51
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Yuan F, Chen X, Fang KH, Wang Y, Lin M, Xu SB, Huo HQ, Xu M, Ma L, Chen Y, He S, Liu Y. Induction of human somatostatin and parvalbumin neurons by expressing a single transcription factor LIM homeobox 6. eLife 2018; 7:37382. [PMID: 30251953 PMCID: PMC6181563 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human GABAergic interneurons (GIN) are implicated in normal brain function and in numerous mental disorders. However, the generation of functional human GIN subtypes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has not been established. By expressing LHX6, a transcriptional factor that is critical for GIN development, we induced hPSCs to form GINs, including somatostatin (SST, 29%) and parvalbumin (PV, 21%) neurons. Our RNAseq results also confirmed the alteration of GIN identity with the overexpression of LHX6. Five months after transplantation into the mouse brain, the human GABA precursors generated increased population of SST and PV neurons by overexpressing LHX6. Importantly, the grafted human GINs exhibited functional electrophysiological properties and even fast-spiking-like action potentials. Thus, expression of the single transcription factor LHX6 under our GIN differentiation condition is sufficient to robustly induce human PV and SST subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical Unveristy, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai-Heng Fang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyan Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi-Bo Xu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Qin Huo
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixiang Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Institute of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuijin He
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell and Neural Regeneration, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical Unveristy, Nanjing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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52
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Genomic analysis of transcriptional networks directing progression of cell states during MGE development. Neural Dev 2018; 13:21. [PMID: 30217225 PMCID: PMC6138899 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Homeodomain (HD) transcription factor (TF) NKX2–1 critical for the regional specification of the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) as well as promoting the GABAergic and cholinergic neuron fates via the induction of TFs such as LHX6 and LHX8. NKX2–1 defines MGE regional identity in large part through transcriptional repression, while specification and maturation of GABAergic and cholinergic fates is mediated in part by transcriptional activation via TFs such as LHX6 and LHX8. Here we analyze the signaling and TF pathways, downstream of NKX2–1, required for GABAergic and cholinergic neuron fate maturation. Methods Differential ChIP-seq analysis was used to identify regulatory elements (REs) where chromatin state was sensitive to change in the Nkx2–1cKO MGE at embryonic day (E) 13.5. TF motifs in the REs were identified using RSAT. CRISPR-mediated genome editing was used to generate enhancer knockouts. Differential gene expression in these knockouts was analyzed through RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization. Functional analysis of motifs within hs623 was analyzed via site directed mutagenesis and reporter assays in primary MGE cultures. Results We identified 4782 activating REs (aREs) and 6391 repressing REs (rREs) in the Nkx2–1 conditional knockout (Nkx2–1cKO) MGE. aREs are associated with basic-Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) TFs. Deletion of hs623, an intragenic Tcf12 aRE, caused a reduction of Tcf12 expression in the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) and mantle zone (MZ) of the MGE. Mutation of LHX, SOX and octamers, within hs623, caused a reduction of hs623 activity in MGE primary cultures. Conclusions Tcf12 expression in the SVZ of the MGE is mediated through aRE hs623. The activity of hs623 is dependent on LHX6, SOX and octamers. Thus, maintaining the expression of Tcf12 in the SVZ involves on TF pathways parallel and genetically downstream of NKX2–1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13064-018-0119-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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53
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Estrogen Treatment Reverses Prematurity-Induced Disruption in Cortical Interneuron Population. J Neurosci 2018; 38:7378-7391. [PMID: 30037831 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0478-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of cortical interneurons continues until the end of human pregnancy. Premature birth deprives the newborns from the supply of maternal estrogen and a secure intrauterine environment. Indeed, preterm infants suffer from neurobehavioral disorders. This can result from both preterm birth and associated postnatal complications, which might disrupt recruitment and maturation of cortical interneurons. We hypothesized that interneuron subtypes, including parvalbumin-positive (PV+), somatostatin-positive (SST+), calretinin-positive (CalR+), and neuropeptide Y-positive (NPY+) interneurons, were recruited in the upper and lower cortical layers in a distinct manner with advancing gestational age. In addition, preterm birth would disrupt the heterogeneity of cortical interneurons, which might be reversed by estrogen treatment. These hypotheses were tested by analyzing autopsy samples from premature infants and evaluating the effect of estrogen supplementation in prematurely delivered rabbits. The PV+ and CalR+ neurons were abundant, whereas SST+ and NPY+ neurons were few in cortical layers of preterm human infants. Premature birth of infants reduced the density of PV+ or GAD67+ neurons and increased SST+ interneurons in the upper cortical layers. Importantly, 17 β-estradiol treatment in preterm rabbits increased the number of PV+ neurons in the upper cortical layers relative to controls at postnatal day 14 (P14) and P21 and transiently reduced SST population at P14. Moreover, protein and mRNA levels of Arx, a key regulator of cortical interneuron maturation and migration, were higher in estrogen-treated rabbits relative to controls. Therefore, deficits in PV+ and excess of SST+ neurons in premature newborns are ameliorated by estrogen replacement, which can be attributed to elevated Arx levels. Estrogen replacement might enhance neurodevelopmental outcomes in extremely preterm infants.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Premature birth often leads to neurodevelopmental delays and behavioral disorders, which may be ascribed to disturbances in the development and maturation of cortical interneurons. Here, we show that preterm birth in humans is associated with reduced population of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) neurons and an excess of somatostatin-expressing interneurons in the cerebral cortex. More importantly, 17 β-estradiol treatment increased the number of PV+ neurons in preterm-born rabbits, which appears to be mediated by an elevation in the expression of Arx transcription factor. Hence the present study highlights prematurity-induced reduction in PV+ neurons in human infants and reversal in their population by estrogen replacement in preterm rabbits. Because preterm birth drops plasma estrogen level 100-fold, estrogen replacement in extremely preterm infants might improve their developmental outcome and minimize neurobehavioral disorders.
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54
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Sultan KT, Shi SH. Generation of diverse cortical inhibitory interneurons. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 7:10.1002/wdev.306. [PMID: 29115042 PMCID: PMC5814332 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
First described by Ramon y Cajal as 'short-axon' cells over a century ago, inhibitory interneurons in the cerebral cortex make up ~20-30% of the neuronal milieu. A key feature of these interneurons is the striking structural and functional diversity, which allows them to modulate neural activity in diverse ways and ultimately endow neural circuits with remarkable computational power. Here, we review our current understanding of the generation of cortical interneurons, with a focus on recent efforts to bridge the gap between progenitor behavior and interneuron production, and how these aspects influence interneuron diversity and organization. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e306. doi: 10.1002/wdev.306 This article is categorized under: Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: General Principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadeejah T Sultan
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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55
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Abstract
The tragedy of epilepsy emerges from the combination of its high prevalence, impact upon sufferers and their families, and unpredictability. Childhood epilepsies are frequently severe, presenting in infancy with pharmaco-resistant seizures; are often accompanied by debilitating neuropsychiatric and systemic comorbidities; and carry a grave risk of mortality. Here, we review the most current basic science and translational research findings on several of the most catastrophic forms of pediatric epilepsy. We focus largely on genetic epilepsies and the research that is discovering the mechanisms linking disease genes to epilepsy syndromes. We also describe the strides made toward developing novel pharmacological and interventional treatment strategies to treat these disorders. The research reviewed provides hope for a complete understanding of, and eventual cure for, these childhood epilepsy syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacKenzie A Howard
- Center for Learning and Memory and Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, 78712;
| | - Scott C Baraban
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory in the Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143;
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56
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Adnani L, Han S, Li S, Mattar P, Schuurmans C. Mechanisms of Cortical Differentiation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 336:223-320. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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57
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Neuregulin 3 Mediates Cortical Plate Invasion and Laminar Allocation of GABAergic Interneurons. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1157-1170. [PMID: 28147272 PMCID: PMC5300889 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits in the cerebral cortex consist of excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons. These two main classes of cortical neurons follow largely different genetic programs, yet they assemble into highly specialized circuits during development following a very precise choreography. Previous studies have shown that signals produced by pyramidal cells influence the migration of cortical interneurons, but the molecular nature of these factors has remained elusive. Here, we identified Neuregulin 3 (Nrg3) as a chemoattractive factor expressed by developing pyramidal cells that guides the allocation of cortical interneurons in the developing cortical plate. Gain- and loss-of-function approaches reveal that Nrg3 modulates the migration of interneurons into the cortical plate in a process that is dependent on the tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB4. Perturbation of Nrg3 signaling in conditional mutants leads to abnormal lamination of cortical interneurons. Nrg3 is therefore a critical mediator in the assembly of cortical inhibitory circuits. Nrg3 acts a short-range chemoattractive molecule for cortical interneurons Nrg3 functions through ErbB4 to attract interneurons into the cortical plate Interneurons prefer Cxcl12 over Nrg3 during tangential migration Disruption of Nrg3 signaling causes abnormal interneuron lamination in the cortex
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58
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Hu JS, Vogt D, Sandberg M, Rubenstein JL. Cortical interneuron development: a tale of time and space. Development 2017; 144:3867-3878. [PMID: 29089360 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cortical interneurons are a diverse group of neurons that project locally and are crucial for regulating information processing and flow throughout the cortex. Recent studies in mice have advanced our understanding of how these neurons are specified, migrate and mature. Here, we evaluate new findings that provide insights into the development of cortical interneurons and that shed light on when their fate is determined, on the influence that regional domains have on their development, and on the role that key transcription factors and other crucial regulatory genes play in these events. We focus on cortical interneurons that are derived from the medial ganglionic eminence, as most studies have examined this interneuron population. We also assess how these data inform our understanding of neuropsychiatric disease and discuss the potential role of cortical interneurons in cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sheng Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Magnus Sandberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John L Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA .,Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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59
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Pelkey KA, Chittajallu R, Craig MT, Tricoire L, Wester JC, McBain CJ. Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1619-1747. [PMID: 28954853 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the hippocampus GABAergic local circuit inhibitory interneurons represent only ~10-15% of the total neuronal population; however, their remarkable anatomical and physiological diversity allows them to regulate virtually all aspects of cellular and circuit function. Here we provide an overview of the current state of the field of interneuron research, focusing largely on the hippocampus. We discuss recent advances related to the various cell types, including their development and maturation, expression of subtype-specific voltage- and ligand-gated channels, and their roles in network oscillations. We also discuss recent technological advances and approaches that have permitted high-resolution, subtype-specific examination of their roles in numerous neural circuit disorders and the emerging therapeutic strategies to ameliorate such pathophysiological conditions. The ultimate goal of this review is not only to provide a touchstone for the current state of the field, but to help pave the way for future research by highlighting where gaps in our knowledge exist and how a complete appreciation of their roles will aid in future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Pelkey
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Ramesh Chittajallu
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Michael T Craig
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Tricoire
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Jason C Wester
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Chris J McBain
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
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60
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Sandberg M, Flandin P, Silberberg S, Su-Feher L, Price JD, Hu JS, Kim C, Visel A, Nord AS, Rubenstein JLR. Transcriptional Networks Controlled by NKX2-1 in the Development of Forebrain GABAergic Neurons. Neuron 2017; 91:1260-1275. [PMID: 27657450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The embryonic basal ganglia generates multiple projection neurons and interneuron subtypes from distinct progenitor domains. Combinatorial interactions of transcription factors and chromatin are thought to regulate gene expression. In the medial ganglionic eminence, the NKX2-1 transcription factor controls regional identity and, with LHX6, is necessary to specify pallidal projection neurons and forebrain interneurons. Here, we dissected the molecular functions of NKX2-1 by defining its chromosomal binding, regulation of gene expression, and epigenetic state. NKX2-1 binding at distal regulatory elements led to a repressed epigenetic state and transcriptional repression in the ventricular zone. Conversely, NKX2-1 is required to establish a permissive chromatin state and transcriptional activation in the sub-ventricular and mantle zones. Moreover, combinatorial binding of NKX2-1 and LHX6 promotes transcriptionally permissive chromatin and activates genes expressed in cortical migrating interneurons. Our integrated approach provides a foundation for elucidating transcriptional networks guiding the development of the MGE and its descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Sandberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Pierre Flandin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shanni Silberberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Linda Su-Feher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - James D Price
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jia Sheng Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Carol Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Axel Visel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Alex S Nord
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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61
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Subpallial Enhancer Transgenic Lines: a Data and Tool Resource to Study Transcriptional Regulation of GABAergic Cell Fate. Neuron 2017; 92:59-74. [PMID: 27710791 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the transcriptional circuitry controlling forebrain development requires an understanding of enhancer activity and regulation. We generated stable transgenic mouse lines that express CreERT2 and GFP from ten different enhancer elements with activity in distinct domains within the embryonic basal ganglia. We used these unique tools to generate a comprehensive regional fate map of the mouse subpallium, including sources for specific subtypes of amygdala neurons. We then focused on deciphering transcriptional mechanisms that control enhancer activity. Using machine-learning computations, in vivo chromosomal occupancy of 13 transcription factors that regulate subpallial patterning and differentiation and analysis of enhancer activity in Dlx1/2 and Lhx6 mutants, we elucidated novel molecular mechanisms that regulate region-specific enhancer activity in the developing brain. Thus, these subpallial enhancer transgenic lines are data and tool resources to study transcriptional regulation of GABAergic cell fate.
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62
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Laclef C, Métin C. Conserved rules in embryonic development of cortical interneurons. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 76:86-100. [PMID: 28918121 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on early aspects of cortical interneurons (cIN) development from specification to migration and final positioning in the human cerebral cortex. These mechanisms have been largely studied in the mouse model, which provides unique possibilities of genetic analysis, essential to dissect the molecular and cellular events involved in cortical development. An important goal here is to discuss the conservation and the potential divergence of these mechanisms, with a particular interest for the situation in the human embryo. We will thus cover recent works, but also revisit older studies in the light of recent data to better understand the developmental mechanisms underlying cIN differentiation in human. Because cIN are implicated in severe developmental disorders, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling their differentiation might clarify some causes and potential therapeutic approaches to these important clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Laclef
- INSERM, UMR-S839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 6, UMR-S839, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Christine Métin
- INSERM, UMR-S839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 6, UMR-S839, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.
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63
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Wu PR, Cho KK, Vogt D, Sohal VS, Rubenstein JL. The Cytokine CXCL12 Promotes Basket Interneuron Inhibitory Synapses in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:4303-4313. [PMID: 27497284 PMCID: PMC6410508 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatally, the cytokine CXCL12 regulates cortical interneuron migration, whereas its postnatal functions are poorly understood. Here, we report that CXCL12 is expressed postnatally in layer V pyramidal neurons and localizes on their cell bodies in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), while its receptors CXCR4/CXCR7 localize to the axon terminals of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons. Conditionally eliminating CXCL12 in neonatal layer V pyramidal neurons led to decreased axon targeting and reduced inhibitory perisomatic synapses from PV+ basket interneurons onto layer V pyramidal neurons. Consequently, the mPFC of Cxcl12 conditional mutants displayed attenuated inhibitory postsynaptic currents onto layer V pyramidal neurons. Thus, postnatal CXCL12 signaling promotes a specific interneuron circuit that inhibits mPFC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Rung Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143,
USA
| | - Kathleen K.A. Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143,
USA
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco,
CA94143, USA
- Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco,
CA94143, USA
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143,
USA
| | - Vikaas S. Sohal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143,
USA
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco,
CA94143, USA
- Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco,
CA94143, USA
| | - John L.R. Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San
Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143,
USA
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64
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Yang J, Han F, Liu W, Zhang M, Huang Y, Hao X, Jiang X, Yin L, Chen H, Cao J, Zhang H, Liu J. LHX6, An Independent Prognostic Factor, Inhibits Lung Adenocarcinoma Progression through Transcriptional Silencing of β-catenin. J Cancer 2017; 8:2561-2574. [PMID: 28900494 PMCID: PMC5595086 DOI: 10.7150/jca.19972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Our previous study identified LIM homeobox domain 6 (LHX6) as a frequently epigenetically silenced tumor-suppressor gene in lung cancer. However, its clinical value has never been evaluated, and the in-depth anti-tumor mechanism remains unclear. Methods: Public database was used for lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous carcinoma patients and tissue microarray data was used for lung adenocarcinoma patients to study prognostic outcome of LHX6 expression by Kaplan-Meier and Cox-regression analysis. In vitro proliferation, metastasis and in vivo nude mice model were used to evaluate the anti-tumor effect of LHX6 on lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. The mechanisms were explored using western blot, TOP/FOP flash assays and luciferase reporter assays. LHX6 expression and clinical stages data were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA). Results: Expression of LHX6 was found to be a favorable independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) of total lung adenocarcinoma patients (P=0.014) and patients with negative lymph nodes status (P=0.014) but not related the prognostic outcome of lung squamous cell carcinoma patients. The expression status of LHX6 significantly correlated to histological grade (P<0.01), tumor size (P=0.026), lymph node status (P=0.039) and clinical stages (P<0.01) of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Functionally, LHX6 inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, LHX6 suppressed the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through transcriptionally silencing the expression of β-catenin, and the promoter region (-1161 bp to +27 bp) was crucial for its inhibitory activity. Conclusions: Our data indicate that the expression of LHX6 may serve as a favorable prognostic biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma patients and provide a novel mechanism of LHX6 involving in the tumorigenesis of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntang Yang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Fei Han
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Mingqian Zhang
- Department of emergency, Yan'an Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Huang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xianglin Hao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Li Yin
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jia Cao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Huidong Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jinyi Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
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65
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Functional Synaptic Integration of Forebrain GABAergic Precursors into the Adult Spinal Cord. J Neurosci 2017; 36:11634-11645. [PMID: 27852772 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2301-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord transplants of embryonic cortical GABAergic progenitor cells derived from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) can reverse mechanical hypersensitivity in the mouse models of peripheral nerve injury- and paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. Here, we used electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy to examine the extent to which MGE cells integrate into host circuitry and recapitulate endogenous inhibitory circuits. Whether the transplants were performed before or after nerve injury, the MGE cells developed into mature neurons and exhibited firing patterns characteristic of subpopulations of cortical and spinal cord inhibitory interneurons. Conversely, the transplanted cells preserved cortical morphological and neurochemical properties. We also observed a robust anatomical and functional synaptic integration of the transplanted cells into host circuitry in both injured and uninjured animals. The MGE cells were activated by primary afferents, including TRPV1-expressing nociceptors, and formed GABAergic, bicuculline-sensitive, synapses onto host neurons. Unexpectedly, MGE cells transplanted before injury prevented the development of mechanical hypersensitivity. Together, our findings provide direct confirmation of an extensive, functional synaptic integration of MGE cells into host spinal cord circuits. This integration underlies normalization of the dorsal horn inhibitory tone after injury and may be responsible for the prophylactic effect of preinjury transplants. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Spinal cord transplants of embryonic cortical GABAergic interneuron progenitors from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), can overcome the mechanical hypersensitivity produced in different neuropathic pain models in adult mice. Here, we examined the properties of transplanted MGE cells and the extent to which they integrate into spinal cord circuitry. Using electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy, we demonstrate that MGE cells, whether transplanted before or after nerve injury, develop into inhibitory neurons, are activated by nociceptive primary afferents, and form GABA-A-mediated inhibitory synapses with the host. Unexpectedly, cells transplanted into naive spinal cord prevented the development of nerve-injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. These results illustrate the remarkable plasticity of adult spinal cord and the potential of cell-based therapies against neuropathic pain.
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Hu JS, Vogt D, Lindtner S, Sandberg M, Silberberg SN, Rubenstein JLR. Coup-TF1 and Coup-TF2 control subtype and laminar identity of MGE-derived neocortical interneurons. Development 2017; 144:2837-2851. [PMID: 28694260 DOI: 10.1242/dev.150664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Distinct cortical interneuron (CIN) subtypes have unique circuit functions; dysfunction in specific subtypes is implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing (SST+ and PV+) interneurons are the two major subtypes generated by medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) progenitors. Spatial and temporal mechanisms governing their cell-fate specification and differential integration into cortical layers are largely unknown. We provide evidence that Coup-TF1 and Coup-TF2 (Nr2f1 and Nr2f2) transcription factor expression in an arc-shaped progenitor domain within the MGE promotes time-dependent survival of this neuroepithelium and the time-dependent specification of layer V SST+ CINs. Coup-TF1 and Coup-TF2 autonomously repress PV+ fate in MGE progenitors, in part through directly driving Sox6 expression. These results have identified, in mouse, a transcriptional pathway that controls SST-PV fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sheng Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Magnus Sandberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Shanni N Silberberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program and the Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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67
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ARX polyalanine expansion mutations lead to migration impediment in the rostral cortex coupled with a developmental deficit of calbindin-positive cortical GABAergic interneurons. Neuroscience 2017. [PMID: 28627419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Aristaless-related homeobox gene (ARX) is indispensable for interneuron development. Patients with ARX polyalanine expansion mutations of the first two tracts (namely PA1 and PA2) suffer from intellectual disability of varying severity, with seizures a frequent comorbidity. The impact of PA1 and PA2 mutations on the brain development is unknown, hindering the search for therapeutic interventions. Here, we characterized the disturbances to cortical interneuron development in mice modeling the two most common ARX polyalanine expansion mutations in human. We found a consistent ∼40-50% reduction of calbindin-positive interneurons, but not Stt+ or Cr+ interneurons, within the cortex of newborn hemizygous mice (p=0.024) for both mutant strains compared to wildtype (p=0.011). We demonstrate that this was a consequence of calbindin precursor cells being arrested or delayed at the ventral subpallium en route of tangential migration. Ex-vivo assay validated this migration deficit in PA1 cells (p=0.0002) suggesting that the defect is contributed by intrinsic loss of Arx function within migrating cells. Both humans and mice with PA1 mutations present with severe clinical features, including intellectual disability and infantile spasms. Our data further demonstrated the pathogenic mechanism was robustly shared between PA1 and PA2 mutations, as previously reported including Arx protein reduction and overlapping transcriptome profiles within the developing mouse brains. Data from our study demonstrated that cortical calbindin interneuron development and migration is negatively affected by ARX polyalanine expansion mutations. Understanding the cellular pathogenesis contributing to disease manifestation is necessary to screen efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions.
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68
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Calvigioni D, Máté Z, Fuzik J, Girach F, Zhang MD, Varro A, Beiersdorf J, Schwindling C, Yanagawa Y, Dockray GJ, McBain CJ, Hökfelt T, Szabó G, Keimpema E, Harkany T. Functional Differentiation of Cholecystokinin-Containing Interneurons Destined for the Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2453-2468. [PMID: 27102657 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although extensively studied postnatally, the functional differentiation of cholecystokinin (CCK)-containing interneurons en route towards the cerebral cortex during fetal development is incompletely understood. Here, we used CCKBAC/DsRed mice encoding a CCK promoter-driven red fluorescent protein to analyze the temporal dynamics of DsRed expression, neuronal identity, and positioning through high-resolution developmental neuroanatomy. Additionally, we developed a dual reporter mouse line (CCKBAC/DsRed::GAD67gfp/+) to differentiate CCK-containing interneurons from DsRed+ principal cells during prenatal development. We show that DsRed is upregulated in interneurons once they exit their proliferative niche in the ganglionic eminence and remains stably expressed throughout their long-distance migration towards the cerebrum, particularly in the hippocampus. DsRed+ interneurons, including a cohort coexpressing calretinin, accumulated at the palliosubpallial boundary by embryonic day 12.5. Pioneer DsRed+ interneurons already reached deep hippocampal layers by embryonic day 14.5 and were morphologically differentiated by birth. Furthermore, we probed migrating interneurons entering and traversing the cortical plate, as well as stationary cells in the hippocampus by patch-clamp electrophysiology to show the first signs of Na+ and K+ channel activity by embryonic day 12.5 and reliable adult-like excitability by embryonic day 18.5. Cumulatively, this study defines key positional, molecular, and biophysical properties of CCK+ interneurons in the prenatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Calvigioni
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheeles väg 1
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zoltán Máté
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Fuzik
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fatima Girach
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ming-Dong Zhang
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheeles väg 1
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Varro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, L69 3BX Liverpool, UK
| | - Johannes Beiersdorf
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Schwindling
- Microscopy Labs Munich, Global Sales Support-Life Sciences, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Kistlerhofstrasse 75, D-81379 Munich, Germany
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Graham J Dockray
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chris J McBain
- Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony u. 43, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Scheeles väg 1
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
The proper construction of neural circuits requires the generation of diverse cell types, their distribution to defined regions, and their specific and appropriate wiring. A major objective in neurobiology has been to understand the molecular determinants that link neural birth to terminal specification and functional connectivity, a task that is especially daunting in the case of cortical interneurons. Considerable evidence supports the idea that an interplay of intrinsic and environmental signalling is crucial to the sequential steps of interneuron specification, including migration, selection of a settling position, morphogenesis and synaptogenesis. However, when and how these influences merge to support the appropriate terminal differentiation of different classes of interneurons remains uncertain. In this Review, we discuss a wealth of recent findings that have advanced our understanding of the developmental mechanisms that contribute to the diversification of interneurons and suggest areas of particular promise for further investigation.
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70
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Transplantation of GABAergic interneurons for cell-based therapy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 231:57-85. [PMID: 28554401 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many neurological disorders stem from defects in or the loss of specific neurons. Neuron transplantation has tremendous clinical potential for central nervous system therapy as it may allow for the targeted replacement of those cells that are lost in diseases. Normally, most neurons are added during restricted periods of embryonic and fetal development. The permissive milieu of the developing brain promotes neuronal migration, neuronal differentiation, and synaptogenesis. Once this active period of neurogenesis ends, the chemical and physical environment of the brain changes dramatically. The brain parenchyma becomes highly packed with neuronal and glial processes, extracellular matrix, myelin, and synapses. The migration of grafted cells to allow them to home into target regions and become functionally integrated is a key challenge to neuronal transplantation. Interestingly, transplanted young telencephalic inhibitory interneurons are able to migrate, differentiate, and integrate widely throughout the postnatal brain. These grafted interneurons can also functionally modify local circuit activity. These features have facilitated the use of interneuron transplantation to study fundamental neurodevelopmental processes including cell migration, cell specification, and programmed neuronal cell death. Additionally, these cells provide a unique opportunity to develop interneuron-based strategies for the treatment of diseases linked to interneuron dysfunction and neurological disorders associated to circuit hyperexcitability.
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71
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Close JL, Yao Z, Levi BP, Miller JA, Bakken TE, Menon V, Ting JT, Wall A, Krostag AR, Thomsen ER, Nelson AM, Mich JK, Hodge RD, Shehata SI, Glass IA, Bort S, Shapovalova NV, Ngo NK, Grimley JS, Phillips JW, Thompson CL, Ramanathan S, Lein E. Single-Cell Profiling of an In Vitro Model of Human Interneuron Development Reveals Temporal Dynamics of Cell Type Production and Maturation. Neuron 2017; 93:1035-1048.e5. [PMID: 28279351 PMCID: PMC5480972 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons are essential for neural circuit function, and their loss or dysfunction is implicated in human neuropsychiatric disease. In vitro methods for interneuron generation hold promise for studying human cellular and functional properties and, ultimately, for therapeutic cell replacement. Here we describe a protocol for generating cortical interneurons from hESCs and analyze the properties and maturation time course of cell types using single-cell RNA-seq. We find that the cell types produced mimic in vivo temporal patterns of neuron and glial production, with immature progenitors and neurons observed early and mature cortical neurons and glial cell types produced late. By comparing the transcriptomes of immature interneurons to those of more mature neurons, we identified genes important for human interneuron differentiation. Many of these genes were previously implicated in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie L Close
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Boaz P Levi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Vilas Menon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Abigail Wall
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Angel M Nelson
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John K Mich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Ian A Glass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Susan Bort
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - N Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sharad Ramanathan
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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72
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Currie KW, Molinaro AM, Pearson BJ. Neuronal sources of hedgehog modulate neurogenesis in the adult planarian brain. eLife 2016; 5:19735. [PMID: 27864883 PMCID: PMC5153250 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The asexual freshwater planarian is a constitutive adult, whose central nervous system (CNS) is in a state of constant homeostatic neurogenesis. However, very little is known about the extrinsic signals that act on planarian stem cells to modulate rates of neurogenesis. We have identified two planarian homeobox transcription factors, Smed-nkx2.1 and Smed-arx, which are required for the maintenance of cholinergic, GABAergic, and octopaminergic neurons in the planarian CNS. These very same neurons also produce the planarian hedgehog ligand (Smed-hh), which appears to communicate with brain-adjacent stem cells to promote normal levels of neurogenesis. Planarian stem cells nearby the brain express core hh signal transduction genes, and consistent hh signaling levels are required to maintain normal production of neural progenitor cells and new mature cholinergic neurons, revealing an important mitogenic role for the planarian hh signaling molecule in the adult CNS. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19735.001 Most animals can continue to generate and add new neurons in their nervous system into adulthood, though the process is often tightly regulated. In adult humans, only a small number of neurons are made or lost, such that the fewer than 2% of the neurons in the nervous will change over, or “turnover”, the course of a year. The turnover of neurons in some other animals is much higher than it is in humans. A freshwater flatworm, called Schmidtea mediterranea, is one example of such an animal that can even regenerate an entirely new brain if its head is decapitated. These flatworms have a large population of adult stem cells, which makes these high rates of neuron production and regeneration possible. However, it is largely unknown if this population contains stem cells that can only become new neurons, in other words “dedicated neuronal stem cells”. Moreover, it is also not clear what kinds of signals communicate with these stem cells to promote the production of new neurons. In animals from flies to humans, a signaling molecule encoded by a gene called hedgehog forms part of a signaling pathway that can promote neuron production during development. Therefore, Currie et al. asked if the hedgehog signaling molecule might communicate with the stem cells in adult flatworms to control how many new neurons they produce. The experiments revealed that the hedgehog signaling molecule is almost exclusively produced by the flatworm’s brain and the pair of nerve cords that run the length of the flatworm. Currie et al. then found a smaller group of cells close to the flatworm’s brain that looked like dedicated neural stem cells. These cells can receive the hedgehog signals, and further experiments showed that flatworm’s brain requires hedgehog signaling to be able to produce new neurons at its normal level. The hedgehog signaling molecule is likely only one of many signaling molecules that regulate the production of new neurons in flatworms. It will be important to uncover these additional signals and understand how they work in concert. In the future, a better understanding of this process will help efforts to devise ways to induce humans to replace neurons that are lost following injury or neurodegenerative diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19735.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko W Currie
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alyssa M Molinaro
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bret J Pearson
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
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73
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Volk DW, Edelson JR, Lewis DA. Altered expression of developmental regulators of parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 177:3-9. [PMID: 26972474 PMCID: PMC5018248 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of prefrontal cortex (PFC) inhibitory neurons that express the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin or the neuropeptide somatostatin in schizophrenia may be related to disturbances in the migration, phenotypic specification, and/or maturation of these neurons. These pre- and postnatal developmental stages are regulated in a cell type-specific manner by various transcription factors and co-activators, fibroblast growth factor receptors (FgfR), and other molecular markers. Consequently, we used quantitative PCR to quantify mRNA levels for these developmental regulators in the PFC of 62 schizophrenia subjects in whom parvalbumin and somatostatin neuron disturbances were previously reported, and in antipsychotic-exposed monkeys. Relative to unaffected comparison subjects, subjects with schizophrenia exhibited elevated mRNA levels for 1) the transcription factor MafB, which is expressed by parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons as they migrate from the medial ganglionic eminence to the cortex, 2) the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α, which is expressed postnatally by parvalbumin neurons to maintain parvalbumin levels and inhibitory function, and 3) FgfR1, which is required for the migration and phenotypic specification of parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons. Elevations in these markers were most prominent in younger schizophrenia subjects and were not present in antipsychotic-exposed monkeys. Finally, expression levels of other important developmental regulators (i.e. Dlx1, Dlx5, Dlx6, SATB1, Sip1/Zeb2, ST8SIA4, cMaf, Nkx6.2, and Arx) were not altered in schizophrenia. The over-expression of a subset of molecular markers with distinct roles in the pre- and postnatal development of parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons might reflect compensatory mechanisms to sustain the development of these neurons in the face of other insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Volk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Corresponding Author: David W. Volk, MD, PhD, W1655 BST, 3811 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Tel: 412-648-9617,
| | - Jessica R. Edelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - David A. Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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74
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Mullins C, Fishell G, Tsien RW. Unifying Views of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Consideration of Autoregulatory Feedback Loops. Neuron 2016; 89:1131-1156. [PMID: 26985722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms underlying autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is a challenging goal. Here we review recent progress on several fronts, including genetics, proteomics, biochemistry, and electrophysiology, that raise motivation for forming a viable pathophysiological hypothesis. In place of a traditionally unidirectional progression, we put forward a framework that extends homeostatic hypotheses by explicitly emphasizing autoregulatory feedback loops and known synaptic biology. The regulated biological feature can be neuronal electrical activity, the collective strength of synapses onto a dendritic branch, the local concentration of a signaling molecule, or the relative strengths of synaptic excitation and inhibition. The sensor of the biological variable (which we have termed the homeostat) engages mechanisms that operate as negative feedback elements to keep the biological variable tightly confined. We categorize known ASD-associated gene products according to their roles in such feedback loops and provide detailed commentary for exemplar genes within each module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Mullins
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gord Fishell
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Richard W Tsien
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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75
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The Zinc Finger Transcription Factor Sp9 Is Required for the Development of Striatopallidal Projection Neurons. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1431-1444. [PMID: 27452460 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs), composed of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons, are derived from the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE). We find that the transcription factor Sp9 is expressed in LGE progenitors that generate nearly all striatal MSNs and that Sp9 expression is maintained in postmitotic striatopallidal MSNs. Sp9-null mice lose most striatopallidal MSNs because of decreased proliferation of striatopallidal MSN progenitors and increased Bax-dependent apoptosis, whereas the development of striatonigral neurons is largely unaffected. ChIP qPCR provides evidence that Ascl1 directly binds the Sp9 promoter. RNA-seq and in situ hybridization reveal that Sp9 promotes expression of Adora2a, P2ry1, Gpr6, and Grik3 in the LGE and striatum. Thus, Sp9 is crucial for the generation, differentiation, and survival of striatopallidal MSNs.
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76
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Lake BB, Ai R, Kaeser GE, Salathia NS, Yung YC, Liu R, Wildberg A, Gao D, Fung HL, Chen S, Vijayaraghavan R, Wong J, Chen A, Sheng X, Kaper F, Shen R, Ronaghi M, Fan JB, Wang W, Chun J, Zhang K. Neuronal subtypes and diversity revealed by single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the human brain. Science 2016; 352:1586-90. [PMID: 27339989 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 597] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The human brain has enormously complex cellular diversity and connectivities fundamental to our neural functions, yet difficulties in interrogating individual neurons has impeded understanding of the underlying transcriptional landscape. We developed a scalable approach to sequence and quantify RNA molecules in isolated neuronal nuclei from a postmortem brain, generating 3227 sets of single-neuron data from six distinct regions of the cerebral cortex. Using an iterative clustering and classification approach, we identified 16 neuronal subtypes that were further annotated on the basis of known markers and cortical cytoarchitecture. These data demonstrate a robust and scalable method for identifying and categorizing single nuclear transcriptomes, revealing shared genes sufficient to distinguish previously unknown and orthologous neuronal subtypes as well as regional identity and transcriptomic heterogeneity within the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blue B Lake
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rizi Ai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gwendolyn E Kaeser
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Yun C Yung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andre Wildberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Derek Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ho-Lim Fung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Julian Wong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Allison Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Sheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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77
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Tyson JA, Goldberg EM, Maroof AM, Xu Q, Petros TJ, Anderson SA. Duration of culture and sonic hedgehog signaling differentially specify PV versus SST cortical interneuron fates from embryonic stem cells. Development 2016; 142:1267-78. [PMID: 25804737 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived GABAergic cortical interneurons (cINs) consist of multiple subtypes that are involved in many cortical functions. They also have a remarkable capacity to migrate, survive and integrate into cortical circuitry after transplantation into postnatal cortex. These features have engendered considerable interest in generating distinct subgroups of interneurons from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for the study of interneuron fate and function, and for the development of cell-based therapies. Although advances have been made, the capacity to generate highly enriched pools of subgroup fate-committed interneuron progenitors from PSCs has remained elusive. Previous studies have suggested that the two main MGE-derived interneuron subgroups--those expressing somatostatin (SST) and those expressing parvalbumin (PV)--are specified in the MGE from Nkx2.1-expressing progenitors at higher or lower levels of sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, respectively. To further explore the role of Shh and other factors in cIN fate determination, we generated a reporter line such that Nkx2.1-expressing progenitors express mCherry and postmitotic Lhx6-expressing MGE-derived interneurons express GFP. Manipulations of Shh exposure and time in culture influenced the subgroup fates of ESC-derived interneurons. Exposure to higher Shh levels, and collecting GFP-expressing precursors at 12 days in culture, resulted in the strongest enrichment for SST interneurons over those expressing PV, whereas the strongest enrichment for PV interneurons was produced by lower Shh and by collecting mCherry-expressing cells after 17 days in culture. These findings confirm that fate determination of cIN subgroups is crucially influenced by Shh signaling, and provide a system for the further study of interneuron fate and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Tyson
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine ARC 517, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5127, USA Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ethan M Goldberg
- Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19083, USA Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19083, USA
| | - Asif M Maroof
- Harvard University Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Qing Xu
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothy J Petros
- Department of Neuroscience, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stewart A Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine ARC 517, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5127, USA
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78
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Hunt RF, Baraban SC. Interneuron Transplantation as a Treatment for Epilepsy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:5/12/a022376. [PMID: 26627452 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a022376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem-cell therapy has extraordinary potential to address critical, unmet needs in the treatment of human disease. One particularly promising approach for the treatment of epilepsy is to increase inhibition in areas of the epileptic brain by grafting new inhibitory cortical interneurons. When grafted from embryos, young γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic precursors disperse, functionally mature into host brain circuits as local-circuit interneurons, and can stop seizures in both genetic and acquired forms of the disease. These features make interneuron cell transplantation an attractive new approach for the treatment of intractable epilepsies, as well as other brain disorders that involve increased risk for epilepsy as a comorbidity. Here, we review recent efforts to isolate and transplant cortical interneuron precursors derived from embryonic mouse and human cell sources. We also discuss some of the important challenges that must be addressed before stem-cell-based treatment for human epilepsy is realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Hunt
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Scott C Baraban
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
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79
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Moffat JJ, Ka M, Jung EM, Kim WY. Genes and brain malformations associated with abnormal neuron positioning. Mol Brain 2015; 8:72. [PMID: 26541977 PMCID: PMC4635534 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal positioning is a fundamental process during brain development. Abnormalities in this process cause several types of brain malformations and are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, intellectual disability, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. Little is known about the pathogenesis of developmental brain malformations associated with abnormal neuron positioning, which has hindered research into potential treatments. However, recent advances in neurogenetics provide clues to the pathogenesis of aberrant neuronal positioning by identifying causative genes. This may help us form a foundation upon which therapeutic tools can be developed. In this review, we first provide a brief overview of neural development and migration, as they relate to defects in neuronal positioning. We then discuss recent progress in identifying genes and brain malformations associated with aberrant neuronal positioning during human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Moffat
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5960, USA.
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5960, USA.
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5960, USA.
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5960, USA.
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80
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Zhou C, Yang G, Chen M, He L, Xiang L, Ricupero C, Mao JJ, Ling J. Lhx6 and Lhx8: cell fate regulators and beyond. FASEB J 2015; 29:4083-91. [PMID: 26148970 PMCID: PMC4566936 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-267500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As transcription factors of the lines (LIN)-11/Islet (Isl)-1/mitosis entry checkpoint (MEC)-3 (LIM)-homeobox subfamily, LIM homeobox (Lhx)6 and -8 are remarkably conserved and involved in the morphogenesis of multiple organ systems. Lhx6 and -8 play overlapping and distinctive roles, but in general act as cell fate mediators and in turn are regulated by several transcriptional factors, such as sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factors, and wingless-int (Wnt)/β-catenin. In this review, we first summarize Lhx6 and -8 distributions in development and then explore how Lhx6 and -8 act as transcription factors and coregulators of cell lineage specification. Known Lhx6 and -8 functions and targets are outlined in neurogenesis, craniofacial development, and germ cell differentiation. The underlying mechanisms of Lhx6 and -8 in regulating cell fate remain elusive. Whether Lhx6 and -8 affect functions in tissues and organs other than neural, craniofacial, oocytes, and germ cells is largely unexplored. Taken together, Lhx6 and -8 are important regulators of cell lineage specification and may act as one of the pivotal mediators of stem cell fate. Undoubtedly, future investigations of Lhx6 and -8 biology will continue to yield fascinating insights into tissue development and homeostasis, in addition to their putative roles in tissue regeneration and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhou
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guodong Yang
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mo Chen
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling He
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lusai Xiang
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Christopher Ricupero
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jeremy J Mao
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqi Ling
- *Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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81
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Volk DW, Chitrapu A, Edelson JR, Lewis DA. Chemokine receptors and cortical interneuron dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 167:12-7. [PMID: 25464914 PMCID: PMC4427549 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in inhibitory (GABA) neurons, including deficiencies in the GABA synthesizing enzyme GAD67, in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia are pronounced in the subpopulations of neurons that contain the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin or the neuropeptide somatostatin. The presence of similar illness-related deficits in the transcription factor Lhx6, which regulates prenatal development of parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons, suggests that cortical GABA neuron dysfunction may be related to disturbances in utero. Since the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 guide the migration of cortical parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons from their birthplace in the medial ganglionic eminence to their final destination in the neocortex, we sought to determine whether altered CXCR4 and/or CXCR7 mRNA levels were associated with disturbances in GABA-related markers in schizophrenia. Quantitative PCR was used to quantify CXCR4 and CXCR7 mRNA levels in the prefrontal cortex of 62 schizophrenia and 62 healthy comparison subjects that were previously characterized for markers of parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons and in antipsychotic-exposed monkeys. We found elevated mRNA levels for CXCR7 (+29%; p<.0001) and CXCR4 (+14%, p=.052) in schizophrenia subjects but not in antipsychotic-exposed monkeys. CXCR7 mRNA levels were inversely correlated with mRNA levels for GAD67, parvalbumin, somatostatin, and Lhx6 in schizophrenia but not in healthy subjects. These findings suggest that higher mRNA levels for CXCR7, and possibly CXCR4, may represent a compensatory mechanism to sustain the migration and correct positioning of cortical parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons in the face of other insults that disrupt the prenatal development of cortical GABA neurons in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Volk
- Departments of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Corresponding Author: David W. Volk, MD, PhD, W1655 BST, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Tel: 412-648-9617
| | - Anjani Chitrapu
- Departments of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jessica R. Edelson
- Departments of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - David A. Lewis
- Departments of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Departments of Neuroscience University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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82
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Kim J, Yeon J, Choi SK, Huh YH, Fang Z, Park SJ, Kim MO, Ryoo ZY, Kang K, Kweon HS, Jeon WB, Li C, Kim K. The Evolutionarily Conserved LIM Homeodomain Protein LIM-4/LHX6 Specifies the Terminal Identity of a Cholinergic and Peptidergic C. elegans Sensory/Inter/Motor Neuron-Type. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005480. [PMID: 26305787 PMCID: PMC4549117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of specific transcription factors determines the differentiated features of postmitotic neurons. However, the mechanism by which specific molecules determine neuronal cell fate and the extent to which the functions of transcription factors are conserved in evolution are not fully understood. In C. elegans, the cholinergic and peptidergic SMB sensory/inter/motor neurons innervate muscle quadrants in the head and control the amplitude of sinusoidal movement. Here we show that the LIM homeobox protein LIM-4 determines neuronal characteristics of the SMB neurons. In lim-4 mutant animals, expression of terminal differentiation genes, such as the cholinergic gene battery and the flp-12 neuropeptide gene, is completely abolished and thus the function of the SMB neurons is compromised. LIM-4 activity promotes SMB identity by directly regulating the expression of the SMB marker genes via a distinct cis-regulatory motif. Two human LIM-4 orthologs, LHX6 and LHX8, functionally substitute for LIM-4 in C. elegans. Furthermore, C. elegans LIM-4 or human LHX6 can induce cholinergic and peptidergic characteristics in the human neuronal cell lines. Our results indicate that the evolutionarily conserved LIM-4/LHX6 homeodomain proteins function in generation of precise neuronal subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmahn Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Jihye Yeon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Seong-Kyoon Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Engineering, Division of NanoBio Technology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Yang Hoon Huh
- Nano-Bio Electron Microscopy Research Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Zi Fang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Seo Jin Park
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus program), School of Animal BT Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Myoung Ok Kim
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus program), School of Animal BT Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Zae Young Ryoo
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group (BK21 plus program), School of Animal BT Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyeongjin Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Kweon
- Nano-Bio Electron Microscopy Research Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Won Bae Jeon
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Engineering, Division of NanoBio Technology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Chris Li
- Department of Biology, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kyuhyung Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
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83
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Cesario JM, Landin Malt A, Deacon LJ, Sandberg M, Vogt D, Tang Z, Zhao Y, Brown S, Rubenstein JL, Jeong J. Lhx6 and Lhx8 promote palate development through negative regulation of a cell cycle inhibitor gene, p57Kip2. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5024-39. [PMID: 26071365 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is a common birth defect in humans. Therefore, understanding the molecular genetics of palate development is important from both scientific and medical perspectives. Lhx6 and Lhx8 encode LIM homeodomain transcription factors, and inactivation of both genes in mice resulted in profound craniofacial defects including cleft secondary palate. The initial outgrowth of the palate was severely impaired in the mutant embryos, due to decreased cell proliferation. Through genome-wide transcriptional profiling, we discovered that p57(Kip2) (Cdkn1c), encoding a cell cycle inhibitor, was up-regulated in the prospective palate of Lhx6(-/-);Lhx8(-/-) mutants. p57(Kip2) has been linked to Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and IMAGe syndrome in humans, which are developmental disorders with increased incidents of palate defects among the patients. To determine the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of p57(Kip2) by the Lhx genes, we combined chromatin immunoprecipitation, in silico search for transcription factor-binding motifs, and in vitro reporter assays with putative cis-regulatory elements. The results of these experiments indicated that LHX6 and LHX8 regulated p57(Kip2) via both direct and indirect mechanisms, with the latter mediated by Forkhead box (FOX) family transcription factors. Together, our findings uncovered a novel connection between the initiation of palate development and a cell cycle inhibitor via LHX. We propose a model in which Lhx6 and Lhx8 negatively regulate p57(Kip2) expression in the prospective palate area to allow adequate levels of cell proliferation and thereby promote normal palate development. This is the first report elucidating a molecular genetic pathway downstream of Lhx in palate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry M Cesario
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Andre Landin Malt
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Lindsay J Deacon
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Magnus Sandberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zuojian Tang
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA and
| | - Yangu Zhao
- Program on Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stuart Brown
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA and
| | - John L Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Juhee Jeong
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA,
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84
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Vogt D, Cho KKA, Lee AT, Sohal VS, Rubenstein JLR. The parvalbumin/somatostatin ratio is increased in Pten mutant mice and by human PTEN ASD alleles. Cell Rep 2015; 11:944-956. [PMID: 25937288 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the phosphatase PTEN are strongly implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we investigate the function of Pten in cortical GABAergic neurons using conditional mutagenesis in mice. Loss of Pten results in a preferential loss of SST(+) interneurons, which increases the ratio of parvalbumin/somatostatin (PV/SST) interneurons, ectopic PV(+) projections in layer I, and inhibition onto glutamatergic cortical neurons. Pten mutant mice exhibit deficits in social behavior and changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) power. Using medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) transplantation, we test for cell-autonomous functional differences between human PTEN wild-type (WT) and ASD alleles. The PTEN ASD alleles are hypomorphic in regulating cell size and the PV/SST ratio in comparison to WT PTEN. This MGE transplantation/complementation assay is efficient and is generally applicable for functional testing of ASD alleles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Kathleen K A Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anthony T Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vikaas S Sohal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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85
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Brandão JA, Romcy-Pereira RN. Interplay of environmental signals and progenitor diversity on fate specification of cortical GABAergic neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:149. [PMID: 25972784 PMCID: PMC4412069 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical GABAergic interneurons constitute an extremely diverse population of cells organized in a well-defined topology of precisely interconnected cells. They play a crucial role regulating inhibitory-excitatory balance in brain circuits, gating sensory perception, and regulating spike timing to brain oscillations during distinct behaviors. Dysfunctions in the establishment of proper inhibitory circuits have been associated to several brain disorders such as autism, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. In the rodent adult cortex, inhibitory neurons are generated during the second gestational week from distinct progenitor lineages located in restricted domains of the ventral telencephalon. However, only recently, studies have revealed some of the mechanisms generating the heterogeneity of neuronal subtypes and their modes of integration in brain networks. Here we will discuss some the events involved in the production of cortical GABAergic neuron diversity with focus on the interaction between intrinsically driven genetic programs and environmental signals during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A Brandão
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
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86
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Vogt D, Wu PR, Sorrells SF, Arnold C, Alvarez-Buylla A, Rubenstein JLR. Viral-mediated Labeling and Transplantation of Medial Ganglionic Eminence (MGE) Cells for In Vivo Studies. J Vis Exp 2015:52740. [PMID: 25938985 PMCID: PMC4541591 DOI: 10.3791/52740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic cortical interneurons, derived from the embryonic medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE and CGE), are functionally and morphologically diverse. Inroads have been made in understanding the roles of distinct cortical interneuron subgroups, however, there are still many mechanisms to be worked out that may contribute to the development and maturation of different types of GABAergic cells. Moreover, altered GABAergic signaling may contribute to phenotypes of autism, schizophrenia and epilepsy. Specific Cre-driver lines have begun to parcel out the functions of unique interneuron subgroups. Despite the advances in mouse models, it is often difficult to efficiently study GABAergic cortical interneuron progenitors with molecular approaches in vivo. One important technique used to study the cell autonomous programming of these cells is transplantation of MGE cells into host cortices. These transplanted cells migrate extensively, differentiate, and functionally integrate. In addition, MGE cells can be efficiently transduced with lentivirus immediately prior to transplantation, allowing for a multitude of molecular approaches. Here we detail a protocol to efficiently transduce MGE cells before transplantation for in vivo analysis, using available Cre-driver lines and Cre-dependent expression vectors. This approach is advantageous because it combines precise genetic manipulation with the ability of these cells to disperse after transplantation, permitting greater cell-type specific resolution in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vogt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco;
| | - Pei-Rung Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco
| | - Shawn F Sorrells
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco
| | - Christine Arnold
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco
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87
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Santiago C, Bashaw GJ. Transcription factors and effectors that regulate neuronal morphology. Development 2015; 141:4667-80. [PMID: 25468936 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors establish the tremendous diversity of cell types in the nervous system by regulating the expression of genes that give a cell its morphological and functional properties. Although many studies have identified requirements for specific transcription factors during the different steps of neural circuit assembly, few have identified the downstream effectors by which they control neuronal morphology. In this Review, we highlight recent work that has elucidated the functional relationships between transcription factors and the downstream effectors through which they regulate neural connectivity in multiple model systems, with a focus on axon guidance and dendrite morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Santiago
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Greg J Bashaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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88
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Nord AS, Pattabiraman K, Visel A, Rubenstein JLR. Genomic perspectives of transcriptional regulation in forebrain development. Neuron 2015; 85:27-47. [PMID: 25569346 PMCID: PMC4438709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The forebrain is the seat of higher-order brain functions, and many human neuropsychiatric disorders are due to genetic defects affecting forebrain development, making it imperative to understand the underlying genetic circuitry. Recent progress now makes it possible to begin fully elucidating the genomic regulatory mechanisms that control forebrain gene expression. Herein, we discuss the current knowledge of how transcription factors drive gene expression programs through their interactions with cis-acting genomic elements, such as enhancers; how analyses of chromatin and DNA modifications provide insights into gene expression states; and how these approaches yield insights into the evolution of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Nord
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
| | - Kartik Pattabiraman
- Department of Psychiatry, Rock Hall, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Axel Visel
- Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Rock Hall, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
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89
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Greenberg Z, Ramshaw H, Schwarz Q. Time Windows of Interneuron Development: Implications to Our Understanding of the Aetiology and Treatment of Schizophrenia. AIMS Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2015.4.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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90
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Human and monkey striatal interneurons are derived from the medial ganglionic eminence but not from the adult subventricular zone. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10906-23. [PMID: 25122892 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1758-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult rodent and monkey brains, newly born neurons in the subventricular zone (SVZ) in the wall of the lateral ventricle migrate into the olfactory bulb (OB) via the rostral migratory stream (RMS). A recent study reported that interneurons are constantly generating in the adult human striatum from the SVZ. In contrast, by taking advantage of the continuous expression of Sp8 from the neuroblast stage through differentiation into mature interneurons, we found that the adult human SVZ does not generate new interneurons for the striatum. In the adult human SVZ and RMS, very few neuroblasts were observed, and most of them expressed the transcription factor Sp8. Neuroblasts in the adult rhesus monkey SVZ-RMS-OB pathway also expressed Sp8. In addition, we observed that Sp8 was expressed by most adult human and monkey OB interneurons. However, very few Sp8+ cells were in the adult human striatum. This suggests that neuroblasts in the adult human SVZ and RMS are likely destined for the OB, but not for the striatum. BrdU-labeling results also revealed few if any newly born neurons in the adult rhesus monkey striatum. Finally, on the basis of transcription factor expression, we provide strong evidence that the vast majority of interneurons in the human and monkey striatum are generated from the medial ganglionic eminence during embryonic developmental stages, as they are in rodents. We conclude that, although a small number of neuroblasts exist in the adult human SVZ, they do not migrate into the striatum and become mature striatal interneurons.
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91
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Abstract
Chemokines are a group of small, secreted molecules that signal through G protein-coupled receptors to promote cell survival and proliferation and to provide directional guidance to migrating cells. CXCL12 is one of the most evolutionary conserved chemokines and signals through the chemokine receptor CXCR4 to guide cell migration during embryogenesis, immune cell trafficking and cancer metastasis. Here and in the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of chemokine signaling, focusing on CXCL12, and we highlight some of the different chemokine-dependent strategies used to guide migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wang
- Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Holger Knaut
- Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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92
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Pattabiraman K, Golonzhka O, Lindtner S, Nord AS, Taher L, Hoch R, Silberberg SN, Zhang D, Chen B, Zeng H, Pennacchio LA, Puelles L, Visel A, Rubenstein JLR. Transcriptional regulation of enhancers active in protodomains of the developing cerebral cortex. Neuron 2014; 82:989-1003. [PMID: 24814534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the genetic control of cerebral cortical (pallial) development is essential for understanding function, evolution, and disorders of the brain. Transcription factors (TFs) that embryonically regulate pallial regionalization are expressed in gradients, raising the question of how discrete domains are generated. We provide evidence that small enhancer elements active in protodomains integrate broad transcriptional information. CreER(T2) and GFP expression from 14 different enhancer elements in stable transgenic mice allowed us to define a comprehensive regional fate map of the pallium. We explored transcriptional mechanisms that control the activity of the enhancers using informatics, in vivo occupancy by TFs that regulate cortical patterning (CoupTFI, Pax6, and Pbx1), and analysis of enhancer activity in Pax6 mutants. Overall, the results provide insights into how broadly expressed patterning TFs regulate the activity of small enhancer elements that drive gene expression in pallial protodomains that fate map to distinct cortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Pattabiraman
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Olga Golonzhka
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA; Acetylon Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Susan Lindtner
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Alex S Nord
- Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Leila Taher
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA; Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Renee Hoch
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Shanni N Silberberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Dongji Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - HongKui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Axel Visel
- Genomics Division, MS 84-171, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA; School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Program in Neuroscience, Rock Hall, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA.
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