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Paroni G, Bisceglia P, Seripa D. Understanding the Amyloid Hypothesis in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:493-510. [PMID: 30883346 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis (AH) is still the most accepted model to explain the pathogenesis of inherited Alzheimer's disease (IAD). However, despite the neuropathological overlapping with the non-inherited form (NIAD), AH waver in explaining NIAD. Thus, 30 years after its first statement several questions are still open, mainly regarding the role of amyloid plaques (AP) and apolipoprotein E (APOE). Accordingly, a pathogenetic model including the role of AP and APOE unifying IAD and NIAD pathogenesis is still missing. In the present understanding of the AH, we suggested that amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides production and AP formation is a physiological aging process resulting from a systemic age-related decrease in the efficiency of the proteins catabolism/clearance machinery. In this pathogenetic model Aβ peptides act as neurotoxic molecules, but only above a critical concentration [Aβ]c. A threshold mechanism triggers IAD/NIAD onset only when [Aβ]≥[Aβ]c. In this process, APOE modifies [Aβ]c threshold in an isoform-specific way. Consequently, all factors influencing Aβ anabolism, such as amyloid beta precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) gene mutations, and/or Aβ catabolism/clearance could contribute to exceed the threshold [Aβ]c, being characteristic of each individual. In this model, AP formation does not depend on [Aβ]c. The present interpretation of the AH, unifying the pathogenetic theories for IAD and NIAD, will explain why AP and APOE4 may be observed in healthy aging and why they are not the cause of AD. It is clear that further studies are needed to confirm our pathogenetic model. Nevertheless, our suggestion may be useful to better understand the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Paroni
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paola Bisceglia
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
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Steroids and Alzheimer's Disease: Changes Associated with Pathology and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134812. [PMID: 32646017 PMCID: PMC7370115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial age-related neurodegenerative disease that today has no effective treatment to prevent or slow its progression. Neuroactive steroids, including neurosteroids and sex steroids, have attracted attention as potential suitable candidates to alleviate AD pathology. Accumulating evidence shows that they exhibit pleiotropic neuroprotective properties that are relevant for AD. This review focuses on the relationship between selected neuroactive steroids and the main aspects of AD disease, pointing out contributions and gaps with reference to sex differences. We take into account the regulation of brain steroid concentrations associated with human AD pathology. Consideration is given to preclinical studies in AD models providing current knowledge on the neuroprotection offered by neuroactive (neuro)steroids on major AD pathogenic factors, such as amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau pathology, mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, neurogenesis and memory loss. Stimulating endogenous steroid production opens a new steroid-based strategy to potentially overcome AD pathology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Steroids and the Nervous System.
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He Y, Ruganzu JB, Jin H, Peng X, Ji S, Ma Y, Zheng L, Yang W. LRP1 knockdown aggravates Aβ 1-42-stimulated microglial and astrocytic neuroinflammatory responses by modulating TLR4/NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathways. Exp Cell Res 2020; 394:112166. [PMID: 32645395 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an important pathological feature and an early event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by activation of microglia and astrocytes. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is an endocytic receptor that is abundantly expressed in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes, and plays a critical role in AD pathogenesis. There is increasing evidence to show that LRP1 regulates inflammatory responses by modulating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis. However, the effects of LRP1 on β-amyloid protein (Aβ)-induced microglial and astrocytic neuroinflammatory responses and its underlying mechanisms have not been studied in detail. In the present study, knockdown of LRP1 significantly enhanced Aβ1-42-stimulated neuroinflammation by increasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in both BV2 microglial cells and mouse primary astrocytes. Furthermore, it is revealed that LRP1 knockdown further led to the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathways. The phosphorylation of IκBα, p38, and JNK was significantly up-regulated in LRP1 knockdown BV2 microglial cells and primary astrocytes. Meanwhile, LRP1 knockdown increased expression of the NF-κB p65 subunit in the nucleus while decreased its expression in the cytoplasm. Besides, the upstream signaling adaptor molecules such as toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88), and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) were also further increased. Moreover, blockade of NF-κB, p38, and JNK inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) induced by the knockdown of LRP1. Taken together, these findings indicated that LRP1 as an effective therapeutic target against AD and other neuroinflammation related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying He
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - John Bosco Ruganzu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqian Peng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shengfeng Ji
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanbing Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liming Zheng
- Basic Medical Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weina Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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54
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Limbocker R, Mannini B, Cataldi R, Chhangur S, Wright AK, Kreiser RP, Albright JA, Chia S, Habchi J, Sormanni P, Kumita JR, Ruggeri FS, Dobson CM, Chiti F, Aprile FA, Vendruscolo M. Rationally Designed Antibodies as Research Tools to Study the Structure-Toxicity Relationship of Amyloid-β Oligomers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4542. [PMID: 32630615 PMCID: PMC7352524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with the aggregation of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), resulting in the deposition of amyloid plaques in brain tissue. Recent scrutiny of the mechanisms by which Aβ aggregates induce neuronal dysfunction has highlighted the importance of the Aβ oligomers of this protein fragment. Because of the transient and heterogeneous nature of these oligomers, however, it has been challenging to investigate the detailed mechanisms by which these species exert cytotoxicity. To address this problem, we demonstrate here the use of rationally designed single-domain antibodies (DesAbs) to characterize the structure-toxicity relationship of Aβ oligomers. For this purpose, we use Zn2+-stabilized oligomers of the 40-residue form of Aβ (Aβ40) as models of brain Aβ oligomers and two single-domain antibodies (DesAb18-24 and DesAb34-40), designed to bind to epitopes at residues 18-24 and 34-40 of Aβ40, respectively. We found that the DesAbs induce a change in structure of the Zn2+-stabilized Aβ40 oligomers, generating a simultaneous increase in their size and solvent-exposed hydrophobicity. We then observed that these increments in both the size and hydrophobicity of the oligomers neutralize each other in terms of their effects on cytotoxicity, as predicted by a recently proposed general structure-toxicity relationship, and observed experimentally. These results illustrate the use of the DesAbs as research tools to investigate the biophysical and cytotoxicity properties of Aβ oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Limbocker
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; (B.M.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (J.H.); (P.S.); (J.R.K.); (F.S.R.); (C.M.D.)
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (A.K.W.); (R.P.K.); (J.A.A.)
| | - Benedetta Mannini
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; (B.M.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (J.H.); (P.S.); (J.R.K.); (F.S.R.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Rodrigo Cataldi
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; (B.M.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (J.H.); (P.S.); (J.R.K.); (F.S.R.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Shianne Chhangur
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; (B.M.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (J.H.); (P.S.); (J.R.K.); (F.S.R.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Aidan K. Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (A.K.W.); (R.P.K.); (J.A.A.)
| | - Ryan P. Kreiser
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (A.K.W.); (R.P.K.); (J.A.A.)
| | - J. Alex Albright
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996, USA; (A.K.W.); (R.P.K.); (J.A.A.)
| | - Sean Chia
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; (B.M.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (J.H.); (P.S.); (J.R.K.); (F.S.R.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Johnny Habchi
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; (B.M.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (J.H.); (P.S.); (J.R.K.); (F.S.R.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Pietro Sormanni
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; (B.M.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (J.H.); (P.S.); (J.R.K.); (F.S.R.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Janet R. Kumita
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; (B.M.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (J.H.); (P.S.); (J.R.K.); (F.S.R.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Francesco S. Ruggeri
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; (B.M.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (J.H.); (P.S.); (J.R.K.); (F.S.R.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Christopher M. Dobson
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; (B.M.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (J.H.); (P.S.); (J.R.K.); (F.S.R.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Fabrizio Chiti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Science, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Francesco A. Aprile
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; (B.M.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (J.H.); (P.S.); (J.R.K.); (F.S.R.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; (B.M.); (R.C.); (S.C.); (S.C.); (J.H.); (P.S.); (J.R.K.); (F.S.R.); (C.M.D.)
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55
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He Y, Ruganzu JB, Zheng Q, Wu X, Jin H, Peng X, Ding B, Lin C, Ji S, Ma Y, Yang W. Silencing of LRP1 Exacerbates Inflammatory Response Via TLR4/NF-κB/MAPKs Signaling Pathways in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3727-3743. [PMID: 32572761 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activation of glial cells (including microglia and astrocytes) appears central to the initiation and progression of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a major receptor for amyloid-β (Aβ), which plays a critical role in AD pathogenesis. LRP1 regulates inflammatory response by modulating the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis. However, the effects of LRP1 on microglia- and astrocytic cell-mediated neuroinflammation and their underlying mechanisms in AD remain unclear. Therefore, using APP/PS1 transgenic mice, we found that LRP1 is downregulated during disease progression. Silencing of brain LRP1 markedly exacerbated AD-related neuropathology including Aβ deposition, neuroinflammation, and synaptic and neuronal loss, which was accompanied by a decline in spatial cognitive ability. Further mechanistic study revealed that silencing of LRP1 initiated neuroinflammation by increasing microgliosis and astrogliosis, enhancing pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and regulating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings indicated that LRP1 suppresses microglia and astrocytic cell activation by modulating TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways. Our results further provide insights into the role of LRP1 in AD pathogenesis and highlight LRP1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying He
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - John Bosco Ruganzu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Quzhao Zheng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China.,Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China.,Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Xiaoqian Peng
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Bo Ding
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China.,Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chengheng Lin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China.,Medical Undergraduates of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengfeng Ji
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Yanbing Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China
| | - Weina Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi province, China.
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56
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LI LY, WANG XY. Progress in Analysis of Tau Protein. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(20)60024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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57
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Li Z, Gan L, Yan S, Yan Y, Huang W. Effect of C-phycocyanin on HDAC3 and miRNA-335 in Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurosci 2020; 11:161-172. [PMID: 33312721 PMCID: PMC7705988 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaque deposits and neurofibrillary tangles containing tau proteins are the key pathognomonic manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Lack of holistic drugs for AD has reinvigorated enthusiasm in the natural product-based therapies. In this study, our idea to decipher the beneficial effects of C-phycocyanin (CPC) in the management of AD is buoyed by its multifaceted and holistic therapeutic effects. METHODS We evaluated the effect of CPC treatment on epigenetic factors and inflammatory mediators in a mouse with oligomeric Aβ1-42-induced AD. Besides, the cognitive function was evaluated by the spatial memory performance on a radial arm maze. RESULTS The results showed cognitive deficit in the mice with AD along with upregulated HDAC3 expression and diminished miRNA-335 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expressions. In addition, inflammation was provoked (manifested by increased interleukins (IL)-6 and IL-1β) and neuronal apoptosis was accelerated (indicated by increased Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 along with decreased Bcl2) in the hippocampus of the mice with AD. Interestingly, CPC treatment in the mice with AD improved spatial memory performance and decreased the perturbations in the epigenetic and inflammatory biofactors. CONCLUSION These results underscore that mitigation of inflammation via regulation of epigenetic factors might be the key pathway underlying the ameliorative effect of CPC against the aberrations in AD. Our findings provide the rationale for considering CPC as a viable therapeutic option in the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Li Gan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Si Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Yufang Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
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58
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Maity S, Lyubchenko YL. AFM Probing of Amyloid-Beta 42 Dimers and Trimers. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:69. [PMID: 32391380 PMCID: PMC7193107 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular mechanisms in the development of such a devastating neurodegenerative disorder as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is currently one of the major challenges of molecular medicine. Evidence strongly suggests that the development of AD is due to the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers; therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms defining the conversion of physiologically important monomers of Aβ proteins into neurotoxic oligomeric species is the key for the development of treatments and preventions of AD. However, these oligomers are unstable and unavailable for structural, physical, and chemical studies. We have recently developed a novel flexible nano array (FNA)-oligomer scaffold approach in which monomers tethered inside a flexible template can assemble spontaneously into oligomers with sizes defined by the number of tethered monomers. The FNA approach was tested on short decamer Aβ(14-23) peptides which were assembled into dimers and trimers. In this paper, we have extended our FNA technique for assembling full-length Aβ42 dimers. The FNA scaffold enabling the self-assembly of Aβ42 dimers from tethered monomeric species has been designed and the assembly of the dimers has been validated by AFM force spectroscopy experiments. Two major parameters of the force spectroscopy probing, the rupture forces and the rupture profiles, were obtained to prove the assembly of Aβ42 dimers. In addition, the FNA-Aβ42 dimers were used to probe Aβ42 trimers in the force spectroscopy experiments with the use of AFM tips functionalized with FNA-Aβ42 dimers and the surface with immobilized Aβ42 monomers. We found that the binding force for the Aβ42 trimer is higher than the dimer (75 ± 7 pN vs. 60 ± 3 pN) and the rupture pattern corresponds to a cooperative dissociation of the trimer. The rupture profiles for the dissociation of the Aβ42 dimers and trimers are proposed. Prospects for further extension of the FNA-based approach for probing of higher order oligomers of Aβ42 proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri L. Lyubchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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59
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Chrysophanol improves memory ability of d-galactose and Aβ 25-35 treated rat correlating with inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation and the CaM-CaMKIV signal pathway in hippocampus. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:111. [PMID: 32117672 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the effect of Chrysophanol (CHR) on Alzheimer's disease. We also attempted to understand the potential mechanisms. An Alzheimer's disease rat model was established using an intraperitoneal injection of d-galactose combined with an intracerebral injection of amyloid-β peptide (25-35), and the effect of CHR on the learning and memory ability, the hippocampal neurons change, the ultrastructure of the hippocampal CA1 region, the protein levels of CaM, CaMKK, CaMKIV, p-CaMKIV and p-tau in the hippocampus of rats were studied. The results showed that CHR significantly improved the cognitive deficits, alleviated hippocampal neurons damage, prevented the ultrastructure alteration of neurons in hippocampal CA1 region, and reduced the protein levels of CaM, CaMKK, p-CaMKIV and p-tau in the hippocampus of AD rats. These results suggested that Chrysophanol could improve memory ability of Alzheimer's disease rat by inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation and the CaM-CaMKIV signal pathway.
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60
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Liu Y, Huang X, Chen W, Chen Y, Wang N, Wu X. The Effects of Yuan-Zhi Decoction and Its Active Ingredients in Both In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion by Regulating the Levels of A β and Autophagy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:6807879. [PMID: 32184897 PMCID: PMC7060441 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6807879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is closely related to the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the elderly. CCH can induce overactivation of autophagy, which increases the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain, eventually impairing the cognitive function. Yuan-Zhi decoction (YZD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation that is used to treat cognitive dysfunction in the elderly, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we simulated CCH in a rat model through bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) and treated the animals with YZD. Standard neurological tests indicated that YZD significantly restored the impaired cognitive function after BCCAO in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, YZD also decreased the levels of Aβ aggregates and the autophagy-related proteins ATG5 and ATG12 in their hippocampus. An in vitro model of CCH was also established by exposing primary rat hippocampal neurons to hypoxia and hypoglycemia (H-H). YZD and its active ingredients increased the survival of these neurons and decreased the levels of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1 and LC3-II, and the APP secretases BACE1 and PS-1. Finally, both Aβ aggregates showed a positive statistical correlation with the expression levels of the above proteins. Taken together, YZD targets Aβ, autophagy, and APP-related secretases to protect the neurons from hypoxic-ischemic injury and restore cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yujing Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ningqun Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiling Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
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61
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Ono K, Tsuji M. Protofibrils of Amyloid-β are Important Targets of a Disease-Modifying Approach for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030952. [PMID: 32023927 PMCID: PMC7037706 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by unique pathological hallmarks in the brain, including plaques composed of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein. Genetic studies, biochemical data, and animal models have suggested that Aβ is responsible for the pathogenesis of AD (i.e., the amyloid hypothesis). Indeed, Aβ molecules tend to aggregate, forming oligomers, protofibrils, and mature fibrils. However, while these Aβ species form amyloid plaques of the type implicated in AD neurodegeneration, recent clinical trials designed to reduce the production of Aβ and/or the plaque burden have not demonstrated clinical efficacy. In addition, recent studies using synthetic Aβ peptides, cell culture models, Arctic transgenic mice, and human samples of AD brain tissues have suggested that the pre-fibrillar forms of Aβ, particularly Aβ protofibrils, may be the most critical species, compared with extracellular fibrillar forms. We recently reported that protofibrils of Aβ1-42 disturbed membrane integrity by inducing reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation, resulting in decreased membrane fluidity, intracellular calcium dysregulation, depolarization, and synaptic toxicity. Therefore, the therapeutic reduction of protofibrils may prevent the progression of AD by ameliorating neuronal damage and cognitive dysfunction through multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Ono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3784-8710
| | - Mayumi Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan;
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Insulin deficiency promotes formation of toxic amyloid-β42 conformer co-aggregating with hyper-phosphorylated tau oligomer in an Alzheimer's disease model. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104739. [PMID: 31927145 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic conformer of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) ending at 42 (Aβ42), which contains a unique turn conformation at amino acid residue positions 22 and 23 and tends to form oligomers that are neurotoxic, was reported to play a critical role in the pathomechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which diabetes mellitus (DM)-like mechanisms are also suggested to be operative. It remains to be established whether the attenuation of insulin signaling is involved in an increase of toxic Aβ42 conformer levels. The present study investigated the association between impaired insulin metabolism and formation of toxic Aβ42 conformers in the brains of an AD mouse model. In particular, we studied whether insulin deficiency or resistance affected the formation of toxic Aβ42 conformers in vivo. We induced insulin deficiency and resistance in 3xTg-AD mice, a mouse AD model harboring two familial AD-mutant APP (KM670/671NL) and PS1 (M146 V) genes and a mutant TAU (P301L) gene, by streptozotocin (STZ) injection and a high fructose diet (HFuD), respectively. Cognitive impairment was significantly worsened by STZ injection but not by HFuD. Dot blot analysis revealed significant increases in total Aβ42 levels and the ratio of toxic Aβ42 conformer/total Aβ42 in STZ-treated mice compared with control and HFuD-fed mice. Immunostaining showed the accumulation of toxic Aβ42 conformers and hyper-phosphorylated tau protein (p-tau), which was more prominent in the cortical and hippocampal neurons of STZ-treated mice compared with HFuD-fed and control mice. HFuD-fed mice showed only a mild-to-moderate increase of these proteins compared with controls. Toxic Aβ42 conformers were co-localized with p-tau oligomers (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.62) in the hippocampus, indicating their co-aggregation. Toxic Aβ42 conformer levels were inversely correlated with pancreatic insulin secretion capacity as shown by fasting immunoreactive insulin levels in STZ-treated mice (correlation coefficient = -0.5879, p = .04441), but not HFuD-fed mice, suggesting a decrease in serum insulin levels correlates with toxic Aβ42 conformer formation. Levels of p-Akt and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β measured by a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay were significantly lower in STZ-treated mice than in HFuD-fed mice, suggesting a greater inhibition of brain insulin signaling by STZ than HFuD, although both levels were significantly decreased in these groups compared with controls. Iba1-positive and NOS2-positive areas in the cortex and hippocampus were significantly increased in STZ-treated mice and to a lesser extent in HFuD-fed mice compared with controls. These findings suggest that insulin deficiency rather than insulin resistance and the resultant impairment of brain insulin signaling facilitates the formation of toxic Aβ42 conformer and its co-aggregation with p-tau oligomers, and that insulin deficiency is an important pathogenic factor in the progression of AD.
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Irie K. New diagnostic method for Alzheimer’s disease based on the toxic conformation theory of amyloid β. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1-16. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1667222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent investigations suggest that soluble oligomeric amyloid β (Aβ) species may be involved in early onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Using systematic proline replacement, solid-state NMR, and ESR, we identified a toxic turn at position 22 and 23 of Aβ42, the most potent neurotoxic Aβ species. Through radicalization, the toxic turn can induce formation of the C-terminal hydrophobic core to obtain putative Aβ42 dimers and trimers. Synthesized dimer and trimer models showed that the C-terminal hydrophobic core plays a critical role in the formation of high molecular weight oligomers with neurotoxicity. Accordingly, an anti-toxic turn antibody (24B3) that selectively recognizes a toxic dimer model of E22P-Aβ42 was developed. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with 24B3 and 82E1 detected a significantly higher ratio of Aβ42 with a toxic turn to total Aβ42 in cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients compared with controls, suggesting that 24B3 could be useful for early onset of AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Cerofolini L, Ravera E, Bologna S, Wiglenda T, Böddrich A, Purfürst B, Benilova I, Korsak M, Gallo G, Rizzo D, Gonnelli L, Fragai M, De Strooper B, Wanker EE, Luchinat C. Mixing Aβ(1–40) and Aβ(1–42) peptides generates unique amyloid fibrils. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8830-8833. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02463e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR experiments reveal that the two isoforms of the beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ(1–40) and Aβ(1–42)) are able to form unique interlaced mixed fibrils.
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Gupta S, Dasmahapatra AK. Destabilization potential of phenolics on Aβ fibrils: mechanistic insights from molecular dynamics simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:19643-19658. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02459g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ellagic acid from pomegranate and walnuts is found to destabilize Aβ fibrils. It can be a potential drug to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati – 781039
- India
| | - Ashok Kumar Dasmahapatra
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati – 781039
- India
- Center for Nanotechnology
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Ono K, Zhao D, Wu Q, Simon J, Wang J, Radu A, Pasinetti GM. Pine Bark Polyphenolic Extract Attenuates Amyloid-β and Tau Misfolding in a Model System of Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 73:1597-1606. [PMID: 31958081 PMCID: PMC8162892 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived polyphenolic compounds possess diverse biological activities, including strong anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-tumorigenic activities. There is a growing interest in the development of polyphenolic compounds for preventing and treating chronic and degenerative diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Two neuropathological changes of AD are the appearance of neurofibrillary tangles containing tau and extracellular amyloid deposits containing amyloid-β protein (Aβ). Our laboratory and others have found that polyphenolic preparations rich in proanthocyanidins, such as grape seed extract, are capable of attenuating cognitive deterioration and reducing brain neuropathology in animal models of AD. Oligopin is a pine bark extract composed of low molecular weight proanthocyanidins oligomers (LMW-PAOs), including flavan-3-ol units such as catechin (C) and epicatechin (EC). Based on the ability of its various components to confer resilience to the onset of AD, we tested whether oligopin can specifically prevent or attenuate the progression of AD dementia preclinically. We also explored the underlying mechanism(s) through which oligopin may exert its biological activities. Oligopin inhibited oligomer formation of not only Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, but also tau in vitro. Our pharmacokinetics analysis of metabolite accumulation in vivo resulted in the identification of Me-EC-O-β-Glucuronide, Me-(±)-C-O-β-glucuronide, EC-O-β-glucuronide, and (±)-C-O-β-glucuronide in the plasma of mice. These metabolites are primarily methylated and glucuronidated C and EC conjugates. The studies conducted provide the necessary impetus to design future clinical trials with bioactive oligopin to prevent both prodromal and residual forms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Ono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisy Zhao
- New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Qingli Wu
- New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - James Simon
- New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aurelian Radu
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giulio Maria Pasinetti
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical, Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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Gupta S, Dasmahapatra AK. Caffeine destabilizes preformed Aβ protofilaments: insights from all atom molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22067-22080. [PMID: 31565708 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation and deposition of neurotoxic Aβ fibrils are key in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been clinically recognized as a major form of dementia across the globe. Finding and testing various natural compounds to target Aβ fibrils to disrupt their stable structures seems to be a promising and attractive therapeutic strategy. The destabilization effects of caffeine on Aβ fibrils are investigated via in silico studies, where a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, each of 100 ns, was conducted. The simulation outcomes obtained henceforth clearly indicated the drift of the terminal chains from the protofibrils, leading to disorganization of the characteristically organized cross-β structures of Aβ fibrils. The structural instability of Aβ17-42 protofibrils is explained through enhanced fluctuations in the RMSD, radius of gyration and RMSF values in the presence of caffeine. The key interactions providing stability, comprising D23-K28 salt bridges, intra- and inter-chain hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions involving interchain A21-V36 and F19-G38 and intrachain L34-V36, were found to be disrupted due to increases in the distances between the participating components. The loss of β-sheet structure with the introduction of turns and α-helices in terminal chains may further inhibit the formation of higher order aggregates, which is necessary to stop the progression of the disease. The atomistic details obtained via MD studies relating to the mechanism behind the underlying destabilization of Aβ17-42 protofibrils by caffeine encourage further investigations exploring the potency of natural compounds to treat AD via disrupting preformed neurotoxic Aβ protofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781039, Assam, India.
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Irie K. Synthesis and Structure-Function Analyses of the Toxic Dimer and Trimer Models of Amyloid β. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2019. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.77.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Impaired adult neurogenesis is an early event in Alzheimer's disease neurodegeneration, mediated by intracellular Aβ oligomers. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:934-948. [PMID: 31591472 PMCID: PMC7206128 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of adult neurogenesis have been reported in several Alzheimer's disease (AD) animal models and human brains, while defects in this process at presymptomatic/early stages of AD have not been explored yet. To address this, we investigated potential neurogenesis defects in Tg2576 transgenic mice at 1.5 months of age, a prodromal asymptomatic age in terms of Aβ accumulation and neurodegeneration. We observe that Tg2576 resident and SVZ-derived adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) proliferate significantly less. Further, they fail to terminally differentiate into mature neurons due to pathological, tau-mediated, and microtubule hyperstabilization. Olfactory bulb neurogenesis is also strongly reduced, confirming the neurogenic defect in vivo. We find that this phenotype depends on the formation and accumulation of intracellular A-beta oligomers (AβOs) in aNSCs. Indeed, impaired neurogenesis of Tg2576 progenitors is remarkably rescued both in vitro and in vivo by the expression of a conformation-specific anti-AβOs intrabody (scFvA13-KDEL), which selectively interferes with the intracellular generation of AβOs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Altogether, our results demonstrate that SVZ neurogenesis is impaired already at a presymptomatic stage of AD and is caused by endogenously generated intracellular AβOs in the ER of aNSCs. From a translational point of view, impaired SVZ neurogenesis may represent a novel biomarker for AD early diagnosis, in association to other biomarkers. Further, this study validates intracellular Aβ oligomers as a promising therapeutic target and prospects anti-AβOs scFvA13-KDEL intrabody as an effective tool for AD treatment.
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Boutté AM, Thangavelu B, LaValle CR, Nemes J, Gilsdorf J, Shear DA, Kamimori GH. Brain-related proteins as serum biomarkers of acute, subconcussive blast overpressure exposure: A cohort study of military personnel. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221036. [PMID: 31408492 PMCID: PMC6692016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to blast overpressure remains a major cause of adverse health for military personnel who, as a consequence, are at a higher risk for neurodegenerative disease and suicide. Acute, early tracking of blast related effects holds the promise of rapid health assessment prior to onset of chronic problems. Current techniques used to determine blast-related effects rely upon reporting of symptomology similar to that of concussion and neurocognitive assessment relevant to operational decrement. Here, we describe the results of a cross sectional study with pared observations. The concentration of multiple TBI-related proteins was tested in serum collected within one hour of blast exposure as a quantitative and minimally invasive strategy to augment assessment of blast-exposure effects that are associated with concussion-like symptomology and reaction time decrements. We determined that median simple reaction time (SRT) was slowed in accordance with serum Nf-L, tau, Aβ-40, and Aβ-42 elevation after overpressure exposure. In contrast, median levels of serum GFAP decreased. Individual, inter-subject analysis revealed positive correlations between changes in Nf-L and GFAP, and in Aβ-40 compared to Aβ-42. The change in Nf-L was negatively associated with tau, Aβ-40, and Aβ-42. Participants reported experiencing headaches, dizziness and taking longer to think. Dizziness was associated with reaction time decrements, GFAP or NfL suppression, as well as Aβ peptide elevation. UCH-L1 elevation had a weak association with mTBI/concussion history. Multiplexed serum biomarker quantitation, coupled with reaction time assessment and symptomology determined before and after blast exposure, may serve as a platform for tracking adverse effects in the absence of a head wound or diagnosed concussion. We propose further evaluation of serum biomarkers, which are often associated with TBI, in the context of acute operational blast exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Boutté
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bharani Thangavelu
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina R. LaValle
- Blast Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Nemes
- Blast Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Janice Gilsdorf
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gary H. Kamimori
- Blast Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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Proteasome Activation to Combat Proteotoxicity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152841. [PMID: 31387243 PMCID: PMC6696185 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of proteome fidelity leads to the accumulation of non-native protein aggregates and oxidatively damaged species: hallmarks of an aged cell. These misfolded and aggregated species are often found, and suggested to be the culpable party, in numerous neurodegenerative diseases including Huntington's, Parkinson's, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Alzheimer's Diseases (AD). Many strategies for therapeutic intervention in proteotoxic pathologies have been put forth; one of the most promising is bolstering the efficacy of the proteasome to restore normal proteostasis. This strategy is ideal as monomeric precursors and oxidatively damaged proteins, so called "intrinsically disordered proteins" (IDPs), are targeted by the proteasome. This review will provide an overview of disorders in proteins, both intrinsic and acquired, with a focus on susceptibility to proteasomal degradation. We will then examine the proteasome with emphasis on newly published structural data and summarize current known small molecule proteasome activators.
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Zamponi E, Pigino GF. Protein Misfolding, Signaling Abnormalities and Altered Fast Axonal Transport: Implications for Alzheimer and Prion Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:350. [PMID: 31417367 PMCID: PMC6683957 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histopathological studies revealed that progressive neuropathies including Alzheimer, and Prion diseases among others, include accumulations of misfolded proteins intracellularly, extracellularly, or both. Experimental evidence suggests that among the accumulated misfolded proteins, small soluble oligomeric conformers represent the most neurotoxic species. Concomitant phenomena shared by different protein misfolding diseases includes alterations in phosphorylation-based signaling pathways synaptic dysfunction, and axonal pathology, but mechanisms linking these pathogenic features to aggregated neuropathogenic proteins remain unknown. Relevant to this issue, results from recent work revealed inhibition of fast axonal transport (AT) as a novel toxic effect elicited by oligomeric forms of amyloid beta and cellular prion protein PrPC, signature pathological proteins associated with Alzheimer and Prion diseases, respectively. Interestingly, the toxic effect of these oligomers was fully prevented by pharmacological inhibitors of casein kinase 2 (CK2), a remarkable discovery with major implications for the development of pharmacological target-driven therapeutic intervention for Alzheimer and Prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Zamponi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Gustavo F Pigino
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Petrella C, Di Certo MG, Barbato C, Gabanella F, Ralli M, Greco A, Possenti R, Severini C. Neuropeptides in Alzheimer’s Disease: An Update. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 16:544-558. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190503152555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are small proteins broadly expressed throughout the central nervous system, which act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and neuroregulators. Growing evidence has demonstrated the involvement of many neuropeptides in both neurophysiological functions and neuropathological conditions, among which is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The role exerted by neuropeptides in AD is endorsed by the evidence that they are mainly neuroprotective and widely distributed in brain areas responsible for learning and memory processes. Confirming this point, it has been demonstrated that numerous neuropeptide-containing neurons are pathologically altered in brain areas of both AD patients and AD animal models. Furthermore, the levels of various neuropeptides have been found altered in both Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and blood of AD patients, getting insights into their potential role in the pathophysiology of AD and offering the possibility to identify novel additional biomarkers for this pathology. We summarized the available information about brain distribution, neuroprotective and cognitive functions of some neuropeptides involved in AD. The main focus of the current review was directed towards the description of clinical data reporting alterations in neuropeptides content in both AD patients and AD pre-clinical animal models. In particular, we explored the involvement in the AD of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH), Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART), Cholecystokinin (CCK), bradykinin and chromogranin/secretogranin family, discussing their potential role as a biomarker or therapeutic target, leaving the dissertation of other neuropeptides to previous reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Petrella
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Di Certo
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Barbato
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Gabanella
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Possenti
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Severini
- Department of Sense Organs, CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, University Sapienza of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Xu M, Yan T, Fan K, Wang M, Qi Y, Xiao F, Bi K, Jia Y. Polysaccharide of Schisandra Chinensis Fructus ameliorates cognitive decline in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 237:354-365. [PMID: 30844489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polysaccharides is an important ingredient of Schisandra Chinensis Fructus which often appears in ancient prescriptions for forgetfulness or dementia. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of our study is to investigate the effects of polysaccharides of Schisandra Chinensis Fructus (SCP) on animal model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is a common disease of dementia, to elucidate the traditional medical theories with modern pharmacological methods and provide a reference for further clarifying its active mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hydrolysates of SCP were analyzed by HPLC. Y-maze, Morris water maze (MWM) were used for evaluating cognition processes of mice. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the deposition of Aβ. The levels of cytokine expression including Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the hippocampus were detected by ELISA kits. Activation of astrocytes and microglia was assessed by immunofluorescence labeling GFAP and Iba-1. The phosphorylated state of various mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) signaling molecules (p38 MAPK, ERK 1/2, and JNK) and activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) was studied by western blot. Histopathological changes were observed by H.E. straining. RESULTS SCP could significantly improve the cognition and histopathological changes of AD mice, reduce the deposition of Aβ, downregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activation of glial cells in the hippocampus. Further, SCP decreased nuclear displacement of NF-κB and MAPKs phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS SCP could improve the cognition of mice, and it may play an anti-AD role by activating the NF-κB/MAPK pathway to alleviate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tingxu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kaiyue Fan
- Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mengshi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Traditional Chinese MateriaMedica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- The Engineering Laboratory of National and Local Union of Quality Control for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ying Jia
- Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Ono K, Tsuji M. Pharmacological Potential of Cilostazol for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:559. [PMID: 31191308 PMCID: PMC6540873 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a slow progressive form of dementia, is clinically characterized by cognitive dysfunction and memory impairment and neuropathologically characterized by the accumulation of extracellular plaques containing amyloid β-protein (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles containing tau in the brain, with neuronal degeneration and high level of oxidative stress. The current treatments for AD, e.g., acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), have efficacies limited to symptom improvement. Although there are various approaches to the disease modifying therapies of AD, none of them can be used alone for actual treatment, and combination therapy may be needed for amelioration of the progression. There are reports that cilostazol (CSZ) suppressed cognitive decline progression in patients with mild cognitive impairment or stable AD receiving AChEIs. Previously, we showed that CSZ suppressed Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells via coincident inhibition of oxidative stress, as demonstrated by reduced activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and signaling of mitogen-activated protein kinase. CSZ also rescued cognitive impairment and promoted soluble Aβ clearance in a mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Mature Aβ fibrils have long been considered the primary neurodegenerative factors in AD; however, recent evidence indicates soluble oligomers to initiate the neuronal and synaptic dysfunction related to AD and other protein-misfolding diseases. Further underscoring the potential of CSZ for AD treatment, we recently described the inhibitory effects of CSZ on Aβ oligomerization and aggregation in vitro. In this review, we discuss the possibility of CSZ as a potential disease-modifying therapy for the prevention or delay of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Ono
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Yasumoto T, Takamura Y, Tsuji M, Watanabe-Nakayama T, Imamura K, Inoue H, Nakamura S, Inoue T, Kimura A, Yano S, Nishijo H, Kiuchi Y, Teplow DB, Ono K. High molecular weight amyloid β 1-42 oligomers induce neurotoxicity via plasma membrane damage. FASEB J 2019; 33:9220-9234. [PMID: 31084283 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900604r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) molecules tend to aggregate and subsequently form low MW (LMW) oligomers, high MW (HMW) aggregates such as protofibrils, and ultimately fibrils. These Aβ species can generally form amyloid plaques implicated in the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer disease (AD), but therapies designed to reduce plaque load have not demonstrated clinical efficacy. Recent evidence implicates amyloid oligomers in AD neuropathology, but the precise mechanisms are uncertain. We examined the mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction from HMW-Aβ1-42 exposure by measuring membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, membrane lipid peroxidation, membrane fluidity, intracellular calcium regulation, passive membrane electrophysiological properties, and long-term potentiation (LTP). HMW-Aβ1-42 disturbed membrane integrity by inducing ROS generation and lipid peroxidation, resulting in decreased membrane fluidity, intracellular calcium dysregulation, depolarization, and impaired LTP. The damaging effects of HMW-Aβ1-42 were significantly greater than those of LMW-Aβ1-42. Therapeutic reduction of HMW-Aβ1-42 may prevent AD progression by ameliorating direct neuronal membrane damage.-Yasumoto, T., Takamura, Y., Tsuji, M., Watanabe-Nakayama, T., Imamura, K., Inoue, H., Nakamura, S., Inoue, T., Kimura, A., Yano, S., Nishijo, H., Kiuchi, Y., Teplow, D. B., Ono, K. High molecular weight amyloid β1-42 oligomers induce neurotoxicity via plasma membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Yasumoto
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusaku Takamura
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Watanabe-Nakayama
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI)-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Imamura
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, Riken BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan.,Medical-risk Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, Riken Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,iPSC-based Drug Discovery and Development Team, Riken BioResource Research Center (BRC), Kyoto, Japan.,Medical-risk Avoidance based on iPS Cells Team, Riken Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shiro Nakamura
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomio Inoue
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kimura
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yano
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuji Kiuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David B Teplow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kenjiro Ono
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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77
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Mechanisms Associated with Type 2 Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer-Related Pathology. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5815-5834. [PMID: 30684218 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests dementia and pathology in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are both dependent and independent of amyloid processing and can be induced by multiple 'hits' on vital neuronal functions. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) poses the most important risk factor for developing AD after ageing and dysfunctional IR/PI3K/Akt signalling is a major contributor in both diseases. We developed a model of T2D, coupling subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin (STZ) with a human junk food (HJF) diet to more closely mimic the human condition. Over 35 weeks, this induced classic signs of T2D (hyperglycemia and insulin dysfunction) and a modest, but stable deficit in spatial recognition memory, with very little long-term modification of proteins in or associated with IR/PI3K/Akt signalling in CA1 of the hippocampus. Intracerebroventricular infusion of soluble amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) to mimic the early preclinical rise in Aβ alone induced a more severe, but short-lasting deficits in memory and deregulation of proteins. Infusion of Aβ on the T2D phenotype exacerbated and prolonged the memory deficits over approximately 4 months, and induced more severe aberrant regulation of proteins associated with autophagy, inflammation and glucose uptake from the periphery. A mild form of environmental enrichment transiently rescued memory deficits and could reverse the regulation of some, but not all protein changes. Together, these data identify mechanisms by which T2D could create a modest dysfunctional neuronal milieu via multiple and parallel inputs that permits the development of pathological events identified in AD and memory deficits when Aβ levels are transiently effective in the brain.
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78
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Pradier L, Blanchard-Brégeon V, Bohme A, Debeir T, Menager J, Benoit P, Barneoud P, Taupin V, Bertrand P, Dugay P, Cameron B, Shi Y, Naimi S, Duchesne M, Gagnaire M, Weeden T, Travaline T, Reczek D, Khiroug L, Slaoui M, Brunel P, Fukuyama H, Ravetch J, Canton T, Cohen C. SAR228810: an antibody for protofibrillar amyloid β peptide designed to reduce the risk of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA). ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:117. [PMID: 30486882 PMCID: PMC6264593 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-amyloid β (Aβ) immunotherapy represents a major area of drug development for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, Aβ peptide adopts multiple conformations and the pathological forms to be specifically targeted have not been identified. Aβ immunotherapy-related vasogenic edema has also been severely dose limiting for antibodies with effector functions binding vascular amyloid such as bapineuzumab. These two factors might have contributed to the limited efficacy demonstrated so far in clinical studies. METHODS To address these limitations, we have engineered SAR228810, a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) with limited Fc effector functions that binds specifically to soluble protofibrillar and fibrillar forms of Aβ peptide and we tested it together with its murine precursor SAR255952 in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Unlike gantenerumab and BAN2401, SAR228810 and SAR255952 do not bind to Aβ monomers, low molecular weight Aβ oligomers or, in human brain sections, to Aβ diffuse deposits which are not specific of AD pathology. Both antibodies prevent Aβ42 oligomer neurotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures. In vivo, SAR255952, a mouse aglycosylated IgG1, dose-dependently prevented brain amyloid plaque formation and plaque-related inflammation with a minimal active dose of 3 mg/kg/week by the intraperitoneal route. No increase in plasma Aβ levels was observed with SAR255952 treatment, in line with its lack of affinity for monomeric Aβ. The effects of SAR255952 translated into synaptic functional improvement in ex-vivo hippocampal slices. Brain penetration and decoration of cerebral amyloid plaques was documented in live animals and postmortem. SAR255952 (up to 50 mg/kg/week intravenously) did not increase brain microhemorrhages and/or microscopic changes in meningeal and cerebral arteries in old APPSL mice while 3D6, the murine version of bapineuzumab, did. In immunotolerized mice, the clinical candidate SAR228810 demonstrated the same level of efficacy as the murine SAR255952. CONCLUSION Based on the improved efficacy/safety profile in non-clinical models of SAR228810, a first-in-man single and multiple dose administration clinical study has been initiated in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Pradier
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France.
| | | | - Andrees Bohme
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Thomas Debeir
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Jean Menager
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Patrick Benoit
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Pascal Barneoud
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Véronique Taupin
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Philippe Bertrand
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Philippe Dugay
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | - Yi Shi
- Sanofi R&D Biotherapeutics Research, Vitry s/Seine, France
| | - Souad Naimi
- Sanofi R&D Biotherapeutics Research, Vitry s/Seine, France
| | - Marc Duchesne
- Sanofi R&D Biotherapeutics Research, Vitry s/Seine, France
| | - Marie Gagnaire
- Sanofi R&D Biotherapeutics Research, Vitry s/Seine, France
| | - Tim Weeden
- Sanofi R&D Biotherapeutics Research, Framingham, USA.,Present address: Dyne Therapeutics, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, USA
| | | | - David Reczek
- Sanofi R&D Biotherapeutics Research, Framingham, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hidehiro Fukuyama
- The Rockefeller University, New-York City, USA.,Present address: Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Thierry Canton
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Caroline Cohen
- Sanofi R&D Neuroscience Unit, Sanofi, 1Av P. Brossolette, 91385, Chilly-Mazarin, France
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Mancini RS, Wang Y, Weaver DF. Phenylindanes in Brewed Coffee Inhibit Amyloid-Beta and Tau Aggregation. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:735. [PMID: 30369868 PMCID: PMC6194148 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee consumption has been correlated with a decreased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), but the mechanism by which coffee may provide neuroprotection in humans is not fully understood. We hypothesized that compounds found in brewed coffee may elicit neuroprotective effects by inhibiting the aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau (AD) or α-synuclein (PD). Three instant coffee extracts (light roast, dark roast, decaffeinated dark roast) and six coffee components [caffeine (1), chlorogenic acid (2), quinic acid (3), caffeic acid (4), quercetin (5), and phenylindane (6)] were investigated for their ability to inhibit the fibrillization of Aβ and tau proteins using thioflavin T (ThT) and thioflavin S (ThS) fluorescence assays, respectively. Inhibition of Aβ and α-synuclein oligomerization was assessed using ELISA assays. All instant coffee extracts inhibit fibrillization of Aβ and tau, and promote α-synuclein oligomerization at concentrations above 100 μg/mL. Dark roast coffee extracts are more potent inhibitors of Aβ oligomerization (IC50 ca. 10 μg/mL) than light roast coffee extract (IC50 = 40.3 μg/mL), and pure caffeine (1) has no effect on Aβ, tau or α-synuclein aggregation. Coffee components 2, 4, and 5 inhibit the fibrillization of Aβ at 100 μM concentration, yet only 5 inhibits Aβ oligomerization (IC50 = 10.3 μM). 1-5 have no effect on tau fibrillization. Coffee component 6, however, is a potent inhibitor of both Aβ and tau fibrillization, and also inhibits Aβ oligomerization (IC50 = 42.1 μM). Coffee components 4 and 5 promote the aggregation of α-synuclein at concentrations above 100 μM; no other coffee components affect α-synuclein oligomerization. While the neuroprotective effect of coffee consumption is likely due to a combination of factors, our data suggest that inhibition Aβ and tau aggregation by phenylindane 6 (formed during the roasting of coffee beans, higher quantities found in dark roast coffees) is a plausible mechanism by which coffee may provide neuroprotection. The identification of 6 as a dual-inhibitor of both Aβ and tau aggregation is noteworthy, and to our knowledge this is the first report of the aggregation inhibition activity of 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross S. Mancini
- Department of Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Department of Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald F. Weaver
- Department of Fundamental Neurobiology, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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80
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Pagano K, Galante D, D'Arrigo C, Corsaro A, Nizzari M, Florio T, Molinari H, Tomaselli S, Ragona L. Effects of Prion Protein on Aβ42 and Pyroglutamate-Modified AβpΕ3-42 Oligomerization and Toxicity. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1957-1971. [PMID: 29981054 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Soluble Aβ oligomers are widely recognized as the toxic forms responsible for triggering AD, and Aβ receptors are hypothesized to represent the first step in a neuronal cascade leading to dementia. Cellular prion protein (PrP) has been reported as a high-affinity binder of Aβ oligomers. The interactions of PrP with both Aβ42 and the highly toxic N-truncated pyroglutamylated species (AβpE3-42) are here investigated, at a molecular level, by means of ThT fluorescence, NMR and TEM. We demonstrate that soluble PrP binds both Aβ42 and AβpE3-42, preferentially interacting with oligomeric species and delaying fibril formation. Residue level analysis of Aβ42 oligomerization process reveals, for the first time, that PrP is able to differently interact with the forming oligomers, depending on the aggregation state of the starting Aβ42 sample. A distinct behavior is observed for Aβ42 1-30 region and C-terminal residues, suggesting that PrP protects Aβ42 N-tail from entangling on the mature NMR-invisible fibril, consistent with the hypothesis that Aβ42 N-tail is the locus of interaction with PrP. PrP/AβpE3-42 interactions are here reported for the first time. All interaction data are validated and complemented by cellular tests performed on Wt and PrP-silenced neuronal cell lines, clearly showing PrP dependent Aβ oligomer cell internalization and toxicity. The ability of soluble PrP to compete with membrane-anchored PrP for binding to Aβ oligomers bears relevance for studies of druggable pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuscia Pagano
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), CNR, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Corsaro
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mario Nizzari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Center of Excellence for Biomedical research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Simona Tomaselli
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), CNR, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Ragona
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (ISMAC), CNR, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most severe neurodegenerative diseases among elderly people.
Different pathogenic factors for Alzheimer’s disease have been posited and
studied in recent decades, but no effective treatment has been found,
necessitating further studies. In this Viewpoint article, we assess studies on
the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of amyloid (Aβ) peptide and the
formation of Aβ oligomers because their accumulation in amyloid plaques in
brain tissue has become a well-studied hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. We focus
on the production of Aβ and its impact on the function of synapses and
neural circuits, and also discuss the clinical prospects for amyloid-targeted
therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiu Zhou
- Medical College of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yaobo Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Deletion of plasma Phospholipid Transfer Protein (PLTP) increases microglial phagocytosis and reduces cerebral amyloid-β deposition in the J20 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19688-19703. [PMID: 29731975 PMCID: PMC5929418 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) binds and transfers a number of amphipathic compounds, including phospholipids, cholesterol, diacylglycerides, tocopherols and lipopolysaccharides. PLTP functions are relevant for many pathophysiological alterations involved in neurodegenerative disorders (especially lipid metabolism, redox status, and immune reactions), and a significant increase in brain PLTP levels was observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to controls. To date, it has not been reported whether PLTP can modulate the formation of amyloid plaques, i.e. one of the major histopathological hallmarks of AD. We thus assessed the role of PLTP in the AD context by breeding PLTP-deficient mice with an established model of AD, the J20 mice. A phenotypic characterization of the amyloid pathology was conducted in J20 mice expressing or not PLTP. We showed that PLTP deletion is associated with a significant reduction of cerebral Aβ deposits and astrogliosis, which can be explained at least in part by a rise of Aβ clearance through an increase in the microglial phagocytic activity and the expression of the Aβ-degrading enzyme neprilysin. PLTP arises as a negative determinant of plaque clearance and over the lifespan, elevated PLTP activity could lead to a higher Aβ load in the brain.
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83
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Abstract
The production of soluble amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) and the activation of inflammation are two important early steps in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The central role of oligomers as responsible for the neuronal dysfunction associated with the clinical features has been extended to the other protein misfolding disorders definable, on this basis, as oligomeropathies. In AD, recent evidence indicates that the mechanism of inflammation as a consequence of neurodegeneration must be assessed in favor of a more direct role of glial activation in the alteration of synaptic function. Our own experimental models demonstrate the efficacy of anti-inflammatory treatments in preventing the cognitive deficits induced acutely by AβOs applied directly in the brain. Moreover, some promising clinical tools are based on immunological activation reducing the presence of cerebral Aβ deposits. However, the strategies based on the control of inflammatory factors as well as the amyloid aggregation show poor or non-therapeutic efficacy. Numerous studies have examined inflammatory factors in biological fluids as possible markers of the neuroinflammation in AD. In some cases, altered levels of cytokines or other inflammatory markers in cerebrospinal fluid correlate with the severity of the disease. Here we propose, according to the precision medicine principles, innovative therapeutic approaches to AD based on the patient's inflammatory profile/state. The earlier intervention and a multifactor approach are two other elements considered essential to improve the chances of effective therapy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Balducci
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Milano, Italy
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84
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BACE1 Function and Inhibition: Implications of Intervention in the Amyloid Pathway of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101723. [PMID: 29027981 PMCID: PMC6151801 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by increasing loss in memory, cognition, and function of daily living. Among the many pathologic events observed in the progression of AD, changes in amyloid β peptide (Aβ) metabolism proceed fastest, and precede clinical symptoms. BACE1 (β-secretase 1) catalyzes the initial cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein to generate Aβ. Therefore inhibition of BACE1 activity could block one of the earliest pathologic events in AD. However, therapeutic BACE1 inhibition to block Aβ production may need to be balanced with possible effects that might result from diminished physiologic functions BACE1, in particular processing of substrates involved in neuronal function of the brain and periphery. Potentials for beneficial or consequential effects resulting from pharmacologic inhibition of BACE1 are reviewed in context of ongoing clinical trials testing the effect of BACE1 candidate inhibitor drugs in AD populations.
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