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Ma Q, Meng L, Zhang Z, Xu Q, Wang Y, Shen Q. You did not mean it: Perceived good intentions alleviate sense of unfairness. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 96:183-90. [PMID: 25863263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has reported that feedback-related negativity (FRN) may represent the degree of perceived unfairness in the ultimatum game (UG). However, few studies have incorporated intention-related consideration in examining the neural correlates of fairness perception. To address this issue, the present study introduced an intentional UG paradigm to disentangle the effect of perceived intention from fairness concerns, using an event-related potential (ERP) analysis. Consistent with the hypothesis, the behavioral results indicated that good intention could markedly reduce rejection rates, and this intention effect was modulated by the degree of fairness, which was more prominent under unfair scenarios. Further electrophysiological results showed that, for the unfair division schemes, FRN and P300 amplitudes were significantly different between offers proposed with good intention and those with bad intention, while such discrepancies were not observed for the fair condition. In summary, converging results demonstrated that perceived intention can modulate the effect of fairness in social decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Ma
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Neuromanagement Lab, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Meng
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Neuromanagement Lab, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhexiao Zhang
- College of Economics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Neuromanagement Lab, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Neuroengineering Lab, Mechanical Engineering Department, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiang Shen
- School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Neuromanagement Lab, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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52
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Zheng Y, Li Q, Wang K, Wu H, Liu X. Contextual valence modulates the neural dynamics of risk processing. Psychophysiology 2015; 52:895-904. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Department of Psychology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Xun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
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53
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Thoma P, Edel MA, Suchan B, Bellebaum C. Probabilistic reward learning in adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder--an electrophysiological study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:133-144. [PMID: 25467706 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is hypothesized to be characterized by altered reinforcement sensitivity. The main aim of the present study was to assess alterations in the electrophysiological correlates of monetary reward processing in adult patients with ADHD of the combined subtype. Fourteen adults with ADHD of the combined subtype and 14 healthy control participants performed an active and an observational probabilistic reward-based learning task while an electroencephalogramm (EEG) was recorded. Regardless of feedback valence, there was a general feedback-related negativity (FRN) enhancement in combination with reduced learning performance during both active and observational reward learning in patients with ADHD relative to healthy controls. Other feedback-locked potentials such as the P200 and P300 and response-locked potentials were unaltered in the patients. There were no significant correlations between learning performance, FRN amplitudes and clinical symptoms, neither in the overall group involving all participants, nor in patients or controls considered separately. This pattern of findings might reflect generally impaired reward prediction in adults with ADHD of the combined subtype. We demonstrated for the first time that patients with ADHD of the combined subtype show not only deficient active reward learning but are also impaired when learning by observing other people׳s outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Thoma
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Marc-Andreas Edel
- Department of Psychiatry, Ruhr-University of Bochum, LWL University Hospital, Alexandrinenstraße 1, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Boris Suchan
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Bellebaum
- Institute for Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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54
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The role of GABAB receptors in human reinforcement learning. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1606-14. [PMID: 25194227 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral evidence from human studies suggests that the γ-aminobutyric acid type B receptor (GABAB receptor) agonist baclofen modulates reinforcement learning and reduces craving in patients with addiction spectrum disorders. However, in contrast to the well established role of dopamine in reinforcement learning, the mechanisms by which the GABAB receptor influences reinforcement learning in humans remain completely unknown. To further elucidate this issue, a cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed in healthy human subjects (N=15) to test the effects of baclofen (20 and 50mg p.o.) on probabilistic reinforcement learning. Outcomes were the feedback-induced P2 component of the event-related potential, the feedback-related negativity, and the P300 component of the event-related potential. Baclofen produced a reduction of P2 amplitude over the course of the experiment, but did not modulate the feedback-related negativity. Furthermore, there was a trend towards increased learning after baclofen administration relative to placebo over the course of the experiment. The present results extend previous theories of reinforcement learning, which focus on the importance of mesolimbic dopamine signaling, and indicate that stimulation of cortical GABAB receptors in a fronto-parietal network leads to better attentional allocation in reinforcement learning. This observation is a first step in our understanding of how baclofen may improve reinforcement learning in healthy subjects. Further studies with bigger sample sizes are needed to corroborate this conclusion and furthermore, test this effect in patients with addiction spectrum disorder.
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55
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Mediofrontal event-related potentials in response to positive, negative and unsigned prediction errors. Neuropsychologia 2014; 61:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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56
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Morie KP, De Sanctis P, Foxe JJ. Reward contingencies and the recalibration of task monitoring and reward systems: a high-density electrical mapping study. Neuroscience 2014; 273:100-17. [PMID: 24836852 PMCID: PMC4209734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Task execution almost always occurs in the context of reward-seeking or punishment-avoiding behavior. As such, ongoing task-monitoring systems are influenced by reward anticipation systems. In turn, when a task has been executed either successfully or unsuccessfully, future iterations of that task will be re-titrated on the basis of the task outcome. Here, we examined the neural underpinnings of the task-monitoring and reward-evaluation systems to better understand how they govern reward-seeking behavior. Twenty-three healthy adult participants performed a task where they accrued points that equated to real world value (gift cards) by responding as rapidly as possible within an allotted timeframe, while success rate was titrated online by changing the duration of the timeframe dependent on participant performance. Informative cues initiated each trial, indicating the probability of potential reward or loss (four levels from very low to very high). We manipulated feedback by first informing participants of task success/failure, after which a second feedback signal indicated actual magnitude of reward/loss. High-density electroencephalography (EEG) recordings allowed for examination of event-related potentials (ERPs) to the informative cues and in turn, to both feedback signals. Distinct ERP components associated with reward cues, task-preparatory and task-monitoring processes, and reward feedback processes were identified. Unsurprisingly, participants displayed increased ERP amplitudes associated with task-preparatory processes following cues that predicted higher chances of reward. They also rapidly updated reward and loss prediction information dependent on task performance after the first feedback signal. Finally, upon reward receipt, initial reward probability was no longer taken into account. Rather, ERP measures suggested that only the magnitude of actual reward or loss was now processed. Reward and task-monitoring processes are clearly dissociable, but interact across very fast timescales to update reward predictions as information about task success or failure is accrued. Careful delineation of these processes will be useful in future investigations in clinical groups where such processes are suspected of having gone awry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Morie
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Van Etten Building, Wing 1C, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory at the Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - P De Sanctis
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Van Etten Building, Wing 1C, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory at the Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - J J Foxe
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Van Etten Building, Wing 1C, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory at the Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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57
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Arbel Y, Murphy A, Donchin E. On the Utility of Positive and Negative Feedback in a Paired-associate Learning Task. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 26:1445-53. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study offers a neurophysiological examination of the relationship between feedback processing and learning. A two-choice paired-associate learning task borrowed and modified from Tricomi and Fiez [Tricomi, E., & Fiez, J. A. Feedback signals in the caudate reflect goal achievement on a declarative memory task. Neuroimage, 41, 1154–1167, 2008] was employed to examine the mediofrontal electrophysiological brain activity associated with the processing of performance feedback in a learning task and to elucidate the extent to which the processing of the initial informative feedback is related to learning outcomes. Twenty participants were tasked with learning to correctly pair 60 novel objects with their names by choosing on a trial-by-trial basis between two possible names and receiving feedback about the accuracy of their selection. The novel objects were presented in three blocks of trials (rounds), each of which presented the same set of 60 objects once. The rounds allowed the separation of the initial informative feedback in Round 1 from the other feedback stimuli in Rounds 2 and 3. The results indicated differences in the processing of initial informative and proceeding feedback stimuli. More specifically, the difference appeared to be driven by the change in the processing of positive feedback. Moreover, very first positive feedback provided in association with a particular new object was found associated with learning outcomes. The results imply that signs of successful and unsuccessful learning may be detected as early as the initial positive feedback provided in a learning task. The results suggest that the process giving rise to the feedback-related negativity is sensitive to the utility of the feedback and that the processing of the first informative positive feedback is associated with learning outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Arbel
- 1Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions
- 2University of South Florida
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58
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Garofalo S, Maier ME, di Pellegrino G. Mediofrontal negativity signals unexpected omission of aversive events. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4816. [PMID: 25045961 PMCID: PMC4104829 DOI: 10.1038/srep04816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Research based on event-related potential (ERP) reported mediofrontal negativities following unexpected negative feedback or performance error. Some authors proposed that these signals reflect reward prediction error for worse than expected outcomes, while others suggested that mediofrontal negativities express medial prefrontal cortex coding for unexpected non-occurrence of a predicted outcome, whether worse or better than expected. Many studies found mediofrontal negativities coding for unexpected negative outcomes; however, few studies found them after unexpected positive outcomes. The present study investigated ERP and skin conductance response (SCR) to the unexpected omission of electric shocks during Pavlovian aversive conditioning. To manipulate expectancies, participants were presented with visual stimuli paired with electric shock on either 80% (CS+1) or 20% (CS+2) of trials. SCR analysis confirmed higher shock-delivery expectancy for CS+1, relative to CS+2. ERP analysis evidenced a stronger negative frontocentral ERP component after unexpected, relative to expected, shock-omission. Methodological and theoretical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Garofalo
- Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Martin E Maier
- 1] Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Italy [2] Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Germany
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59
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Pardo-Vazquez JL, Padrón I, Fernández-Rey J, Acuña C. EEG activity represents the correctness of perceptual decisions trial-by-trial. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:105. [PMID: 24734012 PMCID: PMC3975098 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance monitoring is an executive function, which we depend on for detecting and evaluating the consequences of our behavior. Although event related potentials (ERPs) have revealed the existence of differences after correct and incorrect decisions, it is not known whether there is a trial-by-trial representation of the accuracy of the decision. We recorded the electroencephalographic activity (EEG) while participants performed a perceptual discrimination task, with two levels of difficulty, in which they received immediate feedback. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to reveal two components that convey trial-by-trial representations of the correctness of the decisions. Firstly, the performance monitoring-related negativity (PM-N), a negative deflection whose amplitude is higher (more negative) after incorrect trials. Secondly, the performance monitoring-related positivity (PM-P), a positive deflection whose amplitude is higher after incorrect trials. During the time periods corresponding to these components, trials can be accurately categorized as correct or incorrect by looking at the EEG activity; this categorization is more accurate when based on the PM-P. We further show that the difficulty of the discrimination task has a different effect on each component: after easy trials the latency of the PM-N is shorter and the amplitude of the PM-P is higher than after difficult trials. Consistent with previous interpretations of performance-related ERPs, these results suggest a functional differentiation between these components. The PM-N could be related to an automatic error detection system, responsible for fast behavioral corrections of ongoing actions, while the PM-P could reflect the difference between expected and actual outcomes and be related to long-term changes in the decision process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Pardo-Vazquez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina and Complejo Hospitalario Universitario (CHUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Padrón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina and Complejo Hospitalario Universitario (CHUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain ; Departamento de Psicología Social, Básica y Metodología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Fernández-Rey
- Departamento de Psicología Social, Básica y Metodología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Acuña
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina and Complejo Hospitalario Universitario (CHUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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60
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Yu R, Zhang P. Neural evidence for description dependent reward processing in the framing effect. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:56. [PMID: 24733998 PMCID: PMC3973918 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human decision making can be influenced by emotionally valenced contexts, known as the framing effect. We used event-related brain potentials to investigate how framing influences the encoding of reward. We found that the feedback related negativity (FRN), which indexes the “worse than expected” negative prediction error in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), was more negative for the negative frame than for the positive frame in the win domain. Consistent with previous findings that the FRN is not sensitive to “better than expected” positive prediction error, the FRN did not differentiate the positive and negative frame in the loss domain. Our results provide neural evidence that the description invariance principle which states that reward representation and decision making are not influenced by how options are presented is violated in the framing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Yu
- Department of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, School of Psychology, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
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61
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Liu WH, Wang LZ, Shang HR, Shen Y, Li Z, Cheung EF, Chan RC. The influence of anhedonia on feedback negativity in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychologia 2014; 53:213-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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62
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Cui JF, Chen YH, Wang Y, Shum DHK, Chan RCK. Neural correlates of uncertain decision making: ERP evidence from the Iowa Gambling Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:776. [PMID: 24298248 PMCID: PMC3828619 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In our daily life, it is very common to make decisions in uncertain situations. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has been widely used in laboratory studies because of its good simulation of uncertainty in real life activities. The present study aimed to examine the neural correlates of uncertain decision making with the IGT. Twenty-six university students completed this study. An adapted IGT was administered to them, and the EEG data were recorded. The adapted IGT we used allowed us to analyze the choice evaluation, response selection, and feedback evaluation stages of uncertain decision making within the same paradigm. In the choice evaluation stage, the advantageous decks evoked larger P3 amplitude in the left hemisphere, while the disadvantageous decks evoked larger P3 in the right hemisphere. In the response selection stage, the response of “pass” (the card was not turned over; the participants neither won nor lost money) evoked larger negativity preceding the response compared to that of “play” (the card was turned over; the participant either won or lost money). In the feedback evaluation stage, feedback-related negativity (FRN) was only sensitive to the valence (win/loss) but not the magnitude (large/small) of the outcome, and P3 was sensitive to both the valence and the magnitude of the outcome. These results were consistent with the notion that a positive somatic state was represented in the left hemisphere and a negative somatic state was represented in the right hemisphere. There were also anticipatory ERP effects that guided the participants' responses and provided evidence for the somatic marker hypothesis with more precise timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Fang Cui
- Information center, National Institute of Education Sciences Beijing, China ; Institute of Developmental Psychology, School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University Beijing, China
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63
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Sallet J, Camille N, Procyk E. Modulation of feedback-related negativity during trial-and-error exploration and encoding of behavioral shifts. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:209. [PMID: 24294190 PMCID: PMC3827557 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The feedback-related negativity (FRN) is a mid-frontal event-related potential (ERP) recorded in various cognitive tasks and associated with the onset of sensory feedback signaling decision outcome. Some properties of the FRN are still debated, notably its sensitivity to positive and negative reward prediction error (RPE)—i.e., the discrepancy between the expectation and the actual occurrence of a particular feedback,—and its role in triggering the post-feedback adjustment. In the present study we tested whether the FRN is modulated by both positive and negative RPE. We also tested whether an instruction cue indicating the need for behavioral adjustment elicited the FRN. We asked 12 human subjects to perform a problem-solving task where they had to search by trial and error which of five visual targets, presented on a screen, was associated with a correct feedback. After exploration and discovery of the correct target, subjects could repeat their correct choice until the onset of a visual signal to change (SC) indicative of a new search. Analyses showed that the FRN was modulated by both negative and positive prediction error (RPE). Finally, we found that the SC elicited an FRN-like potential on the frontal midline electrodes that was not modulated by the probability of that event. Collectively, these results suggest the FRN may reflect a mechanism that evaluates any event (outcome, instruction cue) signaling the need to engage adaptive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Sallet
- INSERM U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute Bron, France ; Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon Lyon, France ; Decision and Action Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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64
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Qu C, Huang Y, Wang Y, Huang YX. The delay effect on outcome evaluation: results from an event-related potential study. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:748. [PMID: 24312036 PMCID: PMC3826115 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral studies demonstrate that the timing of receiving gains or losses affects decision-making, a phenomenon known as temporal discounting, as participants are inclined to prefer immediate rewards over delayed ones and vice versa for losses. The present study used the event-related potential technique with a simple gambling task to investigate how delayed rewards and losses affected the brain activity in outcome evaluations made by 20 young adults. Statistical analysis revealed a larger feedback-related negativity (FRN) effect between loss and gain following immediate outcomes than following future outcomes. In addition, delay impacted FRN only in gain conditions, with delayed winning eliciting a more negative FRN than immediate winning. These results suggest that temporal discounting and sign effect could be encoded in the FRN in the early stage of outcome evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qu
- Psychology Research Center, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
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65
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Luo Q, Qu C. Comparison enhances size sensitivity: neural correlates of outcome magnitude processing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71186. [PMID: 23951108 PMCID: PMC3741373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnitude is a critical feature of outcomes. In the present study, two event-related potential (ERP) experiments were implemented to explore the neural substrates of outcome magnitude processing. In Experiment 1, we used an adapted gambling paradigm where physical area symbols were set to represent potential relative outcome magnitudes in order to exclude the possibility that the participants would be ignorant of the magnitudes. The context was manipulated as total monetary amount: ¥4 and ¥40. In these two contexts, the relative outcome magnitudes were ¥1 versus ¥3, and ¥10 versus ¥30, respectively. Experiment 2, which provided two area symbols with similar outcome magnitudes, was conducted to exclude the possible interpretation of physical area symbol for magnitude effect of feedback-related negativity (FRN) in Experiment 1. Our results showed that FRN responded to the relative outcome magnitude but not to the context or area symbol, with larger amplitudes for relatively small outcomes. A larger FRN effect (the difference between losses and wins) was found for relatively large outcomes than relatively small outcomes. Relatively large outcomes evoked greater positive ERP waves (P300) than relatively small outcomes. Furthermore, relatively large outcomes in a high amount context elicited a larger P300 than those in a low amount context. The current study indicated that FRN is sensitive to variations in magnitude. Moreover, relative magnitude was integrated in both the early and late stages of feedback processing, while the monetary amount context was processed only in the late stage of feedback processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Luo
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Qu
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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66
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Relative changes from prior reward contingencies can constrain brain correlates of outcome monitoring. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66350. [PMID: 23840446 PMCID: PMC3688785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that the affective value of an environment can be relative to whether it reflects an improvement or a worsening from a previous state. A potential explanation for this phenomenon suggests that relative changes from previous reward contingencies can constrain how brain monitoring systems form predictions about future events. In support of this idea, we found that changes per se relative to previous states of learned reward contingencies modulated the Feedback-Related Negativity (FRN), a human brain potential known to index discrepancies between predictions and affective outcomes. Specifically, we observed that environments with a 50% reward probability yielded different FRN patterns according to whether they reflected an improvement or a worsening from a previous environment. Further, we also found that this pattern of results was driven mainly by variations in the amplitude of ERPs to positive outcomes. Overall, these results suggest that relative changes in reward probability from previous learned environments can constrain how neural systems of outcome monitoring formulate predictions about the likelihood of future rewards and nonrewards.
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67
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Lole L, Gonsalvez CJ, Barry RJ, De Blasio FM. Can event-related potentials serve as neural markers for wins, losses, and near-wins in a gambling task? A principal components analysis. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 89:390-8. [PMID: 23792216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Originally, the feedback related negativity (FRN) event-related potential (ERP) component was considered to be a robust neural correlate of non-reward/punishment processing, with greater negative deflections observed following unfavourable outcomes. More recently, it has been suggested that this component is better conceptualised as a positive deflection following rewarding outcomes. The current study sought to elucidate the nature of the FRN, as well as another component associated with incentive-value processing, the P3b, through application of a spatiotemporal principal components analysis (PCA). Seventeen healthy controls played a computer electronic gaming machine (EGM) task and received feedback on credits won or lost on each trial, and ERPs were recorded. The distribution of reward/non-reward outcomes closely matched that of a real EGM, with frequent losses, and infrequent wins and near-wins. The PCA revealed that feedback elicited both a frontally maximal negative deflection to losses, and a positive deflection to wins (which was also sensitive to reward magnitude), implying that the neural generator/s of the FRN are differentially activated following these outcomes. As expected, greater P3b amplitudes were found for wins compared to losses. Interestingly, near-wins elicited significantly smaller FRN amplitudes than losses (with no differences in P3b amplitude), and may contribute to the maintenance of gambling behaviours on EGMs. The results of the current study are integrated into a response profile of healthy controls to outcomes of varying incentive value. This may provide a foundation for the future examination of individuals who exhibit abnormalities in reward/punishment processing, such as problem gamblers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lole
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Brain & Behaviour Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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68
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Rapid brain responses independently predict gain maximization and loss minimization during economic decision making. J Neurosci 2013; 33:7011-9. [PMID: 23595758 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4242-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Success in many decision-making scenarios depends on the ability to maximize gains and minimize losses. Even if an agent knows which cues lead to gains and which lead to losses, that agent could still make choices yielding suboptimal rewards. Here, by analyzing event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded in humans during a probabilistic gambling task, we show that individuals' behavioral tendencies to maximize gains and to minimize losses are associated with their ERP responses to the receipt of those gains and losses, respectively. We focused our analyses on ERP signals that predict behavioral adjustment: the frontocentral feedback-related negativity (FRN) and two P300 (P3) subcomponents, the frontocentral P3a and the parietal P3b. We found that, across participants, gain maximization was predicted by differences in amplitude of the P3b for suboptimal versus optimal gains (i.e., P3b amplitude difference between the least good and the best gains). Conversely, loss minimization was predicted by differences in the P3b amplitude to suboptimal versus optimal losses (i.e., difference between the worst and the least bad losses). Finally, we observed that the P3a and P3b, but not the FRN, predicted behavioral adjustment on subsequent trials, suggesting a specific adaptive mechanism by which prior experience may alter ensuing behavior. These findings indicate that individual differences in gain maximization and loss minimization are linked to individual differences in rapid neural responses to monetary outcomes.
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69
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Lavin C, Melis C, Mikulan E, Gelormini C, Huepe D, Ibañez A. The anterior cingulate cortex: an integrative hub for human socially-driven interactions. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:64. [PMID: 23658536 PMCID: PMC3647221 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Lavin
- Center of Argumentation and Reasoning Studies, Universidad Diego Portales Santiago, Chile ; Laboratory of cognitive and social neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales Santiago, Chile ; Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Centro de Neuroeconomía, Universidad Diego Portales Santiago, Chile
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70
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Hajihosseini A, Holroyd CB. Frontal midline theta and N200 amplitude reflect complementary information about expectancy and outcome evaluation. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:550-62. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Hajihosseini
- Department of Psychology; University of Victoria; Victoria; British Columbia; Canada
| | - Clay B. Holroyd
- Department of Psychology; University of Victoria; Victoria; British Columbia; Canada
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71
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Groen Y, Tucha O, Wijers AA, Althaus M. Processing of continuously provided punishment and reward in children with ADHD and the modulating effects of stimulant medication: an ERP study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59240. [PMID: 23555639 PMCID: PMC3605450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Current models of ADHD suggest abnormal reward and punishment sensitivity, but the exact mechanisms are unclear. This study aims to investigate effects of continuous reward and punishment on the processing of performance feedback in children with ADHD and the modulating effects of stimulant medication. Methods 15 Methylphenidate (Mph)-treated and 15 Mph-free children of the ADHD-combined type and 17 control children performed a selective attention task with three feedback conditions: no-feedback, gain and loss. Event Related Potentials (ERPs) time-locked to feedback and errors were computed. Results All groups performed more accurately with gain and loss than without feedback. Feedback-related ERPs demonstrated no group differences in the feedback P2, but an enhanced late positive potential (LPP) to feedback stimuli (both gains and losses) for Mph-free children with ADHD compared to controls. Feedback-related ERPs in Mph-treated children with ADHD were similar to controls. Correlational analyses in the ADHD groups revealed that the severity of inattention problems correlated negatively with the feedback P2 amplitude and positively with the LPP to losses and omitted gains. Conclusions The early selective attention for rewarding and punishing feedback was relatively intact in children with ADHD, but the late feedback processing was deviant (increased feedback LPP). This may explain the often observed positive effects of continuous reinforcement on performance and behaviour in children with ADHD. However, these group findings cannot be generalised to all individuals with the ADHD, because the feedback-related ERPs were associated with the severity of the inattention problems. Children with ADHD-combined type with more inattention problems showed both deviant early attentional selection of feedback stimuli, and deviant late processing of non-reward and punishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Groen
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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72
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Yu R, Huang Y. A nickel ain't worth a dime anymore: the illusion of money and the rapid encoding of its true value. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55025. [PMID: 23383044 PMCID: PMC3559431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
People often evaluate money based on its face value and overlook its real purchasing power, known as the money illusion. For example, the same 100 Chinese Yuan can buy many more goods in Tibet than in Beijing, but such difference in buying power is usually underestimated. Using event related potential combined with a gambling task, we sought to investigate the encoding of both the real value and the face value of money in the human brain. We found that the self-reported pleasantness of outcomes was modulated by both values. The feedback related negativity (FRN), which peaks around 250ms after feedback and is believed to be generated in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), was only modulated by the true value but not the face value of money. We conclude that the real value of money is rapidly encoded in the human brain even when participants exhibit the money illusion at the behavioral level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Yu
- School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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73
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San Martín R. Event-related potential studies of outcome processing and feedback-guided learning. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:304. [PMID: 23162451 PMCID: PMC3491353 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to control behavior in an adaptive manner the brain has to learn how some situations and actions predict positive or negative outcomes. During the last decade cognitive neuroscientists have shown that the brain is able to evaluate and learn from outcomes within a few hundred milliseconds of their occurrence. This research has been primarily focused on the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and the P3, two event-related potential (ERP) components that are elicited by outcomes. The FRN is a frontally distributed negative-polarity ERP component that typically reaches its maximal amplitude 250 ms after outcome presentation and tends to be larger for negative than for positive outcomes. The FRN has been associated with activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The P3 (~300–600 ms) is a parietally distributed positive-polarity ERP component that tends to be larger for large magnitude than for small magnitude outcomes. The neural sources of the P3 are probably distributed over different regions of the cortex. This paper examines the theories that have been proposed to explain the functional role of these two ERP components during outcome processing. Special attention is paid to extant literature addressing how these ERP components are modulated by outcome valence (negative vs. positive), outcome magnitude (large vs. small), outcome probability (unlikely vs. likely), and behavioral adjustment. The literature offers few generalizable conclusions, but is beset with a number of inconsistencies across studies. This paper discusses the potential reasons for these inconsistencies and points out some challenges that probably will shape the field over the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- René San Martín
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University Durham, NC, USA ; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University Durham, NC, USA ; Facultad de Economía y Empresa, Centro de Neuroeconomía, Universidad Diego Portales Santiago, Chile
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74
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Ibanez A, Melloni M, Huepe D, Helgiu E, Rivera-Rei A, Canales-Johnson A, Baker P, Moya A. What event-related potentials (ERPs) bring to social neuroscience? Soc Neurosci 2012; 7:632-49. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2012.691078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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75
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Sambrook TD, Roser M, Goslin J. Prospect theory does not describe the feedback-related negativity value function. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:1533-44. [PMID: 23094592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Humans handle uncertainty poorly. Prospect theory accounts for this with a value function in which possible losses are overweighted compared to possible gains, and the marginal utility of rewards decreases with size. fMRI studies have explored the neural basis of this value function. A separate body of research claims that prediction errors are calculated by midbrain dopamine neurons. We investigated whether the prospect theoretic effects shown in behavioral and fMRI studies were present in midbrain prediction error coding by using the feedback-related negativity, an ERP component believed to reflect midbrain prediction errors. Participants' stated satisfaction with outcomes followed prospect theory but their feedback-related negativity did not, instead showing no effect of marginal utility and greater sensitivity to potential gains than losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Sambrook
- Cognition Institute, School of Psychology, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK.
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76
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Osinsky R, Mussel P, Hewig J. Feedback-related potentials are sensitive to sequential order of decision outcomes in a gambling task. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:1579-89. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Osinsky
- Department of Psychology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg; Germany
| | - Patrick Mussel
- Department of Psychology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg; Germany
| | - Johannes Hewig
- Department of Psychology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg; Germany
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77
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Banis S, Lorist MM. Acute noise stress impairs feedback processing. Biol Psychol 2012; 91:163-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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78
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Melloni M, Urbistondo C, Sedeño L, Gelormini C, Kichic R, Ibanez A. The extended fronto-striatal model of obsessive compulsive disorder: convergence from event-related potentials, neuropsychology and neuroimaging. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:259. [PMID: 23015786 PMCID: PMC3449438 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we explored convergent evidence supporting the fronto-striatal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (FSMOCD) and the contribution of event-related potential (ERP) studies to this model. First, we considered minor modifications to the FSMOCD model based on neuroimaging and neuropsychological data. We noted the brain areas most affected in this disorder -anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), basal ganglia (BG), and orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) and their related cognitive functions, such as monitoring and inhibition. Then, we assessed the ERPs that are directly related to the FSMOCD, including the error-related negativity (ERN), N200, and P600. Several OCD studies present enhanced ERN and N2 responses during conflict tasks as well as an enhanced P600 during working memory (WM) tasks. Evidence from ERP studies (especially regarding ERN and N200 amplitude enhancement), neuroimaging and neuropsychological findings suggests abnormal activity in the OFC, ACC, and BG in OCD patients. Moreover, additional findings from these analyses suggest dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortex involvement, which might be related to executive function (EF) deficits. Thus, these convergent results suggest the existence of a self-monitoring imbalance involving inhibitory deficits and executive dysfunctions. OCD patients present an impaired ability to monitor, control, and inhibit intrusive thoughts, urges, feelings, and behaviors. In the current model, this imbalance is triggered by an excitatory role of the BG (associated with cognitive or motor actions without volitional control) and inhibitory activity of the OFC as well as excessive monitoring of the ACC to block excitatory impulses. This imbalance would interact with the reduced activation of the parietal-DLPC network, leading to executive dysfunction. ERP research may provide further insight regarding the temporal dynamics of action monitoring and executive functioning in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Melloni
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) and Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University Buenos Aires, Argentina
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79
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Deng Z, Yu R, Chen X, Wang S. Feedback-related negativity encodes outcome uncertainty in the gain domain but not in the loss domain. Neurosci Lett 2012; 526:5-9. [PMID: 22910611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Outcome uncertainty plays an important role in decision making. The present study used event-related potentials (ERP) combined with a simple gambling task to investigate the time course of outcome uncertainty processing in the gain and the loss domains. Behaviorally, participants showed a preference for the uncertain option in the gain domain, whereas they showed no such preference in the loss domain. In ERP analyses, the feedback-related negativity (FRN) amplitudes mirrored the behavioral results: for gains, cue-elicited FRN amplitudes were more negative for uncertain than for certain cues, whereas for losses, cue-elicited FRN amplitudes for certain cues and uncertain cues were not different. In contrast, the P300 amplitude was sensitive to the valence of cues (gains or losses) but not to the uncertainty of the outcome. These results suggest that the outcome uncertainty is rapidly and differentially processed in the gain and loss domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhou Deng
- Department of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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80
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Ibanez A, Cetkovich M, Petroni A, Urquina H, Baez S, Gonzalez-Gadea ML, Kamienkowski JE, Torralva T, Torrente F, Strejilevich S, Teitelbaum J, Hurtado E, Guex R, Melloni M, Lischinsky A, Sigman M, Manes F. The neural basis of decision-making and reward processing in adults with euthymic bipolar disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). PLoS One 2012; 7:e37306. [PMID: 22624011 PMCID: PMC3356275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder (BD) share DSM-IV criteria in adults and cause problems in decision-making. Nevertheless, no previous report has assessed a decision-making task that includes the examination of the neural correlates of reward and gambling in adults with ADHD and those with BD. Methodology/Principal Findings We used the Iowa gambling task (IGT), a task of rational decision-making under risk (RDMUR) and a rapid-decision gambling task (RDGT) which elicits behavioral measures as well as event-related potentials (ERPs: fERN and P3) in connection to the motivational impact of events. We did not observe between-group differences for decision-making under risk or ambiguity (RDMUR and IGT); however, there were significant differences for the ERP-assessed RDGT. Compared to controls, the ADHD group showed a pattern of impaired learning by feedback (fERN) and insensitivity to reward magnitude (P3). This ERP pattern (fERN and P3) was associated with impulsivity, hyperactivity, executive function and working memory. Compared to controls, the BD group showed fERN- and P3-enhanced responses to reward magnitude regardless of valence. This ERP pattern (fERN and P3) was associated with mood and inhibitory control. Consistent with the ERP findings, an analysis of source location revealed reduced responses of the cingulate cortex to the valence and magnitude of rewards in patients with ADHD and BD. Conclusions/Significance Our data suggest that neurophysiological (ERPs) paradigms such as the RDGT are well suited to assess subclinical decision-making processes in patients with ADHD and BD as well as for linking the cingulate cortex with action monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Ibanez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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81
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Bediou B, Koban L, Rosset S, Pourtois G, Sander D. Delayed monitoring of accuracy errors compared to commission errors in ACC. Neuroimage 2012; 60:1925-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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82
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Feedback-related brain activity predicts learning from feedback in multiple-choice testing. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012; 12:323-36. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-012-0087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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83
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HajiHosseini A, Rodríguez-Fornells A, Marco-Pallarés J. The role of beta-gamma oscillations in unexpected rewards processing. Neuroimage 2012; 60:1678-85. [PMID: 22330314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reward processing in humans is carried out by an extensive fronto-subcortical network that might be coordinated by fast oscillatory electrical activity. Previous studies have identified an increase in beta-gamma oscillatory activity after the processing of positive feedback stimuli but the functional role of this electroencephalographic (EEG) correlate remains unclear. In the present study, we used event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and trial-by-trial wavelet-based time-frequency analysis of the EEG signal to investigate the effects of expectancy and magnitude of positive and negative feedbacks associated with monetary gains and losses in a gambling task. Large increase of beta-gamma oscillatory activity only in unexpected monetary gains was observed,irrespective of its magnitude. Based on recent findings we propose that this increase in beta-gamma oscillatory activity might reflect a general cognitive mechanism in charge of monitoring unexpected positive events based on feedback processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh HajiHosseini
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, [Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-] IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08097, Spain
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84
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Abstract
We investigated how rapidly the reward-predicting properties of visual cues are signaled in the human brain and the extent these reward prediction signals are contextually modifiable. In a magnetoencephalography study, we presented participants with fractal visual cues that predicted monetary rewards with different probabilities. These cues were presented in the temporal context of a preceding novel or familiar image of a natural scene. Starting at ∼100 ms after cue onset, reward probability was signaled in the event-related fields (ERFs) over temporo-occipital sensors and in the power of theta (5-8 Hz) and beta (20-30 Hz) band oscillations over frontal sensors. While theta decreased with reward probability beta power showed the opposite effect. Thus, in humans anticipatory reward responses are generated rapidly, within 100 ms after the onset of reward-predicting cues, which is similar to the timing established in non-human primates. Contextual novelty enhanced the reward anticipation responses in both ERFs and in beta oscillations starting at ∼100 ms after cue onset. This very early context effect is compatible with a physiological model that invokes the mediation of a hippocampal-VTA loop according to which novelty modulates neural response properties within the reward circuitry. We conclude that the neural processing of cues that predict future rewards is temporally highly efficient and contextually modifiable.
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85
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Ibáñez A, Petroni A, Urquina H, Torrente F, Torralva T, Hurtado E, Guex R, Blenkmann A, Beltrachini L, Muravchik C, Baez S, Cetkovich M, Sigman M, Lischinsky A, Manes F. Cortical deficits of emotional face processing in adults with ADHD: Its relation to social cognition and executive function. Soc Neurosci 2011; 6:464-81. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2011.620769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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86
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KreuSSel L, Hewig J, Kretschmer N, Hecht H, Coles MG, Miltner WH. The influence of the magnitude, probability, and valence of potential wins and losses on the amplitude of the feedback negativity. Psychophysiology 2011; 49:207-19. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa KreuSSel
- Department for Biological and Clinical Psychology; Friedrich-Schiller University Jena; Jena; Germany
| | | | - Nora Kretschmer
- Department for Biological and Clinical Psychology; Friedrich-Schiller University Jena; Jena; Germany
| | - Holger Hecht
- Department for Biological and Clinical Psychology; Friedrich-Schiller University Jena; Jena; Germany
| | - Michael G.H. Coles
- Department of Psychology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Champaign; Illinois; USA
| | - Wolfgang H.R. Miltner
- Department for Biological and Clinical Psychology; Friedrich-Schiller University Jena; Jena; Germany
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87
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Lole L, Gonsalvez CJ, Blaszczynski A, Clarke AR. Electrodermal activity reliably captures physiological differences between wins and losses during gambling on electronic machines. Psychophysiology 2011; 49:154-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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88
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Abstract
Economic theory distinguishes two concepts of utility: decision utility, objectively quantifiable by choices, and experienced utility, referring to the satisfaction by an obtainment. To date, experienced utility is typically measured with subjective ratings. This study intended to quantify experienced utility by global levels of neuronal activity. Neuronal activity was measured by means of electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to gain and omission of graded monetary rewards at the level of the EEG topography in human subjects. A novel analysis approach allowed approximating psychophysiological value functions for the experienced utility of monetary rewards. In addition, we identified the time windows of the event-related potentials (ERP) and the respective intracortical sources, in which variations in neuronal activity were significantly related to the value or valence of outcomes. Results indicate that value functions of experienced utility and regret disproportionally increase with monetary value, and thus contradict the compressing value functions of decision utility. The temporal pattern of outcome evaluation suggests an initial (∼250 ms) coarse evaluation regarding the valence, concurrent with a finer-grained evaluation of the value of gained rewards, whereas the evaluation of the value of omitted rewards emerges later. We hypothesize that this temporal double dissociation is explained by reward prediction errors. Finally, a late, yet unreported, reward-sensitive ERP topography (∼500 ms) was identified. The sources of these topographical covariations are estimated in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the medial frontal gyrus, the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex and the hippocampus/amygdala. The results provide important new evidence regarding "how," "when," and "where" the brain evaluates outcomes with different hedonic impact.
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89
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Subliminal presentation of other faces (but not own face) primes behavioral and evoked cortical processing of empathy for pain. Brain Res 2011; 1398:72-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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90
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Facial and semantic emotional interference: a pilot study on the behavioral and cortical responses to the Dual Valence Association Task. Behav Brain Funct 2011; 7:8. [PMID: 21489277 PMCID: PMC3087672 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-7-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Integration of compatible or incompatible emotional valence and semantic information is an essential aspect of complex social interactions. A modified version of the Implicit Association Test (IAT) called Dual Valence Association Task (DVAT) was designed in order to measure conflict resolution processing from compatibility/incompatibly of semantic and facial valence. The DVAT involves two emotional valence evaluative tasks which elicits two forms of emotional compatible/incompatible associations (facial and semantic). Methods Behavioural measures and Event Related Potentials were recorded while participants performed the DVAT. Results Behavioural data showed a robust effect that distinguished compatible/incompatible tasks. The effects of valence and contextual association (between facial and semantic stimuli) showed early discrimination in N170 of faces. The LPP component was modulated by the compatibility of the DVAT. Conclusions Results suggest that DVAT is a robust paradigm for studying the emotional interference effect in the processing of simultaneous information from semantic and facial stimuli.
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91
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Theories and Theorizers: A Contextual Approach to Theories of Cognition. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2011; 45:223-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s12124-011-9156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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92
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Ibáñez A, Toro P, Cornejo C, Urquina H, Manes F, Weisbrod M, Schröder J. High contextual sensitivity of metaphorical expressions and gesture blending: A video event-related potential design. Psychiatry Res 2011; 191:68-75. [PMID: 21129937 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human communication in a natural context implies the dynamic coordination of contextual clues, paralinguistic information and literal as well as figurative language use. In the present study we constructed a paradigm with four types of video clips: literal and metaphorical expressions accompanied by congruent and incongruent gesture actions. Participants were instructed to classify the gesture accompanying the expression as congruent or incongruent by pressing two different keys while electrophysiological activity was being recorded. We compared behavioral measures and event related potential (ERP) differences triggered by the gesture stroke onset. Accuracy data showed that incongruent metaphorical expressions were more difficult to classify. Reaction times were modulated by incongruent gestures, by metaphorical expressions and by a gesture-expression interaction. No behavioral differences were found between the literal and metaphorical expressions when the gesture was congruent. N400-like and LPC-like (late positive complex) components from metaphorical expressions produced greater negativity. The N400-like modulation of metaphorical expressions showed a greater difference between congruent and incongruent categories over the left anterior region, compared with the literal expressions. More importantly, the literal congruent as well as the metaphorical congruent categories did not show any difference. Accuracy, reaction times and ERPs provide convergent support for a greater contextual sensitivity of the metaphorical expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neurosciences, Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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93
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Ibáñez A, Gleichgerrcht E, Hurtado E, González R, Haye A, Manes FF. Early Neural Markers of Implicit Attitudes: N170 Modulated by Intergroup and Evaluative Contexts in IAT. Front Hum Neurosci 2010; 4:188. [PMID: 21079750 PMCID: PMC2978037 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is the most popular measure to evaluate implicit attitudes. Nevertheless, its neural correlates are not yet fully understood. We examined event related potentials (ERPs) in response to face- and word processing while indigenous and non-indigenous participants performed an IAT displaying faces (ingroup and outgroup members) and words (positive and negative valence) as targets of category judgments. The N170 component was modulated by valence of words and by ingroup/outgroup face categorization. Contextual effects (face–words implicitly associated in the task) had an influence on the N170 amplitude modulation. On the one hand, in face categorization, right N170 showed differences according to the association between social categories of faces and affective valence of words. On the other, in word categorization, left N170 presented a similar modulation when the task implied a negative-valence associated with ingroup faces. Only indigenous participants showed a significant IAT effect and N170 differences. Our results demonstrate an early ERP blending of stimuli processing with both intergroup and evaluative contexts, suggesting an integration of contextual information related to intergroup attitudes during the early stages of word and face processing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of early ERPs during an ethnicity IAT, opening a new branch of exchange between social neuroscience and social psychology of attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neurosciences, Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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94
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Gleichgerrcht E, Ibáñez A, Roca M, Torralva T, Manes F. Decision-making cognition in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 2010; 6:611-23. [PMID: 21045795 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A large proportion of human social neuroscience research has focused on the issue of decision-making. Impaired decision-making is a symptomatic feature of a number of neurodegenerative diseases, but the nature of these decision-making deficits depends on the particular disease. Thus, examining the qualitative differences in decision-making impairments associated with different neurodegenerative diseases could provide valuable information regarding the underlying neural basis of decision-making. Nevertheless, few comparative reports of decision-making across patient groups exist. In this Review, we examine the neuroanatomical substrates of decision-making in relation to the neuropathological changes that occur in Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson disease and Huntington disease. We then examine the main findings from studies of decision-making in these neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we suggest a number of recommendations that future studies could adopt to aid our understanding of decision-making cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Gleichgerrcht
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Favaloro University, Castex 3293 (1425), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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95
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Aravena P, Hurtado E, Riveros R, Cardona JF, Manes F, Ibáñez A. Applauding with closed hands: neural signature of action-sentence compatibility effects. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11751. [PMID: 20676367 PMCID: PMC2911376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral studies have provided evidence for an action-sentence compatibility effect (ACE) that suggests a coupling of motor mechanisms and action-sentence comprehension. When both processes are concurrent, the action sentence primes the actual movement, and simultaneously, the action affects comprehension. The aim of the present study was to investigate brain markers of bidirectional impact of language comprehension and motor processes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Participants listened to sentences describing an action that involved an open hand, a closed hand, or no manual action. Each participant was asked to press a button to indicate his/her understanding of the sentence. Each participant was assigned a hand-shape, either closed or open, which had to be used to activate the button. There were two groups (depending on the assigned hand-shape) and three categories (compatible, incompatible and neutral) defined according to the compatibility between the response and the sentence. ACEs were found in both groups. Brain markers of semantic processing exhibited an N400-like component around the Cz electrode position. This component distinguishes between compatible and incompatible, with a greater negative deflection for incompatible. Motor response elicited a motor potential (MP) and a re-afferent potential (RAP), which are both enhanced in the compatible condition. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The present findings provide the first ACE cortical measurements of semantic processing and the motor response. N400-like effects suggest that incompatibility with motor processes interferes in sentence comprehension in a semantic fashion. Modulation of motor potentials (MP and RAP) revealed a multimodal semantic facilitation of the motor response. Both results provide neural evidence of an action-sentence bidirectional relationship. Our results suggest that ACE is not an epiphenomenal post-sentence comprehension process. In contrast, motor-language integration occurring during the verb onset supports a genuine and ongoing brain motor-language interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Aravena
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology & Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Hurtado
- Doctoral Program, Psychology School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Riveros
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Felipe Cardona
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology & Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology & Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina
- Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology & Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Capital Federal, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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96
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Barutta J, Gleichgerrcht E, Cornejo C, Ibáñez A. Neurodynamics of Mind: The Arrow Illusion of Conscious Intentionality as Downward Causation. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2010; 44:127-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s12124-010-9117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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97
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Barutta J, Aravena P, Ibáñez A. The Machine Paradigm and Alternative Approaches in Cognitive Science. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2010; 44:176-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s12124-010-9116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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