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Jiao Y, Zhang T, Liu M, Zhou L, Qi M, Xie X, Shi X, Gu X, Ma Z. Exosomal PGE2 from M2 macrophages inhibits neutrophil recruitment and NET formation through lipid mediator class switching in sepsis. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:62. [PMID: 37533081 PMCID: PMC10394797 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00957-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) recruitment or excessive neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation can lead to the development of multiple organ dysfunction during sepsis. M2 macrophage-derived exosomes (M2-Exos) have exhibited anti-inflammatory activities in some inflammatory diseases to mediate organ functional protection, but their role in treating sepsis-related acute lung injury (ALI) remains unclear. In this study, we sought to investigate whether M2-Exos could prevent potentially deleterious inflammatory effects during sepsis-related ALI by modulating abnormal PMN behaviours. METHODS C57BL/6 wild-type mice were subjected to a caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mouse model to mimic sepsis in vivo, and M2-Exos were administered intraperitoneally 1 h after CLP. H&E staining, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were conducted to investigate lung tissue injury, PMN infiltration and NET formation in the lung. We further demonstrated the role of M2-Exos on PMN function and explored the potential mechanisms through an in vitro coculture experiment using PMNs isolated from both healthy volunteers and septic patients. RESULTS Here, we report that M2-Exos inhibited PMN migration and NET formation, alleviated lung injury and reduced mortality in a sepsis mouse model. In vitro, M2-Exos significantly decreased PMN migration and NET formation capacity, leading to lipid mediator class switching from proinflammatory leukotriene B4 (LTB4) to anti-inflammatory lipoxin A4 (LXA4) by upregulating 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) expression in PMNs. Treatment with LXA4 receptor antagonist attenuated the effect of M2-Exos on PMNs and lung injury. Mechanistically, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) enriched in M2-Exos was necessary to increase 15-LO expression in PMNs by functioning on the EP4 receptor, upregulate LXA4 production to downregulate chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) expressions, and finally inhibit PMN function. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a previously unknown role of M2-Exos in regulating PMN migration and NET formation through lipid mediator class switching, thus highlighting the potential application of M2-Exos in controlling PMN-mediated tissue injury in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ti Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Luyang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Mengzhi Qi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xueyin Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Lin R, Wang J, Wu Y, Yi Z, Zhang Y, Li L. Resolving neutrophils due to TRAM deletion renders protection against experimental sepsis. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:1733-1744. [PMID: 37563334 PMCID: PMC10727485 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proper inflammation resolution is crucial to prevent runaway inflammation during sepsis and reduce sepsis-related mortality/morbidity. Previous studies suggest that deleting TRAM, a key TLR4 signaling adaptor, can reprogram the first inflammatory responder cell-neutrophil from an inflammatory state to a resolving state. In this study, we aim to examine the therapeutic potential of TRAM-deficient neutrophils in vivo with recipient mice undergoing experimental sepsis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Wild-type or Tram-/- mice were intraperitoneally injected with cecal slurry to induce either severe or mild sepsis. Phenotypic examinations of sepsis and neutrophil characteristics were examined in vivo and ex vivo. The propagations of resolution from donor neutrophils to recipient cells such as monocytes, T cells, and endothelial cells were examined through co-culture assays in vitro. The efficacies of Tram-/- neutrophils in reducing inflammation were studied by transfusing either wild-type or Tram-/- neutrophils into septic recipient mice. RESULTS Tram-/- septic mice had improved survival and attenuated injuries within the lung and kidney tissues as compared to wild-type septic mice. Wild-type septic mice transfused with Tram-/- resolving neutrophils exhibited reduced multi-organ damages and improved cellular homeostasis. In vitro co-culture studies revealed that donor Tram-/- neutrophils can effectively propagate cellular homeostasis to co-cultured neighboring monocytes, neutrophils, T cells as well as endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophils with TRAM deletion render effective reprogramming into a resolving state beneficial for ameliorating experimental sepsis, with therapeutic potential in propagating cellular and tissue homeostasis as well as treating sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- RuiCi Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 149 Life Science 1 Bldg, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0910, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 149 Life Science 1 Bldg, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0910, USA
| | - Yajun Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 149 Life Science 1 Bldg, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0910, USA
| | - Ziyue Yi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 149 Life Science 1 Bldg, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0910, USA
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 149 Life Science 1 Bldg, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0910, USA
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 149 Life Science 1 Bldg, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0910, USA.
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Luque-Campos N, Riquelme R, Molina L, Canedo-Marroquín G, Vega-Letter AM, Luz-Crawford P, Bustamante-Barrientos FA. Exploring the therapeutic potential of the mitochondrial transfer-associated enzymatic machinery in brain degeneration. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1217815. [PMID: 37576343 PMCID: PMC10416799 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1217815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central event in the pathogenesis of several degenerative brain disorders. It entails fission and fusion dynamics disruption, progressive decline in mitochondrial clearance, and uncontrolled oxidative stress. Many therapeutic strategies have been formulated to reverse these alterations, including replacing damaged mitochondria with healthy ones. Spontaneous mitochondrial transfer is a naturally occurring process with different biological functions. It comprises mitochondrial donation from one cell to another, carried out through different pathways, such as the formation and stabilization of tunneling nanotubules and Gap junctions and the release of extracellular vesicles with mitochondrial cargoes. Even though many aspects of regulating these mechanisms still need to be discovered, some key enzymatic regulators have been identified. This review summarizes the current knowledge on mitochondrial dysfunction in different neurodegenerative disorders. Besides, we analyzed the usage of mitochondrial transfer as an endogenous revitalization tool, emphasizing the enzyme regulators that govern this mechanism. Going deeper into this matter would be helpful to take advantage of the therapeutic potential of mitochondrial transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noymar Luque-Campos
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- IMPACT-Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Riquelme
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Molina
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Gisela Canedo-Marroquín
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Vega-Letter
- Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Patricia Luz-Crawford
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- IMPACT-Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe A. Bustamante-Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- IMPACT-Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
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Warner WS, Stubben C, Yeoh S, Light AR, Mahan MA. Next-generation RNA sequencing elucidates transcriptomic signatures of pathophysiologic nerve regeneration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8856. [PMID: 37258605 PMCID: PMC10232541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular and molecular underpinnings of Wallerian degeneration have been robustly explored in laboratory models of successful nerve regeneration. In contrast, there is limited interrogation of failed regeneration, which is the challenge facing clinical practice. Specifically, we lack insight on the pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to the formation of neuromas-in-continuity (NIC). To address this knowledge gap, we have developed and validated a novel basic science model of rapid-stretch nerve injury, which provides a biofidelic injury with NIC development and incomplete neurologic recovery. In this study, we applied next-generation RNA sequencing to elucidate the temporal transcriptional landscape of pathophysiologic nerve regeneration. To corroborate genetic analysis, nerves were subject to immunofluorescent staining for transcripts representative of the prominent biological pathways identified. Pathophysiologic nerve regeneration produces substantially altered genetic profiles both temporally and in the mature neuroma microenvironment, in contrast to the coordinated genetic signatures of Wallerian degeneration and successful regeneration. To our knowledge, this study presents as the first transcriptional study of NIC pathophysiology and has identified cellular death, fibrosis, neurodegeneration, metabolism, and unresolved inflammatory signatures that diverge from pathways elaborated by traditional models of successful nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley S Warner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, The University of Utah, 175 North Medical Dr. East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Christopher Stubben
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Stewart Yeoh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, The University of Utah, 175 North Medical Dr. East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Alan R Light
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mark A Mahan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, The University of Utah, 175 North Medical Dr. East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
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55
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Choconta JL, Labi V, Dumbraveanu C, Kalpachidou T, Kummer KK, Kress M. Age-related neuroimmune signatures in dorsal root ganglia of a Fabry disease mouse model. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:22. [PMID: 37173694 PMCID: PMC10176851 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Pain in Fabry disease (FD) is generally accepted to result from neuronal damage in the peripheral nervous system as a consequence of excess lipid storage caused by alpha-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) deficiency. Signatures of pain arising from nerve injuries are generally associated with changes of number, location and phenotypes of immune cells within dorsal root ganglia (DRG). However, the neuroimmune processes in the DRG linked to accumulating glycosphingolipids in Fabry disease are insufficiently understood.Therefore, using indirect immune fluorescence microscopy, transmigration assays and FACS together with transcriptomic signatures associated with immune processes, we assessed age-dependent neuroimmune alterations in DRG obtained from mice with a global depletion of α-Gal A as a valid mouse model for FD. Macrophage numbers in the DRG of FD mice were unaltered, and BV-2 cells as a model for monocytic cells did not show augmented migratory reactions to glycosphingolipids exposure suggesting that these do not act as chemoattractants in FD. However, we found pronounced alterations of lysosomal signatures in sensory neurons and of macrophage morphology and phenotypes in FD DRG. Macrophages exhibited reduced morphological complexity indicated by a smaller number of ramifications and more rounded shape, which were age dependent and indicative of premature monocytic aging together with upregulated expression of markers CD68 and CD163.In our FD mouse model, the observed phenotypic changes in myeloid cell populations of the DRG suggest enhanced phagocytic and unaltered proliferative capacity of macrophages as compared to wildtype control mice. We suggest that macrophages may participate in FD pathogenesis and targeting macrophages at an early stage of FD may offer new treatment options other than enzyme replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeiny Luna Choconta
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Labi
- Institute of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Kai K Kummer
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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56
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Zhao Y, Gao C, Pan X, Lei K. Emerging roles of mitochondria in animal regeneration. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:14. [PMID: 37142814 PMCID: PMC10160293 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-023-00158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The regeneration capacity after an injury is critical to the survival of living organisms. In animals, regeneration ability can be classified into five primary types: cellular, tissue, organ, structure, and whole-body regeneration. Multiple organelles and signaling pathways are involved in the processes of initiation, progression, and completion of regeneration. Mitochondria, as intracellular signaling platforms of pleiotropic functions in animals, have recently gained attention in animal regeneration. However, most studies to date have focused on cellular and tissue regeneration. A mechanistic understanding of the mitochondrial role in large-scale regeneration is unclear. Here, we reviewed findings related to mitochondrial involvement in animal regeneration. We outlined the evidence of mitochondrial dynamics across different animal models. Moreover, we emphasized the impact of defects and perturbation in mitochondria resulting in regeneration failure. Ultimately, we discussed the regulation of aging by mitochondria in animal regeneration and recommended this for future study. We hope this review will serve as a means to advocate for more mechanistic studies of mitochondria related to animal regeneration on different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Lei
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China.
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Caxaria S, Bharde S, Fuller AM, Evans R, Thomas B, Celik P, Dell’Accio F, Yona S, Gilroy D, Voisin MB, Wood JN, Sikandar S. Neutrophils infiltrate sensory ganglia and mediate chronic widespread pain in fibromyalgia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211631120. [PMID: 37071676 PMCID: PMC10151464 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211631120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia is a debilitating widespread chronic pain syndrome that occurs in 2 to 4% of the population. The prevailing view that fibromyalgia results from central nervous system dysfunction has recently been challenged with data showing changes in peripheral nervous system activity. Using a mouse model of chronic widespread pain through hyperalgesic priming of muscle, we show that neutrophils invade sensory ganglia and confer mechanical hypersensitivity on recipient mice, while adoptive transfer of immunoglobulin, serum, lymphocytes, or monocytes has no effect on pain behavior. Neutrophil depletion abolishes the establishment of chronic widespread pain in mice. Neutrophils from patients with fibromyalgia also confer pain on mice. A link between neutrophil-derived mediators and peripheral nerve sensitization is already established. Our observations suggest approaches for targeting fibromyalgia pain via mechanisms that cause altered neutrophil activity and interactions with sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Caxaria
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Sabah Bharde
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Alice M. Fuller
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Romy Evans
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan Thomas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Petek Celik
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Dell’Accio
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Yona
- Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research, Hebrew University, 9112102Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Derek Gilroy
- Division of Medicine, Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute of Biomedical Research, University College London, WC1E 6BTLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Mathieu-Benoit Voisin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQLondon, United Kingdom
| | - John N. Wood
- Division of Medicine, Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute of Biomedical Research, University College London, WC1E 6BTLondon, United Kingdom
| | - Shafaq Sikandar
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, EC1M 6BQLondon, United Kingdom
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Sanz-Ros J, Mas-Bargues C, Romero-García N, Huete-Acevedo J, Dromant M, Borrás C. The Potential Use of Mitochondrial Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers or Therapeutical Tools. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087005. [PMID: 37108168 PMCID: PMC10139054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria play a crucial role in cellular metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and apoptosis. Aberrant mitochondria can cause severe damage to the cells, which have established a tight quality control for the mitochondria. This process avoids the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and can lead to the release of mitochondrial constituents to the extracellular milieu through mitochondrial extracellular vesicles (MitoEVs). These MitoEVs carry mtDNA, rRNA, tRNA, and protein complexes of the respiratory chain, and the largest MitoEVs can even transport whole mitochondria. Macrophages ultimately engulf these MitoEVs to undergo outsourced mitophagy. Recently, it has been reported that MitoEVs can also contain healthy mitochondria, whose function seems to be the rescue of stressed cells by restoring the loss of mitochondrial function. This mitochondrial transfer has opened the field of their use as potential disease biomarkers and therapeutic tools. This review describes this new EVs-mediated transfer of the mitochondria and the current application of MitoEVs in the clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sanz-Ros
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Mas-Bargues
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nekane Romero-García
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Trauma Intensive Care, Hospital Clinic Universitari de Valencia, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Huete-Acevedo
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Dromant
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Borrás
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Kidwell CU, Casalini JR, Pradeep S, Scherer SD, Greiner D, Bayik D, Watson DC, Olson GS, Lathia JD, Johnson JS, Rutter J, Welm AL, Zangle TA, Roh-Johnson M. Transferred mitochondria accumulate reactive oxygen species, promoting proliferation. eLife 2023; 12:e85494. [PMID: 36876914 PMCID: PMC10042539 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies reveal that lateral mitochondrial transfer, the movement of mitochondria from one cell to another, can affect cellular and tissue homeostasis. Most of what we know about mitochondrial transfer stems from bulk cell studies and have led to the paradigm that functional transferred mitochondria restore bioenergetics and revitalize cellular functions to recipient cells with damaged or non-functional mitochondrial networks. However, we show that mitochondrial transfer also occurs between cells with functioning endogenous mitochondrial networks, but the mechanisms underlying how transferred mitochondria can promote such sustained behavioral reprogramming remain unclear. We report that unexpectedly, transferred macrophage mitochondria are dysfunctional and accumulate reactive oxygen species in recipient cancer cells. We further discovered that reactive oxygen species accumulation activates ERK signaling, promoting cancer cell proliferation. Pro-tumorigenic macrophages exhibit fragmented mitochondrial networks, leading to higher rates of mitochondrial transfer to cancer cells. Finally, we observe that macrophage mitochondrial transfer promotes tumor cell proliferation in vivo. Collectively these results indicate that transferred macrophage mitochondria activate downstream signaling pathways in a ROS-dependent manner in cancer cells, and provide a model of how sustained behavioral reprogramming can be mediated by a relatively small amount of transferred mitochondria in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea U Kidwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Joseph R Casalini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Soorya Pradeep
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Sandra D Scherer
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Daniel Greiner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Defne Bayik
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Dionysios C Watson
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterClevelandUnited States
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Gregory S Olson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Jarrod S Johnson
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Alana L Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Thomas A Zangle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Minna Roh-Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
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60
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Dong W, Zhang W, Yuan L, Xie Y, Li Y, Li K, Zhu W. Rescuers from the Other Shore: Intercellular Mitochondrial Transfer and Its Implications in Central Nervous System Injury and Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023. [PMID: 36867301 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
As the powerhouse and core of cellular metabolism and survival, mitochondria are the essential organelle in mammalian cells and maintain cellular homeostasis by changing their content and morphology to meet demands through mitochondrial quality control. It has been observed that mitochondria can move between cells under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, which provides a novel strategy for preserving mitochondrial homeostasis and also a therapeutic target for applications in clinical settings. Therefore, in this review, we will summarize currently known mechanisms of intercellular mitochondrial transfer, including modes, triggers, and functions. Due to the highly demanded energy and indispensable intercellular linkages of the central nervous system (CNS), we highlight the mitochondrial transfer in CNS. We also discuss future application possibilities and difficulties that need to be addressed in the treatment of CNS injury and diseases. This clarification should shed light on its potential clinical applications as a promising therapeutic target in neurological diseases. Intercellular mitochondrial transfer maintains the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS), and its alteration is related to several neurological diseases. Supplementing exogenous mitochondrial donor cells and mitochondria, or utilizing some medications to regulate the process of transfer might mitigate the disease and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Dong
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Iron Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Iron Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Linying Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunzi Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kuanyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Iron Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Wusheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Hakim S, Woolf CJ. Macrophages set the bar for acute pain sensitivity. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:382-384. [PMID: 36823407 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hakim
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Interactions between the immune and nervous systems are of central importance in neuropathic pain, a common and debilitating form of chronic pain caused by a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system. Our understanding of neuroimmune interactions in pain research has advanced considerably. Initially considered as passive bystanders, then as culprits in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, immune responses in the nervous system are now established to underpin not only the initiation and progression of pain but also its resolution. Indeed, immune cells and their mediators are well-established promoters of neuroinflammation at each level of the neural pain pathway that contributes to pain hypersensitivity. However, emerging evidence indicates that specific subtypes of immune cells (including antinociceptive macrophages, pain-resolving microglia and T regulatory cells) as well as immunoresolvent molecules and modulators of the gut microbiota-immune system axis can reduce the pain experience and contribute to the resolution of neuropathic pain. This Review provides an overview of the immune mechanisms responsible for the resolution of neuropathic pain, including those involved in innate, adaptive and meningeal immunity as well as interactions with the gut microbiome. Specialized pro-resolving mediators and therapeutic approaches that target these neuroimmune mechanisms are also discussed.
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63
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Qiao B, Song X, Zhang N, Xu M, Zhuang B, Guo H, Wu W, Yang Z, Xie X, Luan Y, Zhang C. Artificial nano-red blood cells nanoplatform with lysosomal escape capability for ultrasound imaging-guided on-demand pain management. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:798-810. [PMID: 36638944 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative pain management would benefit significantly from an anesthetic that could take effect in an on-demand manner. An ultrasound would be an appropriate tool for such nanoplatform because it is widely used in clinical settings for ultrasound-guided anesthesia. Herein, we report a nanoplatform for postoperative on-demand pain management that can effectively enhance their analgesic time while providing ultrasonic imaging. Levobupivacaine and perfluoropentane were put into dendritic mesoporous silica and covered with red blood cell membranes to make the pain relief last longer in living organisms. The generated nanoplatform with gas-producing capability is ultrasonic responsive and can finely escape from the lysosomal in cells under ultrasound irradiation, maximizing the anesthetic effect with minimal toxicity. Using an incision pain model in vivo, levobupivacaine's sustained and controlled release gives pain reduction for approximately 3 days straight. The duration of pain relief is over 20 times greater than with a single injection of free levobupivacaine. Effective pain management was reached in vivo, and the pain reduction was enhanced by repeated ultrasonic irradiation. There was no detectable systemic or tissue injury under either of the treatments. Thus, our results suggest that nanoplatform with lysosomal escape capability can provide a practical ultrasound imaging-guided on-demand pain management strategy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: On-demand pain management is essential to postoperative patients. However, the traditional on-demand pain management strategy is hampered by the limited tissue penetration depth of near-infrared stimuli and the lack of proper imaging guidance. The proposed research is significant because it provides a nanoplatform for deep penetrated ultrasound controlled pain management under clinical applicable ultrasound imaging guidance. Moreover, the nanoplatform with prolonged retention time and lysosomal escape capability can provide long-term pain alleviation. Therefore, our results suggest that nanoplatform with lysosomal escape capability can provide an effective strategy for ultrasound imaging-guided on-demand pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Qiao
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Xinye Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Liaoning 116011, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Bowen Zhuang
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Huanling Guo
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Wenxin Wu
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Zhuyang Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Xie
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
| | - Yong Luan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Liaoning 116011, PR China.
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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Hutto RA, Rutter KM, Giarmarco MM, Parker ED, Chambers ZS, Brockerhoff SE. Cone photoreceptors transfer damaged mitochondria to Müller glia. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112115. [PMID: 36795565 PMCID: PMC10425575 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles that require sophisticated homeostatic mechanisms for maintenance. Intercellular transfer of damaged mitochondria is a recently identified strategy broadly used to improve cellular health and viability. Here, we investigate mitochondrial homeostasis in the vertebrate cone photoreceptor, the specialized neuron that initiates our daytime and color vision. We find a generalizable response to mitochondrial stress that leads to loss of cristae, displacement of damaged mitochondria from their normal cellular location, initiation of degradation, and transfer to Müller glia cells, a key non-neuronal support cell in the retina. Our findings show transmitophagy from cones to Müller glia as a response to mitochondrial damage. Intercellular transfer of damaged mitochondria represents an outsourcing mechanism that photoreceptors use to support their specialized function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Hutto
- Biochemistry Department, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Rutter
- Biochemistry Department, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Edward D Parker
- Ophthalmology Department, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zachary S Chambers
- Biochemistry Department, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Susan E Brockerhoff
- Biochemistry Department, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Ophthalmology Department, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Reinhold AK, Kindl GK, Dietz C, Scheu N, Mehling K, Brack A, Birklein F, Rittner HL. Molecular and clinical markers of pain relief in complex regional pain syndrome: An observational study. Eur J Pain 2023; 27:278-288. [PMID: 36440973 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is marked by disproportionate pain after trauma. Whilst the long-term outcome is crucial to patients, predictors or biomarkers of the course of pain or CRPS symptoms are still lacking. In particular, microRNAs, such as miR-223, decreased in CRPS, have been described only in cross-sectional studies. METHODS In this study, we characterised CRPS patients over a course of 2.5 years of standard treatment. The patient underwent clinical examination including pain measurement, symptom questionnaires, quantitative sensory testing (QST) and blood sampling. Exosomal microRNA levels were measured via qPCR. After follow-up, patients were stratified into 'pain relief' (mean pain reduced by ≥2 numeric rating scale) or 'persistence' (mean pain unchanged or worsened). The primary outcome was miR-223 and miR-939 expression, secondary outcomes were differences in clinical parameters between groups and time points. RESULTS Thirty-nine patients were included, 33 of whom qualified for stratification. Overall, patients reported lower pain and improved clinical characteristics after 2.5 years, but no significant changes in QST or miR-223 and miR-939 expression levels. 16 patients met the criteria for pain relief. This was associated with stable exosomal miR-223 expression, whilst levels further decreased in pain persistence. Clinically, pain relief was marked by shorter disease duration and correlated positively with high initial pain. CONCLUSION We identified progressively reduced miR-223 as a putative biomarker of chronic CRPS pain. Clinically, this study underlines the importance of early diagnosis and treatment showing that high initial pain does not predict an unfavourable outcome. Finally, pain relief and recovery of sensory disturbances seem independent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kristin Reinhold
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun-Karin Kindl
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Dietz
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Scheu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Mehling
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Brack
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Birklein
- Department of Neurology, Mainz University Hospitals, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heike L Rittner
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Cai W, Zhang J, Yu Y, Ni Y, Wei Y, Cheng Y, Han L, Xiao L, Ma X, Wei H, Ji Y, Zhang Y. Mitochondrial Transfer Regulates Cell Fate Through Metabolic Remodeling in Osteoporosis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204871. [PMID: 36507570 PMCID: PMC9896036 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of eukaryotic cells, which regulate cell metabolism and differentiation. Recently, mitochondrial transfer between cells has been shown to direct recipient cell fate. However, it is unclear whether mitochondria can translocate to stem cells and whether this transfer alters stem cell fate. Here, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) regulation is examined by macrophages in the bone marrow environment. It is found that macrophages promote osteogenic differentiation of MSCs by delivering mitochondria to MSCs. However, under osteoporotic conditions, macrophages with altered phenotypes, and metabolic statuses release oxidatively damaged mitochondria. Increased mitochondrial transfer of M1-like macrophages to MSCs triggers a reactive oxygen species burst, which leads to metabolic remodeling. It is showed that abnormal metabolism in MSCs is caused by the abnormal succinate accumulation, which is a key factor in abnormal osteogenic differentiation. These results reveal that mitochondrial transfer from macrophages to MSCs allows metabolic crosstalk to regulate bone homeostasis. This mechanism identifies a potential target for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Cai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Jinglun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Yiqian Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Yueqi Ni
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Yihong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Litian Han
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Leyi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Xiaoxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Hongjiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Yaoting Ji
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral BiomedicineMinistry of EducationSchool and Hospital of StomatologyWuhan UniversityWuhan430079China
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Dave KM, Stolz DB, Venna VR, Quaicoe VA, Maniskas ME, Reynolds MJ, Babidhan R, Dobbins DX, Farinelli MN, Sullivan A, Bhatia TN, Yankello H, Reddy R, Bae Y, Leak RK, Shiva SS, McCullough LD, Manickam DS. Mitochondria-containing extracellular vesicles (EV) reduce mouse brain infarct sizes and EV/HSP27 protect ischemic brain endothelial cultures. J Control Release 2023; 354:368-393. [PMID: 36642252 PMCID: PMC9974867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke causes brain endothelial cell (BEC) death and damages tight junction integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We harnessed the innate mitochondrial load of BEC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and utilized mixtures of EV/exogenous 27 kDa heat shock protein (HSP27) as a one-two punch strategy to increase BEC survival (via EV mitochondria) and preserve their tight junction integrity (via HSP27 effects). We demonstrated that the medium-to-large (m/lEV) but not small EVs (sEV) transferred their mitochondrial load, that subsequently colocalized with the mitochondrial network of the recipient primary human BECs. Recipient BECs treated with m/lEVs showed increased relative ATP levels and mitochondrial function. To determine if the m/lEV-meditated increase in recipient BEC ATP levels was associated with m/lEV mitochondria, we isolated m/lEVs from donor BECs pre-treated with oligomycin A (OGM, mitochondria electron transport complex V inhibitor), referred to as OGM-m/lEVs. BECs treated with naïve m/lEVs showed a significant increase in ATP levels compared to untreated OGD cells, OGM-m/lEVs treated BECs showed a loss of ATP levels suggesting that the m/lEV-mediated increase in ATP levels is likely a function of their innate mitochondrial load. In contrast, sEV-mediated ATP increases were not affected by inhibition of mitochondrial function in the donor BECs. Intravenously administered m/lEVs showed a reduction in brain infarct sizes compared to vehicle-injected mice in a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemic stroke. We formulated binary mixtures of human recombinant HSP27 protein with EVs: EV/HSP27 and ternary mixtures of HSP27 and EVs with a cationic polymer, poly (ethylene glycol)-b-poly (diethyltriamine): (PEG-DET/HSP27)/EV. (PEG-DET/HSP27)/EV and EV/HSP27 mixtures decreased the paracellular permeability of small and large molecular mass fluorescent tracers in oxygen glucose-deprived primary human BECs. This one-two punch approach to increase BEC metabolic function and tight junction integrity may be a promising strategy for BBB protection and prevention of long-term neurological dysfunction post-ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandarp M Dave
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Venugopal R Venna
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victoria A Quaicoe
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael E Maniskas
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael John Reynolds
- Pittsburgh Heart Lung Blood Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Riyan Babidhan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Duncan X Dobbins
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maura N Farinelli
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA
| | - Abigail Sullivan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Psychological and Brain Sciences, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - Tarun N Bhatia
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hannah Yankello
- Departments of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rohan Reddy
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Younsoo Bae
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sruti S Shiva
- Pittsburgh Heart Lung Blood Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Devika S Manickam
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Burtscher J, Soltany A, Visavadiya NP, Burtscher M, Millet GP, Khoramipour K, Khamoui AV. Mitochondrial stress and mitokines in aging. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13770. [PMID: 36642986 PMCID: PMC9924952 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitokines are signaling molecules that enable communication of local mitochondrial stress to other mitochondria in distant cells and tissues. Among those molecules are FGF21, GDF15 (both expressed in the nucleus) and several mitochondrial-derived peptides, including humanin. Their responsiveness to mitochondrial stress induces mitokine-signaling in response for example to exercise, following mitochondrial challenges in skeletal muscle. Such signaling is emerging as an important mediator of exercise-derived and dietary strategy-related molecular and systemic health benefits, including healthy aging. A compensatory increase in mitokine synthesis and secretion could preserve mitochondrial function and overall cellular vitality. Conversely, resistance against mitokine actions may also develop. Alterations of mitokine-levels, and therefore of mitokine-related inter-tissue cross talk, are associated with general aging processes and could influence the development of age-related chronic metabolic, cardiovascular and neurological diseases; whether these changes contribute to aging or represent "rescue factors" remains to be conclusively shown. The aim of the present review is to summarize the expanding knowledge on mitokines, the potential to modulate them by lifestyle and their involvement in aging and age-related diseases. We highlight the importance of well-balanced mitokine-levels, the preventive and therapeutic properties of maintaining mitokine homeostasis and sensitivity of mitokine signaling but also the risks arising from the dysregulation of mitokines. While reduced mitokine levels may impair inter-organ crosstalk, also excessive mitokine concentrations can have deleterious consequences and are associated with conditions such as cancer and heart failure. Preservation of healthy mitokine signaling levels can be achieved by regular exercise and is associated with an increased lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Afsaneh Soltany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ShirazShirazIran
| | - Nishant P. Visavadiya
- Department of Exercise Science and Health PromotionFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonFloridaUSA
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport ScienceUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Kayvan Khoramipour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, and Afzalipour School of MedicineKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Andy V. Khamoui
- Department of Exercise Science and Health PromotionFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonFloridaUSA
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69
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Gugala Z. What's New in Musculoskeletal Basic Science. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2022; 104:2047-2052. [PMID: 36476737 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.22.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Gugala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Chen YL, Feng XL, Cheung CW, Liu JA. Mode of action of astrocytes in pain: From the spinal cord to the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 219:102365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Fan Q, Maejima Y, Wei L, Nakagama S, Shiheido-Watanabe Y, Sasano T. The Pathophysiological Significance of "Mitochondrial Ejection" from Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121770. [PMID: 36551198 PMCID: PMC9775504 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria have beneficial effects on cells by producing ATP and contributing to various biosynthetic procedures. On the other hand, dysfunctional mitochondria have detrimental effects on cells by inducing cellular damage, inflammation, and causing apoptosis in response to various stimuli. Therefore, a series of mitochondrial quality control pathways are required for the physiological state of cells to be maintained. Recent research has provided solid evidence to support that mitochondria are ejected from cells for transcellular degradation or transferred to other cells as metabolic support or regulatory messengers. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the regulation of mitochondrial transmigration across the plasma membranes and discuss the functional significance of this unexpected phenomenon, with an additional focus on the impact on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. We also provide some perspective concerning the unrevealed mechanisms underlying mitochondrial ejection as well as existing problems and challenges concerning the therapeutic application of mitochondrial ejection.
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Mai L, Jia S, Liu Q, Chu Y, Liu J, Yang S, Huang F, Fan W. Sympathectomy Ameliorates CFA-Induced Mechanical Allodynia via Modulating Phenotype of Macrophages in Sensory Ganglion in Mice. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6263-6274. [DOI: 10.2147/jir.s388322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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73
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Malange KF, Navia-Pelaez JM, Dias EV, Lemes JBP, Choi SH, Dos Santos GG, Yaksh TL, Corr M. Macrophages and glial cells: Innate immune drivers of inflammatory arthritic pain perception from peripheral joints to the central nervous system. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:1018800. [PMID: 36387416 PMCID: PMC9644179 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1018800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people suffer from arthritis worldwide, consistently struggling with daily activities due to debilitating pain evoked by this disease. Perhaps the most intensively investigated type of inflammatory arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis (RA), where, despite considerable advances in research and clinical management, gaps regarding the neuroimmune interactions that guide inflammation and chronic pain in this disease remain to be clarified. The pain and inflammation associated with arthritis are not isolated to the joints, and inflammatory mechanisms induced by different immune and glial cells in other tissues may affect the development of chronic pain that results from the disease. This review aims to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art research on the roles that innate immune, and glial cells play in the onset and maintenance of arthritis-associated pain, reviewing nociceptive pathways from the joint through the dorsal root ganglion, spinal circuits, and different structures in the brain. We will focus on the cellular mechanisms related to neuroinflammation and pain, and treatments targeting these mechanisms from the periphery and the CNS. A comprehensive understanding of the role these cells play in peripheral inflammation and initiation of pain and the central pathways in the spinal cord and brain will facilitate identifying new targets and pathways to aide in developing therapeutic strategies to treat joint pain associated with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaue Franco Malange
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Elayne Vieira Dias
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Soo-Ho Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
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74
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Bedeir MM, Ninoyu Y, Nakamura T, Tsujikawa T, Hirano S. Multiplex immunohistochemistry reveals cochlear macrophage heterogeneity and local auditory nerve inflammation in cisplatin-induced hearing loss. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1015014. [PMID: 36341090 PMCID: PMC9633043 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1015014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inner ear macrophages play a vital role in cochlear homeostasis. Recent studies have demonstrated the existence of macrophages at different sites of the cochlea, with increased cochlear infiltration as an inflammatory response mechanism to injury. However, current methods, such as conventional immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, provide limited information about the diversity of cochlear macrophages. Recently, multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) successfully identified the heterogeneity of immune cells in cancer tissue and thereby improved our understanding of the disease prognosis. In this study, we modified the mIHC technique for cochlear tissue and utilized it to investigate cochlear macrophage behavior and heterogeneity before and after exposure to ototoxic drugs such as cisplatin. Four-week-old C57BL/6N female mice were intraperitoneally injected with cisplatin at 5 mg/kg/day consecutively for 6 days. Their hearing levels were assessed before and after the injection. Their cochleae were harvested before (day 0) and on days 8 and 15 after the cisplatin injection. Paraffin-embedded sections were sequentially immunostained using macrophage surface markers to identify the different categories of macrophages. Each immunostaining cycle included incubation with primary antibody, incubation with secondary antibody, chromogenic staining, and image scanning. Thereafter, all antibodies were stripped out, and antigen retrieval was performed to prepare the tissue for the next cycle. The results revealed that activated cochlear macrophages were not entirely differentiated into M1 or M2 categories but into multi-marker M1/M2 mixed macrophages. Furthermore, the ratio of these mixed (M1/M2) macrophages to Iba1+ macrophages increased in the auditory nerve after cisplatin exposure, suggesting local auditory nerve inflammation. The increase in the population of activated macrophages in the auditory nerve region was concomitant with the temporary shift of hearing threshold on day 8 post-cisplatin injection. The findings of this study indicate the effectiveness of mIHC in identifying cochlear macrophage heterogeneity both in the resting state and after cisplatin exposure. Therefore, mIHC could be a powerful tool in cochlear immunology research. Our findings may provide new insights into the co-relation between the cochlear macrophage and cisplatin exposure.
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Silva Santos Ribeiro P, Willemen HLDM, Eijkelkamp N. Mitochondria and sensory processing in inflammatory and neuropathic pain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:1013577. [PMID: 36324872 PMCID: PMC9619239 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.1013577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, affect over 750 million people worldwide and contribute to approximately 40% of chronic pain cases. Inflammation and tissue damage contribute to pain in rheumatic diseases, but pain often persists even when inflammation/damage is resolved. Mechanisms that cause this persistent pain are still unclear. Mitochondria are essential for a myriad of cellular processes and regulate neuronal functions. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in multiple neurological disorders, but its role in sensory processing and pain in rheumatic diseases is relatively unexplored. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of how mitochondrial dysfunction connects inflammation and damage-associated pathways to neuronal sensitization and persistent pain. To provide an overall framework on how mitochondria control pain, we explored recent evidence in inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions. Mitochondria have intrinsic quality control mechanisms to prevent functional deficits and cellular damage. We will discuss the link between neuronal activity, mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic pain. Lastly, pharmacological strategies aimed at reestablishing mitochondrial functions or boosting mitochondrial dynamics as therapeutic interventions for chronic pain are discussed. The evidence presented in this review shows that mitochondria dysfunction may play a role in rheumatic pain. The dysfunction is not restricted to neuronal cells in the peripheral and central nervous system, but also includes blood cells and cells at the joint level that may affect pain pathways indirectly. Pre-clinical and clinical data suggest that modulation of mitochondrial functions can be used to attenuate or eliminate pain, which could be beneficial for multiple rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niels Eijkelkamp
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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76
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Chen J, Fu CY, Shen G, Wang J, Xu L, Li H, Cao X, Zheng MZ, Shen YL, Zhong J, Chen YY, Wang LL. Macrophages induce cardiomyocyte ferroptosis via mitochondrial transfer. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 190:1-14. [PMID: 35933052 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mitochondrial transfer is a new cell-to-cell communication manner. Whether the mitochondrial transfer is also involved in the macrophage infiltration-induced cardiac injury is unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine whether macrophage mitochondria can be transferred to cardiomyocytes, and to investigate its possible role and mechanism. METHODS Mitochondrial transfer between macrophages and cardiomyocytes was detected using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. Cellular metabolites were analyzed using LC-MS technique. Differentially expressed mRNAs were identified using RNA-seq technique. RESULTS (1) After cardiomyocytes were cultured with macrophage-conditioned medium (COND + group), macrophage-derived mitochondria have been found in cardiomyocytes, which could be blocked by dynasore (an inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis). (2) Compared with control (CM) group, there were 545 altered metabolites found in COND + group, most of which were lipids and lipid-like molecules. The altered metabolites were mainly enriched in the β-oxidation of fatty acids and glutathione metabolism. And there were 4824 differentially expressed mRNAs, which were highly enriched in processes like lipid metabolism-associated pathway. (3) Both RNA-seq and qRT-PCR results found that ferroptosis-related mRNAs such as Ptgs2 and Acsl4 increased, and Gpx4 mRNA decreased in COND + group (P < 0.05 vs CM group). (4) The levels of cellular free Fe2+ and mitochondrial lipid peroxidation were increased; while GSH/GSSG ratio, mitochondrial aspect ratio, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP production were decreased in cardiomyocytes of COND + group (P < 0.05 vs CM group). All the above phenomena could be blocked by a ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Macrophages could transfer mitochondria to cardiomyocytes. Macrophage-derived mitochondria were internalized into cardiomyocytes through clathrin- and/or lipid raft-mediated endocytosis. Uptake of exogenous macrophage mitochondria induced cardiomyocyte injury via triggering ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, And Department of Orthopaedics of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Chun-Yan Fu
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Gerong Shen
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Lintao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Heyangzi Li
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xi Cao
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yue-Liang Shen
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinjie Zhong
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, And Department of Obstetrics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ying Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, And Department of Obstetrics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, And Department of Orthopaedics of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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Su PYP, Zhang L, He L, Zhao N, Guan Z. The Role of Neuro-Immune Interactions in Chronic Pain: Implications for Clinical Practice. J Pain Res 2022; 15:2223-2248. [PMID: 35957964 PMCID: PMC9359791 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s246883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain remains a public health problem and contributes to the ongoing opioid epidemic. Current pain management therapies still leave many patients with poorly controlled pain, thus new or improved treatments are desperately needed. One major challenge in pain research is the translation of preclinical findings into effective clinical practice. The local neuroimmune interface plays an important role in the initiation and maintenance of chronic pain and is therefore a promising target for novel therapeutic development. Neurons interface with immune and immunocompetent cells in many distinct microenvironments along the nociceptive circuitry. The local neuroimmune interface can modulate the activity and property of the neurons to affect peripheral and central sensitization. In this review, we highlight a specific subset of many neuroimmune interfaces. In the central nervous system, we examine the interface between neurons and microglia, astrocytes, and T lymphocytes. In the periphery, we profile the interface between neurons in the dorsal root ganglion with T lymphocytes, satellite glial cells, and macrophages. To bridge the gap between preclinical research and clinical practice, we review the preclinical studies of each neuroimmune interface, discuss current clinical treatments in pain medicine that may exert its action at the neuroimmune interface, and highlight opportunities for future clinical research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yi Paul Su
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lingyi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangliang He
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pain Management, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhonghui Guan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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78
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Shen J, Xie Z, Liu Y, Zhao T, Li Z, Ren Y, Xi Y, Xiao N, Yang X, Shao S, Qin D, Peng J, Li Z. Aberrant messenger RNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is associated with gouty arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2022; 25:1152-1163. [PMID: 35906742 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Gouty arthritis (GA) is a type of self-limiting inflammatory arthritis caused by deposition of monosodium urate (MSU). This study aimed to analyze the expression variation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in GA patients and investigated the role of mRNAs in GA pathogenesis. METHODS Five patients with acute GA (AGA), 5 with non-acute GA (NAGA), and 5 healthy controls (HC) were recruited to examine differential mRNA expression profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and explore whether mRNA is involved in the pathogenesis of AGA. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases were used to study the biological functions of differentially expressed mRNA and the relationship between genes and signal pathways. RESULTS Compared with HC, the AGA group had 1456 differentially expressed mRNAs, while the NAGA group had 437 differentially expressed mRNAs and compared with the NAGA group, 115 differentially expressed mRNAs were found in the AGA group. GO analysis showed that the differentially expressed mRNA in the AGA group was mainly enriched in processes related to leukocyte activation and immune response, while KEGG analysis showed that "Staphylococcus aureus infection" and "Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction" are enriched in the up-regulated mRNAs in the AGA group. CONCLUSION This study identified genes and pathways that are differentially expressed during the onset of AGA, which might reveal part of the pathogenesis of the disease and provide clues to explaining the severe pain associated with disease onset and the rapid development of inflammatory response that subsides by itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Shen
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhaohu Xie
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenming Li
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yifei Ren
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yujiang Xi
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Niqing Xiao
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Shuiyan Shao
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Dongdong Qin
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jiangyun Peng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhaofu Li
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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79
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Yang JX, Wang HF, Chen JZ, Li HY, Hu JC, Yu AA, Wen JJ, Chen SJ, Lai WD, Wang S, Jin Y, Yu J. Potential Neuroimmune Interaction in Chronic Pain: A Review on Immune Cells in Peripheral and Central Sensitization. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:946846. [PMID: 35859655 PMCID: PMC9289261 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.946846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a long-standing unpleasant sensory and emotional feeling that has a tremendous impact on the physiological functions of the body, manifesting itself as a dysfunction of the nervous system, which can occur with peripheral and central sensitization. Many recent studies have shown that a variety of common immune cells in the immune system are involved in chronic pain by acting on the peripheral or central nervous system, especially in the autoimmune diseases. This article reviews the mechanisms of regulation of the sensory nervous system by neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, B cells, T cells, and central glial cells. In addition, we discuss in more detail the influence of each immune cell on the initiation, maintenance, and resolution of chronic pain. Neutrophils, macrophages, and mast cells as intrinsic immune cells can induce the transition from acute to chronic pain and its maintenance; B cells and T cells as adaptive immune cells are mainly involved in the initiation of chronic pain, and T cells also contribute to the resolution of it; the role of glial cells in the nervous system can be extended to the beginning and end of chronic pain. This article aims to promote the understanding of the neuroimmune mechanisms of chronic pain, and to provide new therapeutic ideas and strategies for the control of chronic pain at the immune cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xuan Yang
- Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Fei Wang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Zhun Chen
- Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han-Yu Li
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Chen Hu
- Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - An-An Yu
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jun Wen
- Institute of Clinical Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Si-Jia Chen
- Institute of Clinical Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Dong Lai
- Institute of Clinical Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Song Wang
- Institute of Clinical Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Jin
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Clinical Fundamentals of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, China
- Jie Yu
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80
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Pekkurnaz G, Wang X. Mitochondrial heterogeneity and homeostasis through the lens of a neuron. Nat Metab 2022; 4:802-812. [PMID: 35817853 PMCID: PMC11151822 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital organelles with distinct morphological features and functional properties. The dynamic network of mitochondria undergoes structural and functional adaptations in response to cell-type-specific metabolic demands. Even within the same cell, mitochondria can display wide diversity and separate into functionally distinct subpopulations. Mitochondrial heterogeneity supports unique subcellular functions and is crucial to polarized cells, such as neurons. The spatiotemporal metabolic burden within the complex shape of a neuron requires precisely localized mitochondria. By travelling great lengths throughout neurons and experiencing bouts of immobility, mitochondria meet distant local fuel demands. Understanding mitochondrial heterogeneity and homeostasis mechanisms in neurons provides a framework to probe their significance to many other cell types. Here, we put forth an outline of the multifaceted role of mitochondria in regulating neuronal physiology and cellular functions more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Pekkurnaz
- Neurobiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Xinnan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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81
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NADPH Oxidases in Pain Processing. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061162. [PMID: 35740059 PMCID: PMC9219759 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation or injury to the somatosensory nervous system may result in chronic pain conditions, which affect millions of people and often cause major health problems. Emerging lines of evidence indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion or hydrogen peroxide, are produced in the nociceptive system during chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain and act as specific signaling molecules in pain processing. Among potential ROS sources in the somatosensory system are NADPH oxidases, a group of electron-transporting transmembrane enzymes whose sole function seems to be the generation of ROS. Interestingly, the expression and relevant function of the Nox family members Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 in various cells of the nociceptive system have been demonstrated. Studies using knockout mice or specific knockdown of these isoforms indicate that Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 specifically contribute to distinct signaling pathways in chronic inflammatory and/or neuropathic pain states. As selective Nox inhibitors are currently being developed and investigated in various physiological and pathophysiological settings, targeting Nox1, Nox2, and/or Nox4 could be a novel strategy for the treatment of chronic pain. Here, we summarize the distinct roles of Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 in inflammatory and neuropathic processing and discuss the effectiveness of currently available Nox inhibitors in the treatment of chronic pain conditions.
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82
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CD200R1 Contributes to Successful Functional Reinnervation after a Sciatic Nerve Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111786. [PMID: 35681481 PMCID: PMC9179995 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating and inhibitory immune receptors play a critical role in regulating systemic and central nervous system (CNS) immune and inflammatory processes. The CD200R1 immunoreceptor induces a restraining signal modulating inflammation and phagocytosis in the CNS under different inflammatory conditions. However, it remains unknown whether CD200R1 has a role in modulating the inflammatory response after a peripheral nerve injury, an essential component of the successful regeneration. Expression of CD200R1 and its ligand CD200 was analyzed during homeostasis and after a sciatic nerve crush injury in C57Bl/6 mice. The role of CD200R1 in Wallerian Degeneration (WD) and nerve regeneration was studied using a specific antibody against CD200R1 injected into the nerve at the time of injury. We found an upregulation of CD200R1 mRNA after injury whereas CD200 was downregulated acutely after nerve injury. Blockade of CD200R1 significantly reduced the acute entrance of both neutrophils and monocytes from blood after nerve injury. When long term regeneration and functional recovery were evaluated, we found that blockade of CD200R1 had a significant effect impairing the spontaneous functional recovery. Taken together, these results show that CD200R1 has a role in mounting a successful acute inflammatory reaction after injury, and contributes to an effective functional recovery.
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83
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Mitochondria Transfer to CD4 + T Cells May Alleviate Rheumatoid Arthritis by Suppressing Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production. IMMUNOMETABOLISM 2022; 4. [PMID: 35444834 PMCID: PMC9017867 DOI: 10.20900/immunometab20220009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These cells infiltrate the joints of RA patients and produce cytokines, including Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, that drive joint inflammation and bone destruction. Although biologic therapeutics targeting T cells and TNF-α have benefited patients suffering from RA, some patients are refractory to these therapies, develop antibodies that neutralize these biologics, or develop undesirable side effects. Recent studies indicate that CD4+ T cell cytokine production is regulated in part by specific metabolic modules, suggesting that immunometabolic pathways could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for T cell-mediated diseases such as RA. Wu et al. (2021) demonstrate that mitochondrial function is impaired in CD4+ T cells from RA patients, leading to reduced levels of various citric acid cycle metabolites (e.g., aspartate) that regulate TNF-α production. Treatment of RA-associated T cells with purified mitochondria was sufficient to restore these metabolic defects, limit production of numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-17A, and reduce the development of RA-like disease in a humanized mouse model. These data suggest that T cells can be metabolically “re-engineered” ex vivo with exogenous mitochondria and that this mitochondria transfer approach confers anti-inflammatory properties that may reduce disease severity in RA and possibly other rheumatologic diseases. Increasing our understanding of how intercellular mitochondria transfer occurs may identify novel biological pathways that can be targeted therapeutically or harnessed to support cell engineering.
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84
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Kerschensteiner M, Misgeld T. A less painful transfer of power. Neuron 2022; 110:559-561. [PMID: 35176237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transfer between cells is an unexpected addition to the mitochondrial life cycle. In this issue of Neuron, Van der Vlist et al. now provide evidence that M2-macrophages infiltrating sensory ganglia resolve pain by transferring particles containing mitochondria to neurons-thus boosting nociceptors back to normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kerschensteiner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Grosshaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, 80802 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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85
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Menarim BC, El-Sheikh Ali H, Loux SC, Scoggin KE, Kalbfleisch TS, MacLeod JN, Dahlgren LA. Transcriptional and Histochemical Signatures of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cell-Mediated Resolution of Synovitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734322. [PMID: 34956173 PMCID: PMC8692379 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) may result from impaired ability of synovial macrophages to resolve joint inflammation. Increasing macrophage counts in inflamed joints through injection with bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMNC) induces lasting resolution of synovial inflammation. To uncover mechanisms by which BMNC may affect resolution, in this study, differential transcriptional signatures of BMNC in response to normal (SF) and inflamed synovial fluid (ISF) were analyzed. We demonstrate the temporal behavior of co-expressed gene networks associated with traits from related in vivo and in vitro studies. We also identified activated and inhibited signaling pathways and upstream regulators, further determining their protein expression in the synovium of inflamed joints treated with BMNC or DPBS controls. BMNC responded to ISF with an early pro-inflammatory response characterized by a short spike in the expression of a NF-ƙB- and mitogen-related gene network. This response was associated with sustained increased expression of two gene networks comprising known drivers of resolution (IL-10, IGF-1, PPARG, isoprenoid biosynthesis). These networks were common to SF and ISF, but more highly expressed in ISF. Most highly activated pathways in ISF included the mevalonate pathway and PPAR-γ signaling, with pro-resolving functional annotations that improve mitochondrial metabolism and deactivate NF-ƙB signaling. Lower expression of mevalonate kinase and phospho-PPARγ in synovium from inflamed joints treated with BMNC, and equivalent IL-1β staining between BMNC- and DPBS-treated joints, associates with accomplished resolution in BMNC-treated joints and emphasize the intricate balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms required for resolution. Combined, our data suggest that BMNC-mediated resolution is characterized by constitutively expressed homeostatic mechanisms, whose expression are enhanced following inflammatory stimulus. These mechanisms translate into macrophage proliferation optimizing their capacity to counteract inflammatory damage and improving their general and mitochondrial metabolism to endure oxidative stress while driving tissue repair. Such effect is largely achieved through the synthesis of several lipids that mediate recovery of homeostasis. Our study reveals candidate mechanisms by which BMNC provide lasting improvement in patients with OA and suggests further investigation on the effects of PPAR-γ signaling enhancement for the treatment of arthritic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Menarim
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States.,Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Hossam El-Sheikh Ali
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shavahn C Loux
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Theodore S Kalbfleisch
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - James N MacLeod
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Linda A Dahlgren
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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