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Sun H, Chan JFW, Yuan S. Cellular Sensors and Viral Countermeasures: A Molecular Arms Race between Host and SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2023; 15:352. [PMID: 36851564 PMCID: PMC9962416 DOI: 10.3390/v15020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has caused disastrous effects on the society and human health globally. SARS-CoV-2 is a sarbecovirus in the Coronaviridae family with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. It mainly replicates in the cytoplasm and viral components including RNAs and proteins can be sensed by pattern recognition receptors including toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) that regulate the host innate and adaptive immune responses. On the other hand, the SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes multiple proteins that can antagonize the host immune response to facilitate viral replication. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on host sensors and viral countermeasures against host innate immune response to provide insights on virus-host interactions and novel approaches to modulate host inflammation and antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Sun
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518009, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
The biggest challenge to immune control of HIV infection is the rapid within-host viral evolution, which allows selection of viral variants that escape from T cell and antibody recognition. Thus, it is impossible to clear HIV infection without targeting "immutable" components of the virus. Unlike the adaptive immune system that recognizes cognate epitopes, the CARD8 inflammasome senses the essential enzymatic activity of the HIV-1 protease, which is immutable for the virus. Hence, all subtypes of HIV clinical isolates can be recognized by CARD8. In HIV-infected cells, the viral protease is expressed as a subunit of the viral Gag-Pol polyprotein and remains functionally inactive prior to viral budding. A class of anti-HIV drugs, the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), can promote Gag-pol dimerization and subsequent premature intracellular activation of the viral protease. NNRTI treatment triggers CARD8 inflammasome activation, which leads to pyroptosis of HIV-infected CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Targeting the CARD8 inflammasome can be a potent and broadly effective strategy for HIV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolin M Clark
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Priya Pal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Josh G Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Qiankun Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Liang Shan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States.
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53
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Zhang Y, Xu T, Tian H, Wu J, Yu X, Zeng L, Liu F, Liu Q, Huang X. Coxsackievirus Group B3 Has Oncolytic Activity against Colon Cancer through Gasdermin E-Mediated Pyroptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246206. [PMID: 36551691 PMCID: PMC9776948 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death, and there are few effective therapies for colon cancer. This study explored the use of coxsackievirus group B3 (CVB3) as an oncolytic virus for the treatment of colon cancer. In this study, we verified that CVB3 induces death of colon cancer cell lines by directly observing cell morphology and Western blot results, and observed the oncolytic effects of CVB3 by constructing an immunodeficient nude mice model. Our data show that CVB3 induces pyroptosis in colon cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that CVB3 causes cleavage of gasdermin E (GSDME), but not gasdermin D (GSDMD), by activating caspase-3. This leads to production of GSDME N-termini and the development of pores in the plasma membrane, inducing pyroptosis of colon cancer cell lines. We also demonstrate that CVB3-induced pyroptosis is promoted by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finally, in vivo studies using immunodeficient nude mice revealed that intratumoral injection of CVB3 led to significant tumor regression. Our findings indicate that CVB3 has oncolytic activity in colon cancer cell lines via GSDME-mediated pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejia Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Huizhen Tian
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Fadi Liu
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (X.H.)
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54
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Effector-triggered immunity in mammalian antiviral defense. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:1006-1017. [PMID: 36369102 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is a common defense strategy used by mammalian host cells that is engaged upon detection of the enzymatic activities of pathogen-encoded proteins or the effects of their expression on cellular homeostasis. However, in contrast to the effector-triggered responses engaged upon bacterial infection, much less is understood about the activation and consequences of these responses following viral infection. Several recent studies have identified novel mechanisms by which viruses engage ETI, highlighting the importance of these immune responses in antiviral defense. We summarize recent advances in understanding how mammalian cells sense virus-encoded effector proteins, the downstream signaling pathways that are triggered by these sensing events, and how viruses manipulate these pathways to become more successful pathogens.
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Paerewijck O, Lamkanfi M. The human inflammasomes. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101100. [PMID: 35696786 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two decades of inflammasome research has led to a vast body of knowledge on the complex regulatory mechanisms and pathological roles of canonical and non-canonical inflammasome activation in a plethora of research models of primarily rodent origin. More recently, the field has made notable progress in characterizing human-specific inflammasomes and their regulation mechanisms, including an expansion of inflammasome biology to adaptive immune cells. These exciting developments in basic research have been accompanied by potentially transformative results from large clinical trials and translational efforts to develop inflammasome-targeted small molecule inhibitors for therapeutic use. Here, we will discuss recent findings in the field with a specific emphasis on activation mechanisms of human inflammasomes and their potential role in auto-inflammatory, metabolic and neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oonagh Paerewijck
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium.
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56
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Zhu W, Chen P, Wang K, Xing X. The effect of transpyloric enteral nutrition on inflammatory response and prognosis for patients with Corona Virus Disease-19 in intensive care unit: A STROBE compliant study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31294. [PMID: 36343035 PMCID: PMC9646609 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of transpyloric enteral nutrition (TEN) on NLRP1, inflammatory response and prognosis for patients with Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) in intensive care unit (ICU). The present prospective observational study included 29 cases of COVID-19 patients in ICU who admitted to our hospital during February 2020 to March 2020. All the patients were divided into gastrogavage groups (n = 16) and TEN group (n = 13) according to route of enteral nutrition. Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and NLRP1 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 1) was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum levels of lymphocyte, albumin and hemoglobin was detected using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Patients' demographic and clinical characteristics were collected and analyzed. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curve was conducted for survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve was used for the analysis of diagnostic value of biomarkers. All the patients were followed-up for 3 months. This study found that the survival group had higher rate of TEN therapies than the deceased. COVID-19 patients in ICU on TEN had lower APACHE II scores, frequency of feeding suspension and mortality, however, with higher content of albumin was found at 5th day. The incidence of nutritional intolerance including abdominal distension and gastric retention in patients on TEN was notably lower than those on gastrogavage. The serum levels of NLRP1, CRP, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α decreased in a time-dependent manner, but patients on TEN had lower levels of NLRP1, CRP and IL-1β than patients on gastrogavage. A positive correlation was found among NLRP1 and inflammatory factors, and COVID-19 patients with lower NLRP1 had longer survival time. Serum NLRP1 also exhibited diagnostic value for the death of COVID-19 patients. TEN decreased inflammatory response and improved the prognosis for COVID-19 patients in ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Intensive Care Unit, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaolei Xing
- Endocrine Department, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei Province, China
- * Correspondence: Xiaolei Xing, Endocrine Department, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, No. 9, Tujialing, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430064, China (e-mail: )
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57
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Moecking J, Laohamonthonkul P, Meşe K, Hagelueken G, Steiner A, Harapas CR, Sandow JJ, Graves JD, Masters SL, Geyer M. Inflammasome sensor NLRP1 disease variant M1184V promotes autoproteolysis and DPP9 complex formation by stabilizing the FIIND domain. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102645. [PMID: 36309085 PMCID: PMC9700037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome sensor NLRP1 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing a pyrin domain 1) detects a variety of pathogen-derived molecular patterns to induce an inflammatory immune response by triggering pyroptosis and cytokine release. A number of mutations and polymorphisms of NLRP1 are known to cause autoinflammatory diseases, the functional characterization of which contributes to a better understanding of NLRP1 regulation. Here, we assessed the effect of the common NLRP1 variant M1184V, associated with asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and diabetes, on the protein level. Our size-exclusion chromatography experiments show that M1184V stabilizes the "function-to-find" domain (FIIND) in a monomeric conformation. This effect is independent of autoproteolysis. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the methionine residue increases flexibility within the ZU5 domain, whereas valine decreases flexibility, potentially indirectly stabilizing the catalytic triad responsible for autocleavage. By keeping the FIIND domain monomeric, formation of a multimer of full-length NLRP1 is promoted. We found that the stabilizing effect of the valine further leads to improved dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9)-binding capacities for the FIIND domain as well as the full-length protein as determined by surface plasmon resonance. Moreover, our immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed increased DPP9 binding for the M1184V protein in cells, consistent with improved formation of an autoinhibited complex with DPP9 in activity assays. Collectively, our study establishes a molecular rationale for the dichotomous involvement of the NLRP1 variant M1184V in autoimmune syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Moecking
- Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pawat Laohamonthonkul
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kubilay Meşe
- Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Hagelueken
- Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annemarie Steiner
- Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cassandra R. Harapas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jarrod J. Sandow
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Seth L. Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Institute of Structural Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,For correspondence: Matthias Geyer
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58
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Guy C, Bowie AG. Recent insights into innate immune nucleic acid sensing during viral infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 78:102250. [PMID: 36209576 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of nucleic acid pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) sensing of viruses have revealed a previously unappreciated level of complexity of the host antiviral response. As well as direct recognition of viral nucleic acid by PRRs, viruses also induce the release of host nucleic acid from the nucleus and mitochondria into the cytosol, which boosts nucleic acid activation of antiviral PRRs. Crosstalk and cooperation between DNA- and RNA-recognition signaling pathways has also been revealed, as has direct restriction of viral genomes in an interferon-independent manner by PRRs, and new roles for inflammasomes in sensing viral nucleic acid. Further, newly identified viral-evasion strategies targeting PRR pathways emphasize the importance of nucleic acid detection during viral infection at the host-pathogen innate immune interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Guy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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59
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Tsu BV, Agarwal R, Gokhale NS, Kulsuptrakul J, Ryan AP, Castro LK, Beierschmitt CM, Turcotte EA, Fay EJ, Vance RE, Hyde JL, Savan R, Mitchell PS, Daugherty MD. Host specific sensing of coronaviruses and picornaviruses by the CARD8 inflammasome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.09.21.508960. [PMID: 36172130 PMCID: PMC9516851 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.21.508960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hosts have evolved diverse strategies to respond to microbial infections, including the detection of pathogen-encoded proteases by inflammasome-forming sensors such as NLRP1 and CARD8. Here, we find that the 3CL protease (3CL pro ) encoded by diverse coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, cleaves a rapidly evolving region of human CARD8 and activates a robust inflammasome response. CARD8 is required for cell death and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We further find that natural variation alters CARD8 sensing of 3CL pro , including 3CL pro -mediated antagonism rather than activation of megabat CARD8. Likewise, we find that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in humans reduces CARD8’s ability to sense coronavirus 3CL pros , and instead enables sensing of 3C proteases (3C pro ) from select picornaviruses. Our findings demonstrate that CARD8 is a broad sensor of viral protease activities and suggests that CARD8 diversity contributes to inter- and intra-species variation in inflammasome-mediated viral sensing and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V. Tsu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rimjhim Agarwal
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nandan S. Gokhale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessie Kulsuptrakul
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ryan
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lennice K. Castro
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Turcotte
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Fay
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Russell E. Vance
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Hyde
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ram Savan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrick S. Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA.,Corresponding authors. Matthew D. Daugherty () and Patrick S. Mitchell ()
| | - Matthew D. Daugherty
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, USA.,Corresponding authors. Matthew D. Daugherty () and Patrick S. Mitchell ()
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60
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Wang M, Chang W, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Pyroptotic cell death in SARS-CoV-2 infection: revealing its roles during the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:5827-5848. [PMID: 36263178 PMCID: PMC9576507 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.77561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid dissemination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), remains a global public health emergency. The host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in COVID-19 pathogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 can induce aberrant and excessive immune responses, leading to cytokine storm syndrome, autoimmunity, lymphopenia, neutrophilia and dysfunction of monocytes and macrophages. Pyroptosis, a proinflammatory form of programmed cell death, acts as a host defense mechanism against infections. Pyroptosis deprives the replicative niche of SARS-CoV-2 by inducing the lysis of infected cells and exposing the virus to extracellular immune attack. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to hijack this cell death mode for its own survival, propagation and shedding. SARS-CoV-2-encoded viral products act to modulate various key components in the pyroptosis pathways, including inflammasomes, caspases and gasdermins. SARS-CoV-2-induced pyroptosis contriubtes to the development of COVID-19-associated immunopathologies through leakage of intracellular contents, disruption of immune system homeostasis or exacerbation of inflammation. Therefore, pyroptosis has emerged as an important mechanism involved in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis. However, the entangled links between pyroptosis and SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis lack systematic clarification. In this review, we briefly summarize the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19-related immunopathologies. Moreover, we present an overview of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 infection and pyroptosis and highlight recent research advances in the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the implication of the pyroptosis pathways in COVID-19 pathogenesis, which will provide informative inspirations and new directions for further investigation and clinical practice. Finally, we discuss the potential value of pyroptosis as a therapeutic target in COVID-19. An in-depth discussion of the underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 pathogenesis will be conducive to the identification of potential therapeutic targets and the exploration of effective treatment measures aimed at conquering SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- ✉ Corresponding author: Man Wang, Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China. Tel.: +86-532-82991791; E-mail address:
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