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Sun Y, Sahbaie P, Liang D, Li W, Shi X, Kingery P, Clark JD. DNA Methylation Modulates Nociceptive Sensitization after Incision. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142046. [PMID: 26535894 PMCID: PMC4633178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mechanism controlling DNA accessibility and gene expression. Blockade of DNA methylation can significantly affect pain behaviors implicated in neuropathic and inflammatory pain. However, the role of DNA methylation with regard to postoperative pain has not yet been explored. In this study we sought to investigate the role of DNA methylation in modulating incisional pain and identify possible targets under DNA methylation and contributing to incisional pain. DNA methyltranferase (DNMT) inhibitor 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine significantly reduced incision-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal sensitivity. Aza-2′-deoxycytidine also reduced hindpaw swelling after incision, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect. Global DNA methylation and DNMT3b expression were increased in skin after incision, but none of DNMT1, DNMT3a or DNMT3b was altered in spinal cord or DRG. The expression of proopiomelanocortin Pomc encoding β-endorphin and Oprm1 encoding the mu-opioid receptor were upregulated peripherally after incision; moreover, Oprm1 expression was further increased under DNMT inhibitor treatment. Finally, local peripheral injection of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone significantly exacerbated incision-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. These results suggest that DNA methylation is functionally relevant to incisional nociceptive sensitization, and that mu-opioid receptor signaling might be one methylation regulated pathway controlling sensitization after incision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Peyman Sahbaie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - DeYong Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Wenwu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyou Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Paige Kingery
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - J. David Clark
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhu L, Zhao L, Qu R, Zhu HY, Wang Y, Jiang X, Xu GY. Adrenergic stimulation sensitizes TRPV1 through upregulation of cystathionine β-synthetase in a rat model of visceral hypersensitivity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16109. [PMID: 26527188 PMCID: PMC4630780 DOI: 10.1038/srep16109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of pain in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is poorly understood and treatment remains difficult. The present study was designed to investigate roles of adrenergic signaling and the endogenous hydrogen sulfide producing enzyme cystathionine β-synthetase (CBS) in a previously validated rat model of IBS induced by neonatal colonic inflammation (NCI). Here we showed that NCI-induced visceral hypersensitivity (VH) was significantly attenuated by β2 subunit inhibitor but not by β1 or β3 or α subunit inhibitor. NCI markedly elevated plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration without alteration in expression of β2 subunit receptors in dorsal root ganglion (DRGs) innervating the colon. In addition, NCI markedly enhanced TRPV1 and CBS expression in the colon DRGs. CBS inhibitor AOAA reversed the upregulation of TRPV1 in NCI rats. In vitro experiments showed that incubation of DRG cells with NE markedly enhanced expression of TRPV1, which was reversed by application of AOAA. Incubation of DRG cells with the H2S donor NaHS greatly enhanced TRPV1 expression. Collectively, these data suggest that activation of adrenergic signaling by NCI sensitizes TRPV1 channel activity, which is likely mediated by upregulation of CBS expression in peripheral sensory neurons, thus contributing to chronic visceral hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Ruobing Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhu
- Center for Translational Medicine, the Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, P.R. China
| | - Yongmeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xinghong Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China.,Center for Translational Medicine, the Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, P.R. China
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53
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Liang L, Lutz BM, Bekker A, Tao YX. Epigenetic regulation of chronic pain. Epigenomics 2015; 7:235-45. [PMID: 25942533 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain arising from peripheral inflammation and tissue or nerve injury is a common clinical symptom. Although intensive research on the neurobiological mechanisms of chronic pain has been carried out during previous decades, this disorder is still poorly managed by current drugs such as opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Inflammation, tissue injury and/or nerve injury-induced changes in gene expression in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion, spinal cord dorsal horn and pain-associated brain regions are thought to participate in chronic pain genesis; however, how these changes occur is still elusive. Epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation and covalent histone modifications control gene expression. Recent studies have shown that peripheral noxious stimulation changes DNA methylation and histone modifications and that these changes may be related to the induction of pain hypersensitivity under chronic pain conditions. This review summarizes the current knowledge and progress in epigenetic research in chronic pain and discusses the potential role of epigenetic modifications as therapeutic antinociceptive targets in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 185 S. Orange Avenue, MSB F-548, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Yan J, Zou K, Liu X, Hu S, Wang Q, Miao X, Zhu HY, Zhou Y, Xu GY. Hyperexcitability and sensitization of sodium channels of dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat model of lumber disc herniation. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2015; 25:177-185. [PMID: 26245907 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-4171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low back pain and sciatica are the most common symptoms of patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH). The pathophysiology of lumbocrural pain and sciatica is not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to define the membrane properties and activities of voltage-gated sodium channels of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in a rat model of LDH. METHODS LDH was established by transplantation of autologous nucleus pulposus (NP) to lumbar 5 and 6 spinal nerves (L5-L6 DRG) of adult male rats. Mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and thermal paw withdrawal latency (PWL) were measured 1 day before and through 35 days after transplantation of NP. Changes in expression of VGSCs were determined by western blotting. L5-L6 DRGs neurons innervating the hindpaw were labeled with DiI and acutely dissociated for measuring excitability and sodium channel currents under whole-cell patch clamp configurations. RESULTS NP transplantation significantly reduced the PWT and PWL in association with a significant reduction in rheobase and an increase in numbers of action potentials evoked by 2X and 3X rheobase current stimulation. Voltage-gated sodium current density was significantly enhanced in L5-L6 DRG neurons from LDH rats. The inactivation curve showed a leftward shift in LDH rats while activation curve did not significantly alter. However, NP transplantation remarkably enhanced expression of NaV1.7 and NaV1.8 in L5-L6 DRGs but not in T10-12 DRGs. CONCLUSION These data suggest that NP application produces pain-related behavior and potentiates sodium current density of DRG neurons, which is most likely mediated by enhanced expression of NaV1.7 and NaV1.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufen Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Laboratory for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianliang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuhua Miao
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital, Soochow University, 215600, Zhangjiagang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital, Soochow University, 215600, Zhangjiagang, People's Republic of China
| | - Youlang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Laboratory for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Laboratory for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, 215123, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital, Soochow University, 215600, Zhangjiagang, People's Republic of China.
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Cardiac H2S Generation Is Reduced in Ageing Diabetic Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:758358. [PMID: 26078817 PMCID: PMC4442299 DOI: 10.1155/2015/758358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aims. To examine whether hydrogen sulfide (H2S) generation changed in ageing diabetic mouse hearts. Results. Compared to mice that were fed tap water only, mice that were fed 30% fructose solution for 15 months exhibited typical characteristics of a severe diabetic phenotype with cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. H2S levels in plasma, heart tissues, and urine were significantly reduced in these mice as compared to those in controls. The expression of the H2S-generating enzymes, cystathionine γ-lyase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, was significantly decreased in the hearts of fructose-fed mice, whereas cystathionine-β-synthase levels were significantly increased. Conclusion. Our results suggest that this ageing diabetic mouse model developed diabetic cardiomyopathy and that H2S levels were reduced in the diabetic heart due to alterations in three H2S-producing enzymes, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Wang Q, Zhu H, Zou K, Yuan B, Zhou YL, Jiang X, Yan J, Xu GY. Sensitization of P2X3 receptors by cystathionine β-synthetase mediates persistent pain hypersensitivity in a rat model of lumbar disc herniation. Mol Pain 2015; 11:15. [PMID: 25885215 PMCID: PMC4372268 DOI: 10.1186/s12990-015-0012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a major cause of discogenic low back pain and sciatica, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is becoming recognized for its involvement in a wide variety of processes including inflammation and nociception. The present study was designed to investigate the roles of the H2S signaling pathway in the regulation of expression and function of purinergic receptors (P2XRs) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from rats with LDH. LDH was induced by implantation of autologous nucleus pulposus (NP), harvested from rat tail, in lumbar 5 and 6 spinal nerve roots. Implantation of autologous NP induced persistent pain hypersensitivity, which was partially reversed by an intrathecal injection of A317491, a potent inhibitor of P2X3Rs and P2X2/3Rs. The NP induced persistent pain hypersensitivity was associated with the increased expression of P2X3Rs, but not P2X1Rs and P2X2Rs, receptors in L5-6 DRGs. NP implantation also produced a 2-fold increase in ATP-induced intracellular calcium signals in DRG neurons when compared to those of controls (P < 0.05). Interestingly, NP implantation significantly enhanced expression of the endogenous hydrogen sulfide producing enzyme, cystathionine-β-synthetase (CBS). Systematic administration of O-(Carboxymethyl) hydroxylamine hemihydrochloride (AOAA), an inhibitor of CBS, suppressed the upregulation of P2X3R expression and the potentiation of ATP-induced intracellular calcium signals in DRG neurons (P < 0.05). Intrathecal injection of AOAA markedly attenuated NP induced- persistent pain hypersensitivity. Our results suggest that sensitization of P2X3Rs, which is likely mediated by CBS-H2S signaling in primary sensory neurons, contributes to discogenic pain. Targeting CBS/H2S-P2X3R signaling may represent a potential treatment for neuropathic pain caused by LDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianliang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Kang Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Bo Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - You-Lang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Xinghong Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Peoples Republic of China.
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Peoples Republic of China. .,Laboratory for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Hellmich MR, Coletta C, Chao C, Szabo C. The therapeutic potential of cystathionine β-synthetase/hydrogen sulfide inhibition in cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:424-48. [PMID: 24730679 PMCID: PMC4307161 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cancer represents a major socioeconomic problem; there is a significant need for novel therapeutic approaches targeting tumor-specific pathways. RECENT ADVANCES In colorectal and ovarian cancers, an increase in the intratumor production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) plays an important role in promoting the cellular bioenergetics, proliferation, and migration of cancer cells. It also stimulates peritumor angiogenesis inhibition or genetic silencing of CBS exerts antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo, and potentiates the antitumor efficacy of anticancer therapeutics. CRITICAL ISSUES Recently published studies are reviewed, implicating CBS overexpression and H2S overproduction in tumor cells as a tumor-growth promoting "bioenergetic fuel" and "survival factor," followed by an overview of the experimental evidence demonstrating the anticancer effect of CBS inhibition. Next, the current state of the art of pharmacological CBS inhibitors is reviewed, with special reference to the complex pharmacological actions of aminooxyacetic acid. Finally, new experimental evidence is presented to reconcile a controversy in the literature regarding the effects of H2S donor on cancer cell proliferation and survival. FUTURE DIRECTIONS From a basic science standpoint, future directions in the field include the delineation of the molecular mechanism of CBS up-regulation of cancer cells and the delineation of the interactions of H2S with other intracellular pathways of cancer cell metabolism and proliferation. From the translational science standpoint, future directions include the translation of the recently emerging roles of H2S in cancer into human diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Hellmich
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Ciro Coletta
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Celia Chao
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Abstract
Chronic pain affects approximately 20 % of adults worldwide and is often associated with a decrease in the quality of life and various comorbidities. Conventional analgesic therapies are frequently insufficient and sometimes lead to severe side effects. Therefore, great efforts are still being made to elucidate the signalling pathways in pain and to develop new, safe and effective therapies. Epigenetic mechanisms which interfere with the regulation of gene expression are involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases and are gaining increasing impetus in medical research. As they are also involved in pain processing, a modulation of these mechanisms might represent a novel option for the therapy of pain patients.
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59
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Bai G, Ren K, Dubner R. Epigenetic regulation of persistent pain. Transl Res 2015; 165:177-99. [PMID: 24948399 PMCID: PMC4247805 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Persistent or chronic pain is tightly associated with various environmental changes and linked to abnormal gene expression within cells processing nociceptive signaling. Epigenetic regulation governs gene expression in response to environmental cues. Recent animal model and clinical studies indicate that epigenetic regulation plays an important role in the development or maintenance of persistent pain and possibly the transition of acute pain to chronic pain, thus shedding light in a direction for development of new therapeutics for persistent pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Bai
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Ke Ren
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ronald Dubner
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
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Géranton SM, Tochiki KK. Regulation of Gene Expression and Pain States by Epigenetic Mechanisms. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 131:147-83. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic pain after surgery is a major public health problem and a major concern for perioperative physicians. Thoracic surgery presents a unique challenge, as thoracotomy is among the highest risk surgeries to develop persistent postsurgical pain. The purpose of this review is to discuss the relevance of research in pain epigenetics to patients with persistent pain after thoracic surgery. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances have linked chronic pain states to genetic and epigenetic changes. Progress in our understanding of chronic pain has highlighted the importance of immune modulation of pain. It is possible that epigenetic changes driving chronic pain occur in the perioperative setting via histone modification and DNA methylation. SUMMARY The transition from acute to chronic pain after thoracic surgery may be mediated by epigenetics. Here, we discuss epigenetic modifications that have been discovered in animal models of chronic pain that may predispose patients to persistent neuropathic pain after thoracic surgery.
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Miao X, Meng X, Wu G, Ju Z, Zhang HH, Hu S, Xu GY. Upregulation of cystathionine-β-synthetase expression contributes to inflammatory pain in rat temporomandibular joint. Mol Pain 2014; 10:9. [PMID: 24490955 PMCID: PMC3917612 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous gaseotransmitter/modulator, is becoming appreciated that it may be involved in a wide variety of processes including inflammation and nociception. However, the role for H2S in nociceptive processing in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neuron remains unknown. The aim of this study was designed to investigate whether endogenous H2S synthesizing enzyme cystathionine-β-synthetase (CBS) plays a role in inflammatory pain in temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Methods TMJ inflammatory pain was induced by injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) into TMJ of adult male rats. Von Frey filaments were used to examine pain behavioral responses in rats following injection of CFA or normal saline (NS). Whole cell patch clamp recordings were employed on acutely isolated TG neurons from rats 2 days after CFA injection. Western blot analysis was carried out to measure protein expression in TGs. Results Injection of CFA into TMJ produced a time dependent hyperalgesia as evidenced by reduced escape threshold in rats responding to VFF stimulation. The reduced escape threshold was partially reversed by injection of O-(Carboxymethyl) hydroxylamine hemihydrochloride (AOAA), an inhibitor for CBS, in a dose-dependent manner. CFA injection led to a marked upregulation of CBS expression when compared with age-matched controls. CFA injection enhanced neuronal excitability as evidenced by depolarization of resting membrane potentials, reduction in rheobase, and an increase in number of action potentials evoked by 2 and 3 times rheobase current stimulation and by a ramp current stimulation of TG neurons innervating the TMJ area. CFA injection also led to a reduction of IK but not IA current density of TG neurons. Application of AOAA in TMJ area reduced the production of H2S in TGs and reversed the enhanced neural hyperexcitability and increased the IK currents of TG neurons. Conclusion These data together with our previous report indicate that endogenous H2S generating enzyme CBS plays an important role in TMJ inflammation, which is likely mediated by inhibition of IK currents, thus identifying a specific molecular mechanism underlying pain and sensitization in TMJ inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guang-Yin Xu
- The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang 215600, P,R, China.
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Guzman-Karlsson MC, Meadows JP, Gavin CF, Hablitz JJ, Sweatt JD. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of Hebbian and non-Hebbian plasticity. Neuropharmacology 2014; 80:3-17. [PMID: 24418102 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The epigenome is uniquely positioned as a point of convergence, integrating multiple intracellular signaling cascades into a cohesive gene expression profile necessary for long-term behavioral change. The last decade of neuroepigenetic research has primarily focused on learning-induced changes in DNA methylation and chromatin modifications. Numerous studies have independently demonstrated the importance of epigenetic modifications in memory formation and retention as well as Hebbian plasticity. However, how these mechanisms operate in the context of other forms of plasticity is largely unknown. In this review, we examine evidence for epigenetic regulation of Hebbian plasticity. We then discuss how non-Hebbian forms of plasticity, such as intrinsic plasticity and synaptic scaling, may also be involved in producing the cellular adaptations necessary for learning-related behavioral change. Furthermore, we consider the likely roles for transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of these plasticities. In doing so, we aim to expand upon the idea that epigenetic mechanisms are critical regulators of both Hebbian and non-Hebbian forms of plasticity that ultimately drive learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jarrod P Meadows
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Cristin F Gavin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John J Hablitz
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J David Sweatt
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Hu S, Xu W, Miao X, Gao Y, Zhu L, Zhou Y, Xiao Y, Xu GY. Sensitization of sodium channels by cystathionine β-synthetase activation in colon sensory neurons in adult rats with neonatal maternal deprivation. Exp Neurol 2013; 248:275-85. [PMID: 23834820 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of pain in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is poorly understood and treatment remains difficult. We have previously reported that TTX-resistant (TTX-R) sodium channels in colon-specific dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were sensitized and the expression of the endogenous hydrogen sulfide producing enzyme cystathionine β-synthetase (CBS) was upregulated in a rat model of visceral hypersensitivity induced by neonatal maternal deprivation (NMD). However, the detailed molecular mechanism for activation of sodium channels remains unknown. This study was designed to examine roles for CBS-H₂S signaling in sensitization of sodium channels in a previously validated rat model of IBS. METHODS Neonatal male rats (postnatal days 2-15) were exposed to a 3 hour period of daily maternal separation with temperature maintained at ~33 °C. Colon-specific dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were labeled with DiI and acutely dissociated for measuring excitability and sodium channel current under whole-cell patch clamp configurations. The expression of Na(V)1.8 was analyzed by Western blot and Immunofluorescence study. The endogenous H₂S producing enzyme CBS antagonist was injected intraperitoneally. RESULTS We showed that CBS was colocalized with Na(V)1.8 in colon-specific DRG neurons pre-labeled with DiI. Pretreatment of O-(Carboxymethyl) hydroxylamine hemihydrochloride (AOAA), an inhibitor of CBS, significantly reduced expression of Na(V)1.8 in NMD rats. AOAA treatment also inhibited the TTX-R sodium current density, right-shifted the V₁/₂ of activation curve, and reversed hyperexcitability of colon-specific DRG neurons in NMD rats. Conversely, addition of NaHS, a donor of H₂S, greatly enhanced TTX-R sodium current density, left shifted the activation curve and enhanced excitability of colon DRG neurons in age-matched healthy rats. Furthermore, application of H-89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A, markedly attenuated the potentiation of TTX-R sodium current density by NaHS. CONCLUSION These data suggest that sensitization of sodium channels of colon DRG neurons in NMD rats is most likely mediated by CBS-H₂S signaling, thus identifying a potential target for treatment for chronic visceral pain in patients with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Hu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
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Rahn EJ, Guzman-Karlsson MC, David Sweatt J. Cellular, molecular, and epigenetic mechanisms in non-associative conditioning: implications for pain and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 105:133-50. [PMID: 23796633 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sensitization is a form of non-associative conditioning in which amplification of behavioral responses can occur following presentation of an aversive or noxious stimulus. Understanding the cellular and molecular underpinnings of sensitization has been an overarching theme spanning the field of learning and memory as well as that of pain research. In this review we examine how sensitization, both in the context of learning as well as pain processing, shares evolutionarily conserved behavioral, cellular/synaptic, and epigenetic mechanisms across phyla. First, we characterize the behavioral phenomenon of sensitization both in invertebrates and vertebrates. Particular emphasis is placed on long-term sensitization (LTS) of withdrawal reflexes in Aplysia following aversive stimulation or injury, although additional invertebrate models are also covered. In the context of vertebrates, sensitization of mammalian hyperarousal in a model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as mammalian models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain is characterized. Second, we investigate the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying these behaviors. We focus our discussion on serotonin-mediated long-term facilitation (LTF) and axotomy-mediated long-term hyperexcitability (LTH) in reduced Aplysia systems, as well as mammalian spinal plasticity mechanisms of central sensitization. Third, we explore recent evidence implicating epigenetic mechanisms in learning- and pain-related sensitization. This review illustrates the fundamental and functional overlay of the learning and memory field with the pain field which argues for homologous persistent plasticity mechanisms in response to sensitizing stimuli or injury across phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Rahn
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Zhang HH, Hu J, Zhou YL, Hu S, Wang YM, Chen W, Xiao Y, Huang LYM, Jiang X, Xu GY. Promoted interaction of nuclear factor-κB with demethylated cystathionine-β-synthetase gene contributes to gastric hypersensitivity in diabetic rats. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9028-38. [PMID: 23699514 PMCID: PMC6705038 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1068-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with long-standing diabetes frequently demonstrate gastric hypersensitivity with an unknown mechanism. The present study was designed to investigate roles for nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and the endogenous H2S-producing enzyme cystathionine-β-synthetase (CBS) signaling pathways by examining cbs gene methylation status in adult rats with diabetes. Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) produced gastric hypersensitivity in female rats in response to gastric balloon distention. Treatment with the CBS inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid significantly attenuated STZ-induced gastric hypersensitivity in a dose-dependent fashion. Aminooxyacetic acid treatment also reversed hyperexcitability of gastric-specific dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons labeled by the dye DiI in diabetic rats. Conversely, the H2S donor NaHS enhanced neuronal excitability of gastric DRG neurons. Expression of CBS and p65 were markedly enhanced in gastric DRGs in diabetic rats. Blockade of NF-κB signaling using pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate reversed the upregulation of CBS expression. Interestingly, STZ treatment led to a significant demethylation of CpG islands in the cbs gene promoter region, as determined by methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing. STZ treatment also remarkably downregulated the expression of DNA methyltransferase 3a and 3b. More importantly, STZ treatment significantly enhanced the ability of cbs to bind DNA at the p65 consensus site, as shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Our findings suggest that upregulation of cbs expression is attributed to cbs promoter DNA demethylation and p65 activation and that the enhanced interaction of the cbs gene and p65 contributes to gastric hypersensitivity in diabetes. This finding may guide the development and evaluation of new treatment modalities for patients with diabetic gastric hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hong Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, P.R. China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Ji Hu
- Division of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, P.R. China
| | - You-Lang Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
- Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, P.R. China, and
| | - Shufen Hu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Meng Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, P.R. China, and
| | - Ying Xiao
- Division of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yen Mae Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1069
| | - Xinghong Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, P.R. China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
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Qu R, Tao J, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wu G, Xiao Y, Hu CY, Jiang X, Xu GY. Neonatal colonic inflammation sensitizes voltage-gated Na(+) channels via upregulation of cystathionine β-synthetase expression in rat primary sensory neurons. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G763-72. [PMID: 23449670 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00466.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of pain in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is poorly understood, and treatment remains difficult. We have previously reported that colon-specific dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were hyperactive in a rat model of IBS induced by neonatal colonic inflammation (NCI). This study was designed to examine plasticity of voltage-gated Na(+) channel activities and roles for the endogenous hydrogen sulfide-producing enzyme cystathionine β-synthetase (CBS) in chronic visceral hyperalgesia. Abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scores were recorded in response to graded colorectal distention in adult male rats as a measure of visceral hypersensitivity. Colon-specific DRG neurons were labeled with 1,1'-dioleyl-3,3,3',3-tetramethylindocarbocyanine methanesulfonate and acutely dissociated for measuring Na(+) channel currents. Western blot analysis was employed to detect changes in expressions of voltage-gated Na(+) (Na(V)) channel subtype 1.7, Na(V)1.8, and CBS. NCI significantly increased AWR scores when compared with age-matched controls. NCI also led to an ~2.5-fold increase in Na(+) current density in colon-specific DRG neurons. Furthermore, NCI dramatically enhanced expression of Na(V)1.7, Na(V)1.8, and CBS in colon-related DRGs. CBS was colocalized with Na(V)1.7 or -1.8 in colon-specific DRG neurons. Administration of O-(carboxymethyl)hydroxylamine hemihydrochloride (AOAA), an inhibitor for CBS, remarkably suppressed Na(+) current density and reduced expression of Na(V)1.7 and Na(V)1.8. More importantly, intraperitoneal or intrathecal application of AOAA attenuated AWR scores in NCI rats in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that NCI enhances Na(+) channel activity of colon DRG neurons, which is most likely mediated by upregulation of CBS expression, thus identifying a potential target for treatment for chronic visceral pain in patients with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Qu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Peoples Republic of China
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Li L, Xie R, Hu S, Wang Y, Yu T, Xiao Y, Jiang X, Gu J, Hu CY, Xu GY. Upregulation of cystathionine beta-synthetase expression by nuclear factor-kappa B activation contributes to visceral hypersensitivity in adult rats with neonatal maternal deprivation. Mol Pain 2012; 8:89. [PMID: 23249427 PMCID: PMC3545973 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by chronic visceral hyperalgesia (CVH) that manifested with persistent or recurrent abdominal pain and altered bowel movement. However, the pathogenesis of the CVH remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate roles of endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) producing enzyme cystathionine beta-synthetase (CBS) and p65 nuclear factor-kappa B subunits in CVH. Results CVH was induced by neonatal maternal deprivation (NMD) in male rats on postnatal days 2–15 and behavioral experiments were conducted at the age of 7–15 weeks. NMD significantly increased expression of CBS in colon-innervating DRGs from the 7th to 12th week. This change in CBS express is well correlated with the time course of enhanced visceromoter responses to colorectal distention (CRD), an indicator of visceral pain. Administration of AOAA, an inhibitor of CBS, produced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect on NMD rats while it had no effect on age-matched healthy control rats. AOAA also reversed the enhanced neuronal excitability seen in colon-innervating DRGs. Application of NaHS, a donor of H2S, increased excitability of colon-innervating DRG neurons acutely dissociated from healthy control rats. Intrathecal injection of NaHS produced an acute visceral hyperalgesia. In addition, the content of p65 in nucleus was remarkably higher in NMD rats than that in age-matched controls. Intrathecal administration of PDTC, an inhibitor of p65, markedly reduced expression of CBS and attenuated nociceptive responses to CRD. Conclusion The present results suggested that upregulation of CBS expression, which is mediated by activation of p65, contributes to NMD-induced CVH. This pathway might be a potential target for relieving CVH in patients with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
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Stone LS, Szyf M. The emerging field of pain epigenetics. Pain 2012; 154:1-2. [PMID: 23159573 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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