51
|
Rodriguez-Lopez M, Parra B, Vergara E, Rey L, Salcedo M, Arturo G, Alarcon L, Holguin J, Osorio L. A case-control study of factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in Colombia. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:878. [PMID: 34452600 PMCID: PMC8391859 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare Workers (HCW) are repeatedly exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCW in one of the largest cities in Colombia. Methods We conducted a case–control study, where cases had a positive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and controls had a negative result. Participants were randomly selected and interviewed by phone. Analyses were performed using logistic regression models. Results A total of 110 cases and 113 controls were included. Men (AdjOR 4.13 95% CI 1.70–10.05), Nurses (AdjOR 11.24 95% CI 1.05–119.63), not using a high-performance filtering mask (AdjOR 2.27 95% CI 1.02–5.05) and inadequate use of personal protective equipment (AdjOR 4.82 95% CI 1.18–19.65) were identified as risk factors. Conversely, graduate (AdjOR 0.06 95% CI 0.01–0.53) and postgraduate (AdjOR 0.05 95% CI 0.005–0.7) education, feeling scared or nervous (AdjOR 0.45 95% CI 0.22–0.91), not always wearing any gloves, caps and goggles/face shields (AdjOR 0.10 95% CI 0.02–0.41), and the use of high-performance filtering or a combination of fabric plus surgical mask (AdjOR 0.27 95% CI 0.09–0.80) outside the workplace were protective factors. Conclusion This study highlights the protection provided by high-performance filtering masks or double masking among HCW. Modifiable and non-modifiable factors and the difficulty of wearing other protective equipment needs to be considered in designing, implementing and monitoring COVID-19 biosafety protocols for HCW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merida Rodriguez-Lopez
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Calle 18 No.118 - 250 Edificio Raúl Posada S.J. Tercer Piso, Cali, Colombia.
| | | | - Enrique Vergara
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Calle 18 No.118 - 250 Edificio Raúl Posada S.J. Tercer Piso, Cali, Colombia
| | - Laura Rey
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Calle 18 No.118 - 250 Edificio Raúl Posada S.J. Tercer Piso, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Gabriela Arturo
- Secretaria de Salud Pública Municipal de Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Liliana Alarcon
- Secretaria de Salud Pública Municipal de Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Jorge Holguin
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Calle 18 No.118 - 250 Edificio Raúl Posada S.J. Tercer Piso, Cali, Colombia.,Secretaria de Salud Pública Municipal de Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused significant morbidity and mortality on a global scale. The etiologic agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), initiates host cell entry when its spike protein (S) binds to its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In airway epithelia, the spike protein is cleaved by the cell surface protease TMPRSS2, facilitating membrane fusion and entry at the cell surface. This dependence on TMPRSS2 and related proteases suggests that protease inhibitors might limit SARS-CoV-2 infection in the respiratory tract. Here, we tested two serine protease inhibitors, camostat mesylate and nafamostat mesylate, for their ability to inhibit entry of SARS-CoV-2 and that of a second pathogenic coronavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Both camostat and nafamostat reduced infection in primary human airway epithelia and in the Calu-3 2B4 cell line, with nafamostat exhibiting greater potency. We then assessed whether nafamostat was protective against SARS-CoV-2 in vivo using two mouse models. In mice sensitized to SARS-CoV-2 infection by transduction with human ACE2, intranasal nafamostat treatment prior to or shortly after SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly reduced weight loss and lung tissue titers. Similarly, prophylactic intranasal treatment with nafamostat reduced weight loss, viral burden, and mortality in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. These findings establish nafamostat as a candidate for the prevention or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
53
|
Nalimu F, Oloro J, Kahwa I, Ogwang PE. Review on the phytochemistry and toxicological profiles of Aloe vera and Aloe ferox. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021; 7:145. [PMID: 34307697 PMCID: PMC8294304 DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aloe vera and Aloe ferox have over the years been among the most sought-after Aloe species in the treatment of ailments worldwide. This review provides categorized literature on the phytochemical and scientifically proven toxicological profiles of A. vera and A. ferox to facilitate their exploitation in therapy. Main body of the abstract Original full-text research articles were searched in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Research gate, Google Scholar, and Wiley Online Library using specific phrases. Phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, and anthraquinones were the main phytochemical classes present in all the two Aloe species. Most of the phytochemical investigations and toxicity studies have been done on the leaves. Aloe vera and Aloe ferox contain unique phytoconstituents including anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, alkaloids, and volatile oils. Aloe vera hydroalcoholic leaf extract showed a toxic effect on Kabir chicks at the highest doses. The methanolic, aqueous, and supercritical carbon dioxide extracts of A. vera leaf gel were associated with no toxic effects. The aqueous leaf extract of A. ferox is well tolerated for short-term management of ailments but long-term administration may be associated with organ toxicity. Long-term administration of the preparations from A. vera leaves and roots was associated with toxic effects. Short conclusion This review provides beneficial information about the phytochemistry and toxicity of A. vera and A. ferox and their potential in the treatment of COVID-19 which up to date has no definite cure. Clinical trials need to be carried out to clearly understand the toxic effects of these species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Nalimu
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Centre of Excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Joseph Oloro
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Centre of Excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Ivan Kahwa
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Centre of Excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Patrick Engeu Ogwang
- Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Centre of Excellence, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Wang C, Wang C, Qiu J, Gao J, Liu H, Zhang Y, Han L. Ultrasensitive, high-throughput, and rapid simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigens and IgG/IgM antibodies within 10 min through an immunoassay biochip. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:262. [PMID: 34282508 PMCID: PMC8289455 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is now a severe threat to global health. Facing this pandemic, we developed a space-encoding microfluidic biochip for high-throughput, rapid, sensitive, simultaneous quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen proteins and IgG/IgM antibodies in serum. The proposed immunoassay biochip integrates the advantages of graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) and microfluidic chip and is capable of conducting multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens or IgG/IgM antibodies of 60 serum samples simultaneously with only 2 μL sample volume of each patient. Fluorescence intensity of antigens and IgG antibody detection at emission wavelength of ~680 nm was used to quantify the target concentration at excitation wavelength of 632 nm, and emission wavelength of ~519 nm was used during the detection of IgM antibodies at excitation wavelength of 488 nm. The method developed has a large linear quantification detection regime of 5 orders of magnitude, an ultralow detection limit of ~0.3 pg/mL under optimized conditions, and less than 10-min qualitative detection time. The proposed biosensing platform will not only greatly facilitate the rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 patients, but also provide a valuable screening approach for infected patients, medical therapy, and vaccine recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Jiaoyan Qiu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Jianwei Gao
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Mosleh G, Badr P, Zaeri M, Mohagheghzadeh A. Potentials of Antitussive Traditional Persian Functional Foods for COVID-19 Therapy †. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:624006. [PMID: 34335237 PMCID: PMC8322585 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.624006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 is a worldwide pandemic resulting in a severe acute respiratory syndrome. Remdesivir is the only FDA-approved drug for hospitalized patients older than age 12. It shows the necessity of finding new therapeutic strategies. Functional foods (FFs) could have co-therapeutic and protective effects against COVID-19 infection. Traditional Persian medicine (TPM), one of the safest and most popular schools of medicine for hundreds of years, has recommended potential FF candidates to manage such a global pandemic. To reveal the potential of TPM in terms of antitussive FFs, traditional Persian pharmacopoeia "Qarabadin-e-Salehi" was searched using the keywords "Soaal" and "Sorfeh." Also, a search of MEDLINE, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and Science Direct was performed for the relevant literature published from the inception up to March 2021. A combination of search terms including "cough, antitussive, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, antiviral, COVID-19, mucoactive, mucolytic, expectorant, and mucoregulatory" was also applied. The potential mechanism of action in SARS-CoV-2 infection was discussed. Twelve TPM FFs were found including Laooqs, Morabbas, a Saviq, a soup, and a syrup. They are combinations of two to seven ingredients. Natural compounds of mentioned formulations have the main pharmacological mechanisms including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihistamine, bronchodilator, immunomodulatory, and mucoactive effects as well as central or peripheral antitussive activities. FFs are cost-effective, easily accessible, and safe options for both treatment and prevention of COVID-19. They might have positive psychological effects along with their pharmacological effects and nutritional virtues. They could also manage persistent respiratory discomforts after recovery from COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Mosleh
- Phytopharmaceutical Technology and Traditional Medicine Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parmis Badr
- Phytopharmaceutical Technology and Traditional Medicine Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Meysam Zaeri
- Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Pezzutti DL, Wadhwa V, Makary MS. COVID-19 imaging: Diagnostic approaches, challenges, and evolving advances. World J Radiol 2021. [DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v13.i6.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
57
|
Pezzutti DL, Wadhwa V, Makary MS. COVID-19 imaging: Diagnostic approaches, challenges, and evolving advances. World J Radiol 2021; 13:171-191. [PMID: 34249238 PMCID: PMC8245752 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v13.i6.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of radiology and the radiologist have evolved throughout the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Early on, chest computed tomography was used for screening and diagnosis of COVID-19; however, it is now indicated for high-risk patients, those with severe disease, or in areas where polymerase chain reaction testing is sparsely available. Chest radiography is now utilized mainly for monitoring disease progression in hospitalized patients showing signs of worsening clinical status. Additionally, many challenges at the operational level have been overcome within the field of radiology throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of teleradiology and virtual care clinics greatly enhanced our ability to socially distance and both are likely to remain important mediums for diagnostic imaging delivery and patient care. Opportunities to better utilize of imaging for detection of extrapulmonary manifestations and complications of COVID-19 disease will continue to arise as a more detailed understanding of the pathophysiology of the virus continues to be uncovered and identification of predisposing risk factors for complication development continue to be better understood. Furthermore, unidentified advancements in areas such as standardized imaging reporting, point-of-care ultrasound, and artificial intelligence offer exciting discovery pathways that will inevitably lead to improved care for patients with COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dante L Pezzutti
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Vibhor Wadhwa
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York City, NY 10065, United States
| | - Mina S Makary
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Muñoz-Medina JE, Grajales-Muñiz C, Salas-Lais AG, Fernandes-Matano L, López-Macías C, Monroy-Muñoz IE, Santos Coy-Arechavaleta A, Palomec-Nava ID, Duque-Molina C, Madera-Sandoval RL, Rivero-Arredondo V, González-Ibarra J, Alvarado-Yaah JE, Rojas-Mendoza T, Santacruz-Tinoco CE, González-Bonilla CR, Borja-Aburto VH. SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies Seroprevalence and Sera Neutralizing Activity in MEXICO: A National Cross-Sectional Study during 2020. Microorganisms 2021; 9:850. [PMID: 33921158 PMCID: PMC8071542 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, the incidence of COVID-19 was primarily estimated using molecular diagnostic methods. However, the number of cases is vastly underreported using these methods. Seroprevalence studies estimate cumulative infection incidences and allow monitoring of transmission dynamics, and the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the population. In February 2020, the Mexican Social Security Institute began conducting anonymous unrelated sampling of residual sera from specimens across the country, excluding patients with fever within the previous two weeks and/or patients with an acute respiratory infection. Sampling was carried out weekly and began 17 days before Mexico's first officially confirmed case. The 24,273 sera obtained were analyzed by chemiluminescent-linked immunosorbent assay (CLIA) IgG S1/S2 and, later, positive cases using this technique were also analyzed to determine the rate of neutralization using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We identified 40 CLIA IgG positive cases before the first official report of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Mexico. The national seroprevalence was 3.5% in February and 33.5% in December. Neutralizing activity among IgG positives patients during overall study period was 86.1%. The extent of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in Mexico is 21 times higher than that reported by molecular techniques. Although the general population is still far from achieving herd immunity, epidemiological indicators should be re-estimated based on serological studies of this type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Esteban Muñoz-Medina
- División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, IMSS, 07760 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (J.E.M.-M.); (C.E.S.-T.)
| | - Concepción Grajales-Muñiz
- Coordinación de Control Técnico e Insumos, IMSS, 07760 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (C.G.-M.); (T.R.-M.)
| | - Angel Gustavo Salas-Lais
- Estancia Posdoctoral (CONACyT), Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, IMSS, 02990 Ciudad de México, Mexico;
| | - Larissa Fernandes-Matano
- División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, IMSS, 07760 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (J.E.M.-M.); (C.E.S.-T.)
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico;
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional “Siglo XXI”, IMSS, 06720 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (C.L.-M.); (R.L.M.-S.); (V.R.-A.)
| | - Irma Eloísa Monroy-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Genómica, Departamento de Genética y Genómica Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes”, 11000 Ciudad de México, Mexico;
| | | | - Iliana Donají Palomec-Nava
- Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, IMSS, 02990 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (A.S.C.-A.); (I.D.P.-N.); (J.E.A.-Y.)
| | | | - Ruth Lizzeth Madera-Sandoval
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional “Siglo XXI”, IMSS, 06720 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (C.L.-M.); (R.L.M.-S.); (V.R.-A.)
| | - Vanessa Rivero-Arredondo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional “Siglo XXI”, IMSS, 06720 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (C.L.-M.); (R.L.M.-S.); (V.R.-A.)
| | - Joaquín González-Ibarra
- Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, 06720 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (J.G.-I.); (C.R.G.-B.)
| | - Julio Elías Alvarado-Yaah
- Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, IMSS, 02990 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (A.S.C.-A.); (I.D.P.-N.); (J.E.A.-Y.)
| | - Teresita Rojas-Mendoza
- Coordinación de Control Técnico e Insumos, IMSS, 07760 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (C.G.-M.); (T.R.-M.)
| | - Clara Esperanza Santacruz-Tinoco
- División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, IMSS, 07760 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (J.E.M.-M.); (C.E.S.-T.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Alfadhli EM. Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism With Severe Hypercalcemia During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Clin Ther 2021; 43:711-719. [PMID: 33752899 PMCID: PMC7976275 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and severe hypercalcemia, parathyroidectomy remains the only curative therapy. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, when many hospital visits are suspended and surgeries cannot be performed, the management of these patients represents a challenging clinical situation. This article presents a literature review and discussion of the pharmacologic management of PHPT and severe hypercalcemia, which can be used as a temporary measure during the COVID-19 pandemic until parathyroidectomy can be performed safely. Methods This narrative review was conducted by searching literature on the PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar databases using the terms primary hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, cinacalcet, bisphosphonates, denosumab, vitamin D, raloxifene, hormone replacement therapy, coronavirus, and COVID-19. Findings Appropriate monitoring and remote medical follow-up of these patients are essential until the resolution of the pandemic. Cinacalcet is the drug of choice for controlling hypercalcemia, whereas bisphosphonate or denosumab is the drug for improving bone mineral density. Combined therapy with cinacalcet and bisphosphonates or cinacalcet and denosumab should be considered when the effects on serum calcium and bone mineral density are simultaneously desired. Implications Medical management of PHPT and severe hypercalcemia presents a reasonable alternative for parathyroid surgery during the COVID-19 outbreak and should be instituted until the pandemic ends and surgery can be performed safely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Alfadhli
- Department of Medicine, Medical College, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Malkova A, Kudlay D, Kudryavtsev I, Starshinova A, Yablonskiy P, Shoenfeld Y. Immunogenetic Predictors of Severe COVID-19. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:211. [PMID: 33802310 PMCID: PMC8001669 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
According to an analysis of published data, only 20% of patients with the new coronavirus infection develop severe life-threatening complications. Currently, there are no known biomarkers, the determination of which before the onset of the disease would allow assessing the likelihood of its severe course. The purpose of this literature review was to analyze possible genetic factors characterizing the immune response to the new coronavirus infection that could be associated with the expression of angiotension-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and related proteins as predictors of severe Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We analyzed original articles published in Medline, PubMed and Scopus databases from December 2019 to November 2020. For searching articles, we used the following keywords: New coronavirus infection, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), COVID-19, severe course, complications, thrombosis, cytokine storm, ACE-2, biomarkers. In total, 3714 publications were selected using the keywords, of which 8 were in congruence with all the criteria. The literature analysis of the association of immunogenic characteristics and the expression of ACE-2 and related proteins with the development of severe COVID-19 revealed following genetic factors: HLA-B*46:01 genotype, CXCR6 gene hypoexpression, CCR9 gene expression, TLR7, rs150892504 mutations in the ERAP2 gene, overexpression of wild-type ACE-2, TMPRSS2 and its different polymorphisms. Genes, associated with the severe course, are more common among men. According to the analysis data, it can be assumed that there are population differences. However, the diagnostic significance of the markers described must be confirmed with additional clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Malkova
- St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (P.Y.); (Y.S.)
| | - Dmitriy Kudlay
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119435, Russia;
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Igor Kudryavtsev
- FSBI Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197376, Russia;
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091, Russia
| | - Anna Starshinova
- FSBI V.A. Almazov National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, St. Petersburg 197241, Russia;
| | - Piotr Yablonskiy
- St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (P.Y.); (Y.S.)
- St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Saint Petersburg 191036, Russia
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia; (P.Y.); (Y.S.)
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 5265601, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Mehmood I, Ijaz M, Ahmad S, Ahmed T, Bari A, Abro A, Allemailem KS, Almatroudi A, Tahir ul Qamar M. SARS-CoV-2: An Update on Genomics, Risk Assessment, Potential Therapeutics and Vaccine Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041626. [PMID: 33567746 PMCID: PMC7915969 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a great threat to public health, being a causative pathogen of a deadly coronavirus disease (COVID-19). It has spread to more than 200 countries and infected millions of individuals globally. Although SARS-CoV-2 has structural/genomic similarities with the previously reported SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the specific mutations in its genome make it a novel virus. Available therapeutic strategies failed to control this virus. Despite strict standard operating procedures (SOPs), SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally and it is mutating gradually as well. Diligent efforts, special care, and awareness are needed to reduce transmission among susceptible masses particularly elder people, children, and health care workers. In this review, we highlighted the basic genome organization and structure of SARS-CoV-2. Its transmission dynamics, symptoms, and associated risk factors are discussed. This review also presents the latest mutations identified in its genome, the potential therapeutic options being used, and a brief explanation of vaccine development efforts against COVID-19. The effort will not only help readers to understand the deadly SARS-CoV-2 virus but also provide updated information to researchers for their research work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Mehmood
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (I.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Munazza Ijaz
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (I.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology and Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Temoor Ahmed
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Amna Bari
- College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Asma Abro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87100, Pakistan;
| | - Khaled S. Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.T.u.Q.)
| | - Muhammad Tahir ul Qamar
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.T.u.Q.)
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Brahma D, Banerjee P, Sarma I, Sekhar D, Surong M. 2-deoxy-d-glucose: A ray of hope in covid pandemic. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jpp.jpp_69_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
63
|
Edara L, Suvvari TK, Kutikuppala LVS. High Dose Steroid Therapy to Prevent Severe Hypoxia in COVID-19 Patients: A Potential Solution for Low Resource Clinical Setting. Cureus 2020; 12:e12330. [PMID: 33520528 PMCID: PMC7837645 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to severe respiratory failure; about 5%-10% of patients progress to severe pneumonia and respiratory distress, leading to multi-system failure. Dexamethasone helped to prevent mortality in COVID-19 patients. Low resource population in developing countries has limited access to critical care, but they do have access to oral and IV corticosteroids, anti-hyperglycemic agents, and anticoagulants. We report two patients with severe COVID-19 successfully treated with a high dose of methylprednisolone therapy. Early intervention with high dose corticosteroids in COVID-19 patients could be a solution for pacifying cytokine storms and reducing morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Edara
- Internal Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|