51
|
Aghamiri S, Mehrjardi KF, Shabani S, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Kargar S, Rezaei N. Nanoparticle-siRNA: a potential strategy for ovarian cancer therapy? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:2083-2100. [PMID: 31368405 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common causes of mortality throughout the world. Unfortunately, chemotherapy has failed to cure advanced cancers developing multidrug resistance (MDR). Moreover, it has critical side effects because of nonspecific toxicity. Thanks to specific silencing of oncogenes and MDR-associated genes, nano-siRNA drugs can be a great help address the limitations of chemotherapy. Here, we review the current advances in nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery strategies such as polymeric- and lipid-based systems, rigid nanoparticles and nanoparticles coupled to specific ligand systems. Nanoparticle-based codelivery of anticancer drugs and siRNA targeting various mechanisms of MDR is a cutting-edge strategy for ovarian cancer therapy, which is completely discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Aghamiri
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19839-63113, Iran
| | - Keyvan Fallah Mehrjardi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, 1419733151, Iran
| | - Sasan Shabani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, 1419733151, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416753955, Iran
| | - Saeed Kargar
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences & Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417466191, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1419733151, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Wang L, Dou M, Ma Q, Yao R, Liu J. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified NK cells against cancer: Opportunities and challenges. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105695. [PMID: 31254958 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NK cells may have great potential in tumor immunotherapy because they can kill tumor cells directly and quickly. Chimeric antigen receptor is a fusion protein composed of extracellular antigen recognition domain, transmembrane domain and intracellular signal domain. Rapid development of CAR-modified T cells has made tremendous achievements in the treatment of malignancies, especially hematological malignancies. However, there are many deficiencies in clinical application of CAR-T cell therapy. Car-modified NK cells have attracted much attention because they may avoid these shortcomings. At present, preclinical and clinical studies have shown that CAR-NK cell therapy may play significant anti-tumor role and it is safer than CAR-T cell therapy. Nevertheless, CAR-NK cell therapy still faces some challenges, such as the expansion and activation of primary NK cells in vitro, the difficulty to store and ship NK cell products and the low transduction efficiency. Thus further research is still needed to optimize CAR-NK cell therapy. Building better CAR-NK cells is important to improve the treatment efficacy and combination therapy offers a novel direction of NK-cell based immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Mei Dou
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, Shandong, China
| | - Qingxia Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Ruixue Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Redirecting T cells to glypican-3 with 28.41BB.ζ and 28.ζ-41BBL CARs for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. Protein Cell 2019; 9:664-669. [PMID: 29143211 PMCID: PMC6019662 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
|
54
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A therapy that might cure HIV is a very important goal for the 30-40 million people living with HIV. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells have recently had remarkable success against certain leukemias, and there are reasons to believe they could be successful for HIV. This manuscript summarizes the published research on HIV CAR T cells and reviews the current anti-HIV chimeric antigen receptor strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Research on anti-HIV chimeric antigen receptor T cells has been going on for at least the last 25 years. First- and second-generation anti-HIV chimeric antigen receptors have been developed. First-generation anti-HIV chimeric antigen receptors were studied in clinical trials more than 15 years ago, but did not have meaningful clinical efficacy. There are some reasons to be optimistic about second-generation anti-HIV chimeric antigen receptor T cells, but they have not yet been tested in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thor A Wagner
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, 8th Floor, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA. .,University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 356320, Seattle, WA, 98195-6320, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Wang L, Yao R, Zhang L, Fan C, Ma L, Liu J. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy and other therapeutics for malignancies: Combination and opportunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:498-503. [PMID: 30875561 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy provides possibility for the treatment of malignancies since clinical trials have shown that CAR-T therapy has a significant anti-tumor effect. Although many efforts have been made to improve the efficacy and reduce the side effects of CAR-T therapy, there are still many problems to solve. With the rapid development of this field, combination immunotherapy has been proved to improve the efficacy of CAR-T therapy. Studies have shown that radiotherapy, chemotherapy, oncolytic virotherapy, BTK inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade-based therapy may further enhance the efficacy of CAR-T therapy while CRISPR/Cas9 technology and IL-1 blockade may improve the safety. In this review, we summarized the advantages and the mechanisms of the combination immunotherapy based on CAR-T cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Ruixue Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Lifa Zhang
- 401 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, China
| | - Chuanbo Fan
- Department of Hematology, Qingdao Hiser Medical Center, China
| | - Leina Ma
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China; Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Bujak JK, Pingwara R, Nelson MH, Majchrzak K. Adoptive cell transfer: new perspective treatment in veterinary oncology. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:60. [PMID: 30305130 PMCID: PMC6180494 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is recently considered the most promising treatment for human patients with advanced tumors and could be effectively combined with conventional therapies such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Patients with hematological malignancies and melanoma have benefited greatly from immunotherapies such as, adoptive cell transfer therapy, experiencing durable remissions and prolonged survival. In the face of increasing enthusiasm for immunotherapy, particularly for the administration of tumor-specific T lymphocytes, the question arises whether this method could be employed to improve treatment outcomes for canine patients. It is warranted to determine whether veterinary clinical trials could support comparative oncology research and thus facilitate the development of new cell-based therapies for humans. Herein, we discuss adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes and lymphokine-activated cells for application in veterinary oncology, in the context of human medicine achievements. Furthermore, we discuss potential benefits of using domestic dog as a model for immunotherapy and its advantages for translational medicine. We also focus on an emerging genome-editing technology as a useful tool to improve a T cells’ phenotype.
Collapse
|
57
|
Tao K, He M, Tao F, Xu G, Ye M, Zheng Y, Li Y. Development of NKG2D-based chimeric antigen receptor-T cells for gastric cancer treatment. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:815-827. [PMID: 30132099 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortalities worldwide and mostly incurable. It remains an urgent need for novel strategies in the management of patients with advanced gastric cancer. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T therapy has shown unprecedented clinical success in hematological malignancies and potential utility is going on various solid tumors like gastric cancer. In this study, a broad expression of NKG2D ligands was observed in gastric cancer cell lines, making them suitable targets for gastric cancer therapy. T cells were engineered with an NKG2D-based second-generation CAR and the resulting NKG2D-CAR-T cells showed significantly increased cytolytic activity against gastric cancer compared to untransduced T cells. In vivo, these cells can significantly suppressed the growth of established gastric cancer xenografts. Besides, cisplatin was shown to upregulate NKG2D ligand expression in gastric cancer cells and enhance the susceptibility to NKG2D-CAR-T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In conclusion, NKG2D-based CAR-T cells have potent in vivo and in vitro anti-tumor activities against gastric cancer and could be a new paradigm for patients with gastric cancer, either used alone or combined with chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangen Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Minfeng Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoqing Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Emerging therapies in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Hematol Oncol 2018; 7:17. [PMID: 30087805 PMCID: PMC6076403 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-018-0109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prognosis is very poor for advanced HCC patients partially due to lack of effective systemic treatment. Sorafenib was the only approved agent for advanced HCC since 2007 until recent breakthroughs. In this article, we will review the newer approved and promising agents in the treatment of advanced HCC in the first line setting and beyond progression. Main body The Food and Drug Administration approved sorafenib as it demonstrated 3 months overall survival benefit compared to placebo in the first line setting over 10 years ago. Multiple single agent and combination therapies have been studied but failed to show benefit. Chemotherapy has limited role in patients with advanced HCC given poor hepatic reserve due to underlying cirrhosis. A new era of treatment for advanced HCC arrived recently with exciting data presented for lenvatinib, regorafenib, cabozantinib, nivolumab, ramucirumab and several other promising clinical trials. Conclusion Advanced HCC patients are difficult to treat with poor outcomes. After initial approval of sorafenib in 2007, we recently have multiple new agents that showed benefit and promising activity, and are set to change the landscape of HCC treatment.
Collapse
|
59
|
Han Y, Xie W, Song DG, Powell DJ. Control of triple-negative breast cancer using ex vivo self-enriched, costimulated NKG2D CAR T cells. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:92. [PMID: 29980239 PMCID: PMC6035420 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive disease that currently lacks effective targeted therapy. NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) are expressed on various tumor types and immunosuppressive cells within tumor microenvironments, providing suitable targets for cancer therapy. Methods We applied a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) approach for the targeting of NKG2DLs expressed on human TNBCs. Lentiviral vectors were used to express the extracellular domain of human NKG2D that binds various NKG2DLs, fused to signaling domains derived from T cell receptor CD3 zeta alone or with CD27 or 4-1BB (CD137) costimulatory domain. Results Interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoted the expansion and self-enrichment of NKG2D-redirected CAR T cells in vitro. High CD25 expression on first-generation NKG2D CAR T cells was essential for the self-enrichment effect in the presence of IL-2, but not for CARs containing CD27 or 4-1BB domains. Importantly, self-enriched NKG2D CAR T cells effectively recognized and eliminated TNBC cell lines in vitro, and adoptive transfer of T cells expressing NKG2D CARs with CD27 or 4-1BB specifically enhanced NKG2D CAR surface expression, T cell persistence, and the regression of established MDA-MB-231 TNBC in vivo. NKG2D-z CAR T cells lacking costimulatory domains were less effective, highlighting the need for costimulatory signals. Conclusions These results demonstrate that CD27 or 4-1BB costimulated, self-enriched NKG2D CAR-redirected T cells mediate anti-tumor activity against TNBC tumor, which represent a promising immunotherapeutic approach to TNBC treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13045-018-0635-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Han
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Smilow CTR, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Smilow CTR, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - De-Gang Song
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Smilow CTR, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Present address: Janssen R&D, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA.
| | - Daniel J Powell
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Smilow CTR, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Rm 8-103 Smilow CTR, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Overcoming Resistance of Human Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma to CD19-CAR CTL Therapy by Celecoxib and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060200. [PMID: 29904021 PMCID: PMC6025421 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (B-NHL) who fail to respond to first-line treatment regimens or develop resistance, exhibit poor prognosis. This signifies the need to develop alternative treatment strategies. CD19-chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-redirected immunotherapy is an attractive and novel option, which has shown encouraging outcomes in phase I clinical trials of relapsed/refractory NHL. However, the underlying mechanisms of, and approaches to overcome, acquired anti-CD19CAR CD8+ T cells (CTL)-resistance in NHL remain elusive. CD19CAR transduced primary human CTLs kill CD19+ human NHLs in a CD19- and caspase-dependent manner, mainly via the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) apoptotic pathway. To understand the dynamics of the development of resistance, we analyzed several anti-CD19CAR CTL-resistant NHL sublines (R-NHL) derived by serial exposure of sensitive parental lines to excessive numbers of anti-CD19CAR CTLs followed by a limiting dilution analysis. The R-NHLs retained surface CD19 expression and were efficiently recognized by CD19CAR CTLs. However, R-NHLs developed cross-resistance to CD19CAR transduced human primary CTLs and the Jurkat human T cell line, activated Jurkat, and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells, suggesting the acquisition of resistance is independent of CD19-loss and might be due to aberrant apoptotic machinery. We hypothesize that the R-NHL refractoriness to CD19CAR CTL killing could be partially rescued by small molecule sensitizers with apoptotic-gene regulatory effects. Chromatin modifiers and Celecoxib partially reversed the resistance of R-NHL cells to the cytotoxic effects of anti-CD19CAR CTLs and rhTRAIL. These in vitro results, though they require further examination, may provide a rational biological basis for combination treatment in the management of CD19CAR CTL-based therapy of NHL.
Collapse
|
61
|
Xu J, Wang Y, Shi J, Liu J, Li Q, Chen L. Combination therapy: A feasibility strategy for CAR-T cell therapy in the treatment of solid tumors. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2063-2070. [PMID: 30008901 PMCID: PMC6036511 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies have been demonstrated to have durable and potentially curative therapeutic efficacies in patients with hematological malignancies. Currently, multiple clinical trials in CAR-T cell therapy have been evaluated for the treatment of patients with solid malignancies, but have had less marked therapeutic effects when the agents are used as monotherapies. When summarizing relevant studies, the present study found that combination therapy strategies for solid tumors based on CAR-T cell therapies might be more effective. This review will focus on various aspects of treating solid tumors with CAR-T cell therapy: i) The therapeutic efficacy of CAR-T cell monotherapy, ii) the feasibility of the CAR-T cell therapy in conjunction with chemotherapy, iii) the feasibility of CAR-T cell therapy with radiotherapy, iv) the feasibility of CAR-T cell therapy with chemoradiotherapy, and v) the feasibility of the combination of CAR-T cell therapy with other strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Xu
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Yali Wang
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Shi
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Juan Liu
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Qingguo Li
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| | - Longzhou Chen
- Galactophore Department, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Gene-knocked out chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells: Tuning up for the next generation cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2018; 423:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
63
|
Wing A, Fajardo CA, Posey AD, Shaw C, Da T, Young RM, Alemany R, June CH, Guedan S. Improving CART-Cell Therapy of Solid Tumors with Oncolytic Virus-Driven Production of a Bispecific T-cell Engager. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:605-616. [PMID: 29588319 PMCID: PMC6688490 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CART) have shown significant promise in clinical trials to treat hematologic malignancies, but their efficacy in solid tumors has been limited. Oncolytic viruses have the potential to act in synergy with immunotherapies due to their immunogenic oncolytic properties and the opportunity of incorporating therapeutic transgenes in their genomes. Here, we hypothesized that an oncolytic adenovirus armed with an EGFR-targeting, bispecific T-cell engager (OAd-BiTE) would improve the outcome of CART-cell therapy in solid tumors. We report that CART cells targeting the folate receptor alpha (FR-α) successfully infiltrated preestablished xenograft tumors but failed to induce complete responses, presumably due to the presence of antigen-negative cancer cells. We demonstrated that OAd-BiTE-mediated oncolysis significantly improved CART-cell activation and proliferation, while increasing cytokine production and cytotoxicity, and showed an in vitro favorable safety profile compared with EGFR-targeting CARTs. BiTEs secreted from infected cells redirected CART cells toward EGFR in the absence of FR-α, thereby addressing tumor heterogeneity. BiTE secretion also redirected CAR-negative, nonspecific T cells found in CART-cell preparations toward tumor cells. The combinatorial approach improved antitumor efficacy and prolonged survival in mouse models of cancer when compared with the monotherapies, and this was the result of an increased BiTE-mediated T-cell activation in tumors. Overall, these results demonstrated that the combination of a BiTE-expressing oncolytic virus with adoptive CART-cell therapy overcomes key limitations of CART cells and BiTEs as monotherapies in solid tumors and encourage its further evaluation in human trials. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(5); 605-16. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wing
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carlos Alberto Fajardo
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona
| | - Avery D Posey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carolyn Shaw
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tong Da
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Regina M Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ramon Alemany
- ProCure Program, IDIBELL-Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona
| | - Carl H June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Sonia Guedan
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Jiang H, Guo S, Xiao D, Bian X, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhou H, Cai J, Zheng Z. Arginine deiminase expressed in vivo, driven by human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter, displays high hepatoma targeting and oncolytic efficiency. Oncotarget 2018; 8:37694-37704. [PMID: 28455966 PMCID: PMC5514941 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine starvation has the potential to selectively treat both primary tumor and (micro) metastatic tissue with very low side effects. Arginine deiminase (ADI; EC 3.5.3.6), an arginine-degrading enzyme, has been studied as a potential anti-tumor drug for the treatment of arginine-auxotrophic tumors. Though ADI-PEG20 (pegylated ADI by PEG 20,000) already passed the phase I/II clinical trials [1], it is just used as adjuvant therapy because of its low efficiency and less targeting. Then, this paper discussed the efficiency of arginine starvation mediated by ADI expressed in cytoplasm for liver cancers. In order to guarantee the tumor targeting, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter was used to drive the expression of ADI in vivo. To access the anti-tumor efficiency of ADI, p53 gene was used as the positive control. Thus, ADI displayed obvious cytotoxicity to BEL7402 and HUH7 cell lines in cytoplasm. The apoptosis rates rose from 15% to nearly 60% after changing the expression vectors from pcDNA4 plasmid to adenovirus. Compared with p53-adenovirus, ADI-adenovirus showed the higher oncolytic activity in the intratumoral injection model of mice. Tumor disappeared after the treatment of ADI-adenovirus for two weeks, and the mice pulled through all. Therefore, ADI is an ideal anti-tumor gene for caner targeting therapy with the help of hTERT promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Song Guo
- Department of Orthopedic, Wuhan Puai Hospital, Wuhan 430034, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jianghan University Affiliated Hospital, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Xuzhao Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huiting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, College of Biotechnology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Zhongliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Zhang E, Gu J, Xue J, Lin C, Liu C, Li M, Hao J, Setrerrahmane S, Chi X, Qi W, Hu J, Xu H. Accurate control of dual-receptor-engineered T cell activity through a bifunctional anti-angiogenic peptide. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:44. [PMID: 29558951 PMCID: PMC5859748 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) presented on T cell surfaces enable redirection of T cell specificity, which has enormous promise in antitumor therapy. However, excessive activity and poor control over such engineered T cells cause significant safety challenges, such as cytokine release syndrome and organ toxicities. To enhance the specificity and controllable activity of CAR-T cells, we report a novel switchable dual-receptor CAR-engineered T (sdCAR-T) cell and a new switch molecule of FITC-HM-3 bifunctional molecule (FHBM) in this study. Methods We designed a fusion molecule comprising FITC and HM-3. HM-3, an antitumor peptide including an Arg-Gly-Asp sequence, can specifically target integrin αvβ3 that is presented on some tumor cells. Moreover, to improve the specificity of CAR-T cells, we also generated the sdCAR-T cell line against cognate tumor cells expressing human mesothelin (MSLN) and integrin αvβ3. Finally, the activity of sdCAR-T cell and FHBM is verified via in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results In the presence of FHBM, the designed sdCAR-T cells exerted high activity including activation and proliferation and had specific cytotoxicity in a time- and dose-dependent manner in vitro. Furthermore, using a combination of FHBM in nude mice, sdCAR-T cells significantly inhibited the growth of MSLN+ K562 cells and released lower levels of the cytokines (e.g., interleukin-2, interferon γ, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α) relative to conventional CAR-T cells, obtaining specific, controllable, and enhanced cytotoxicity. Conclusions Our data indicate that FHBM can accurately control timing and dose of injected CAR-T cells, and sdCAR-T cells exert significant antitumor activity while releasing lower levels of cytokines for the cognate tumor cells expressing both MSLN and integrin αvβ3. Therefore, combination therapies using sdCAR-T cells and the switch molecule FHBM have significant potential to treat malignancies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13045-018-0591-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erhao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyi Gu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Xue
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Lin
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Liu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengwei Li
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingchao Hao
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Sarra Setrerrahmane
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Chi
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyan Qi
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialiang Hu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hanmei Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,Nanjing Anji Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Zuo BL, Yan B, Zheng GX, Xi WJ, Zhang X, Yang AG, Jia LT. Targeting and suppression of HER3-positive breast cancer by T lymphocytes expressing a heregulin chimeric antigen receptor. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:393-401. [PMID: 29127433 PMCID: PMC11028200 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-modulated T lymphocytes (CAR-T) have emerged as a powerful tool for arousing anticancer immunity. Endogenous ligands for tumor antigen may outperform single-chain variable fragments to serve as a component of CARs with high cancer recognition efficacy and minimized immunogenicity. As heterodimerization and signaling partners for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), HER3/HER4 has been implicated in tumorigenic signaling and therapeutic resistance of breast cancer. In this study, we engineered T cells with a CAR consisting of the extracellular domain of heregulin-1β (HRG1β) that is a natural ligand for HER3/HER4, and evaluated the specific cytotoxicity of these CAR-T cells in cultured HER3 positive breast cancer cells and xenograft tumors. Our results showed that HRG1β-CAR was successfully constructed, and T cells were transduced at a rate of 50%. The CAR-T cells specifically recognized and killed HER3-overexpressing breast cancer cells SK-BR-3 and BT-474 in vitro, and displayed potent tumoricidal effect on SK-BR-3 xenograft tumor models. Our results suggest that HRG1β-based CAR-T cells effectively suppress breast cancer driven by HER family receptors, and may provide a novel strategy to overcome cancer resistance to HER2-targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Le Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guo-Xu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Jin Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - An-Gang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lin-Tao Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Piscopo NJ, Mueller KP, Das A, Hematti P, Murphy WL, Palecek SP, Capitini CM, Saha K. Bioengineering Solutions for Manufacturing Challenges in CAR T Cells. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:10.1002/biot.201700095. [PMID: 28840981 PMCID: PMC5796845 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The next generation of therapeutic products to be approved for the clinic is anticipated to be cell therapies, termed "living drugs" for their capacity to dynamically and temporally respond to changes during their production ex vivo and after their administration in vivo. Genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have rapidly developed into powerful tools to harness the power of immune system manipulation against cancer. Regulatory agencies are beginning to approve CAR T cell therapies due to their striking efficacy in treating some hematological malignancies. However, the engineering and manufacturing of such cells remains a challenge for widespread adoption of this technology. Bioengineering approaches including biomaterials, synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, process control and automation, and in vitro disease modeling could offer promising methods to overcome some of these challenges. Here, we describe the manufacturing process of CAR T cells, highlighting potential roles for bioengineers to partner with biologists and clinicians to advance the manufacture of these complex cellular products under rigorous regulatory and quality control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Piscopo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katherine P Mueller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amritava Das
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Peiman Hematti
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christian M Capitini
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Krishanu Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Zhang E, Gu J, Xu H. Prospects for chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cell therapy for solid tumors. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:7. [PMID: 29329591 PMCID: PMC5767005 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0759-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential for adoptive cell immunotherapy as a treatment against cancers has been demonstrated by the remarkable response in some patients with hematological malignancies using autologous T cells endowed with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) specific for CD19. Clinical efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy for the treatment of solid tumors, however, is rare due to physical and biochemical factors. This review focuses on different aspects of multiple mechanisms of immunosuppression in solid tumors. We characterize the current state of CAR-modified T cell therapy and summarize the various strategies to combat the immunosuppressive microenvironment of solid tumors, with the aim of promoting T cell cytotoxicity and enhancing tumor cell eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erhao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyi Gu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanmei Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Yong CSM, John LB, Devaud C, Prince MH, Johnstone RW, Trapani JA, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. A role for multiple chimeric antigen receptor-expressing leukocytes in antigen-specific responses to cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:34582-98. [PMID: 27153556 PMCID: PMC5085178 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While adoptive immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells can induce remission of some tumors, the role of other CAR-modified leukocytes is not well characterized. In this study, we characterize the function of leukocytes including natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages and CAR T cells from transgenic mice expressing a CAR under the control of the pan-hematopoietic promoter, vav, and determine the ability of these mice to respond to ERB expressing tumors. We demonstrate the anti-tumor functions of leukocytes, including antigen specific cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. The adoptive transfer of CAR T cells provided a greater survival advantage in the E0771ERB tumor model than their wildtype (WT) counterparts. In addition, CAR NK cells and CAR T cells also mediated increased survival in the RMAERB tumor model. When challenged with Her2 expressing tumors, F38 mice were shown to mount an effective immune response, resulting in tumor rejection and long-term survival. This was shown to be predominantly dependent on both CD8+ T cells and NK cells. However, macrophages and CD4+ T cells were also shown to contribute to this response. Overall, this study highlights the use of the vav-CAR mouse model as a unique tool to determine the anti-tumor function of various immune subsets, either alone or when acting alongside CAR T cells in adoptive immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen S M Yong
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liza B John
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christel Devaud
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, INPT, INRA, INSERM UMR1220, UPS, France
| | - Miles H Prince
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Prahran Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Monash University, Prahran Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Wang Y, Luo F, Yang J, Zhao C, Chu Y. New Chimeric Antigen Receptor Design for Solid Tumors. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1934. [PMID: 29312360 PMCID: PMC5744429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has become popular in immunotherapy, particularly after its tremendous success in the treatment of lineage-restricted hematologic cancers. However, the application of CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors has not reached its full potential because of the lack of specific tumor antigens and inhibitory factors in suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) (e.g., programmed death ligand-1, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and transforming growth factor-β). In this review, we include some limitations in CAR design, such as tumor heterogeneity, indefinite spatial distance between CAR T-cell and its target cell, and suppressive TME. We also summarize some new approaches to overcome these hurdles, including targeting neoantigens and/or multiple antigens at once and depleting some inhibitory factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuedi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Luo
- Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Digestive Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chujun Zhao
- Northfield Mount Hermon School, Mount Hermon, MA, United States
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Weiss T, Weller M, Guckenberger M, Sentman CL, Roth P. NKG2D-Based CAR T Cells and Radiotherapy Exert Synergistic Efficacy in Glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2017; 78:1031-1043. [PMID: 29222400 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is an emerging immunotherapy against several malignancies including glioblastoma, the most common and most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults. The challenges in solid tumor immunotherapy comprise heterogenously expressed tumor target antigens and restricted trafficking of CAR T cells to and impaired long-term persistence at the tumor site, as well as the unaddressed integration of CAR T-cell therapy into conventional anticancer treatments. We addressed these questions using a NKG2D-based chimeric antigen receptor construct (chNKG2D) in fully immunocompetent orthotopic glioblastoma mouse models. ChNKG2D T cells demonstrated high IFNγ production and cytolytic activity in vitro Upon systemic administration in vivo, chNKG2D T cells migrated to the tumor site in the brain, did not induce adverse events, prolonged survival, and cured a fraction of glioma-bearing mice. Surviving mice were protected long-term against tumor rechallenge. Mechanistically, this was not solely the result of a classical immune memory response, but rather involved local persistence of chNKG2D T cells. A subtherapeutic dose of local radiotherapy in combination with chNKG2D T-cell treatment resulted in synergistic activity in two independent syngeneic mouse glioma models by promoting migration of CAR T cells to the tumor site and increased effector functions. We thus provide preclinical proof-of-concept of NKG2D CAR T-cell activity in mouse glioma models and demonstrate efficacy, long-term persistence, and synergistic activity in combination with radiotherapy, providing a rationale to translate this immunotherapeutic strategy to human glioma patients.Significance: These findings provide evidence for synergy of conventional anticancer therapy and CAR T cells and heralds future studies for other treatment combinations. Cancer Res; 78(4); 1031-43. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weiss
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Guckenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Charles L Sentman
- Center for Synthetic Immunity and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Patrick Roth
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Wei J, Han W. CART trials are going ahead. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1276-1279. [PMID: 29170890 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Wei
- Department of Molecules & Immunology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical College of PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Molecules & Immunology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical College of PLA, Beijing, 100853, China.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Eisenberg V, Shamalov K, Meir S, Hoogi S, Sarkar R, Pinker S, Markel G, Porgador A, Cohen CJ. Targeting Multiple Tumors Using T-Cells Engineered to Express a Natural Cytotoxicity Receptor 2-Based Chimeric Receptor. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1212. [PMID: 29085357 PMCID: PMC5649149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in cancer treatment are demonstrating the increasing and powerful potential of immunotherapeutic strategies. In this regard, the adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T-lymphocytes approaches can lead to tumor regression in cancer patients. More recently, the use of T-cells genetically engineered to express cancer-specific receptors such as the anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) continues to show promise for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Still, there is a crucial need to develop efficient CAR-T cell approaches for the treatment of solid tumors. It has been shown that other lymphocytes such as natural killer (NK) cells can demonstrate potent antitumor function—nonetheless, their use in immunotherapy is rather limited due to difficulties in expanding these cells to therapeutically relevant numbers and to suppression by endogenous inhibitory mechanisms. Cancer recognition by NK cells is partly mediated by molecules termed natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs). In the present study, we hypothesize that it is possible to endow T-cells with an NK recognition pattern, providing them with a mean to recognize tumor cells, in a non-MHC restricted way. To test this, we genetically modified human T-cells with different chimeric receptors based on the human NCR2 molecule and then assessed their antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Our results show that expression in primary lymphocytes of an NCR2-derived CAR, termed s4428z, confers T-cells with the ability to specifically recognize heterogeneous tumors and to mediate tumor cytotoxicity in a mouse model. This study demonstrates the benefit of combining tumor recognition capability of NK cells with T cell effectiveness to improve cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl Eisenberg
- The Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Katerina Shamalov
- The Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shimrit Meir
- The Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Shiran Hoogi
- The Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Rhitajit Sarkar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,ASAS, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, India
| | - Shirel Pinker
- The Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gal Markel
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute of Immuno-Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Cyrille J Cohen
- The Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Schäfer C, Ascui G, Ribeiro CH, López M, Prados-Rosales R, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Baena A, Kalergis AM, Carreño LJ. Innate immune cells for immunotherapy of autoimmune and cancer disorders. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:315-337. [PMID: 28933579 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1365145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the immune system has been widely targeted for the treatment of several immune-related diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and cancer, due to its crucial role in these pathologies. Current available therapies focus mainly on symptomatic treatment and are often associated with undesirable secondary effects. For several years, remission of disease and subsequently recovery of immune homeostasis has been a major goal for immunotherapy. Most current immunotherapeutic strategies are aimed to inhibit or potentiate directly the adaptive immune response by modulating antibody production and B cell memory, as well as the effector potential and memory of T cells. Although these immunomodulatory approaches have shown some success in the clinic with promising therapeutic potential, they have some limitations related to their effectiveness in disease models and clinical trials, as well as elevated costs. In the recent years, a renewed interest has emerged on targeting innate immune cells for immunotherapy, due to their high plasticity and ability to exert a potent and extremely rapid response, which can influence the outcome of the adaptive immune response. In this review, we discuss the immunomodulatory potential of several innate immune cells, as well as they use for immunotherapy, especially in autoimmunity and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Schäfer
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,b Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Gabriel Ascui
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,b Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Carolina H Ribeiro
- b Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Mercedes López
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,b Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Rafael Prados-Rosales
- c Centro de Investigaciones Cooperativas en Biociencias (CIC bioGUNE) , Bilbao , Spain
| | - Pablo A González
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,d Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,d Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,e Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | - Andrés Baena
- f Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Antioquia , Medellín , Colombia
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,d Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.,g Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Leandro J Carreño
- a Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago , Chile.,b Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Klapdor R, Wang S, Hacker U, Büning H, Morgan M, Dörk T, Hillemanns P, Schambach A. Improved Killing of Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells by Combining a Novel Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Based Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy. Hum Gene Ther 2017; 28:886-896. [PMID: 28836469 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer represents the most lethal gynecological cancer. Although cytoreductive chemotherapy and surgery lead to complete macroscopic tumor removal, most of the patients in advanced stages suffer from recurrent disease and subsequently die. This may be explained by the activity of cancer stem cells (CSC), which are a subpopulation of cells with an elevated chemoresistance and an increased capacity for self-renewal and metastatic spread. Specifically targeting these cells by adoptive immunotherapy represents a promising strategy to reduce the risk for recurrent disease. This study selected the widely accepted CSC marker CD133 as a target for a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based immunotherapeutic approach to treat ovarian cancer. A lentiviral vector was generated encoding a third-generation anti-CD133-CAR, and clinically used NK92 cells were transduced. These engineered natural killer (NK) cells showed specific killing against CD133-positive ovarian cancer cell lines and primary ovarian cancer cells cultured from sequential ascites harvests. Additionally, specific activation of these engineered NK cells was demonstrated via interferon-gamma secretion assays. To improve clinical efficacy of ovarian cancer treatment, the effect of the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin was evaluated together with CAR-transduced NK cell treatment. It was demonstrated that NK cells remain cytotoxic and active under cisplatin treatment and, importantly, that sequential treatment with cisplatin followed by CAR-NK cells led to the strongest killing effect. The specific eradication of ovarian CSCs by anti-CD133-CAR expressing NK92 cells represents a promising strategy and, when confirmed in vivo, shall be the basis of future clinical studies with the aim to prevent recurrent disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Klapdor
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,2 Institute for Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,3 Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Shuo Wang
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,2 Institute for Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hacker
- 2 Institute for Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,4 University Cancer Center Leipzig (UCCL), University Hospital Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hildegard Büning
- 2 Institute for Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,3 Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Morgan
- 2 Institute for Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,3 Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Thilo Dörk
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Hillemanns
- 1 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- 2 Institute for Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,3 Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,5 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital , Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Nanoparticles for tumor immunotherapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 115:243-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
77
|
Liu D, Tian S, Zhang K, Xiong W, Lubaki NM, Chen Z, Han W. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified natural killer cell-based immunotherapy and immunological synapse formation in cancer and HIV. Protein Cell 2017; 8:861-877. [PMID: 28488245 PMCID: PMC5712291 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells contribute to the body’s immune defenses. Current chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cell immunotherapy shows strong promise for treating various cancers and infectious diseases. Although CAR-modified NK cell immunotherapy is rapidly gaining attention, its clinical applications are mainly focused on preclinical investigations using the NK92 cell line. Despite recent advances in CAR-modified T cell immunotherapy, cost and severe toxicity have hindered its widespread use. To alleviate these disadvantages of CAR-modified T cell immunotherapy, additional cytotoxic cell-mediated immunotherapies are urgently needed. The unique biology of NK cells allows them to serve as a safe, effective, alternative immunotherapeutic strategy to CAR-modified T cells in the clinic. While the fundamental mechanisms underlying the cytotoxicity and side effects of CAR-modified T and NK cell immunotherapies remain poorly understood, the formation of the immunological synapse (IS) between CAR-modified T or NK cells and their susceptible target cells is known to be essential. The role of the IS in CAR T and NK cell immunotherapies will allow scientists to harness the power of CAR-modified T and NK cells to treat cancer and infectious diseases. In this review, we highlight the potential applications of CAR-modified NK cells to treat cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and discuss the challenges and possible future directions of CAR-modified NK cell immunotherapy, as well as the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms of CAR-modified T cell- or NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and side effects, with a focus on the CAR-modified NK cell IS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Liu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Shuo Tian
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ndongala Michel Lubaki
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Weidong Han
- Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Caratelli S, Sconocchia T, Arriga R, Coppola A, Lanzilli G, Lauro D, Venditti A, Del Principe MI, Buccisano F, Maurillo L, Ferrone S, Sconocchia G. FCγ Chimeric Receptor-Engineered T Cells: Methodology, Advantages, Limitations, and Clinical Relevance. Front Immunol 2017; 8:457. [PMID: 28496440 PMCID: PMC5406408 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, disappointing results have been generated by many investigations, which have utilized a variety of immunologic strategies to enhance the ability of a patient’s immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells. However, in recent years, immunotherapy has been used successfully for the treatment of hematologic and solid malignancies. The impressive clinical responses observed in many types of cancer have convinced even the most skeptical clinical oncologists that a patient’s immune system can recognize and reject his tumor if appropriate strategies are implemented. The success immunotherapy is due to the development of at least three therapeutic strategies. They include tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), T cell checkpoint blockade, and TAA-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) T cell-based immunotherapy. However, the full realization of the therapeutic potential of these approaches requires the development of strategies to counteract and overcome some limitations. They include off-target toxicity and mechanisms of cancer immune evasion, which obstacle the successful clinical application of mAbs and CAR T cell-based immunotherapies. Thus, we and others have developed the Fc gamma chimeric receptors (Fcγ-CRs)-based strategy. Like CARs, Fcγ-CRs are composed of an intracellular tail resulting from the fusion of a co-stimulatory molecule with the T cell receptor ζ chain. In contrast, the extracellular CAR single-chain variable fragment (scFv), which recognizes the targeted TAA, has been replaced with the extracellular portion of the FcγRIIIA (CD16). Fcγ-CR T cells have a few intriguing features. First, given in combination with mAbs, Fcγ-CR T cells mediate anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo by an antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity mechanism. Second, CD16-CR T cells can target multiple cancer types provided that TAA-specific mAbs with the appropriate specificity are available. Third, the off-target effect of CD16-CR T cells may be controlled by withdrawing the mAb administration. The goal of this manuscript was threefold. First, we review the current state-of-the-art of preclinical CD16-CR T cell technology. Second, we describe its in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity. Finally, we compare the advantages and limitations of the CD16-CR T cell technology with those of CAR T cell methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Caratelli
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Arriga
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Coppola
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Davide Lauro
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Venditti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Buccisano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Maurillo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Departments of Surgery and of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Ebelt ND, Manuel ER. Utilizing Salmonella to treat solid malignancies. J Surg Oncol 2017; 116:75-82. [PMID: 28420039 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite intensive research into novel treatment strategies for cancer, it remains the second most common cause of death in industrialized populations. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive disease with dismal prognosis. Currently, surgical resection offers the best chance for extended survival, yet recurrence remains high and is associated with poor outcome. Systemic treatment has evolved from non-specific, cytotoxic chemotherapy to the use of cancer-targeting agents, profoundly changing treatment approaches in the metastatic and adjuvant settings. One promising approach, highlighted in this review, uses the inherent capacity of Salmonella to colonize and eliminate solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D Ebelt
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Edwin R Manuel
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Katlinski KV, Gui J, Katlinskaya YV, Ortiz A, Chakraborty R, Bhattacharya S, Carbone CJ, Beiting DP, Girondo MA, Peck AR, Puré E, Chatterji P, Rustgi AK, Diehl JA, Koumenis C, Rui H, Fuchs SY. Inactivation of Interferon Receptor Promotes the Establishment of Immune Privileged Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:194-207. [PMID: 28196594 PMCID: PMC5313042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Refractoriness of solid tumors, including colorectal cancers (CRCs), to immunotherapies is attributed to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that protects malignant cells from cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). We found that downregulation of the type I interferon receptor chain IFNAR1 occurs in human CRC and mouse models of CRC. Downregulation of IFNAR1 in tumor stroma stimulated CRC development and growth, played a key role in formation of the immune-privileged niche, and predicted poor prognosis in human CRC patients. Genetic stabilization of IFNAR1 improved CTL survival and increased the efficacy of the chimeric antigen receptor T cell transfer and PD-1 inhibition. Likewise, pharmacologic stabilization of IFNAR1 suppressed tumor growth providing the rationale for upregulating IFNAR1 to improve anti-cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanstantsin V Katlinski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jun Gui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuliya V Katlinskaya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Angelíca Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Riddhita Chakraborty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sabyasachi Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher J Carbone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel P Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Melanie A Girondo
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Amy R Peck
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Priya Chatterji
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hallgeir Rui
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Serge Y Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mari Lowe Center for Comparative Oncology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Tanaka M, Tashiro H, Omer B, Lapteva N, Ando J, Ngo M, Mehta B, Dotti G, Kinchington PR, Leen AM, Rossig C, Rooney CM. Vaccination Targeting Native Receptors to Enhance the Function and Proliferation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-Modified T Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:3499-3509. [PMID: 28183713 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The multiple mechanisms used by solid tumors to suppress tumor-specific immune responses are a major barrier to the success of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells. As viruses induce potent innate and adaptive immune responses, we hypothesized that the immunogenicity of viruses could be harnessed for the treatment of solid tumors if virus-specific T cells (VST) were modified with tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CAR). We tested this hypothesis using VZV-specific T cells (VZVST) expressing a CAR for GD2, a disialoganglioside expressed on neuroblastoma and certain other tumors, so that the live-attenuated VZV vaccine could be used for in vivo stimulation.Experimental Design: We generated GMP-compliant, GD2.CAR-modified VZVSTs from healthy donors and cancer patients by stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with overlapping peptide libraries spanning selected VZV antigens, then tested their ability to recognize and kill GD2- and VZV antigen-expressing target cells.Results: Our choice of VZV antigens was validated by the observation that T cells specific for these antigens expanded in vivo after VZV vaccination. VZVSTs secreted cytokines in response to VZV antigens, killed VZV-infected target cells and limited infectious virus spread in autologous fibroblasts. However, while GD2.CAR-modified VZVSTs killed neuroblastoma cell lines on their first encounter, they failed to control tumor cells in subsequent cocultures. Despite this CAR-specific dysfunction, CAR-VZVSTs retained functional specificity for VZV antigens via their TCRs and GD2.CAR function was partially rescued by stimulation through the TCR or exposure to dendritic cell supernatants.Conclusions: Vaccination via the TCR may provide a means to reactivate CAR-T cells rendered dysfunctional by the tumor microenvironment (NCT01953900). Clin Cancer Res; 23(14); 3499-509. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Tanaka
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Haruko Tashiro
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Bilal Omer
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Natasha Lapteva
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Jun Ando
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Minhtran Ngo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital.,Program of Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Birju Mehta
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Departments of Ophthalmology, and Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ann M Leen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Claudia Rossig
- University Children's Hospital Muenster, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cliona M Rooney
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital. .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Program of Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Zhang E, Xu H. A new insight in chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:1. [PMID: 28049484 PMCID: PMC5210295 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells has emerged as a very promising approach to combating cancer. Despite its ability to eliminate tumors shown in some clinical trials, CAR-T cell therapy involves some significant safety challenges, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and “on-target, off-tumor” toxicity, which is related to poor control of the dose, location, and timing of T cell activity. In the past few years, some strategies to avoid the side effects of CAR-T cell therapy have been reported, including suicide gene, inhibitory CAR, dual-antigen receptor, and the use of exogenous molecules as switches to control the CAR-T cell functions. Because of the advances of the CAR paradigm and other forms of cancer immunotherapy, the most effective means of defeating the cancer has become the integration therapy with the combinatorial control system of switchable dual-receptor CAR-T cell and immune checkpoint blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erhao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hanmei Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of Peptide Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Wang J, Zhou P. New Approaches in CAR-T Cell Immunotherapy for Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1026:371-381. [PMID: 29282693 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6020-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, and molecular-targeted therapy, breast cancer remains the leading cause of death from malignant tumors among women. Immunotherapy has recently become a critical component of breast cancer treatment with encouraging activity and mild safety profiles. CAR-T therapy using genetically modifying T cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) is the most commonly used approach to generate tumor-specific T cells. It has shown good curative effect for a variety of malignant diseases, especially for hematological malignancies. In this review, we briefly introduce the history and the present state of CAR research. Then we discuss the barriers of solid tumors for CARs application and possible strategies to improve therapeutic response with a focus on breast cancer. At last, we outlook the future directions of CAR-T therapy including managing toxicities and developing universal CAR-T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Wang
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Penghui Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Efficacy and toxicity management of CAR-T-cell immunotherapy: a matter of responsiveness control or tumour-specificity? Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:406-11. [PMID: 27068947 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T-cells have demonstrated potent clinical efficacy in patients with haematological malignancies. However, the use of CAR-T-cells targeting solid tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) has been limited by organ toxicities related to activation of T-cell effector functions through the CAR. Most existing CARs recognize TAAs, which are also found in normal tissues. CAR-T-cell-mediated destruction of normal tissues constitutes a major roadblock to CAR-T-cell therapy, and must be avoided or mitigated. There is a broad range of strategies for modulating antigen responsiveness of CAR-T-cells, with varying degrees of complexity. Some of them might ameliorate the acute and chronic toxicities associated with current CAR constructs. However, further embellishments to CAR therapy may complicate clinical implementation and possibly create new immunogenicity issues. In contrast, the development of CARs targeting truly tumour-specific antigens might circumvent on-target/off-tumour toxicities without adding additional complexity to CAR-T-cell therapies, but these antigens have been elusive and may require novel selection strategies for their discovery.
Collapse
|
85
|
Serganova I, Moroz E, Cohen I, Moroz M, Mane M, Zurita J, Shenker L, Ponomarev V, Blasberg R. Enhancement of PSMA-Directed CAR Adoptive Immunotherapy by PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 4:41-54. [PMID: 28345023 PMCID: PMC5363727 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in hematologic malignancies has shown remarkable responses, but the same level of success has not been observed in solid tumors. A new prostate cancer model (Myc-CaP:PSMA(+)) and a second-generation anti-hPSMA human CAR T cells expressing a Click Beetle Red luciferase reporter) were used to study hPSMA targeting and assess CAR T cell trafficking and persistence by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). We investigated the antitumor efficacy of human CAR T cells targeting human prostate-specific membrane antigen (hPSMA), in the presence and absence of the target antigen; first alone and then combined with a monoclonal antibody targeting the human programmed death receptor 1 (anti-hPD1 mAb). PDL-1 expression was detected in Myc-CaP murine prostate tumors growing in immune competent FVB/N and immune-deficient SCID mice. Endogenous CD3+ T cells were restricted from the centers of Myc-CaP tumor nodules growing in FVB/N mice. Following anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) treatment, the restriction of CD3+ T cells was reversed, and a tumor-treatment response was observed. Adoptive hPSMA-CAR T cell immunotherapy was enhanced when combined with PD-1 blockade, but the treatment response was of comparatively short duration, suggesting other immune modulation mechanisms exist and restrict CAR T cell targeting, function, and persistence in hPSMA expressing Myc-CaP tumors. Interestingly, an “inverse pattern” of CAR T cell BLI intensity was observed in control and test tumors, which suggests CAR T cells undergo changes leading to a loss of signal and/or number following hPSMA-specific activation. The lower BLI signal intensity in the hPSMA test tumors (compared with controls) is due in part to a decrease in T cell mitochondrial function following T cell activation, which may limit the intensity of the ATP-dependent Luciferin-luciferase bioluminescence signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inna Serganova
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ekaterina Moroz
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ivan Cohen
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maxim Moroz
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mayuresh Mane
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Juan Zurita
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Larissa Shenker
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vladimir Ponomarev
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ronald Blasberg
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Wagner TA. Combining Cell and Gene Therapy in an Effort to Eradicate HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2016; 30:534-538. [PMID: 27905840 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2016.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 30 million people are infected with HIV, and HIV remains the fifth leading cause of disability-adjusted life years worldwide. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) dramatically decreases mortality rate, but there are side effects, long-term toxicities, expenses, stigmas, and inconveniences associated with chronic treatment, and HIV-infected individuals on ART have an increased risk of malignancies, cardiovascular disease, neurologic disease, and shortened life expectancy. Therefore, a cure for HIV remains an important goal. Combining new cell and gene therapy technology is an exciting approach that appears promising in vitro. Animal testing and careful clinical trials will be needed to determine if these strategies are clinically useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thor A. Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Paszkiewicz PJ, Fräßle SP, Srivastava S, Sommermeyer D, Hudecek M, Drexler I, Sadelain M, Liu L, Jensen MC, Riddell SR, Busch DH. Targeted antibody-mediated depletion of murine CD19 CAR T cells permanently reverses B cell aplasia. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:4262-4272. [PMID: 27760047 DOI: 10.1172/jci84813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of T cells that have been genetically modified to express a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is effective for treating human B cell malignancies. However, the persistence of functional CD19 CAR T cells causes sustained depletion of endogenous CD19+ B cells and hypogammaglobulinemia. Thus, there is a need for a mechanism to ablate transferred T cells after tumor eradication is complete to allow recovery of normal B cells. Previously, we developed a truncated version of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRt) that is coexpressed with the CAR on the T cell surface. Here, we show that targeting EGFRt with the IgG1 monoclonal antibody cetuximab eliminates CD19 CAR T cells both early and late after adoptive transfer in mice, resulting in complete and permanent recovery of normal functional B cells, without tumor relapse. EGFRt can be incorporated into many clinical applications to regulate the survival of gene-engineered cells. These results support the concept that EGFRt represents a promising approach to improve safety of cell-based therapies.
Collapse
|
88
|
Long AH, Highfill SL, Cui Y, Smith JP, Walker AJ, Ramakrishna S, El-Etriby R, Galli S, Tsokos MG, Orentas RJ, Mackall CL. Reduction of MDSCs with All-trans Retinoic Acid Improves CAR Therapy Efficacy for Sarcomas. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:869-880. [PMID: 27549124 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered T cells expressing CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) have shown impressive activity against B-cell malignancies, and preliminary results suggest that T cells expressing a first-generation disialoganglioside (GD2)-specific CAR can also provide clinical benefit in patients with neuroblastoma. We sought to assess the potential of GD2-CAR therapies to treat pediatric sarcomas. We observed that 18 of 18 (100%) of osteosarcomas, 2 of 15 (13%) of rhabdomyosarcomas, and 7 of 35 (20%) of Ewing sarcomas expressed GD2. T cells engineered to express a third-generation GD2-CAR incorporating the 14g2a-scFv with the CD28, OX40, and CD3ζ signaling domains (14g2a.CD28.OX40.ζ) mediated efficient and comparable lysis of both GD2+ sarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines in vitro However, in xenograft models, GD2-CAR T cells had no antitumor effect against GD2+ sarcoma, despite effectively controlling GD2+ neuroblastoma. We observed that pediatric sarcoma xenografts, but not neuroblastoma xenografts, induced large populations of monocytic and granulocytic murine myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) that inhibited human CAR T-cell responses in vitro Treatment of sarcoma-bearing mice with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) largely eradicated monocytic MDSCs and diminished the suppressive capacity of granulocytic MDSCs. Combined therapy using GD2-CAR T cells plus ATRA significantly improved antitumor efficacy against sarcoma xenografts. We conclude that retinoids provide a clinically accessible class of agents capable of diminishing the suppressive effects of MDSCs, and that co-administration of retinoids may enhance the efficacy of CAR therapies targeting solid tumors. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(10); 869-80. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne H Long
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Steven L Highfill
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yongzhi Cui
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jillian P Smith
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alec J Walker
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sneha Ramakrishna
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rana El-Etriby
- Laboratory of Pathology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susana Galli
- Laboratory of Pathology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria G Tsokos
- Laboratory of Pathology, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rimas J Orentas
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting Fc μ receptor selectively eliminate CLL cells while sparing healthy B cells. Blood 2016; 128:1711-22. [PMID: 27535994 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-692046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells targeting CD19 induced lasting remission of this refractory disease in a number of patients. However, the treatment is associated with prolonged "on-target off-tumor" toxicities due to the targeted elimination of healthy B cells demanding more selectivity in targeting CLL cells. We identified the immunoglobulin M Fc receptor (FcμR), also known as the Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule-3 or TOSO, as a target for a more selective treatment of CLL by CAR T cells. FcμR is highly and consistently expressed by CLL cells; only minor levels are detected on healthy B cells or other hematopoietic cells. T cells with a CAR specific for FcμR efficiently responded toward CLL cells, released a panel of proinflammatory cytokines and lytic factors, like soluble FasL and granzyme B, and eliminated the leukemic cells. In contrast to CD19 CAR T cells, anti-FcμR CAR T cells did not attack healthy B cells. T cells with anti-FcμR CAR delayed outgrowth of Mec-1-induced leukemia in a xenograft mouse model. T cells from CLL patients in various stages of the disease, modified by the anti-FcμR CAR, purged their autologous CLL cells in vitro without reducing the number of healthy B cells, which is the case with anti-CD19 CAR T cells. Compared with the currently used therapies, the data strongly imply a superior therapeutic index of anti-FcμR CAR T cells for the treatment of CLL.
Collapse
|
90
|
Liu H, Xu Y, Xiang J, Long L, Green S, Yang Z, Zimdahl B, Lu J, Cheng N, Horan LH, Liu B, Yan S, Wang P, Diaz J, Jin L, Nakano Y, Morales JF, Zhang P, Liu LX, Staley BK, Priceman SJ, Brown CE, Forman SJ, Chan VW, Liu C. Targeting Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)-MHC Complex with CAR T-Cell Therapy for Liver Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:478-488. [PMID: 27535982 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The majority of tumor-specific antigens are intracellular and/or secreted and therefore inaccessible by conventional chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Given that all intracellular/secreted proteins are processed into peptides and presented by class I MHC on the surface of tumor cells, we used alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a specific liver cancer marker, as an example to determine whether peptide-MHC complexes can be targets for CAR T-cell therapy against solid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We generated a fully human chimeric antigen receptor, ET1402L1-CAR (AFP-CAR), with exquisite selectivity and specificity for the AFP158-166 peptide complexed with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*02:01. RESULTS We report that T cells expressing AFP-CAR selectively degranulated, released cytokines, and lysed liver cancer cells that were HLA-A*02:01+/AFP+ while sparing cells from multiple tissue types that were negative for either expressed proteins. In vivo, intratumoral injection of AFP-CAR T cells significantly regressed both Hep G2 and AFP158-expressing SK-HEP-1 tumors in SCID-Beige mice (n = 8 for each). Moreover, intravenous administration of AFP-CAR T cells in Hep G2 tumor-bearing NSG mice lead to rapid and profound tumor growth inhibition (n = 6). Finally, in an established intraperitoneal liver cancer xenograft model, AFP-CAR T cells showed robust antitumor activity (n = 6). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that CAR T-cell immunotherapy targeting intracellular/secreted solid tumor antigens can elicit a potent antitumor response. Our approach expands the spectrum of antigens available for redirected T-cell therapy against solid malignancies and offers a promising new avenue for liver cancer immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 478-88. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California
| | - Yiyang Xu
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California
| | - Jingyi Xiang
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California
| | - Li Long
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California
| | - Shon Green
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California
| | - Zhiyuan Yang
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California
| | | | - Jingwei Lu
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California
| | - Neal Cheng
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California
| | | | - Bin Liu
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California
| | - Su Yan
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California
| | - Pei Wang
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California
| | - Juan Diaz
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California
| | - Lu Jin
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California
| | - Yoko Nakano
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California
| | | | - Pengbo Zhang
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California
| | | | | | - Saul J Priceman
- Department of Immuno-oncology and Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California.,Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Immuno-oncology and Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California.,Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Department of Immuno-oncology and Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California.,Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | | | - Cheng Liu
- Eureka Therapeutics Inc., Emeryville, California.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Li W, Guo L, Rathi P, Marinova E, Gao X, Wu MF, Liu H, Dotti G, Gottschalk S, Metelitsa LS, Heczey A. Redirecting T Cells to Glypican-3 with 4-1BB Zeta Chimeric Antigen Receptors Results in Th1 Polarization and Potent Antitumor Activity. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 28:437-448. [PMID: 27530312 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells engineered to express CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have shown breakthrough clinical successes in patients with B-cell lymphoid malignancies. However, similar therapeutic efficacy of CAR T cells in solid tumors is yet to be achieved. In this study we systematically evaluated a series of CAR constructs targeting glypican-3 (GPC3), which is selectively expressed on several solid tumors. We compared GPC3-specific CARs that encoded CD3ζ (Gz) alone or with costimulatory domains derived from CD28 (G28z), 4-1BB (GBBz), or CD28 and 4-1BB (G28BBz). All GPC3-CARs rendered T cells highly cytotoxic to GPC3-positive hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma, and malignant rhabdoid tumor cell lines in vitro. GBBz induced the preferential production of Th1 cytokines (interferon γ/granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor) while G28z preferentially induced Th2 cytokines (interleukin-4/interleukin-10). Inclusion of 4-1BB in G28BBz could only partially ameliorate the Th2-polarizing effect of CD28. 4-1BB induced superior expansion of CAR T cells in vitro and in vivo. T cells expressing GPC3-CARs incorporating CD28, 4-1BB, or both induced sustained tumor regressions in two xenogeneic tumor models. Thus, GBBz CAR endows T cells with superior proliferative potential, potent antitumor activity, and a Th1-biased cytokine profile, justifying further clinical development of GBBz CAR for immunotherapy of GPC3-positive solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Li
- 1 Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,2 Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Houston, Texas
| | - Linjie Guo
- 1 Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,2 Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Houston, Texas
| | - Purva Rathi
- 4 Biostatistics Shared Resource, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ekaterina Marinova
- 1 Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,2 Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiuhua Gao
- 1 Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,2 Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Houston, Texas
| | - Meng-Feng Wu
- 4 Biostatistics Shared Resource, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hao Liu
- 4 Biostatistics Shared Resource, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- 5 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- 1 Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,2 Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Houston, Texas.,6 Department of Pathology and Immunology; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Leonid S Metelitsa
- 1 Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,2 Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Houston, Texas.,6 Department of Pathology and Immunology; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Andras Heczey
- 1 Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas.,2 Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Houston, Texas.,4 Biostatistics Shared Resource, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Klaver Y, van Steenbergen SCL, Sleijfer S, Debets R, Lamers CHJ. Plasma IFN-γ and IL-6 levels correlate with peripheral T-cell numbers but not toxicity in RCC patients treated with CAR T-cells. Clin Immunol 2016; 169:107-113. [PMID: 27377533 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autologous T-cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) against carboxy-anhydrase-IX (CAIX) were administered to twelve patients with CAIX-positive metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Here, we questioned whether plasma cytokine levels following treatment or in vitro cytokine production from the T-cell infusion products could serve as predictors for peripheral T-cell persistence or in vivo T-cell activity. We demonstrated that CAR surface as well as gene expression are down-regulated following T-cell infusion, and that peripheral numbers of CAR T-cells are best captured by flow cytometry and not by qPCR. Numbers of CAR T-cells in blood correlated with plasma levels of IFN-γ and IL-6, but not with any of the other cytokines tested. Plasma IFN-γ or IL-6 levels did not correlate with liver enzyme values. Thus, out of 27 cytokines tested, IFN-γ and IL-6 levels in plasma are potential surrogate markers for CAR T-cell persistence in solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yarne Klaver
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Sleijfer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reno Debets
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cor H J Lamers
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Erasmus MC-Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Gacerez AT, Arellano B, Sentman CL. How Chimeric Antigen Receptor Design Affects Adoptive T Cell Therapy. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2590-8. [PMID: 27163336 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been developed to treat tumors and have shown great success against B cell malignancies. Exploiting modular designs and swappable domains, CARs can target an array of cell surface antigens and, upon receptor-ligand interactions, direct signaling cascades, thereby driving T cell effector functions. CARs have been designed using receptors, ligands, or scFv binding domains. Different regions of a CAR have each been found to play a role in determining the overall efficacy of CAR T cells. Therefore, this review provides an overview of CAR construction and common designs. Each CAR region is discussed in the context of its importance to a CAR's function. Additionally, the review explores how various engineering strategies have been applied to CAR T cells in order to regulate CAR T cell function and activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2590-2598, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert T Gacerez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Synthetic Immunity, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Benjamine Arellano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Synthetic Immunity, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Charles L Sentman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Synthetic Immunity, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
CAR T Cell Therapy: A Game Changer in Cancer Treatment. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5474602. [PMID: 27298832 PMCID: PMC4889848 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5474602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of novel targeted therapies with acceptable safety profiles is critical to successful cancer outcomes with better survival rates. Immunotherapy offers promising opportunities with the potential to induce sustained remissions in patients with refractory disease. Recent dramatic clinical responses in trials with gene modified T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in B-cell malignancies have generated great enthusiasm. This therapy might pave the way for a potential paradigm shift in the way we treat refractory or relapsed cancers. CARs are genetically engineered receptors that combine the specific binding domains from a tumor targeting antibody with T cell signaling domains to allow specifically targeted antibody redirected T cell activation. Despite current successes in hematological cancers, we are only in the beginning of exploring the powerful potential of CAR redirected T cells in the control and elimination of resistant, metastatic, or recurrent nonhematological cancers. This review discusses the application of the CAR T cell therapy, its challenges, and strategies for successful clinical and commercial translation.
Collapse
|
95
|
Newick K, O'Brien S, Sun J, Kapoor V, Maceyko S, Lo A, Puré E, Moon E, Albelda SM. Augmentation of CAR T-cell Trafficking and Antitumor Efficacy by Blocking Protein Kinase A Localization. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:541-51. [PMID: 27045023 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor treatments based on the infusion of T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR T cells) are still relatively ineffective for solid tumors, due to the presence of immunosuppressive mediators [such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and adenosine] and poor T-cell trafficking. PGE2 and adenosine activate protein kinase A (PKA), which then inhibits T-cell receptor (TCR) activation. This inhibition process requires PKA to localize to the immune synapse via binding to the membrane protein ezrin. We generated CAR T cells that expressed a small peptide called the "regulatory subunit I anchoring disruptor" (RIAD) that inhibits the association of PKA with ezrin, thus blunting the negative effects of PKA on TCR activation. After exposure to PGE2 or adenosine in vitro, CAR-RIAD T cells showed increased TCR signaling, released more cytokines, and showed enhanced killing of tumor cells compared with CAR T cells. When injected into tumor-bearing mice, the antitumor efficacy of murine and human CAR-RIAD T cells was enhanced compared with that of CAR T cells, due to resistance to tumor-induced hypofunction and increased T-cell infiltration of established tumors. Subsequent in vitro assays showed that both mouse and human CAR-RIAD cells migrated more efficiently than CAR cells did in response to the chemokine CXCL10 and also had better adhesion to various matrices. Thus, the intracellular addition of the RIAD peptide to adoptively transferred CAR T cells augments their efficacy by increasing their effector function and by improving trafficking into tumor sites. This treatment strategy, therefore, shows potential clinical application for treating solid tumors. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(6); 541-51. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kheng Newick
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shaun O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Veena Kapoor
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven Maceyko
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Albert Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edmund Moon
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Maus MV, Levine BL. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy for the Community Oncologist. Oncologist 2016; 21:608-17. [PMID: 27009942 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : The field of cancer immunotherapy has rapidly progressed in the past decade as several therapeutic modalities have entered into the clinic. One such immunotherapy that has shown promise in the treatment of cancer is the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T lymphocytes. CARs are engineered receptors constructed from antigen recognition regions of antibodies fused to T-cell signaling and costimulatory domains that can be used to reprogram a patient's T cells to specifically target tumor cells. CAR T-cell therapy has demonstrated sustained complete responses for some patients with advanced leukemia, and a number of CAR therapies are being evaluated in clinical studies. CAR T-cell therapy-associated toxicities, including cytokine release syndrome, macrophage activation syndrome, and tumor lysis syndrome, have been observed and effectively managed in the clinic. In patients with significant clinical responses, sustained B-cell aplasia has also been observed and is a marker of CAR T-cell persistence that might provide long-term disease control. Education on CAR T-cell therapy efficacy and safety management is critical for clinicians and patients who are considering this novel type of treatment. In the present report, the current landscape of CAR T-cell therapy, the effective management of patients undergoing treatment, and which patients are the most suitable candidates for current trials are discussed. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The present report describes the current status of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T lymphocytes as an immunotherapy for patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell malignancies. CAR T cells targeting CD19, a protein expressed on many B-cell malignancies, typically induce high complete response rates in patients with B-cell leukemia or lymphoma who have very limited therapeutic options. Recent clinical trial results of CD19 CAR T-cell therapies and the management of CAR T-cell-associated adverse events are discussed. The present report will therefore inform physicians regarding the efficacy and safety of CAR T cells as a therapy for B-cell malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce L Levine
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
TCR-engineered T cells to treat tumors: Seeing but not touching? Semin Immunol 2016; 28:10-21. [PMID: 26997556 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells gene-engineered with T cell receptors (TCRs) has proven its feasibility and therapeutic potential in the treatment of malignant tumors. To ensure further clinical development of TCR gene therapy, it is necessary to accurately select TCRs that demonstrate antigen-selective responses that are restricted to tumor cells and, at the same time, include strategies that restore or enhance the entry, migration and local accumulation of T cells in tumor tissues. Here, we present the current standing of TCR-engineered T cell therapy, discuss and propose procedures to select TCRs as well as strategies to sensitize the tumor to T cell trafficking, and provide a rationale for combination therapies with TCR-engineered T cells.
Collapse
|
98
|
Wang W, Qin DY, Zhang BL, Wei W, Wang YS, Wei YQ. Establishing guidelines for CAR-T cells: challenges and considerations. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:333-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-5026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
99
|
Ligtenberg MA, Mougiakakos D, Mukhopadhyay M, Witt K, Lladser A, Chmielewski M, Riet T, Abken H, Kiessling R. Coexpressed Catalase Protects Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Redirected T Cells as well as Bystander Cells from Oxidative Stress-Induced Loss of Antitumor Activity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:759-66. [PMID: 26673145 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of cancer patients by adoptive T cell therapy has yielded promising results. In solid tumors, however, T cells encounter a hostile environment, in particular with increased inflammatory activity as a hallmark of the tumor milieu that goes along with abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) that substantially impair antitumor activity. We present a strategy to render antitumor T cells more resilient toward ROS by coexpressing catalase along with a tumor specific chimeric Ag receptor (CAR) to increase their antioxidative capacity by metabolizing H2O2. In fact, T cells engineered with a bicistronic vector that concurrently expresses catalase, along with the CAR coexpressing catalase (CAR-CAT), performed superior over CAR T cells as they showed increased levels of intracellular catalase and had a reduced oxidative state with less ROS accumulation in both the basal state and upon activation while maintaining their antitumor activity despite high H2O2 levels. Moreover, CAR-CAT T cells exerted a substantial bystander protection of nontransfected immune effector cells as measured by CD3ζ chain expression in bystander T cells even in the presence of high H2O2 concentrations. Bystander NK cells, otherwise ROS sensitive, efficiently eliminate their K562 target cells under H2O2-induced oxidative stress when admixed with CAR-CAT T cells. This approach represents a novel means for protecting tumor-infiltrating cells from tumor-associated oxidative stress-mediated repression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten A Ligtenberg
- Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Madhura Mukhopadhyay
- Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Witt
- Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alvaro Lladser
- Laboratorio de Inmunoterapia Génica, Fundación Ciencia y Vida, 7780272 Santiago, Chile
| | - Markus Chmielewski
- Labor Tumorgenetik, Klinik I für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin Köln, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Riet
- Labor Tumorgenetik, Klinik I für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin Köln, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Labor Tumorgenetik, Klinik I für Innere Medizin, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin Köln, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Mirzaei HR, Hadjati J. Commentary: IL-12-secreting tumor-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cells: An unaddressed concern on Koneru et al. (2015). Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1100792. [PMID: 27141362 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown remarkable responses in patients with certain hematological malignancies particularly acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), but have led to more limited success with solid tumors probably due to immunosuppressive networks in the tumor environment. To overcome this issue, Koneru et al. have recently demonstrated IL-12-producing CAR T cells, also known as armored CAR T cells, to simultaneously target both ovarian tumor cells and their microenvironment. This commentary challenges the study design of Koneru et al. study and highlights the importance of choosing the most appropriate experimental animal model in preclinical cancer studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|