51
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Functions and Implications of Autophagy in Colon Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111349. [PMID: 31671556 PMCID: PMC6912527 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential function to breakdown cellular proteins and organelles to recycle for new nutrient building blocks. In colorectal cancer, the importance of autophagy is becoming widely recognized as it demonstrates both pro- and anti-tumorigenic functions. In colon cancer, cell autonomous and non-autonomous roles for autophagy are essential in growth and progression. However, the mechanisms downstream of autophagy (to reduce or enhance tumor growth) are not well known. Additionally, the signals that activate and coordinate autophagy for tumor cell growth and survival are not clear. Here, we highlight the context- and cargo-dependent role of autophagy in proliferation, cell death, and cargo breakdown.
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52
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Loos F, Xie W, Sica V, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Souquère S, Pierron G, Lachkar S, Sauvat A, Petrazzuolo A, Jimenez AJ, Perez F, Maiuri MC, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Artificial tethering of LC3 or p62 to organelles is not sufficient to trigger autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:771. [PMID: 31601788 PMCID: PMC6787181 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The retention using selective hooks (RUSH) system allows to retain a target protein fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a streptavidin-binding peptide (SBP) due to the interaction with a molar excess of streptavidin molecules ("hooks") targeted to selected subcellular compartments. Supplementation of biotin competitively disrupts the interaction between the SBP moiety and streptavidin, liberating the chimeric target protein from its hooks, while addition of avidin causes the removal of biotin from the system and reestablishes the interaction. Based on this principle, we engineered two chimeric proteins involved in autophagy, namely microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (MAP1LC3B, best known as LC3) and sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1, best known as p62) to move them as SBP-GFP-LC3 and p62-SBP-GFP at will between the cytosol and two different organelles, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus. Although both proteins were functional in thus far that SBP-GFP-LC3 and p62-SBP-GFP could recruit their endogenous binding partners, p62 and LC3, respectively, their enforced relocation to the ER or Golgi failed to induce organelle-specific autophagy. Hence, artificial tethering of LC3 or p62 to the surface of the ER and the Golgi is not sufficient to trigger autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedemann Loos
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1138, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Villejuif, France
| | - Wei Xie
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1138, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Villejuif, France
| | - Valentina Sica
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1138, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Villejuif, France
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1138, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Villejuif, France
| | - Sylvie Souquère
- AMMICA UMS-3655, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Sylvie Lachkar
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1138, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Villejuif, France
| | - Allan Sauvat
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1138, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Villejuif, France
| | - Adriana Petrazzuolo
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1138, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Franck Perez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Maria Chiara Maiuri
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1138, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Villejuif, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1138, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Villejuif, France.
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1138, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Villejuif, France.
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Macroautophagy (referred to here as autophagy) degrades and recycles cytoplasmic constituents to sustain cellular and mammalian metabolism and survival during starvation. Deregulation of autophagy is involved in numerous diseases, such as cancer. Cancers up-regulate autophagy and depend on it for survival, growth, and malignancy in a tumor cell-autonomous fashion. Recently, it has become apparent that autophagy in host tissues as well as the tumor cells themselves contribute to tumor growth. Understanding how autophagy regulates metabolism and tumor growth has revealed new essential tumor nutrients, where they come from, and how they are supplied and used, which can now be targeted for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Poillet-Perez
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Amaravadi RK, Kimmelman AC, Debnath J. Targeting Autophagy in Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1167-1181. [PMID: 31434711 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a multistep lysosomal degradation pathway that supports nutrient recycling and metabolic adaptation, has been implicated as a process that regulates cancer. Although autophagy induction may limit the development of tumors, evidence in mouse models demonstrates that autophagy inhibition can limit the growth of established tumors and improve response to cancer therapeutics. Certain cancer genotypes may be especially prone to autophagy inhibition. Different strategies for autophagy modulation may be needed depending on the cancer context. Here, we review new advances in the molecular control of autophagy, the role of selective autophagy in cancer, and the role of autophagy within the tumor microenvironment and tumor immunity. We also highlight clinical efforts to repurpose lysosomal inhibitors, such as hydroxychloroquine, as anticancer agents that block autophagy, as well as the development of more potent and specific autophagy inhibitors for cancer treatment, and review future directions for autophagy research. SIGNIFICANCE: Autophagy plays a complex role in cancer, but autophagy inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy in advanced cancer. A deeper understanding of autophagy within the tumor microenvironment has enabled the development of novel inhibitors and clinical trial strategies. Challenges and opportunities remain to identify patients most likely to benefit from this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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55
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Fang X, Yao X, Zhang Y, Tian Z, Wang M, Li P, Cai X. iTRAQ-Based Proteomics Analysis of Autophagy-Mediated Responses against MeJA in Laticifers of Euphorbia kansui L. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3770. [PMID: 31374948 PMCID: PMC6695884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a well-defined catabolic mechanism whereby cytoplasmic materials are engulfed into a structure termed the autophagosome. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a plant hormone, mediates diverse developmental process and defense responses which induce a variety of metabolites. In plants, little is known about autophagy-mediated responses against MeJA. In this study, we used high-throughput comparative proteomics to identify proteins of latex in the laticifers. The isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) MS/MS proteomics were performed, and 298 proteins among MeJA treated groups and the control group of Euphorbia kansui were identified. It is interesting to note that 29 significant differentially expressed proteins were identified and their associations with autophagy and ROS pathway were verified for several selected proteins as follows: α-L-fucosidase, β-galactosidase, cysteine proteinase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the selected genes confirmed the fact that MeJA might enhance the expression of some genes related to autophagy. The western blotting and immunofluorescence results of ATG8 and ATG18a which are two important proteins for the formation of autophagosomes also demonstrated that MeJA could promote autophagy at the protein level. Using the electron microscope, we observed an increase in autophagosomes after MeJA treatment. These results indicated that MeJA might promote autophagy in E. kansui laticifers; and it was speculated that MeJA mediated autophagy through two possible ways: the increase of ROS induces ATG8 accumulation and then aotophagosome formation, and MeJA promotes ATG18 accumulation and then autophagosome formation. Taken together, our results provide several novel insights for understanding the mechanism between autophagy and MeJA treatment. However, the specific mechanism remains to be further studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiangyu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zheni Tian
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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56
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An H, Harper JW. Ribosome Abundance Control Via the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Autophagy. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:170-184. [PMID: 31195016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomes are central to the life of a cell, as they translate the genetic code into the amino acid language of proteins. Moreover, ribosomal abundance within the cell is coordinated with protein production required for cell function or processes such as cell division. As such, it is not surprising that these elegant machines are both highly regulated at the level of both their output of newly translated proteins but also at the level of ribosomal protein expression, ribosome assembly, and ribosome turnover. In this review, we focus on mechanisms that regulate ribosome abundance through both the ubiquitin-proteasome system and forms of autophagy referred to as "ribophagy." We discussed mechanisms employed in both yeast and mammalian cells, including the various machineries that are important for recognition and degradation of ribosomal components. In addition, we discussed controversies in the field and how the development of new approaches for examining flux through the proteasomal and autophagic systems in the context of a systematic inventory of ribosomal components is necessary to fully understand how ribosome abundance is controlled under various physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeseon An
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute at Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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57
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Li M, Chiang YL, Lyssiotis CA, Teater MR, Hong JY, Shen H, Wang L, Hu J, Jing H, Chen Z, Jain N, Duy C, Mistry SJ, Cerchietti L, Cross JR, Cantley LC, Green MR, Lin H, Melnick AM. Non-oncogene Addiction to SIRT3 Plays a Critical Role in Lymphomagenesis. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:916-931.e9. [PMID: 31185214 PMCID: PMC7534582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are genetically heterogeneous and highly proliferative neoplasms derived from germinal center (GC) B cells. Here, we show that DLBCLs are dependent on mitochondrial lysine deacetylase SIRT3 for proliferation, survival, self-renewal, and tumor growth in vivo regardless of disease subtype and genetics. SIRT3 knockout attenuated B cell lymphomagenesis in VavP-Bcl2 mice without affecting normal GC formation. Mechanistically, SIRT3 depletion impaired glutamine flux to the TCA cycle via glutamate dehydrogenase and reduction in acetyl-CoA pools, which in turn induce autophagy and cell death. We developed a mitochondrial-targeted class I sirtuin inhibitor, YC8-02, which phenocopied the effects of SIRT3 depletion and killed DLBCL cells. SIRT3 is thus a metabolic non-oncogene addiction and therapeutic target for DLBCLs.
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MESH Headings
- Acetyl Coenzyme A/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Autophagic Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Citric Acid Cycle/drug effects
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glutamine/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/enzymology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Signal Transduction
- Sirtuin 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Sirtuin 3/deficiency
- Sirtuin 3/genetics
- Sirtuin 3/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ying-Ling Chiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew R Teater
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jun Young Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hui Jing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Neeraj Jain
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Cihangir Duy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sucharita J Mistry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Leandro Cerchietti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Justin R Cross
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael R Green
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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58
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TEX264 Is an Endoplasmic Reticulum-Resident ATG8-Interacting Protein Critical for ER Remodeling during Nutrient Stress. Mol Cell 2019; 74:891-908.e10. [PMID: 31006537 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cells respond to nutrient stress by trafficking cytosolic contents to lysosomes for degradation via macroautophagy. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as an initiation site for autophagosomes and is also remodeled in response to nutrient stress through ER-phagy, a form of selective autophagy. Quantitative proteome analysis during nutrient stress identified an unstudied single-pass transmembrane ER protein, TEX264, as an ER-phagy receptor. TEX264 uses an LC3-interacting region (LIR) to traffic into ATG8-positive puncta that often initiate from three-way ER tubule junctions and subsequently fuse with lysosomes. Interaction and proximity biotinylation proteomics identified a cohort of autophagy regulatory proteins and cargo adaptors located near TEX264 in an LIR-dependent manner. Global proteomics and ER-phagy flux analysis revealed the stabilization of a cohort of ER proteins in TEX264-/- cells during nutrient stress. This work reveals TEX264 as an unrecognized ER-phagy receptor that acts independently of other candidate ER-phagy receptors to remodel the ER during nutrient stress.
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59
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Jones EJ, Matthews ZJ, Gul L, Sudhakar P, Treveil A, Divekar D, Buck J, Wrzesinski T, Jefferson M, Armstrong SD, Hall LJ, Watson AJM, Carding SR, Haerty W, Di Palma F, Mayer U, Powell PP, Hautefort I, Wileman T, Korcsmaros T. Integrative analysis of Paneth cell proteomic and transcriptomic data from intestinal organoids reveals functional processes dependent on autophagy. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm037069. [PMID: 30814064 PMCID: PMC6451430 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.037069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells are key epithelial cells that provide an antimicrobial barrier and maintain integrity of the small-intestinal stem cell niche. Paneth cell abnormalities are unfortunately detrimental to gut health and are often associated with digestive pathologies such as Crohn's disease or infections. Similar alterations are observed in individuals with impaired autophagy, a process that recycles cellular components. The direct effect of autophagy impairment on Paneth cells has not been analysed. To investigate this, we generated a mouse model lacking Atg16l1 specifically in intestinal epithelial cells, making these cells impaired in autophagy. Using three-dimensional intestinal organoids enriched for Paneth cells, we compared the proteomic profiles of wild-type and autophagy-impaired organoids. We used an integrated computational approach combining protein-protein interaction networks, autophagy-targeted proteins and functional information to identify the mechanistic link between autophagy impairment and disrupted pathways. Of the 284 altered proteins, 198 (70%) were more abundant in autophagy-impaired organoids, suggesting reduced protein degradation. Interestingly, these differentially abundant proteins comprised 116 proteins (41%) that are predicted targets of the selective autophagy proteins p62, LC3 and ATG16L1. Our integrative analysis revealed autophagy-mediated mechanisms that degrade key proteins in Paneth cell functions, such as exocytosis, apoptosis and DNA damage repair. Transcriptomic profiling of additional organoids confirmed that 90% of the observed changes upon autophagy alteration have effects at the protein level, not on gene expression. We performed further validation experiments showing differential lysozyme secretion, confirming our computationally inferred downregulation of exocytosis. Our observations could explain how protein-level alterations affect Paneth cell homeostatic functions upon autophagy impairment.This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Jones
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Zoe J Matthews
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Lejla Gul
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Padhmanand Sudhakar
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Agatha Treveil
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Devina Divekar
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jasmine Buck
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Matthew Jefferson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Stuart D Armstrong
- National Institute of Health Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Lindsay J Hall
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Alastair J M Watson
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Simon R Carding
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Wilfried Haerty
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
| | | | - Ulrike Mayer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Penny P Powell
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Tom Wileman
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
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60
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Yun CW, Lee SH. The Roles of Autophagy in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113466. [PMID: 30400561 PMCID: PMC6274804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradative process that occurs under several stressful conditions, including organelle damage, the presence of abnormal proteins, and nutrient deprivation. The mechanism of autophagy initiates the formation of autophagosomes that capture degraded components and then fuse with lysosomes to recycle these components. The modulation of autophagy plays dual roles in tumor suppression and promotion in many cancers. In addition, autophagy regulates the properties of cancer stem-cells by contributing to the maintenance of stemness, the induction of recurrence, and the development of resistance to anticancer reagents. Although some autophagy modulators, such as rapamycin and chloroquine, are used to regulate autophagy in anticancer therapy, since this process also plays roles in both tumor suppression and promotion, the precise mechanism of autophagy in cancer requires further study. In this review, we will summarize the mechanism of autophagy under stressful conditions and its roles in tumor suppression and promotion in cancer and in cancer stem-cells. Furthermore, we discuss how autophagy is a promising potential therapeutic target in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Won Yun
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea.
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul 04401, Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31538, Korea.
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61
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Cunha LD, Yang M, Carter R, Guy C, Harris L, Crawford JC, Quarato G, Boada-Romero E, Kalkavan H, Johnson MDL, Natarajan S, Turnis ME, Finkelstein D, Opferman JT, Gawad C, Green DR. LC3-Associated Phagocytosis in Myeloid Cells Promotes Tumor Immune Tolerance. Cell 2018; 175:429-441.e16. [PMID: 30245008 PMCID: PMC6201245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeting autophagy in cancer cells and in the tumor microenvironment are current goals of cancer therapy. However, components of canonical autophagy play roles in other biological processes, adding complexity to this goal. One such alternative function of autophagy proteins is LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), which functions in phagosome maturation and subsequent signaling events. Here, we show that impairment of LAP in the myeloid compartment, rather than canonical autophagy, induces control of tumor growth by tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) upon phagocytosis of dying tumor cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed that defects in LAP induce pro-inflammatory gene expression and trigger STING-mediated type I interferon responses in TAM. We found that the anti-tumor effects of LAP impairment require tumor-infiltrating T cells, dependent upon STING and the type I interferon response. Therefore, autophagy proteins in the myeloid cells of the tumor microenvironment contribute to immune suppression of T lymphocytes by effecting LAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa D Cunha
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mao Yang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert Carter
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Clifford Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lacie Harris
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeremy C Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Giovanni Quarato
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Emilio Boada-Romero
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Halime Kalkavan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael D L Johnson
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Valley Fever Center for Excellence, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Sivaraman Natarajan
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Meghan E Turnis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Joseph T Opferman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charles Gawad
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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62
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Martin PK, Marchiando A, Xu R, Rudensky E, Yeung F, Schuster SL, Kernbauer E, Cadwell K. Autophagy proteins suppress protective type I interferon signalling in response to the murine gut microbiota. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:1131-1141. [PMID: 30202015 PMCID: PMC6179362 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As a conserved pathway that lies at the intersection between host defence and cellular homeostasis, autophagy serves as a rheostat for immune reactions. In particular, autophagy suppresses excess type I interferon (IFN-I) production in response to viral nucleic acids. It is unknown how this function of autophagy relates to the intestinal barrier where host-microbe interactions are pervasive and perpetual. Here, we demonstrate that mice deficient in autophagy proteins are protected from the intestinal bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium in a manner dependent on IFN-I signalling and nucleic acid sensing pathways. Enhanced IFN-stimulated gene expression in intestinal tissue of autophagy-deficient mice in the absence of infection was mediated by the gut microbiota. Additionally, monocytes infiltrating into the autophagy-deficient intestinal microenvironment displayed an enhanced inflammatory profile and were necessary for protection against C. rodentium. Finally, we demonstrate that the microbiota-dependent IFN-I production that occurs in the autophagy-deficient host also protects against chemical injury of the intestine. Thus, autophagy proteins prevent a spontaneous IFN-I response to microbiota that is beneficial in the presence of infectious and non-infectious intestinal hazards. These results identify a role for autophagy proteins in controlling the magnitude of IFN-I signalling at the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Martin
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Marchiando
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruliang Xu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eugene Rudensky
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frank Yeung
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha L Schuster
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisabeth Kernbauer
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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63
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Wang M, Law ME, Castellano RK, Law BK. The unfolded protein response as a target for anticancer therapeutics. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 127:66-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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64
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Wang FX, Luo YM, Ye ZQ, Cao X, Liang JN, Wang Q, Wu Y, Wu JH, Wang HY, Zhang M, Cheng HQ, Xia GX. iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis of autophagy-mediated immune responses against the vascular fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae in Arabidopsis. Autophagy 2018; 14:598-618. [PMID: 29369001 PMCID: PMC5959329 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1423438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the functional link between autophagy and plant innate immunity remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the autophagy-mediated plant defense responses against Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae) infection by comparative proteomics and cellular analyses. An assessment of the autophagy activity and disease development showed that autophagic processes were tightly related to the tolerance of Arabidopsis plant to Verticillium wilt. An isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based proteomics analysis was performed, and we identified a total of 780 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) between wild-type and mutant atg10-1 Arabidopsis plants upon V. dahliae infection, of which, 193 ATG8-family-interacting proteins were identified in silico and their associations with autophagy were verified for several selected proteins. Three important aspects of autophagy-mediated defense against V. dahliae infection were revealed: 1) autophagy is required for the activation of upstream defense responses; 2) autophagy-mediated mitochondrial degradation (mitophagy) occurs and is an important player in the defense process; and 3) autophagy promotes the transdifferentiation of perivascular cells and the formation of xylem hyperplasia, which are crucial for protection against this vascular disease. Together, our results provide several novel insights for understanding the functional association between autophagy and plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xin Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Ming Luo
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Qin Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Nan Liang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-He Wu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yun Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Huan-Qing Cheng
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Xian Xia
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center, Beijing, China
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65
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Samie M, Lim J, Verschueren E, Baughman JM, Peng I, Wong A, Kwon Y, Senbabaoglu Y, Hackney JA, Keir M, Mckenzie B, Kirkpatrick DS, van Lookeren Campagne M, Murthy A. Selective autophagy of the adaptor TRIF regulates innate inflammatory signaling. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:246-254. [PMID: 29358708 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-017-0042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Defective autophagy is linked to diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the mechanisms by which autophagy limits inflammation remain poorly understood. Here we found that loss of the autophagy-related gene Atg16l1 promoted accumulation of the adaptor TRIF and downstream signaling in macrophages. Multiplex proteomic profiling identified SQSTM1 and Tax1BP1 as selective autophagy-related receptors that mediated the turnover of TRIF. Knockdown of Tax1bp1 increased production of the cytokines IFN-β and IL-1β. Mice lacking Atg16l1 in myeloid cells succumbed to lipopolysaccharide-mediated sepsis but enhanced their clearance of intestinal Salmonella typhimurium in an interferon receptor-dependent manner. Human macrophages with the Crohn's disease-associated Atg16l1 variant T300A exhibited more production of IFN-β and IL-1β. An elevated interferon-response gene signature was observed in patients with IBD who were resistant to treatment with an antibody to the cytokine TNF. These findings identify selective autophagy as a key regulator of signaling via the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samie
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Junghyun Lim
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erik Verschueren
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M Baughman
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ivan Peng
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Wong
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Youngsu Kwon
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yasin Senbabaoglu
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mary Keir
- Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brent Mckenzie
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Donald S Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Aditya Murthy
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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66
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Abstract
The cellular degradative pathway of autophagy has a fundamental role in immunity. Here, we review the function of autophagy and autophagy proteins in inflammation. We discuss how the autophagy machinery controls the burden of infectious agents while simultaneously limiting inflammatory pathologies, which often involves processes that are distinct from conventional autophagy. Among the newly emerging processes we describe are LC3-associated phagocytosis and targeting by autophagy proteins, both of which require many of the same proteins that mediate conventional autophagy. We also discuss how autophagy contributes to differentiation of myeloid and lymphoid cell types, coordinates multicellular immunity, and facilitates memory responses. Together, these functions establish an intimate link between autophagy, mucosal immunity, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Finally, we offer our perspective on current challenges and barriers to translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Matsuzawa-Ishimoto
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; ,
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and.,Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; ,
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67
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Autophagy acts through TRAF3 and RELB to regulate gene expression via antagonism of SMAD proteins. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1537. [PMID: 29146913 PMCID: PMC5691083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00859-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy can regulate cell signalling and tumorigenesis via elusive molecular mechanisms. We establish a RAS mutant cancer cell model where the autophagy gene ATG5 is dispensable in A549 cells in vitro, yet promotes tumorigenesis in mice. ATG5 represses transcriptional activation by the TGFβ-SMAD gene regulatory pathway. However, autophagy does not terminate cytosolic signal transduction by TGFβ. Instead, we use proteomics to identify selective degradation of the signalling scaffold TRAF3. TRAF3 autophagy is driven by RAS and results in activation of the NF-κB family member RELB. We show that RELB represses TGFβ target promoters independently of DNA binding at NF-κB recognition sequences, instead binding with SMAD family member(s) at SMAD-response elements. Thus, autophagy antagonises TGFβ gene expression. Finally, autophagy-deficient A549 cells regain tumorigenicity upon SMAD4 knockdown. Thus, at least in this setting, a physiologic function for autophagic regulation of gene expression is tumour growth. Macroautophagy can regulate cell signalling and tumorigenesis but the molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here the authors show selective degradation of the signalling scaffold TRAF3 by autophagy and consequent activation of the NF-κB family member RELB regulate gene expression via antagonism of SMAD proteins.
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68
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Cudjoe EK, Saleh T, Hawkridge AM, Gewirtz DA. Proteomics Insights into Autophagy. Proteomics 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel K. Cudjoe
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA
| | - Adam M. Hawkridge
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA
| | - David A. Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA
- Massey Cancer Center; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA
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69
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Wong YK, Zhang J, Hua ZC, Lin Q, Shen HM, Wang J. Recent advances in quantitative and chemical proteomics for autophagy studies. Autophagy 2017; 13:1472-1486. [PMID: 28820289 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1313944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily well-conserved cellular degradative process with important biological functions that is closely implicated in health and disease. In recent years, quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics and chemical proteomics have emerged as important tools for the study of autophagy, through large-scale unbiased analysis of the proteome or through highly specific and accurate analysis of individual proteins of interest. At present, a variety of approaches have been successfully applied, including (i) expression and interaction proteomics for the study of protein post-translational modifications, (ii) investigating spatio-temporal dynamics of protein synthesis and degradation, and (iii) direct determination of protein activity and profiling molecular targets in the autophagic process. In this review, we attempted to provide an overview of principles and techniques relevant to the application of quantitative and chemical proteomics methods to autophagy, and outline the current landscape as well as future outlook of these methods in autophagy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Kwan Wong
- a Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- b Department of Oncology, Clinical Research Institute , Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital , Hangzhou , China
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- c Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qingsong Lin
- d Department of Biological Sciences , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- a Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore.,e NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Jigang Wang
- a Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore.,c Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing , China
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70
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Minina EA, Moschou PN, Bozhkov PV. Limited and digestive proteolysis: crosstalk between evolutionary conserved pathways. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:958-964. [PMID: 28574164 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Contents 958 I. 958 II. 959 III. 960 IV. 962 V. 962 962 References 963 SUMMARY: Proteases can either digest target proteins or perform the so-called 'limited proteolysis' by cleaving polypeptide chains at specific site(s). Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) are two main mechanisms carrying out digestive proteolysis. While the net outcome of digestive proteolysis is the loss of function of protein substrates, limited proteolysis can additionally lead to gain or switch of function. Recent evidence of crosstalk between autophagy, UPS and limited proteolysis indicates that these pathways are parts of the same proteolytic nexus. Here, we focus on three emerging themes within this area: limited proteolysis as a mechanism modulating autophagy; interplay between autophagy and UPS, including autophagic degradation of proteasomes (proteophagy); and specificity of protein degradation during bulk autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Minina
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7015, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Panagiotis N Moschou
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7080, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, PO Box 7015, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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71
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Abstract
In this review, Amaravadi et al. discuss recent developments in the role of autophagy in cancer, in particular how autophagy can promote cancer through suppressing p53 and preventing energy crisis, cell death, senescence, and an anti-tumor immune response. Macroautophagy (referred to here as autophagy) is induced by starvation to capture and degrade intracellular proteins and organelles in lysosomes, which recycles intracellular components to sustain metabolism and survival. Autophagy also plays a major homeostatic role in controlling protein and organelle quality and quantity. Dysfunctional autophagy contributes to many diseases. In cancer, autophagy can be neutral, tumor-suppressive, or tumor-promoting in different contexts. Large-scale genomic analysis of human cancers indicates that the loss or mutation of core autophagy genes is uncommon, whereas oncogenic events that activate autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis have been identified. Autophagic flux, however, is difficult to measure in human tumor samples, making functional assessment of autophagy problematic in a clinical setting. Autophagy impacts cellular metabolism, the proteome, and organelle numbers and quality, which alter cell functions in diverse ways. Moreover, autophagy influences the interaction between the tumor and the host by promoting stress adaptation and suppressing activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, autophagy can promote a cross-talk between the tumor and the stroma, which can support tumor growth, particularly in a nutrient-limited microenvironment. Thus, the role of autophagy in cancer is determined by nutrient availability, microenvironment stress, and the presence of an immune system. Here we discuss recent developments in the role of autophagy in cancer, in particular how autophagy can promote cancer through suppressing p53 and preventing energy crisis, cell death, senescence, and an anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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72
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Gretzmeier C, Eiselein S, Johnson GR, Engelke R, Nowag H, Zarei M, Küttner V, Becker AC, Rigbolt KTG, Høyer-Hansen M, Andersen JS, Münz C, Murphy RF, Dengjel J. Degradation of protein translation machinery by amino acid starvation-induced macroautophagy. Autophagy 2017; 13:1064-1075. [PMID: 28453381 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1274485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is regarded as a nonspecific bulk degradation process of cytoplasmic material within the lysosome. However, the process has mainly been studied by nonspecific bulk degradation assays using radiolabeling. In the present study we monitor protein turnover and degradation by global, unbiased approaches relying on quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Macroautophagy is induced by rapamycin treatment, and by amino acid and glucose starvation in differentially, metabolically labeled cells. Protein dynamics are linked to image-based models of autophagosome turnover. Depending on the inducing stimulus, protein as well as organelle turnover differ. Amino acid starvation-induced macroautophagy leads to selective degradation of proteins important for protein translation. Thus, protein dynamics reflect cellular conditions in the respective treatment indicating stimulus-specific pathways in stress-induced macroautophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Gretzmeier
- a Department of Dermatology , Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), and ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Sven Eiselein
- a Department of Dermatology , Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), and ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Gregory R Johnson
- c Computational Biology Department , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Rudolf Engelke
- b Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), and ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Heike Nowag
- d Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Mostafa Zarei
- a Department of Dermatology , Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), and ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Victoria Küttner
- a Department of Dermatology , Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), and ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Andrea C Becker
- b Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), and ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Kristoffer T G Rigbolt
- b Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), and ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Maria Høyer-Hansen
- e Apoptosis Department and Center for Genotoxic Stress Research , Danish Cancer Society , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Jens S Andersen
- f Center for Experimental BioInformatics , Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Christian Münz
- d Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Robert F Murphy
- b Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), and ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,c Computational Biology Department , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- a Department of Dermatology , Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), and ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,g Department of Biology , University of Fribourg , Fribourg , Switzerland
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73
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74
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Santana-Codina N, Mancias JD, Kimmelman AC. The Role of Autophagy in Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2017; 1:19-39. [PMID: 31119201 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-041816-122338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved and regulated process that targets proteins and damaged organelles for lysosomal degradation to maintain cell metabolism, genomic integrity, and cell survival. The role of autophagy in cancer is dynamic and depends, in part, on tumor type and stage. Although autophagy constrains tumor initiation in normal tissue, some tumors rely on autophagy for tumor promotion and maintenance. Studies in genetically engineered mouse models support the idea that autophagy can constrain tumor initiation by regulating DNA damage and oxidative stress. In established tumors, autophagy can also be required for tumor maintenance, allowing tumors to survive environmental stress and providing intermediates for cell metabolism. Autophagy can also be induced in response to chemotherapeutics, acting as a drug-resistance mechanism. Therefore, targeting autophagy is an attractive cancer therapeutic option currently undergoing validation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Santana-Codina
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Joseph D Mancias
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
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75
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Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy hereafter) is a process that collects cytoplasmic components, particularly mitochondria, and degrades them in lysosomes. In mammalian systems, basal autophagy levels are normally low but are profoundly stimulated by starvation and essential for survival. Cancer cells up-regulate autophagy and can be more autophagy-dependent than most normal tissues. Genetic deficiency in essential autophagy genes in tumors in many autochthonous mouse models for cancer reduces tumor growth. In K-rasG12D-driven non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other models, autophagy sustains metabolism and survival. The mechanism by which autophagy promotes tumorigenesis varies in different contexts, but evidence points to a critical role for autophagy in sustaining metabolism, thereby preventing p53 activation, energy crisis, growth arrest, apoptosis, senescence, and activation of the immune response. Autophagy in NSCLC preserves mitochondrial quality and regulates their abundance. By degrading macromolecules in lysosomes, autophagy provides mitochondria with substrates to prevent energy crisis and fatal nucleotide pool depletion in starvation. We review here how autophagy supports mammalian survival and how cancer cells usurp this survival mechanism to maintain mitochondrial metabolism for their own benefit. Insights from these studies provide the rationale and approach to target the autophagy survival pathway for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Yanxiang Guo
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
- Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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76
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van Niekerk G, Hattingh SM, Engelbrecht AM. Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy in Cancer Patients by Short-term Fasting: The Autophagy Connection. Front Oncol 2016; 6:242. [PMID: 27896219 PMCID: PMC5107564 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies suggest that fasting prior to chemotherapy may be an effective strategy to protect patients against the adverse effects of chemo-toxicity. Fasting may also sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. It is further suggested that fasting may similarly augment the efficacy of oncolytic viral therapy. The primary mechanism mediating these beneficial effects is thought to relate to the fact that fasting results in a decrease of circulating growth factors. In turn, such fasting cues would prompt normal cells to redirect energy toward cell maintenance and repair processes, rather than growth and proliferation. However, fasting is also known to upregulate autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that is upregulated in response to various cell stressors. Here, we review a number of mechanisms by which fasting-induced autophagy may have an impact on both chemo-tolerance and chemo-sensitization. First, fasting may exert a protective effect by mobilizing autophagic components prior to chemo-induction. In turn, the autophagic apparatus can be repurposed for removing cellular components damaged by chemotherapy. Autophagy also plays a key role in epitope expression as well as in modulating inflammation. Chemo-sensitization resulting from fasting may in fact be an effect of enhanced immune surveillance as a result of better autophagy-dependent epitope processing. Finally, autophagy is involved in host defense against viruses, and aspects of the autophagic process are also often targets for viral subversion. Consequently, altering autophagic flux by fasting may alter viral infectivity. These observations suggest that fasting-induced autophagy may have an impact on therapeutic efficacy in various oncological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav van Niekerk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch , South Africa
| | - Suzèl M Hattingh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg , South Africa
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch , South Africa
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77
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Abstract
Autophagy has broad functions in immunity, ranging from cell-autonomous defence to coordination of complex multicellular immune responses. The successful resolution of infection and avoidance of autoimmunity necessitates efficient and timely communication between autophagy and pathways that sense the immune environment. The recent literature indicates that a variety of immune mediators induce or repress autophagy. It is also becoming increasingly clear that immune signalling cascades are subject to regulation by autophagy, and that a return to homeostasis following a robust immune response is critically dependent on this pathway. Importantly, examples of non-canonical forms of autophagy in mediating immunity are pervasive. In this article, the progress in elucidating mechanisms of crosstalk between autophagy and inflammatory signalling cascades is reviewed. Improved mechanistic understanding of the autophagy machinery offers hope for treating infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Cadwell
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753and the Department of Microbiology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016 New York USA
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78
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Mulvaney KM, Matson JP, Siesser PF, Tamir TY, Goldfarb D, Jacobs TM, Cloer EW, Harrison JS, Vaziri C, Cook JG, Major MB. Identification and Characterization of MCM3 as a Kelch-like ECH-associated Protein 1 (KEAP1) Substrate. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23719-23733. [PMID: 27621311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.729418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
KEAP1 is a substrate adaptor protein for a CUL3-based E3 ubiquitin ligase. Ubiquitylation and degradation of the antioxidant transcription factor NRF2 is considered the primary function of KEAP1; however, few other KEAP1 substrates have been identified. Because KEAP1 is altered in a number of human pathologies and has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target therein, we sought to better understand KEAP1 through systematic identification of its substrates. Toward this goal, we combined parallel affinity capture proteomics and candidate-based approaches. Substrate-trapping proteomics yielded NRF2 and the related transcription factor NRF1 as KEAP1 substrates. Our targeted investigation of KEAP1-interacting proteins revealed MCM3, an essential subunit of the replicative DNA helicase, as a new substrate. We show that MCM3 is ubiquitylated by the KEAP1-CUL3-RBX1 complex in cells and in vitro Using ubiquitin remnant profiling, we identify the sites of KEAP1-dependent ubiquitylation in MCM3, and these sites are on predicted exposed surfaces of the MCM2-7 complex. Unexpectedly, we determined that KEAP1 does not regulate total MCM3 protein stability or subcellular localization. Our analysis of a KEAP1 targeting motif in MCM3 suggests that MCM3 is a point of direct contact between KEAP1 and the MCM hexamer. Moreover, KEAP1 associates with chromatin in a cell cycle-dependent fashion with kinetics similar to the MCM2-7 complex. KEAP1 is thus poised to affect MCM2-7 dynamics or function rather than MCM3 abundance. Together, these data establish new functions for KEAP1 within the nucleus and identify MCM3 as a novel substrate of the KEAP1-CUL3-RBX1 E3 ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Mulvaney
- From the Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | | | | | - Tigist Y Tamir
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Pharmacology
| | - Dennis Goldfarb
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Computer Science, and
| | - Timothy M Jacobs
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Erica W Cloer
- From the Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Joseph S Harrison
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - Cyrus Vaziri
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Pathology
| | - Jeanette G Cook
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and .,Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - Michael B Major
- From the Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and.,Pharmacology.,Computer Science, and
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79
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Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy hereafter) captures intracellular proteins and organelles and degrades them in lysosomes. The degradation breakdown products are released from lysosomes and recycled into metabolic and biosynthetic pathways. Basal autophagy provides protein and organelle quality control by eliminating damaged cellular components. Starvation-induced autophagy recycles intracellular components into metabolic pathways to sustain mitochondrial metabolic function and energy homeostasis. Recycling by autophagy is essential for yeast and mammals to survive starvation through intracellular nutrient scavenging. Autophagy suppresses degenerative diseases and has a context-dependent role in cancer. In some models, cancer initiation is suppressed by autophagy. By preventing the toxic accumulation of damaged protein and organelles, particularly mitochondria, autophagy limits oxidative stress, chronic tissue damage, and oncogenic signaling, which suppresses cancer initiation. This suggests a role for autophagy stimulation in cancer prevention, although the role of autophagy in the suppression of human cancer is unclear. In contrast, some cancers induce autophagy and are dependent on autophagy for survival. Much in the way that autophagy promotes survival in starvation, cancers can use autophagy-mediated recycling to maintain mitochondrial function and energy homeostasis to meet the elevated metabolic demand of growth and proliferation. Thus, autophagy inhibition may be beneficial for cancer therapy. Moreover, tumors are more autophagy-dependent than normal tissues, suggesting that there is a therapeutic window. Despite these insights, many important unanswered questions remain about the exact mechanisms of autophagy-mediated cancer suppression and promotion, how relevant these observations are to humans, and whether the autophagy pathway can be modulated therapeutically in cancer. See all articles in this CCR Focus section, "Cell Death and Cancer Therapy."
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CINJ), New Brunswick, New Jersey. Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.
| | - Janice M Mehnert
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CINJ), New Brunswick, New Jersey. Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Chang S Chan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CINJ), New Brunswick, New Jersey. Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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80
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Kitajima S, Thummalapalli R, Barbie DA. Inflammation as a driver and vulnerability of KRAS mediated oncogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 58:127-35. [PMID: 27297136 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While important strides have been made in cancer therapy by targeting certain oncogenes, KRAS, the most common among them, remains refractory to this approach. In recent years, a deeper understanding of the critical importance of inflammation in promoting KRAS-driven oncogenesis has emerged, and applies across the different contexts of lung, pancreatic, and colorectal tumorigenesis. Here we review why these tissue types are particularly prone to developing KRAS mutations, and how inflammation conspires with KRAS signaling to fuel carcinogenesis. We discuss multiple lines of evidence that have established NF-κB, STAT3, and certain cytokines as key transducers of these signals, and data to suggest that targeting these pathways has significant clinical potential. Furthermore, recent work has begun to uncover how inflammatory signaling interacts with other KRAS regulated survival pathways such as autophagy and MAPK signaling, and that co-targeting these multiple nodes may be required to achieve real benefit. In addition, the impact of KRAS associated inflammatory signaling on the greater tumor microenvironment has also become apparent, and taking advantage of this inflammation by incorporating approaches that harness T cell anti-tumor responses represents another promising therapeutic strategy. Finally, we highlight the likelihood that the genomic complexity of KRAS mutant tumors will ultimately require tailored application of these therapeutic approaches, and that targeting inflammation early in the course of tumor development could have the greatest impact on eradicating this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kitajima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Rohit Thummalapalli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - David A Barbie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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81
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Yeo SK, Wen J, Chen S, Guan JL. Autophagy Differentially Regulates Distinct Breast Cancer Stem-like Cells in Murine Models via EGFR/Stat3 and Tgfβ/Smad Signaling. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3397-410. [PMID: 27197172 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells contribute to tumor heterogeneity and have been implicated in disease relapse and drug resistance. Here we show the coexistence of distinct breast cancer stem-like cells (BCSC) as identified by ALDH(+) and CD29(hi)CD61(+) markers, respectively, in murine models of breast cancer. While both BCSC exhibit enhanced tumor-initiating potential, CD29(hi)CD61(+) BCSC displayed increased invasive abilities and higher expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and mammary stem cell-associated genes, whereas ALDH(+) BCSC were more closely associated with luminal progenitors. Attenuating the autophagy regulator FIP200 diminished the tumor-initiating properties of both ALDH(+) and CD29(hi)CD61(+) BCSC, as achieved by impairing either the Stat3 or TGFβ/Smad pathways, respectively. Furthermore, combining the Stat3 inhibitor Stattic and the Tgfβ-R1 inhibitor LY-2157299 inhibited the formation of both epithelial and mesenchymal BCSC colonies. In vivo, this combination treatment was sufficient to limit tumor growth and reduce BCSC number. Overall, our findings reveal a differential dependence of heterogeneous BCSC populations on divergent signaling pathways, with implications on how to tailor drug combinations to improve therapeutic efficacy. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3397-410. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syn Kok Yeo
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jian Wen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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82
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Yang S, Imamura Y, Jenkins RW, Cañadas I, Kitajima S, Aref A, Brannon A, Oki E, Castoreno A, Zhu Z, Thai T, Reibel J, Qian Z, Ogino S, Wong KK, Baba H, Kimmelman AC, Pasca Di Magliano M, Barbie DA. Autophagy Inhibition Dysregulates TBK1 Signaling and Promotes Pancreatic Inflammation. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:520-30. [PMID: 27068336 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy promotes tumor progression downstream of oncogenic KRAS, yet also restrains inflammation and dysplasia through mechanisms that remain incompletely characterized. Understanding the basis of this paradox has important implications for the optimal targeting of autophagy in cancer. Using a mouse model of cerulein-induced pancreatitis, we found that loss of autophagy by deletion of Atg5 enhanced activation of the IκB kinase (IKK)-related kinase TBK1 in vivo, associated with increased neutrophil and T-cell infiltration and PD-L1 upregulation. Consistent with this observation, pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of autophagy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells, including suppression of the autophagy receptors NDP52 or p62, prolonged TBK1 activation and increased expression of CCL5, IL6, and several other T-cell and neutrophil chemotactic cytokines in vitro Defective autophagy also promoted PD-L1 upregulation, which is particularly pronounced downstream of IFNγ signaling and involves JAK pathway activation. Treatment with the TBK1/IKKε/JAK inhibitor CYT387 (also known as momelotinib) not only inhibits autophagy, but also suppresses this feedback inflammation and reduces PD-L1 expression, limiting KRAS-driven pancreatic dysplasia. These findings could contribute to the dual role of autophagy in oncogenesis and have important consequences for its therapeutic targeting. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(6); 520-30. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghong Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yu Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Russell W Jenkins
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Israel Cañadas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Shunsuke Kitajima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Amir Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arthur Brannon
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Adam Castoreno
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Zehua Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tran Thai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jacob Reibel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhirong Qian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kwok K Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marina Pasca Di Magliano
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - David A Barbie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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83
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Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy hereafter) captures, degrades, and recycles intracellular components to maintain metabolic homeostasis and protein and organelle quality control. Autophagy thereby promotes survival in starvation and prevents tissue degeneration. There is an important relationship between autophagy and p53. Autophagy suppresses p53 and also p53 activates autophagy. The suppression of p53 by autophagy is important for tumor promotion and likely also for preventing tissue degeneration. Alternatively, the activation of autophagy by p53 suggests that autophagy is part of the protective function of p53. Uncovering the underlying mechanisms of the autophagy-p53 reciprocal functional interaction and has important implications for human disease and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey (CINJ), New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903 Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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84
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Mancias JD, Kimmelman AC. Mechanisms of Selective Autophagy in Normal Physiology and Cancer. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1659-80. [PMID: 26953261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Selective autophagy is critical for regulating cellular homeostasis by mediating lysosomal turnover of a wide variety of substrates including proteins, aggregates, organelles, and pathogens via a growing class of molecules termed selective autophagy receptors. The molecular mechanisms of selective autophagy receptor action and regulation are complex. Selective autophagy receptors link their bound cargo to the autophagosomal membrane by interacting with lipidated ATG8 proteins (LC3/GABARAP) that are intimately associated with the autophagosome membrane. The cargo signals that selective autophagy receptors recognize are diverse but their recognition can be broadly grouped into two classes, ubiquitin-dependent cargo recognition versus ubiquitin-independent. The roles of post-translational modification of selective autophagy receptors in regulating these pathways in response to stimuli are an active area of research. Here we will review recent advances in the identification of selective autophagy receptors and their regulatory mechanisms. Given its importance in maintaining cellular homeostasis, disruption of autophagy can lead to disease including neurodegeneration and cancer. The role of autophagy in cancer is complex as autophagy can mediate promotion or inhibition of tumorigenesis. Here we will also review the importance of autophagy in cancer with a specific focus on the role of selective autophagy receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Mancias
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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85
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Zhang T, Shen S, Qu J, Ghaemmaghami S. Global Analysis of Cellular Protein Flux Quantifies the Selectivity of Basal Autophagy. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2426-39. [PMID: 26947064 PMCID: PMC5470642 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, macroautophagy is a catabolic pathway implicated in the degradation of long-lived proteins and damaged organelles. Although it has been demonstrated that macroautophagy can selectively degrade specific targets, its contribution to the basal turnover of cellular proteins has not been quantified on proteome-wide scales. In this study, we created autophagy-deficient primary human fibroblasts and quantified the resulting changes in basal degradative flux by dynamic proteomics. Our results provide a global comparison of protein half-lives between wild-type and autophagy-deficient cells. The data indicate that in quiescent fibroblasts, macroautophagy contributes to the basal turnover of a substantial fraction of the proteome at varying levels. As contrasting examples, we demonstrate that the proteasome and CCT/TRiC chaperonin are robust substrates of basal autophagy, whereas the ribosome is largely protected under basal conditions. This selectivity may establish a proteostatic feedback mechanism that stabilizes the proteasome and CCT/TRiC when autophagy is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Sina Ghaemmaghami
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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86
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Kimura T, Jain A, Choi SW, Mandell MA, Schroder K, Johansen T, Deretic V. TRIM-mediated precision autophagy targets cytoplasmic regulators of innate immunity. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:973-89. [PMID: 26347139 PMCID: PMC4576868 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201503023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM20 and TRIM21 are mediators of IFN-γ–induced autophagy, which act as autophagic receptor regulators that target specific inflammasome components and type I interferon response regulators for degradation by precision autophagy. The present paradigms of selective autophagy in mammalian cells cannot fully explain the specificity and selectivity of autophagic degradation. In this paper, we report that a subset of tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins act as specialized receptors for highly specific autophagy (precision autophagy) of key components of the inflammasome and type I interferon response systems. TRIM20 targets the inflammasome components, including NLRP3, NLRP1, and pro–caspase 1, for autophagic degradation, whereas TRIM21 targets IRF3. TRIM20 and TRIM21 directly bind their respective cargo and recruit autophagic machinery to execute degradation. The autophagic function of TRIM20 is affected by mutations associated with familial Mediterranean fever. These findings broaden the concept of TRIMs acting as autophagic receptor regulators executing precision autophagy of specific cytoplasmic targets. In the case of TRIM20 and TRIM21, precision autophagy controls the hub signaling machineries and key factors, inflammasome and type I interferon, directing cardinal innate immunity response systems in humans.
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87
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Perera RM, Bardeesy N. Pancreatic Cancer Metabolism: Breaking It Down to Build It Back Up. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:1247-61. [PMID: 26534901 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED How do cancer cells escape tightly controlled regulatory circuits that link their proliferation to extracellular nutrient cues? An emerging theme in cancer biology is the hijacking of normal stress response mechanisms to enable growth even when nutrients are limiting. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the quintessential aggressive malignancy that thrives in nutrient-poor, hypoxic environments. PDAs overcome these limitations through appropriation of unorthodox strategies for fuel source acquisition and utilization. In addition, the interplay between evolving PDA and whole-body metabolism contributes to disease pathogenesis. Deciphering how these pathways function and integrate with one another can reveal novel angles of therapeutic attack. SIGNIFICANCE Alterations in tumor cell and systemic metabolism are central to the biology of pancreatic cancer. Further investigation of these processes will provide important insights into how these tumors develop and grow, and suggest new approaches for its detection, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushika M Perera
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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88
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Bi Y, Shen C, Li C, Liu Y, Gao D, Shi C, Peng F, Liu Z, Zhao B, Zheng Z, Wang X, Hou X, Liu H, Wu J, Zou H, Wang K, Zhong C, Zhang J, Shi C, Zhao S. Inhibition of autophagy induced by quercetin at a late stage enhances cytotoxic effects on glioma cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3549-60. [PMID: 26454746 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor in the central nervous system (CNS) with high morbidity and mortality in adults. Although standardized comprehensive therapy has been adapted, the prognosis of glioma patients is still frustrating and thus novel therapeutic strategies are urgently in need. Quercetin (Quer), an important flavonoid compound found in many herbs, is shown to be effective in some tumor models including glioma. Recently, it is reported that adequate regulation of autophagy can strengthen cytotoxic effect of anticancer drugs. However, it is not yet fully clear how we should modulate autophagy to achieve a satisfactory therapeutic effect. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) and Beclin1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) were used to inhibit the early stage of autophage while chloroquine (CQ) to inhibit the late stage. MTT assay was implemented to determine cell viability. Transmission electron microscopy, western blot, and immunohistochemistry were adopted to evaluate autophagy. Western blot, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect apoptosis. C6 glioma xenograft models were established to assess the therapeutic effect (the body weight change, the median survival time, and tumor volume) in vivo. Quercetin can inhibit cell viability and induce autophagy of U87 and U251 glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of early-stage autophagy by 3-MA or shRNA against Beclin1 attenuated the quercetin-induced cytotoxicity. In contrast, suppression of autophagy at a late stage by CQ enhanced the anti-glioma efficiency of quercetin. Therapeutic effect of quercetin for malignant glioma can be strengthened by inhibition of autophagy at a late stage, not initial stage, which may provide a novel opportunity for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunke Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohua Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of HeiLongJiang Agricultural Reclamation Department, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Fei Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhendong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Boxian Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixing Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huailei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huichao Zou
- Department of Pain Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaikai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Changbin Shi
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center and Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shiguang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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89
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Intimacy and a deadly feud: the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis mediated by amino acids. Amino Acids 2015; 47:2089-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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90
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Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that degrades cytoplasmic constituents and organelles in the lysosome. Starvation-induced protein degradation is a salient feature of autophagy but recent progress has illuminated how autophagy, during both starvation and nutrient-replete conditions, can mobilize diverse cellular energy and nutrient stores such as lipids, carbohydrates and iron. Processes such as lipophagy, glycophagy and ferritinophagy enable cells to salvage key metabolites to sustain and facilitate core anabolic functions. Here, we discuss the established and emerging roles of autophagy in fuelling biosynthetic capacity and in promoting metabolic and nutrient homeostasis.
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91
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Zhang M, Qiu Q, Li Z, Sachdeva M, Min H, Cardona DM, DeLaney TF, Han T, Ma Y, Luo L, Ilkayeva OR, Lui K, Nichols AG, Newgard CB, Kastan MB, Rathmell JC, Dewhirst MW, Kirsch DG. HIF-1 Alpha Regulates the Response of Primary Sarcomas to Radiation Therapy through a Cell Autonomous Mechanism. Radiat Res 2015; 183:594-609. [PMID: 25973951 DOI: 10.1667/rr14016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a major cause of radiation resistance, which may predispose to local recurrence after radiation therapy. While hypoxia increases tumor cell survival after radiation exposure because there is less oxygen to oxidize damaged DNA, it remains unclear whether signaling pathways triggered by hypoxia contribute to radiation resistance. For example, intratumoral hypoxia can increase hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), which may regulate pathways that contribute to radiation sensitization or radiation resistance. To clarify the role of HIF-1α in regulating tumor response to radiation, we generated a novel genetically engineered mouse model of soft tissue sarcoma with an intact or deleted HIF-1α. Deletion of HIF-1α sensitized primary sarcomas to radiation exposure in vivo. Moreover, cell lines derived from primary sarcomas lacking HIF-1α, or in which HIF-1α was knocked down, had decreased clonogenic survival in vitro, demonstrating that HIF-1α can promote radiation resistance in a cell autonomous manner. In HIF-1α-intact and -deleted sarcoma cells, radiation-induced reactive oxygen species, DNA damage repair and activation of autophagy were similar. However, sarcoma cells lacking HIF-1α had impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic response after irradiation, which might contribute to radiation resistance. These results show that HIF-1α promotes radiation resistance in a cell autonomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsi Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Departments of
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas F DeLaney
- f Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | | | | | | | - Olga R Ilkayeva
- g Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ki Lui
- a Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Departments of
| | - Amanda G Nichols
- a Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Departments of
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- a Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Departments of.,g Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael B Kastan
- a Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Departments of.,d Pediatrics and
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- a Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Departments of.,e Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - David G Kirsch
- a Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Departments of.,b Radiation Oncology
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92
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Emerging strategies to effectively target autophagy in cancer. Oncogene 2015; 35:1-11. [PMID: 25893285 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy serves a dichotomous role in cancer and recent advances have helped delineate the appropriate settings where inhibiting or promoting autophagy may confer therapeutic efficacy in patients. Our evolving understanding of the molecular machinery responsible for the tightly controlled regulation of this homeostatic mechanism has begun to bear fruit in the way of autophagy-oriented clinical trials and promising lead compounds to modulate autophagy for therapeutic benefit. In this manuscript we review the recent preclinical and clinical therapeutic strategies that involve autophagy modulation in cancer.
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93
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The PERKs of damage-associated molecular patterns mediating cancer immunogenicity: From sensor to the plasma membrane and beyond. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 33:74-85. [PMID: 25882379 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are emerging as key adaptation mechanisms in response to loss of proteostasis, with major cell autonomous and non-autonomous functions impacting cancer progression and therapeutic responses. In recent years, vital physiological roles of the ER in maintenance of proteostasis, Ca(2+) signaling and trafficking through the secretory pathway have emerged. Some of these functions have been shown to be decisive for mobilizing certain signals from injured/dying cancer cells in response to certain anticancer treatments, toward the plasma membrane and ultimately emit them into the extracellular environment, where they may act as danger signals. The spatiotemporally defined emission of these signals, better known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), distinguishes this type of cancer cell death from physiological apoptosis, which is tolerogenic in nature, thereby enabling these dying cancer cells to alert the immune system and "re-activate" antitumor immunity. The emission of DAMPs, decisive for immunogenic cell death (ICD) and which include the ER chaperone calreticulin and ATP, is reliant on a danger signaling module induced by certain assorted anticancer treatments through oxidative-ER stress. The main focus of this review is to discuss the emerging role of ER-stress regulated pathways and processes in danger signaling thereby regulating the cancer cell-immune cell interface by the extracellular emission of DAMPs. In particular, we discuss signaling contexts existing upstream and around PERK, a major ER-stress sensor in ICD context, which have not been emphatically discussed in the context of antitumor immunity and ICD up until now. Finally, we briefly discuss the pros and cons of targeting PERK in the context of ICD.
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94
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Mathew R, White E. Eat this, not that! How selective autophagy helps cancer cells survive. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e975638. [PMID: 27308434 PMCID: PMC4904891 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.975638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy degrades the cellular proteome to promote survival, but the underlying mechanism and substrates of consequence are poorly understood. We found that autophagy selectively remodels the proteome in cancer cells by eliminating proinflammatory signaling proteins. Autophagy ablation causes aberrant accumulation of these proteins that primes cancer cells for interferon-dependent cell death, explaining how autophagy suppresses inflammation and promotes tumor maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Mathew
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey; New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey; New Brunswick, NJ USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Rutgers University; Piscataway, NJ USA
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95
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Maurer K, Reyes-Robles T, Alonzo F, Durbin J, Torres VJ, Cadwell K. Autophagy mediates tolerance to Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 17:429-40. [PMID: 25816775 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Resistance and tolerance are two defense strategies employed by the host against microbial threats. Autophagy-mediated degradation of bacteria has been extensively described as a major resistance mechanism. Here we find that the dominant function of autophagy proteins during infections with the epidemic community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 is to mediate tolerance rather than resistance. Atg16L1 hypomorphic mice (Atg16L1(HM)), which have reduced autophagy, were highly susceptible to lethality in both sepsis and pneumonia models of USA300 infection. Autophagy confers protection by limiting the damage caused by α-toxin, particularly to endothelial cells. Remarkably, Atg16L1(HM) mice display enhanced survival rather than susceptibility upon infection with α-toxin-deficient S. aureus. These results identify an essential role for autophagy in tolerance to Staphylococcal disease and highlight how a single virulence factor encoded by a pathogen can determine whether a given host factor promotes tolerance or resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Maurer
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tamara Reyes-Robles
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Joan Durbin
- Department of Pathology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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96
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Seglen PO, Luhr M, Mills IG, Sætre F, Szalai P, Engedal N. Macroautophagic cargo sequestration assays. Methods 2015; 75:25-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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