram Choudhary
- Department of Proteomics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Bekker-Jensen
- Ubiquitin Signaling Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Niels Mailand
- Ubiquitin Signaling Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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92
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Rajendra E, Garaycoechea JI, Patel KJ, Passmore LA. Abundance of the Fanconi anaemia core complex is regulated by the RuvBL1 and RuvBL2 AAA+ ATPases. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:13736-48. [PMID: 25428364 PMCID: PMC4267650 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a genome instability disease caused by defects in the FA DNA repair pathway that senses and repairs damage caused by DNA interstrand crosslinks. At least 8 of the 16 genes found mutated in FA encode proteins that assemble into the FA core complex, a multisubunit monoubiquitin E3 ligase. Here, we show that the RuvBL1 and RuvBL2 AAA+ ATPases co-purify with FA core complex isolated under stringent but native conditions from a vertebrate cell line. Depletion of the RuvBL1-RuvBL2 complex in human cells causes hallmark features of FA including DNA crosslinker sensitivity, chromosomal instability and defective FA pathway activation. Genetic knockout of RuvBL1 in a murine model is embryonic lethal while conditional inactivation in the haematopoietic stem cell pool confers profound aplastic anaemia. Together these findings reveal a function for RuvBL1-RuvBL2 in DNA repair through a physical and functional association with the FA core complex. Surprisingly, depletion of RuvBL1-RuvBL2 leads to co-depletion of the FA core complex in human cells. This suggests that a potential mechanism for the role of RuvBL1-RuvBL2 in maintaining genome integrity is through controlling the cellular abundance of FA core complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeson Rajendra
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Juan I Garaycoechea
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lori A Passmore
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
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93
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Sato K, Ishiai M, Takata M, Kurumizaka H. Defective FANCI binding by a fanconi anemia-related FANCD2 mutant. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114752. [PMID: 25489943 PMCID: PMC4260917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FANCD2 is a product of one of the genes associated with Fanconi anemia (FA), a rare recessive disease characterized by bone marrow failure, skeletal malformations, developmental defects, and cancer predisposition. FANCD2 forms a complex with FANCI (ID complex) and is monoubiquitinated, which facilitates the downstream interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair steps, such as ICL unhooking and nucleolytic end resection. In the present study, we focused on the chicken FANCD2 (cFANCD2) mutant harboring the Leu234 to Arg (L234R) substitution. cFANCD2 L234R corresponds to the human FANCD2 L231R mutation identified in an FA patient. We found that cFANCD2 L234R did not complement the defective ICL repair in FANCD2−/− DT40 cells. Purified cFANCD2 L234R did not bind to chicken FANCI, and its monoubiquitination was significantly deficient, probably due to the abnormal ID complex formation. In addition, the histone chaperone activity of cFANCD2 L234R was also defective. These findings may explain some aspects of Fanconi anemia pathogenesis by a FANCD2 missense mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Ishiai
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Graduate School of Advanced Science & Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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94
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) represents a paradigm of rare genetic diseases, where the quest for cause and cure has led to seminal discoveries in cancer biology. Although a total of 16 FA genes have been identified thus far, the biochemical function of many of the FA proteins remains to be elucidated. FA is rare, yet the fact that 5 FA genes are in fact familial breast cancer genes and FA gene mutations are found frequently in sporadic cancers suggest wider applicability in hematopoiesis and oncology. Establishing the interaction network involving the FA proteins and their associated partners has revealed an intersection of FA with several DNA repair pathways, including homologous recombination, DNA mismatch repair, nucleotide excision repair, and translesion DNA synthesis. Importantly, recent studies have shown a major involvement of the FA pathway in the tolerance of reactive aldehydes. Moreover, despite improved outcomes in stem cell transplantation in the treatment of FA, many challenges remain in patient care.
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95
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FANCD2-controlled chromatin access of the Fanconi-associated nuclease FAN1 is crucial for the recovery of stalled replication forks. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3939-54. [PMID: 25135477 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00457-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a cancer predisposition syndrome characterized by cellular hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs). Within the FA pathway, an upstream core complex monoubiquitinates and recruits the FANCD2 protein to ICLs on chromatin. Ensuing DNA repair involves the Fanconi-associated nuclease 1 (FAN1), which interacts selectively with monoubiquitinated FANCD2 (FANCD2(Ub)) at ICLs. Importantly, FANCD2 has additional independent functions: it binds chromatin and coordinates the restart of aphidicolin (APH)-stalled replication forks in concert with the BLM helicase, while protecting forks from nucleolytic degradation by MRE11. We identified FAN1 as a new crucial replication fork recovery factor. FAN1 joins the BLM-FANCD2 complex following APH-mediated fork stalling in a manner dependent on MRE11 and FANCD2, followed by FAN1 nuclease-mediated fork restart. Surprisingly, APH-induced activation and chromatin recruitment of FAN1 occur independently of the FA core complex or the FAN1 UBZ domain, indicating that the FANCD2(Ub) isoform is dispensable for functional FANCD2-FAN1 cross talk during stalled fork recovery. In the absence of FANCD2, MRE11 exonuclease-promoted access of FAN1 to stalled forks results in severe FAN1-mediated nucleolytic degradation of nascent DNA strands. Thus, FAN1 nuclease activity at stalled replication forks requires tight regulation: too little inhibits fork restart, whereas too much causes fork degradation.
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96
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Huang Y, Leung JWC, Lowery M, Matsushita N, Wang Y, Shen X, Huong D, Takata M, Chen J, Li L. Modularized functions of the Fanconi anemia core complex. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1849-57. [PMID: 24910428 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fanconi anemia (FA) core complex provides the essential E3 ligase function for spatially defined FANCD2 ubiquitination and FA pathway activation. Of the seven FA gene products forming the core complex, FANCL possesses a RING domain with demonstrated E3 ligase activity. The other six components do not have clearly defined roles. Through epistasis analyses, we identify three functional modules in the FA core complex: a catalytic module consisting of FANCL, FANCB, and FAAP100 is absolutely required for the E3 ligase function, and the FANCA-FANCG-FAAP20 and the FANCC-FANCE-FANCF modules provide nonredundant and ancillary functions that help the catalytic module bind chromatin or sites of DNA damage. Disruption of the catalytic module causes complete loss of the core complex function, whereas loss of any ancillary module component does not. Our work reveals the roles of several FA gene products with previously undefined functions and a modularized assembly of the FA core complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Huang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Justin W C Leung
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Megan Lowery
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nobuko Matsushita
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yucai Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Do Huong
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Department of Late Effect Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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