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Escrevente C, Falcão AS, Hall MJ, Lopes-da-Silva M, Antas P, Mesquita MM, Ferreira IS, Cardoso MH, Oliveira D, Fradinho AC, Ciossek T, Nicklin P, Futter CE, Tenreiro S, Seabra MC. Formation of Lipofuscin-Like Autofluorescent Granules in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Requires Lysosome Dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:39. [PMID: 34313720 PMCID: PMC8322709 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aim to characterize the pathways required for autofluorescent granule (AFG) formation by RPE cells using cultured monolayers. Methods We fed RPE monolayers in culture with a single pulse of photoreceptor outer segments (POS). After 24 hours the cells started accumulating AFGs that were comparable to lipofuscin in vivo. Using this model, we used a variety of light and electron microscopical techniques, flow cytometry and Western blot to analyze the formation of AFGs. We also generated a mutant RPE line lacking cathepsin D by gene editing. Results AFGs seem to derive from incompletely digested POS-containing phagosomes and after 3 days are surrounded by a single membrane positive for lysosome markers. We show by various methods that lysosome-phagosome fusion is required for AFG formation, and that impairment of lysosomal pH or catalytic activity, particularly cathepsin D activity, enhances AF accumulation. Conclusions We conclude that lysosomal dysfunction results in incomplete POS degradation and enhanced AFG accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Escrevente
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana S Falcão
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Mafalda Lopes-da-Silva
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Antas
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Mesquita
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês S Ferreira
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Helena Cardoso
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela Oliveira
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana C Fradinho
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Thomas Ciossek
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim, Biberach, Germany
| | - Paul Nicklin
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Tenreiro
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Seabra
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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Features of Retinal Neurogenesis as a Key Factor of Age-Related Neurodegeneration: Myth or Reality? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147373. [PMID: 34298993 PMCID: PMC8303671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that constitutes the most common cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly in the developed countries. Incomplete knowledge about its pathogenesis prevents the search for effective methods of prevention and treatment of AMD, primarily of its "dry" type which is by far the most common (90% of all AMD cases). In the recent years, AMD has become "younger": late stages of the disease are now detected in relatively young people. It is known that AMD pathogenesis-according to the age-related structural and functional changes in the retina-is linked with inflammation, hypoxia, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and an impairment of neurotrophic support, but the mechanisms that trigger the conversion of normal age-related changes to the pathological process as well as the reason for early AMD development remain unclear. In the adult mammalian retina, de novo neurogenesis is very limited. Therefore, the structural and functional features that arise during its maturation and formation can exert long-term effects on further ontogenesis of this tissue. The aim of this review was to discuss possible contributions of the changes/disturbances in retinal neurogenesis to the early development of AMD.
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Saddala MS, Yang X, Tang S, Huang H. Transcriptome-wide analysis reveals core sets of transcriptional regulators of sensome and inflammation genes in retinal microglia. Genomics 2021; 113:3058-3071. [PMID: 34242709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal microglial cells (RMCs) play crucial roles in maintaining normal visual functions in a healthy eye. However, the underlying mechanisms of RMCs over-activation manifesting the alterations of sensome profile and inflammation state, which contribute to various retinal neurodegenerative diseases, remain elusive. Here, we aimed to identify the core set of sensome and pro-inflammatory genes and their regulators using transcriptome and data mining approaches. METHODS We performed paired-end RNA-sequencing in primary microglial cell cultures treated with TNFα/IFNϒ (10 ng/ml for 12 h) and PBS as a control. Gene enrichment analysis and hierarchical clustering for the differentially expressed transcripts highlight functional pathways and network perturbations. We examined overlaps of the mouse microglial gene expression profiles with the data-mined human sensome and pro-inflammatory marker genes. The core sets of sensome and pro-inflammatory genes were selected and predicted for transcription factors (TFs). The identified TFs in RNA-Seq are validated by the quantitative PCR method. RESULTS TNFα/IFNϒ induced 668 differentially expressed transcripts in retinal microglial cells relative to the control. Furthermore, gene enrichment analysis and the gene expression network revealed activated microglial genes, biological, molecular and inflammatory pathways. The overlapping analysis of the TNFα/IFNϒ-activated microglia genes and the data-mined human gene sets revealed 22 sensome and 61 pro-inflammatory genes. Based on network analysis, we determined 10 genes as the core sets of sensome and pro-inflammatory genes and predicted the top ten TFs that regulate them. The SP110, IRF1, FLI1, SP140 (sensome) and RELB, BATF2, NFKB2, TRAFD1, SP100, NFKB1 (inflammation) are differentially expressed between the TNFα/IFNϒ activated and the non-activated microglia which were validated by quantitative PCR. The outcomes indicate that these transcriptional regulators are highly expressed and may regulate the sensome and inflammatory genes of RMCs and switch them to over-activation. CONCLUSION Our results comprise a powerful, cross-species functional genomics resource for sensome and inflammation of RMCs, which may provide novel therapeutic approaches to prevent retinal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Sudhana Saddala
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America; Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Xu Yang
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America; Aier Eye Institute, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shibo Tang
- Aier Eye Institute, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hu Huang
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America.
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Park YG, Park YS, Kim IB. Complement System and Potential Therapeutics in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136851. [PMID: 34202223 PMCID: PMC8269056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial disease characterized in its late form by neovascularization (wet type) or geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium cell layer (dry type). The complement system is an intrinsic component of innate immunity. There has been growing evidence that the complement system plays an integral role in maintaining immune surveillance and homeostasis in AMD. Based on the association between the genotypes of complement variants and AMD occurrence and the presence of complement in drusen from AMD patients, the complement system has become a therapeutic target for AMD. However, the mechanism of complement disease propagation in AMD has not been fully understood. This concise review focuses on an overall understanding of the role of the complement system in AMD and its ongoing clinical trials. It provides further insights into a strategy for the treatment of AMD targeting the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Gun Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Yong Soo Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2258-7263
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Berkowitz BA, Podolsky RH, Childers KL, Roberts R, Schneider M, Graffice E, Sinan K, Berri A, Harp L. Correcting QUEST Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Sensitive Free Radical Production in the Outer Retina In Vivo Does Not Correct Reduced Visual Performance in 24-Month-Old C57BL/6J Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:24. [PMID: 34036313 PMCID: PMC8164372 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To test the hypothesis that acutely correcting a sustained presence of outer retina free radicals measured in vivo in 24-month-old mice corrects their reduced visual performance. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice two and 24 months old were noninvasively evaluated for unremitted production of paramagnetic free radicals based on whether 1/T1 in retinal laminae are reduced after acute antioxidant administration (QUEnch-assiSTed [QUEST] magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]). Superoxide production was measured in freshly excised retina (lucigenin assay). Combining acute antioxidant administration with optical coherence tomography (i.e., QUEST OCT) tested for excessive free radical–induced shrinkage of the subretinal space volume. Combining antioxidant administration with optokinetic tracking tested for a contribution of uncontrolled free radical production to cone-based visual performance declines. Results At two months, antioxidants had no effect on 1/T1 in vivo in any retinal layer. At 24 months, antioxidants reduced 1/T1 only in superior outer retina. No age-related change in retinal superoxide production was measured ex vivo, suggesting that free radical species other than superoxide contributed to the positive QUEST MRI signal at 24 months. Also, subretinal space volume did not show evidence for age-related shrinkage and was unresponsive to antioxidants. Finally, visual performance declined with age and was not restored by antioxidants that were effective per QUEST MRI. Conclusions An ongoing uncontrolled production of outer retina free radicals as measured in vivo in 24 mo C57BL/6J mice appears to be insufficient to explain reductions in visual performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Berkowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Robert H Podolsky
- Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States
| | - Karen Lins Childers
- Beaumont Research Institute, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States
| | - Robin Roberts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Michael Schneider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Emma Graffice
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Kenan Sinan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Ali Berri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Lamis Harp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review explores metabolic syndrome (MetS) as a risk factor that accelerates aging in retinal neurons and may contribute to the neurodegeneration seen in glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). RECENT FINDINGS Both animal model experiments and epidemiologic studies suggest that metabolic stress may lead to aberrant regulation of a number of cellular pathways that ultimately lead to premature aging of the cell, including those of a neuronal lineage. SUMMARY GON and AMD are each leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Aging is a significant risk factor in the specific retinal neuron loss that is seen with each condition. Though aging at a cellular level is difficult to define, there are many mechanistic modifiers of aging. Metabolic-related stresses induce inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, alterations to the unfolded protein response, defects in autophagy, alterations to the microbiome, and deposition of advanced glycation end products that can all hasten the aging process. Due to the number of variables related to metabolic health, defining criteria to enable the study of risk factors at a population level is challenging. MetS is a definable constellation of related metabolic risk factors that includes enlarged waist circumference, dyslipidemia, systemic hypertension, and hyperglycemia. MetS has been associated with both GON and AMD and may contribute to disease onset and/or progression in each disease.
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57
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George SM, Lu F, Rao M, Leach LL, Gross JM. The retinal pigment epithelium: Development, injury responses, and regenerative potential in mammalian and non-mammalian systems. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 85:100969. [PMID: 33901682 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diseases that result in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are among the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Atrophic (dry) AMD is the most prevalent form of AMD and there are currently no effective therapies to prevent RPE cell death or restore RPE cells lost from AMD. An intriguing approach to treat AMD and other RPE degenerative diseases is to develop therapies focused on stimulating endogenous RPE regeneration. For this to become feasible, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying RPE development, injury responses and regenerative potential is needed. In mammals, RPE regeneration is extremely limited; small lesions can be repaired by the expansion of adjacent RPE cells, but large lesions cannot be repaired as remaining RPE cells are unable to functionally replace lost RPE tissue. In some injury paradigms, RPE cells proliferate but do not regenerate a morphologically normal monolayer, while in others, proliferation is pathogenic and results in further disruption to the retina. This is in contrast to non-mammalian vertebrates, which possess tremendous RPE regenerative potential. Here, we discuss what is known about RPE formation during development in mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates, we detail the processes by which RPE cells respond to injury, and we describe examples of RPE-to-retina and RPE-to-RPE regeneration in non-mammalian vertebrates. Finally, we outline barriers to RPE-dependent regeneration in mammals that could potentially be overcome to stimulate a regenerative response from the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M George
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Fangfang Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Mishal Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Lyndsay L Leach
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Histopathology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Implications for Pathogenesis and Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33847998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-66014-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a number of histological changes in the choroid, Bruch's membrane, RPE, and neuroretina. Outside of the normal physiologic aging spectrum of changes, abnormal deposits such as basal laminar deposits, basal linear deposits, and soft drusen are known to be associated with AMD. Progression of AMD to advanced stages involving geographic atrophy, choroidal neovascularization, and/or disciform scars can result in debilitating vision loss. Knowledge of the angiogenic pathway and its components that stimulate neovascularization has led to the development of a new paradigm of intravitreal anti-VEGF pharmacotherapy in the management of neovascular AMD. Currently however, there are no available treatments for the modification of disease progression in non-neovascular AMD, or for the treatment of geographic atrophy. Further understanding of the histopathology of AMD and the molecular mechanisms that contribute to pathogenesis of the disease may reveal additional therapeutic targets.
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Clustering of eyes with age-related macular degeneration or pachychoroid spectrum diseases based on choroidal thickness profile. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4999. [PMID: 33654225 PMCID: PMC7925534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Choroidal changes have been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of both age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and pachychoroid spectrum diseases (PSD). To find out the choroidal characteristics of each disease groups, various groups of AMD and PSD were classified into several clusters according to choroidal profiles based on subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT), peripapillary CT, the ratio of subfoveal CT to peripapillary CT and age. We retrospectively analyzed 661 eyes, including 190 normal controls and 471 with AMD or PSDs. In the AMD groups, eyes with soft drusen or reticular pseudodrusen were belonged to the same cluster as those with classic exudative AMD (all p < 0.001). However, eyes with pachydrusen were not clustered with eyes from other AMD groups; instead, they were classified in the same cluster as eyes from the PSD group (all p < 0.001). In the PSD group, eyes with pachychoroid neovasculopathy were grouped in the same cluster of those with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (p < 0.001). The cluster analysis based on the CT profiles, including subfoveal CT, peripapillary CT, and their ratio, revealed a clustering pattern of eyes with AMD and PSDs. These findings support the suggestion that pachydrusen has the common pathogenesis as PSD.
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Wang S, Liu C, Ouyang W, Liu Y, Li C, Cheng Y, Su Y, Liu C, Yang L, Liu Y, Wang Z. Common Genes Involved in Autophagy, Cellular Senescence and the Inflammatory Response in AMD and Drug Discovery Identified via Biomedical Databases. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:14. [PMID: 33510953 PMCID: PMC7804500 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal pigment epithelial cell autophagy dysfunction, cellular senescence, and the retinal inflammatory response are key pathogenic factors in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which has been reviewed in our previously work in 2019. This study aims to identify genes collectively involved in these three biological processes and target drugs in AMD. Methods The pubmed2ensembl database was used to perform text mining. The GeneCodis database was applied to analyze gene ontology biological process and the KEGG pathway. The STRING database was used to analyze protein–protein interaction analysis and hub genes were identified by the Cytoscape software. The Drug Gene Interaction Database was used to perform drug–gene interactions. Results We identified 62 genes collectively involved in AMD, autophagy, cellular senescence, and inflammatory response, 19 biological processes including 42 genes, 11 enriched KEGG pathways including 37 genes, and 12 hub genes step by step via the above biomedical databases. Finally, five hub genes (IL-6, VEGF-A, TP53, IL-1β, and transforming growth factor [TGF]-β1) and their specific interaction modes were identified, corresponding with 24 target drugs with therapeutic potential for AMD. Conclusions IL-6, VEGF-A, TP53, IL-1β, and TGF-β1 are pivotal in autophagy, cellular senescence, and the inflammatory response in AMD, corresponding with 24 drugs with therapeutic potential for AMD, providing definite molecular mechanisms for further research and new possibilities for AMD treatment in the future. Translational Relevance IL-6, VEGF-A, TP53, IL-1β, and TGF-β1 may be new targets for AMD gene therapy and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoubi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengxiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Weijie Ouyang
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yurun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Epidemiology and Clinical Aspects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1256:1-31. [PMID: 33847996 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-66014-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disease of the human retina affecting individuals over the age of 55 years. This heterogeneous condition arises from a complex interplay between age, genetics, and environmental factors including smoking and diet. It is the leading cause of blindness in industrialized countries. Worldwide, the number of people with AMD is predicted to increase from 196 million in 2020 to 288 million by 2040. By this time, Asia is predicted to have the largest number of people with the disease. Distinct patterns of AMD prevalence and phenotype are seen between geographical areas that are not explained fully by disparities in population structures. AMD is classified into early, intermediate, and late stages. The early and intermediate stages, when visual symptoms are typically absent or mild, are characterized by macular deposits (drusen) and pigmentary abnormalities. Through risk prediction calculators, grading these features helps predict the risk of progression to late AMD. Late AMD is divided into neovascular and atrophic forms, though these can coexist. The defining lesions are macular neovascularization and geographic atrophy, respectively. At this stage, visual symptoms are often severe and irreversible, and can comprise profoundly decreased central vision in both eyes. For these reasons, the condition has major implications for individuals and society, as affected individuals may experience substantially decreased quality of life and independence. Recent advances in retinal imaging have led to the recognition of an expanded set of AMD phenotypes, including reticular pseudodrusen, nonexudative macular neovascularization, and subtypes of atrophy. These developments may lead to refinements in current classification systems.
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Jemni-Damer N, Guedan-Duran A, Fuentes-Andion M, Serrano-Bengoechea N, Alfageme-Lopez N, Armada-Maresca F, Guinea GV, Pérez-Rigueiro J, Rojo F, Gonzalez-Nieto D, Kaplan DL, Panetsos F. Biotechnology and Biomaterial-Based Therapeutic Strategies for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Part I: Biomaterials-Based Drug Delivery Devices. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:549089. [PMID: 33224926 PMCID: PMC7670958 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.549089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is an up-to-date untreatable chronic neurodegenerative eye disease of multifactorial origin, and the main causes of blindness in over 65 years old people. It is characterized by a slow progression and the presence of a multitude of factors, highlighting those related to diet, genetic heritage and environmental conditions, present throughout each of the stages of the illness. Current therapeutic approaches, mainly consisting of intraocular drug delivery, are only used for symptoms relief and/or to decelerate the progression of the disease. Furthermore, they are overly simplistic and ignore the complexity of the disease and the enormous differences in the symptomatology between patients. Due to the wide impact of the AMD and the up-to-date absence of clinical solutions, the development of biomaterials-based approaches for a personalized and controlled delivery of therapeutic drugs and biomolecules represents the main challenge for the defeat of this neurodegenerative disease. Here we present a critical review of the available and under development AMD therapeutic approaches, from a biomaterials and biotechnological point of view. We highlight benefits and limitations and we forecast forthcoming alternatives based on novel biomaterials and biotechnology methods. In the first part we expose the physiological and clinical aspects of the disease, focusing on the multiple factors that give origin to the disorder and highlighting the contribution of these factors to the triggering of each step of the disease. Then we analyze available and under development biomaterials-based drug-delivery devices (DDD), taking into account the anatomical and functional characteristics of the healthy and ill retinal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Jemni-Damer
- Neuro-Computing and Neuro-Robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Atocha Guedan-Duran
- Neuro-Computing and Neuro-Robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - María Fuentes-Andion
- Neuro-Computing and Neuro-Robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nora Serrano-Bengoechea
- Neuro-Computing and Neuro-Robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Alfageme-Lopez
- Neuro-Computing and Neuro-Robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gustavo V Guinea
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Material Science, Civil Engineering Superior School, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Material Science, Civil Engineering Superior School, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Rojo
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Material Science, Civil Engineering Superior School, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Nieto
- Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Neuro-Computing and Neuro-Robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Innovation Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.,Silk Biomed SL, Madrid, Spain
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63
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Jemni-Damer N, Guedan-Duran A, Cichy J, Lozano-Picazo P, Gonzalez-Nieto D, Perez-Rigueiro J, Rojo F, V Guinea G, Virtuoso A, Cirillo G, Papa M, Armada-Maresca F, Largo-Aramburu C, Aznar-Cervantes SD, Cenis JL, Panetsos F. First steps for the development of silk fibroin-based 3D biohybrid retina for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). J Neural Eng 2020; 17:055003. [PMID: 32947273 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abb9c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration is an incurable chronic neurodegenerative disease, causing progressive loss of the central vision and even blindness. Up-to-date therapeutic approaches can only slow down he progression of the disease. OBJECTIVE Feasibility study for a multilayered, silk fibroin-based, 3D biohybrid retina. APPROACH Fabrication of silk fibroin-based biofilms; culture of different types of cells: retinal pigment epithelium, retinal neurons, Müller and mesenchymal stem cells ; creation of a layered structure glued with silk fibroin hydrogel. MAIN RESULTS In vitro evidence for the feasibility of layered 3D biohybrid retinas; primary culture neurons grow and develop neurites on silk fibroin biofilms, either alone or in presence of other cells cultivated on the same biomaterial; cell organization and cellular phenotypes are maintained in vitro for the seven days of the experiment. SIGNIFICANCE 3D biohybrid retina can be built using silk silkworm fibroin films and hydrogels to be used in cell replacement therapy for AMD and similar retinal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Jemni-Damer
- Neuro-computing & Neuro-robotics Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain. Innovation Research Group, Institute for Health Research San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain. These authors equally contributed to this article
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64
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Park JW, Kim YC, Lee DC. Effects of Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Receptor Autoantibody on Retinal and Choroidal Vessels in Thyroid Eye Disease. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2020.61.10.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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65
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Cholesterol Regulation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Framework for Mathematical Modelling of Drusen Biogenesis. Bull Math Biol 2020; 82:135. [PMID: 33044644 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-020-00812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), there is, in common with many other age-related diseases, the need to distinguish between changes in the ageing eye that lead to disease and those changes that are considered part of a healthy, ageing eye. Various studies investigating the multitude of mechanisms involved in the aetiology of AMD exist within the field of ophthalmology and related medical fields, yet many aspects of it remain poorly understood and only a limited number of therapies are available. A recent study relates drusen's topographically cellular characteristics to the neural retina's metabolic needs and associated cholesterol involvement within the retina. In particular, there is a need to fully understand the maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis in the retina to prevent normal ageing processes from being perturbed towards maculopathy. Here, we present an extensive review of the clinical and physiological features of the ageing retina, as well as mechanisms implicated in pathology, synthesised from a vast body of the published literature. We use this novel synthesis to construct a comprehensive process schematic, encompassing all key species and physiological processes such as nutrients, waste and lipoprotein management. We are therefore able to express these processes in a mathematical language via a comprehensive modelling framework, comprising a set of twenty-three equations spanning three distinct biological compartments. This very general modelling framework may now be adapted to more focused studies on individual mechanisms, processes or components underlying of the many facets of AMD. As an example of such a focused application, we conclude this article with a one-compartment, four-species model of the retinal pigment epithelium, which considers the parametric conditions under which either cholesterol homeostasis or unregulated accumulation of cholesterol may obtain in the ageing eye.
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66
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Feng C, Krogh Nielsen M, Sørensen TL, Subhi Y. Systemic levels of C-reactive protein in patients with age-related macular degeneration: A systematic review with meta-analyses. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 191:111353. [PMID: 32937187 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ageing of the retina is associated with the gradual accumulation of basal deposits and the formation of drusen. However, in some individuals this process is exacerbated and causes development of age-related macular degeneration. Late features of age-related macular degeneration include geographic atrophy of the neuroretina or choroidal neovascularization. Such changes lead to blurred vision, metamorphopsia, and scotoma, and is the leading cause of vision loss in developed countries. Chronic low-grade inflammation has been investigated because of its relationship to ageing and its role in the gap between chronological and biological ageing. Here, we systematically reviewed studies investigating systemic C-reactive protein in patients with age-related macular degeneration. We identified 53 studies with 60,598 participants (10,392 patients and 38,901 controls). Our meta-analyses revealed that early age-related macular degeneration was not associated to systemic C-reactive protein (Cohen's d = 0.03 [-0.04 to 0.10]; OR = 1.06 [0.93-1.20]; P = 0.39) whereas late age-related macular degeneration (Cohen's d = 0.38 [0.24 to 0.51]; OR = 1.99 [1.55-2.52]; P < 0.0001), and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (Cohen's d = 0.40 [0.24 to 0.56]; OR = 2.07 [1.55-2.76]; P < 0.0001) was associated with a small-to-moderate increase in systemic C-reactive protein. Our review provides an overview of this extensively studied field, provide summary estimates that provide insight into when and to what extent systemic C-reactive protein is associated with age-related macular degeneration, and help in distinguishing the potentially reversible disease processes from that of irreversible retinal ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Feng
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Marie Krogh Nielsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Lykke Sørensen
- Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yousif Subhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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67
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Liisborg C, Nielsen MK, Hasselbalch HC, Sørensen TL. Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms and high levels of systemic inflammation develop age-related macular degeneration. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 26:100526. [PMID: 33089124 PMCID: PMC7565257 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data show that myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are associated with increased risk of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, knowledge about the retinal findings in these patients is lacking. This study was conducted to examine retinal ageing and the prevalence of a hallmark of AMD; drusen, in patients with MPNs. Further, we examine the role of chronic systemic inflammation, considered central in both AMD and MPNs. METHODS In this single-centre cross-sectional study, we consecutively enrolled 200 patients with MPNs. The study was divided into three substudies. Firstly, we obtained colour fundus photographs from all patients to evaluate and compare the prevalence of drusen with the published estimates from three large population-based studies. Secondly, to evaluate age-related changes in the various retinal layers, optical coherence tomography images were obtained from 150 of the patients and compared to a healthy control group, from a previous study. Thirdly, venous blood was sampled from 63 patients to determine the JAK2V617F allele burden and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a marker of systemic inflammation, in MPN patients with and without drusen. FINDINGS Patients with MPNs had an increased risk of having large drusen compared to the three population-based studies OR 5·7 (95%CI, 4·1-8·0), OR 6·0 (95%CI, 4·2-8·4) and OR 7·0 (95%CI, 5·0-9·7). Also, we found that the retinal site of drusen accumulation - the Bruch's-membrane-retinal-pigment-epithelium-complex was thicker compared to healthy controls, 0·43μm (95%CI 0·17-0·71, p = 0·0014), but there was no sign of accelerated retinal ageing in terms of thinning of the neuroretina. Further, we found that MPN patients with drusen had a higher level of systemic inflammation than MPN patients with no drusen (p = 0·0383). INTERPRETATION Patients with MPNs suffer from accelerated accumulation of subretinal drusen and therefore AMD from an earlier age than healthy individuals. We find that the retinal changes are located only between the neuroretina and the choroidal bloodstream. Further, we find that the drusen accumulation is associated with a higher JAK2V617F allele burden and a higher NLR, suggesting that low-grade chronic inflammation is a part of the pathogenesis of drusen formation and AMD. FUNDING Fight for Sight, Denmark and Region Zealand's research promotion fund.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Liisborg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Vestermarksvej 23, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Corresponding author at: Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Vestermarksvej 23, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Marie Krogh Nielsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Vestermarksvej 23, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Hans Carl Hasselbalch
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Zealand University Hospital, Vestermarksvej 15-17, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Torben Lykke Sørensen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Vestermarksvej 23, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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68
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Dhirachaikulpanich D, Li X, Porter LF, Paraoan L. Integrated Microarray and RNAseq Transcriptomic Analysis of Retinal Pigment Epithelium/Choroid in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:808. [PMID: 32984320 PMCID: PMC7480186 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time an integrated transcriptomic analysis of RPE/choroid dysfunction in AMD (mixed stages) based on combining data from publicly available microarray (GSE29801) and RNAseq (GSE135092) datasets aimed at increasing the ability and power of detection of differentially expressed genes and AMD-associated pathways. The analysis approach employed an integrating quantitative method designed to eliminate bias among different transcriptomic studies. The analysis highlighted 764 meta-genes (366 downregulated and 398 upregulated) in macular AMD RPE/choroid and 445 meta-genes (244 downregulated and 201 upregulated) in non-macular AMD RPE/choroid. Of these, 731 genes were newly detected as differentially expressed (DE) genes in macular AMD RPE/choroid and 434 genes in non-macular AMD RPE/choroid compared with controls. Over-representation analysis of KEGG pathways associated with these DE genes mapped revealed two most significantly associated biological processes in macular RPE/choroid in AMD, namely the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway (represented by 30 DE genes) and the extracellular matrix-receptor interaction signaling pathway (represented by 12 DE genes). Furthermore, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network identified two central hub genes involved in the control of cell proliferation/differentiation processes, HDAC1 and CDK1. Overall, the analysis provided novel insights for broadening the exploration of AMD pathogenesis by extending the number of molecular determinants and functional pathways that underpin AMD-associated RPE/choroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanach Dhirachaikulpanich
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Louise F Porter
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Luminita Paraoan
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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69
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Somasundaran S, Constable IJ, Mellough CB, Carvalho LS. Retinal pigment epithelium and age-related macular degeneration: A review of major disease mechanisms. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 48:1043-1056. [PMID: 32710488 PMCID: PMC7754492 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive degenerative disease that is the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly population. Degeneration/dysregulation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a supportive monolayer of cells underlying the photoreceptors, is commonly seen in patients with AMD. While treatment exists for the neovascular/wet form of AMD, there is currently no cure for the non‐exudative/dry form of AMD, making it imperative to understand the pathogenesis of this disease. Although our understanding of the aetiology of AMD has increased over the years, the underlying disease mechanism has not yet been identified, mainly due to the multifactorial nature of this disease. Herein, we review some of the commonly proposed degeneration pathways of RPE cells and their role in the pathogenesis of AMD; including activation of the complement cascade, oxidative stress‐induced cell death mechanisms, dysfunctional mitochondria and the role of crystallins in AMD disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Somasundaran
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science/Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian J Constable
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science/Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carla B Mellough
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science/Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Livia S Carvalho
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science/Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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70
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Mahgoub MY, Abou Ghanima AT, Elmohamady MN, Abdul Basset S. Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Primary Osteoarthritis Egyptian Patients. Open Access Rheumatol 2020; 12:35-40. [PMID: 32280286 PMCID: PMC7125336 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s244838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Both primary osteoarthritis (OA) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) cause disability in old people. This study aimed to detect the relation between primary osteoarthritis and age-related macular degeneration in a sample of geriatric Egyptian population. Methods This cross-sectional study included 222 primary OA patients. Medical history, musculoskeletal examination, body mass index (BMI) calculation, and ophthalmological examination, radiographs of anteroposterior view and weight-bearing position for both hips and both knees and posteroanterior view for hands, Kellgren and Lawrence grading score for radiological severity of OA, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fundus fluorescence angiography FFA for evaluation of the macula were done. AMD was classified into early, intermediate, and late. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results Forty-six OA patients had AMD [19 cases had early, 15 cases had intermediate and 12 cases with late (7 neovascular (NV) and 5 geographic atrophy (GA))]. There was a significant correlation between AMD stages and OA grading score. There were significant differences between OA patient with AMD and those without AMD regarding age, disease duration, disease severity, family history of OA, daily mild exercise and calcium, and vitamin D intake. Multivariable analysis revealed that older age, more severe OA, low exercise and less calcium and vitamin D intake were considered independent risk factors for AMD development in primary OA. Conclusion Primary OA patients are more liable to AMD due to common risk factors and related pathogenesis. Ophthalmological follow up of those patients is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Yahia Mahgoub
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Taha Abou Ghanima
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | | | - Shaza Abdul Basset
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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71
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Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K, Salminen A. Potential Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Front Immunol 2020; 11:384. [PMID: 32265903 PMCID: PMC7099658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells, such as granulocytes/neutrophils and macrophages, have responsibilities that include pathogen destruction, waste material degradation, or antigen presentation upon inflammation. During persistent stress, myeloid cells can remain partially differentiated and adopt immunosuppressive functions. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are primarily beneficial upon restoring homeostasis after inflammation. Because of their ability to suppress adaptive immunity, MDSCs can also ameliorate autoimmune diseases and semi-allogenic responses, e.g., in pregnancy or transplantation. However, immunosuppression is not always desirable. In certain conditions, such as cancer or chronically inflamed tissue, MDSCs prevent restorative immune responses and thereby aggravate disease progression. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common disease in Western countries that severely threatens the central vision of aged people. The pathogenesis of this multifactorial disease is not fully elucidated, but inflammation is known to participate in both dry and wet AMD. In this paper, we provide an overview about the potential role of MDSCs in the pathogenesis of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kauppinen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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72
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Kim YD, Noh KJ, Byun SJ, Lee S, Kim T, Sunwoo L, Lee KJ, Kang SH, Park KH, Park SJ. Effects of Hypertension, Diabetes, and Smoking on Age and Sex Prediction from Retinal Fundus Images. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4623. [PMID: 32165702 PMCID: PMC7067849 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal fundus images are used to detect organ damage from vascular diseases (e.g. diabetes mellitus and hypertension) and screen ocular diseases. We aimed to assess convolutional neural network (CNN) models that predict age and sex from retinal fundus images in normal participants and in participants with underlying systemic vascular-altered status. In addition, we also tried to investigate clues regarding differences between normal ageing and vascular pathologic changes using the CNN models. In this study, we developed CNN age and sex prediction models using 219,302 fundus images from normal participants without hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and any smoking history. The trained models were assessed in four test-sets with 24,366 images from normal participants, 40,659 images from hypertension participants, 14,189 images from DM participants, and 113,510 images from smokers. The CNN model accurately predicted age in normal participants; the correlation between predicted age and chronologic age was R2 = 0.92, and the mean absolute error (MAE) was 3.06 years. MAEs in test-sets with hypertension (3.46 years), DM (3.55 years), and smoking (2.65 years) were similar to that of normal participants; however, R2 values were relatively low (hypertension, R2 = 0.74; DM, R2 = 0.75; smoking, R2 = 0.86). In subgroups with participants over 60 years, the MAEs increased to above 4.0 years and the accuracies declined for all test-sets. Fundus-predicted sex demonstrated acceptable accuracy (area under curve > 0.96) in all test-sets. Retinal fundus images from participants with underlying vascular-altered conditions (hypertension, DM, or smoking) indicated similar MAEs and low coefficients of determination (R2) between the predicted age and chronologic age, thus suggesting that the ageing process and pathologic vascular changes exhibit different features. Our models demonstrate the most improved performance yet and provided clues to the relationship and difference between ageing and pathologic changes from underlying systemic vascular conditions. In the process of fundus change, systemic vascular diseases are thought to have a different effect from ageing. Research in context. Evidence before this study. The human retina and optic disc continuously change with ageing, and they share physiologic or pathologic characteristics with brain and systemic vascular status. As retinal fundus images provide high-resolution in-vivo images of retinal vessels and parenchyma without any invasive procedure, it has been used to screen ocular diseases and has attracted significant attention as a predictive biomarker for cerebral and systemic vascular diseases. Recently, deep neural networks have revolutionised the field of medical image analysis including retinal fundus images and shown reliable results in predicting age, sex, and presence of cardiovascular diseases. Added value of this study. This is the first study demonstrating how a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained using retinal fundus images from normal participants measures the age of participants with underlying vascular conditions such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), or history of smoking using a large database, SBRIA, which contains 412,026 retinal fundus images from 155,449 participants. Our results indicated that the model accurately predicted age in normal participants, while correlations (coefficient of determination, R2) in test-sets with hypertension, DM, and smoking were relatively low. Additionally, a subgroup analysis indicated that mean absolute errors (MAEs) increased and accuracies declined significantly in subgroups with participants over 60 years of age in both normal participants and participants with vascular-altered conditions. These results suggest that pathologic retinal vascular changes occurring in systemic vascular diseases are different form the changes in spontaneous ageing process, and the ageing process observed in retinal fundus images may saturate at age about 60 years. Implications of all available evidence. Based on this study and previous reports, the CNN could accurately and reliably predict age and sex using retinal fundus images. The fact that retinal changes caused by ageing and systemic vascular diseases occur differently motivates one to understand the retina deeper. Deep learning-based fundus image reading may be a more useful and beneficial tool for screening and diagnosing systemic and ocular diseases after further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Dae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Jin Noh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jun Byun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Soochahn Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tackeun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Leonard Sunwoo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Joon Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Hyuck Kang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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73
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Kezic JM, Chrysostomou V, McMenamin PG, Crowston JG. Effects of age on retinal macrophage responses to acute elevation of intraocular pressure. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107995. [PMID: 32156653 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that aging shifts the central nervous system milieu towards a proinflammatory state, with increased reactivity of microglia in the aging eye and brain having been implicated in the development of age-related neurodegenerative conditions. Indeed, alterations to microglial morphology and function have been recognized as a part of normal aging. Here, we sought to assess the effects of age on the retinal microglial and macrophage response to acute intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation. Further, we performed experiments whereby bone marrow from young or middle-aged mice was used to reconstitute the bone marrow of whole-body irradiated 12 month old mice. Bone marrow chimeric mice then underwent cannulation and IOP elevation 8 weeks after whole-body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation in order to determine whether the age of bone marrow alters the macrophage response to retinal injury. Our data show retinal macrophage reactivity and microglial morphological changes were enhanced in older mice when compared to younger mice in response to injury. When IOP elevation was performed after whole-body irradiation and bone marrow rescue, we noted subretinal macrophage accumulation and glial reactivity was reduced compared to non-irradiated mice that had also undergone IOP elevation. This effect was evident in both groups of chimeric mice that had received either young or middle-aged bone marrow, suggesting irradiation itself may alter the macrophage and glial response to injury rather than the age of bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena M Kezic
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Vicki Chrysostomou
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia.
| | - Paul G McMenamin
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Jonathan G Crowston
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, 32 Gisborne Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia.
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Singh MS, Park SS, Albini TA, Canto-Soler MV, Klassen H, MacLaren RE, Takahashi M, Nagiel A, Schwartz SD, Bharti K. Retinal stem cell transplantation: Balancing safety and potential. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 75:100779. [PMID: 31494256 PMCID: PMC7056514 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation holds great promise as a potential treatment for currently incurable retinal degenerative diseases that cause poor vision and blindness. Recently, safety data have emerged from several Phase I/II clinical trials of retinal stem cell transplantation. These clinical trials, usually run in partnership with academic institutions, are based on sound preclinical studies and are focused on patient safety. However, reports of serious adverse events arising from cell therapy in other poorly regulated centers have now emerged in the lay and scientific press. While progress in stem cell research for blindness has been greeted with great enthusiasm by patients, scientists, doctors and industry alike, these adverse events have raised concerns about the safety of retinal stem cell transplantation and whether patients are truly protected from undue harm. The aim of this review is to summarize and appraise the safety of human retinal stem cell transplantation in the context of its potential to be developed into an effective treatment for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep S Singh
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Susanna S Park
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California-Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Thomas A Albini
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - M Valeria Canto-Soler
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Henry Klassen
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute and Stem Cell Research Center, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford and Oxford University Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Aaron Nagiel
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA; USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Steven D Schwartz
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Edythe and Eli Broad Stem Cell Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kapil Bharti
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 90892, USA
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75
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Kauppinen A. Introduction to the multi-author review on macular degeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:779-780. [PMID: 31897540 PMCID: PMC7058669 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged life expectancies contribute to the increasing prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that is already the leading cause of severe vision loss among the elderly in developed countries. In dry AMD, the disease culminates into vast retinal atrophy, whereas the wet form is characterized by retinal edema and sudden vision loss due to neovascularization originating from the choroid beneath the Bruch's membrane. There is no treatment for dry AMD and despite intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that suppress the neovessel formation, also wet AMD needs new therapies to prevent the disease progression and to serve patients lacking of positive response to current medicines. Knowledge on disease mechanisms is a prerequisite for the drug development, which is hindered by the multifactorial nature of AMD. Numerous distinguished publications have revealed AMD mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level and in this multi-author review, we take a bit broader look at the topic with some novel aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kauppinen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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76
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Neves J, Chirco KR, Cedron-Craft W, Chew S, Zhu J, Jasper H, Lamba DA. MANF delivery improves retinal homeostasis and cell replacement therapies in ageing mice. Exp Gerontol 2020; 134:110893. [PMID: 32119994 PMCID: PMC7483617 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is a major risk factor for vision loss, and inflammation is an important contributor to retinal disease in the elderly. Regenerative medicine based on cell replacement strategies has emerged in recent years as a promising approach to restore vision. However, how the ageing process affects retinal homeostasis and inflammation in the retina and how this may impose a limitation to the success of such interventions remains unknown. Here we report that, in mice and humans, retinal ageing is associated with a reduction in MANF protein levels, specifically in the choroid, where increased densities of activated macrophages can be detected. We further show that the retina of old wild type mice, in the absence of any other genetic alteration, has limited homeostatic capacity after damage imposed by light exposure and reduced engraftment efficiency of exogenously supplied photoreceptors. Finally, we show that supplementation of MANF recombinant protein can improve retinal homeostasis and repair capacity in both settings, correlating with reduced numbers of activated macrophages in the old retina. Our work identifies age-related alterations in retinal homeostasis, independent of genetic alterations, leading to age-related retinal inflammation and damage susceptibility. We suggest that MANF therapy is a potential intervention to maintain retinal homeostasis in the elderly and improve the success of retinal regenerative therapies applied to aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Neves
- Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA; Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal.
| | - Kathleen R Chirco
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, SF, USA
| | - Wendy Cedron-Craft
- Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA
| | - Shereen Chew
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, SF, USA
| | - Jie Zhu
- Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA; Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Deepak A Lamba
- Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, SF, USA.
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77
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Bao Y, Huang L, Huang X, Gao C, Chen Y, Wu L, Zhu S, Song Y. Pirfenidone ameliorates the formation of choroidal neovascularization in mice. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2162-2170. [PMID: 32323767 PMCID: PMC7115199 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is accompanied by inflammation and fibrosis. Existing treatments are expensive and can cause irreversible complications. Pirfenidone (PFD) exerts anti‑inflammatory and anti‑fibrotic effects; however, its applications in the eye remain unclear. Male C57BL/6J mice (aged 6‑8 weeks) were used to explore whether PFD can inhibit the formation of laser‑induced CNV. The localization of transforming growth factor β2 (TGFβ2) was determined through immunofluorescent staining. After laser photocoagulation, the vehicle and PFD groups were intravitreally injected with 1 µl PBS and 1 µl 0.5% PFD, respectively. At day 7 after intravitreal injection, the expression of TGFβ2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was assessed. Fundus fluorescein angiography was performed to investigate the extent of fluorescence leakage, and the CNV areas were analyzed using a choroidal flat mount. The results demonstrated that, on day 7 after photocoagulation, the expression of TGFβ2 and VEGF was reduced in the experimental group. In addition, fluorescein angiography showed that the leakage area of CNV was significantly smaller in the PFD injection group than those observed in the control and vehicle groups. Moreover, the areas of CNV in the PFD injection group were smaller compared with those reported in the other two injection groups. Histopathological and TUNEL analyses performed on day 28 revealed that there were no notable abnormalities on the layers of the neural retina of PFD‑treated mice. In conclusion, intravitreal injection of PFD inhibited the formation of CNV in mice, likely via the downregulation of VEGF and TGFβ2, which did not cause damage to the mouse retina after 28 days of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Chuang Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Liucheng Wu
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Shunxing Zhu
- Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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78
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Eamegdool SS, Sitiwin EI, Cioanca AV, Madigan MC. Extracellular matrix and oxidative stress regulate human retinal pigment epithelium growth. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146:357-371. [PMID: 31751761 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of vision loss with ageing, is characterised by degeneration of the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) underlying the RPE. The pathogenesis of AMD is still not fully understood. In this study we investigated the in vitro growth and function of primary human RPE cells in response to different ECM substrates, including nitrite-modified ECM. We initially confirmed the presence of disorganised retinal glial and photoreceptor cells, marked retinal cytoplasmic and Bruch's membrane expression of nitro-tyrosine (an oxidative stress marker) and increased numbers of Iba1+ macrophages/microglia in human donor eye sections (aged and AMD) using multi-marker immunohistochemistry (n = 3). Concurrently, we utilised two-photon microscopy to reveal topographical changes in flatmounts of RPE-associated ECM and in the underlying choroid of aged and AMD donor eyes (n = 3). To recapitulate these observations in vitro, we then used primary human RPE cells to investigate how different ECM proteins, including nitrite cross-linked RPE-secreted ECM, modified RPE cell growth and function. Collagen I or IV increased RPE attachment and spreading two-to three-fold, associated with significantly increased cell migration and proliferation, consistent with a preferential interaction with these matrix substrates. Primary human RPE cells grown on collagen I and IV also showed increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, MCP-1 and IL-8. Nitrite-modification of RPE-secreted ECM (simulating ageing of Bruch's membrane) significantly reduced in vitro RPE attachment to the ECM and this was mitigated with collagen IV coating of the modified ECM. Taken together, our observations confirm the importance of RPE-ECM interactions for normal RPE growth and function, and for inducing RPE secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the findings are consistent with ageing and/or oxidative stress-induced disruption of RPE-ECM interactions contributing to the pathogenesis of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Eamegdool
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 2000, Australia; Eye Genetics Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, 2145, Australia.
| | - Ephrem I Sitiwin
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 2000, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, 2052, Australia; Biomedical Imaging Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Adrian V Cioanca
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 2000, Australia; The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Michele C Madigan
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 2000, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, 2052, Australia.
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79
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De Nobrega AK, Lyons LC. Aging and the clock: Perspective from flies to humans. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:454-481. [PMID: 30269400 PMCID: PMC6441388 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous circadian oscillators regulate molecular, cellular and physiological rhythms, synchronizing tissues and organ function to coordinate activity and metabolism with environmental cycles. The technological nature of modern society with round-the-clock work schedules and heavy reliance on personal electronics has precipitated a striking increase in the incidence of circadian and sleep disorders. Circadian dysfunction contributes to an increased risk for many diseases and appears to have adverse effects on aging and longevity in animal models. From invertebrate organisms to humans, the function and synchronization of the circadian system weakens with age aggravating the age-related disorders and pathologies. In this review, we highlight the impacts of circadian dysfunction on aging and longevity and the reciprocal effects of aging on circadian function with examples from Drosophila to humans underscoring the highly conserved nature of these interactions. Additionally, we review the potential for using reinforcement of the circadian system to promote healthy aging and mitigate age-related pathologies. Advancements in medicine and public health have significantly increased human life span in the past century. With the demographics of countries worldwide shifting to an older population, there is a critical need to understand the factors that shape healthy aging. Drosophila melanogaster, as a model for aging and circadian interactions, has the capacity to facilitate the rapid advancement of research in this area and provide mechanistic insights for targeted investigations in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza K De Nobrega
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Lisa C Lyons
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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80
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Chua J, Tham YC, Tan B, Devarajan K, Schwarzhans F, Gan A, Wong D, Cheung CY, Majithia S, Thakur S, Fischer G, Vass C, Cheng CY, Schmetterer L. Age-related changes of individual macular retinal layers among Asians. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20352. [PMID: 31889143 PMCID: PMC6937292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56996-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized the age-related changes of the intra-retinal layers measured with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT; Cirrus high-definition OCT [Carl Zeiss Meditec]. The Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases is a population-based, cross-sectional study of Chinese, Malays and Indians living in Singapore. Iowa Reference Algorithms (Iowa Institute for Biomedical Imaging) were used for intra-retinal layer segmentation and mean thickness of 10 intra-retinal layers rescaled with magnification correction using axial length value. Linear regression models were performed to investigate the association of retinal layers with risk factors. After excluding participants with history of diabetes or ocular diseases, high-quality macular SD-OCT images were available for 2,047 participants (44–89 years old). Most of the retinal layers decreased with age except for foveal retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and the inner/outer segments of photoreceptors where they increased with age. Men generally had thicker retinal layers than women. Chinese have the thickest RNFL and retinal pigment epithelium amongst the ethnic groups. Axial length and refractive error remained correlated with retinal layers in spite of magnification correction. Our data show pronounced age-related changes in retinal morphology. Age, gender, ethnicity and axial length need be considered when establishing OCT imaging biomarkers for ocular or systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Chua
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yih Chung Tham
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bingyao Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kavya Devarajan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Florian Schwarzhans
- Center for Medical Statistics Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Medical Information Management and Imaging, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred Gan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Damon Wong
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carol Y Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Shivani Majithia
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sahil Thakur
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Georg Fischer
- Center for Medical Statistics Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Medical Information Management and Imaging, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Vass
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. .,Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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81
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Liu Y, Wei W, Baazaoui N, Liu F, Iqbal K. Inhibition of AMD-Like Pathology With a Neurotrophic Compound in Aged Rats and 3xTg-AD Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:309. [PMID: 31803044 PMCID: PMC6877482 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated macular degeneration (AMD), which leads to loss of vision at its end stage, is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases among the elderly. However, to date, no effective drug therapy is available for the prevention of AMD. Here, we report the occurrence of AMD pathology and its prevention by chronic treatment with the neurotrophic peptidergic compound P021, in aged rats and 3xTg-AD mice. We found photoreceptor degeneration, lipofuscin granules, vacuoles, and atrophy in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) as well as Bruch’s membrane (BM) thickening; in aged rats, we even found rosette-like structure formation. Microgliosis and astrogliosis were observed in different retinal layers. In addition, we also found that total tau, phosphorylated tau, Aβ/APP, and VEGF were widely distributed in the sub-retina of aged rats and 3xTg mice. Importantly, chronic treatment with P021 for 3 months in rats and for 18 months in 3xTg mice ameliorated the pathological changes above. These findings indicate the therapeutic potential of P021 for prevention and treatment of AMD and retinal changes associated with aging and Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Clinical Pharmacology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, United States.,Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Institute of Brain Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Narjes Baazaoui
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, United States
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, United States
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, United States
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82
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Wang H, Kunz E, Stoddard GJ, Hauswirth WW, Hartnett ME. Optimal Inhibition of Choroidal Neovascularization by scAAV2 with VMD2 Promoter-driven Active Rap1a in the RPE. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15732. [PMID: 31673119 PMCID: PMC6823539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial chronic disease that requires long term treatment. Gene therapy is being considered as a promising tool to treat AMD. We found that increased activation of Rap1a in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) reduces oxidative signaling to maintain barrier integrity of the RPE and resist neural sensory retinal angiogenesis from choroidal endothelial cell invasion. To optimally deliver constitutively active Rap1a (CARap1a) into the RPE of wild type mice, self-complementary AAV2 (scAAV2) vectors driven by two different promoters, RPE65 or VMD2, were generated and tested for optimal active Rap1a expression and inhibition of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) induced by laser injury. scAAV2-VMD2, but not scAAV2-RPE65, specifically and efficiently transduced the RPE to increase active Rap1a protein in the RPE. Mice with increased Rap1a from the scAAV2-VMD2-CARap1a had a significant reduction in CNV compared to controls. Increased active Rap1a in the RPE in vivo or in vitro inhibited inflammatory and angiogenic signaling determined by decreased activation of NF-κB and expression of VEGF without causing increased cell death or autophagy measured by increased LCA3/B. Our study provides a potential future strategy to deliver active Rap1a to the RPE in order to protect against both atrophic and neovascular AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- John A Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Eric Kunz
- John A Moran Eye Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Gregory J Stoddard
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - William W Hauswirth
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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83
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Yoshida H, Matsushita T, Kimura E, Fujita Y, Keany R, Ikeda T, Toshimori M, Imanaka T, Nakamura M. Systemic expression of Alu RNA in patients with geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220887. [PMID: 31425537 PMCID: PMC6699695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by irreversible loss of macular retinal tissue and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. Several studies have revealed that accumulation of Alu RNA in RPE cell causes RPE cell degeneration in AMD. In the present study, systemic Alu RNA expression levels were determined in 33 subjects with GA and 40 control subjects using a proprietary Alu RNA quantification method. It was observed that the expression level of Alu RNA was not significantly different between GA and Control groups (median = 21.3 in both GA and Control groups, P = 0.251). In addition, the systemic level of Alu RNA was not associated with subject characteristics, such as GA lesion size and SNP profiles of complement factors associated with increased risk of AMD. In conclusion, the usability of systemic Alu RNA expression level as a biomarker of GA secondary to AMD could not be established in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yoshida
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Tokiyoshi Matsushita
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Erika Kimura
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukie Fujita
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Robert Keany
- Research and Development Division, Santen Inc., Emeryville, CA, United States of America
| | - Toshihiro Ikeda
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanao Toshimori
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Imanaka
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Nakamura
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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84
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Zhang X, Zhu J, Chen X, Jie-Qiong Z, Li X, Luo L, Huang H, Liu W, Zhou X, Yan J, Lin S, Ye J. Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Deficiency Induces Age-Related Alterations of the Retina in Young and Old Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:272. [PMID: 31281243 PMCID: PMC6596281 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in visual function and retina structure are very common in aged animals, but the underlying mechanisms of these changes remain unclear. Here we report that the expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a critical immune regulatory factor, is dramatically down-regulated in mouse retinas during aging. To address the role of IRF3 in the retina, we examined the structure and function of retinas in young (3–4 months) and old (22–24 months) Irf3-/- mice in comparison to age-matched wildtype (WT) mice. We found that IRF3 deletion resulted in impaired electroretinogram (ERG) responses and decreased retinal thickness in both young and old mice. In addition, numerous synapses of the outer plexiform layer (OPL) were found obviously extending into outer nuclear layer (ONL) in Irf3-/- mice, along with a reduction of the average synapse density in the OPL. These changes suggest that IRF3 deletion may accelerate retinal senescence. In support of this hypothesis, a number of classic senescence-associated markers were found in remarkably elevated level in Irf3-/- retina, including p53, p16INK4a, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IREα), p-H2A.X and promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML). Overall, our results indicate that maintenance normal IRF3 levels is necessary for retinal structure and function and suggest that IRF3 is an important regulator of retinal senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianjun Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhang Jie-Qiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenyi Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Surgery Research, Army Medical Center of PLA (Daping Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Akhtar-Schäfer I, Wang L, Krohne TU, Xu H, Langmann T. Modulation of three key innate immune pathways for the most common retinal degenerative diseases. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708259. [PMID: 30224384 PMCID: PMC6180304 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the role of three key immune pathways in the pathophysiology of major retinal degenerative diseases including diabetic retinopathy, age‐related macular degeneration, and rare retinal dystrophies. We first discuss the mechanisms how loss of retinal homeostasis evokes an unbalanced retinal immune reaction involving responses of local microglia and recruited macrophages, activity of the alternative complement system, and inflammasome assembly in the retinal pigment epithelium. Presenting these key mechanisms as complementary targets, we specifically emphasize the concept of immunomodulation as potential treatment strategy to prevent or delay vision loss. Promising molecules are ligands for phagocyte receptors, specific inhibitors of complement activation products, and inflammasome inhibitors. We comprehensively summarize the scientific evidence for this strategy from preclinical animal models, human ocular tissue analyses, and clinical trials evolving in the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Akhtar-Schäfer
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Luping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim U Krohne
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany .,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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86
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Kumar-Singh R. The role of complement membrane attack complex in dry and wet AMD - From hypothesis to clinical trials. Exp Eye Res 2019; 184:266-277. [PMID: 31082363 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Data from human dry and wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes support the hypothesis that constant 'tickover' of the alternative complement pathway results in chronic deposition of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) on the choriocapillaris and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Sub-lytic levels of MAC lead to cell signaling associated with tissue remodeling and the production of cytokines and inflammatory molecules. Lytic levels of MAC lead to cell death. CD59 is a naturally occurring inhibitor of the assembly of MAC. CD59 may thus be therapeutically efficacious against the pathophysiology of dry and wet AMD. The first gene therapy clinical trial for geographic atrophy - the advanced form of dry AMD has recently completed recruitment. This trial is studying the safety and tolerability of expressing CD59 from an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector injected once into the vitreous. A second clinical trial assessing the efficacy of CD59 in wet AMD patients is also under way. Herein, the evidence for the role of MAC in the pathophysiology of dry as well as wet AMD and the scientific rationale underlying the use of AAV- delivered CD59 for the treatment of dry and wet AMD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Kumar-Singh
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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87
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Léveillard T, Philp NJ, Sennlaub F. Is Retinal Metabolic Dysfunction at the Center of the Pathogenesis of Age-related Macular Degeneration? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030762. [PMID: 30754662 PMCID: PMC6387069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) forms the outer blood⁻retina barrier and facilitates the transepithelial transport of glucose into the outer retina via GLUT1. Glucose is metabolized in photoreceptors via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) but also by aerobic glycolysis to generate glycerol for the synthesis of phospholipids for the renewal of their outer segments. Aerobic glycolysis in the photoreceptors also leads to a high rate of production of lactate which is transported out of the subretinal space to the choroidal circulation by the RPE. Lactate taken up by the RPE is converted to pyruvate and metabolized via OXPHOS. Excess lactate in the RPE is transported across the basolateral membrane to the choroid. The uptake of glucose by cone photoreceptor cells is enhanced by rod-derived cone viability factor (RdCVF) secreted by rods and by insulin signaling. Together, the three cells act as symbiotes: the RPE supplies the glucose from the choroidal circulation to the photoreceptors, the rods help the cones, and both produce lactate to feed the RPE. In age-related macular degeneration this delicate ménage à trois is disturbed by the chronic infiltration of inflammatory macrophages. These immune cells also rely on aerobic glycolysis and compete for glucose and produce lactate. We here review the glucose metabolism in the homeostasis of the outer retina and in macrophages and hypothesize what happens when the metabolism of photoreceptors and the RPE is disturbed by chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Léveillard
- . Department of Genetics, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France.
| | - Nancy J Philp
- . Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- . Department of Therapeutics, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012 Paris, France.
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Leclaire MD, Nettels-Hackert G, König J, Höhn A, Grune T, Uhlig CE, Hansen U, Eter N, Heiduschka P. Lipofuscin-dependent stimulation of microglial cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:931-952. [PMID: 30693383 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the reaction of microglial cells (MG) when incubated with lipofuscin (LP) in vitro with emphasis on the immunological reaction of the MG toward LP and the suppression of this reaction by immunomodulatory agents. MG are involved in the pathogenesis of degenerative eye disorders such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). LP is a heterogeneous waste material that accumulates in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells with advancing age. LP is known to have toxic effects on RPE cells and therefore an elevated LP-derived fundus autofluorescence is a risk factor for AMD development. MG in the subretinal space have been reported in eyes affected by AMD. Moreover, in senescent mice, subretinal MG were found, which display an autofluorescence that may be derived from LP uptake. METHODS In this study, we incubated MG (BV-2 cell line and primary cells from murine brain) in vitro with LP isolated from the human RPE. We observed phagocytosis, studied cell morphologies, and analyzed the cell culture supernatants. We also investigated the effect of the immunomodulatory agents hydrocortisone (HC), minocycline, and the tripeptide TKP. RESULTS The MG phagocytosed the LP quickly and completely. We detected highly elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (especially of IL-6, IL-23p19, TNF-α, KC, RANTES, and IL-1α) in the cell culture supernatants. Furthermore, levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were raised in BV-2 cells. Anti-inflammatory agents added to the cell cultures inhibited the inflammatory reaction, in particular hydrocortisone (HC). Minocycline and TKP had less impact on the cytokine release. CONCLUSION The interaction of MG and LP could play a role in the development of retinal degeneration by triggering an inflammatory reaction and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dominik Leclaire
- Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Domagkstr. 15, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Gerburg Nettels-Hackert
- Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Domagkstr. 15, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jeannette König
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Annika Höhn
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Constantin E Uhlig
- Cornea Bank Münster, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole Eter
- Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Domagkstr. 15, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Heiduschka
- Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Domagkstr. 15, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
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Abstract
The retina is a very fine and layered neural tissue, which vitally depends on the preservation of cells, structure, connectivity and vasculature to maintain vision. There is an urgent need to find technical and biological solutions to major challenges associated with functional replacement of retinal cells. The major unmet challenges include generating sufficient numbers of specific cell types, achieving functional integration of transplanted cells, especially photoreceptors, and surgical delivery of retinal cells or tissue without triggering immune responses, inflammation and/or remodeling. The advances of regenerative medicine enabled generation of three-dimensional tissues (organoids), partially recreating the anatomical structure, biological complexity and physiology of several tissues, which are important targets for stem cell replacement therapies. Derivation of retinal tissue in a dish creates new opportunities for cell replacement therapies of blindness and addresses the need to preserve retinal architecture to restore vision. Retinal cell therapies aimed at preserving and improving vision have achieved many improvements in the past ten years. Retinal organoid technologies provide a number of solutions to technical and biological challenges associated with functional replacement of retinal cells to achieve long-term vision restoration. Our review summarizes the progress in cell therapies of retina, with focus on human pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal tissue, and critically evaluates the potential of retinal organoid approaches to solve a major unmet clinical need—retinal repair and vision restoration in conditions caused by retinal degeneration and traumatic ocular injuries. We also analyze obstacles in commercialization of retinal organoid technology for clinical application.
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90
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Telegina DV, Kozhevnikova OS, Kolosova NG. Changes in Retinal Glial Cells with Age and during Development of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1009-1017. [PMID: 30472939 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791809002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Age is the major risk factor in the age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which is a complex multifactor neurodegenerative disease of the retina and the main cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 60 years old. The major role in AMD pathogenesis belongs to structure-functional changes in the retinal pigment epithelium cells, while the onset and progression of AMD are commonly believed to be caused by the immune system dysfunctions. The role of retinal glial cells (Muller cells, astrocytes, and microglia) in AMD pathogenesis is studied much less. These cells maintain neurons and retinal vessels through the synthesis of neurotrophic and angiogenic factors, as well as perform supporting, separating, trophic, secretory, and immune functions. It is known that retinal glia experiences morphological and functional changes with age. Age-related impairments in the functional activity of glial cells are closely related to the changes in the expression of trophic factors that affect the status of all cell types in the retina. In this review, we summarized available literature data on the role of retinal macro- and microglia and on the contribution of these cells to AMD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Telegina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - O S Kozhevnikova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - N G Kolosova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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91
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Wang Z, Liu CH, Huang S, Chen J. Wnt Signaling in vascular eye diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 70:110-133. [PMID: 30513356 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in vascular morphogenesis in various organs including the eye. Wnt ligands and receptors are key regulators of ocular angiogenesis both during the eye development and in vascular eye diseases. Wnt signaling participates in regulating multiple vascular beds in the eye including regression of the hyaloid vessels, and development of structured layers of vasculature in the retina. Loss-of-function mutations in Wnt signaling components cause rare genetic eye diseases in humans such as Norrie disease, and familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) with defective ocular vasculature. On the other hand, experimental studies in more prevalent vascular eye diseases, such as wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and corneal neovascularization, suggest that aberrantly increased Wnt signaling is one of the causations for pathological ocular neovascularization, indicating the potential of modulating Wnt signaling to ameliorate pathological angiogenesis in eye diseases. This review recapitulates the key roles of the Wnt signaling pathway during ocular vascular development and in vascular eye diseases, and pharmaceutical approaches targeting the Wnt signaling as potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
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92
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Lee B, Ahn J, Yun C, Kim SW, Oh J. Variation of Retinal and Choroidal Vasculatures in Patients With Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:5246-5255. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boram Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaemoon Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheolmin Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeryung Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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93
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Thurman SM, Maniglia M, Davey PG, Biles MK, Visscher KM, Seitz AR. Multi-line Adaptive Perimetry (MAP): A New Procedure for Quantifying Visual Field Integrity for Rapid Assessment of Macular Diseases. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:28. [PMID: 30356944 PMCID: PMC6192464 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.5.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In order to monitor visual defects associated with macular degeneration (MD), we present a new psychophysical assessment called multiline adaptive perimetry (MAP) that measures visual field integrity by simultaneously estimating regions associated with perceptual distortions (metamorphopsia) and visual sensitivity loss (scotoma). Methods We first ran simulations of MAP with a computerized model of a human observer to determine optimal test design characteristics. In experiment 1, predictions of the model were assessed by simulating metamorphopsia with an eye-tracking device with 20 healthy vision participants. In experiment 2, eight patients (16 eyes) with macular disease completed two MAP assessments separated by about 12 weeks, while a subset (10 eyes) also completed repeated Macular Integrity Assessment (MAIA) microperimetry and Amsler grid exams. Results Results revealed strong repeatability of MAP and high accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity (0.89, 0.81, and 0.90, respectively) in classifying patient eyes with severe visual impairment. We also found a significant relationship in terms of the spatial patterns of performance across visual field loci derived from MAP and MAIA microperimetry. However, there was a lack of correspondence between MAP and subjective Amsler grid reports in isolating perceptually distorted regions. Conclusions These results highlight the validity and efficacy of MAP in producing quantitative maps of visual field disturbances, including simultaneous mapping of metamorphopsia and sensitivity impairment. Translational Relevance Future work will be needed to assess applicability of this examination for potential early detection of MD symptoms and/or portable assessment on a home device or computer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Thurman
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Human Research and Engineering Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Marcello Maniglia
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Mandy K Biles
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristina M Visscher
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Aaron R Seitz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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Chen M, Luo C, Zhao J, Devarajan G, Xu H. Immune regulation in the aging retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 69:159-172. [PMID: 30352305 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The retina is an immune privileged tissue, which is protected from external and internal insults by its blood-retina barriers and immune suppressive microenvironment. Apart from the avoidance and tolerance strategies, the retina is also protected by its own defense system, i.e., microglia and the complement system. The immune privilege and defense mechanisms work together to maintain retinal homeostasis. During aging, the retina is at an increased risk of developing various degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucomatous retinopathy. Previously, we have shown that aging induces a para-inflammatory response in the retina. In this review, we explore the impact of aging on retinal immune regulation and the connection between homeostatic control of retinal immune privilege and para-inflammation under aging conditions and present a view that may explain why aging puts the retina at risk of developing degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | - Chang Luo
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK; Aier Eye Institute, Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, China
| | - Jiawu Zhao
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK
| | | | - Heping Xu
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, UK; Aier Eye Institute, Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, China.
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95
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Mu H, Wang Y, Chu Y, Jiang Y, Hua H, Chu L, Wang K, Wang A, Liu W, Li Y, Fu F, Sun K. Multivesicular liposomes for sustained release of bevacizumab in treating laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:1372-1383. [PMID: 29869520 PMCID: PMC6058521 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1474967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bevacizumab is an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drug that can be used to treat choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Bevacizumab-loaded multivesicular liposomes (Bev-MVLs) have been designed and developed to increase the intravitreal retention time of bevacizumab and reduce the number of injection times. In this study, Bev-MVLs with high encapsulation efficiency were prepared by double emulsification technique, and antibody activity was determined. The results revealed that 10% of human serum albumin (HSA) could preserve the activity of bevacizumab. In vitro release of Bev-MVLs appeared to be in a more sustained manner, the underlying mechanisms of Bev-MVLs indicated that bevacizumab was released from MVLs through diffusion and erosion. Results of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) demonstrated that bevacizumab could retain its structural integrity after being released from MVLs in vitro. In vivo imaging was used to evaluate the retention time of antibody in rat eyes, while pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on rabbit eyes. These results indicated that Bev-MVLs exhibited sustained release effects as compared to bevacizumab solution (Bev-S). Bev-MVLs could effectively inhibit the thickness of CNV lesion as compared to Bev-S at 28 days after treatment. Furthermore, these data suggest that Bev-MVLs are biologically feasible to increase the retention time of bevacizumab in vitreous humor. This novel Bev-MVLs may therefore serve as a promising sustained release drug delivery system for the treatment of CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Mu
- a School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education , Yantai University , Yantai , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- a School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education , Yantai University , Yantai , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchao Chu
- a School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education , Yantai University , Yantai , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Jiang
- a School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education , Yantai University , Yantai , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchen Hua
- a School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education , Yantai University , Yantai , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Liuxiang Chu
- a School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education , Yantai University , Yantai , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Kaili Wang
- a School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education , Yantai University , Yantai , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Aiping Wang
- a School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education , Yantai University , Yantai , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Wanhui Liu
- a School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education , Yantai University , Yantai , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China.,b State Key Laboratory of Long-Acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System , Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Yantai , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Youxin Li
- a School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education , Yantai University , Yantai , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China.,b State Key Laboratory of Long-Acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System , Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Yantai , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Fu
- a School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education , Yantai University , Yantai , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China.,b State Key Laboratory of Long-Acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System , Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , Yantai , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
| | - Kaoxiang Sun
- a School of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education , Yantai University , Yantai , Shandong Province , People's Republic of China
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Zhang P, Wang H, Luo X, Liu H, Lu B, Li T, Yang S, Gu Q, Li B, Wang F, Sun X. MicroRNA-155 Inhibits Polarization of Macrophages to M2-Type and Suppresses Choroidal Neovascularization. Inflammation 2018; 41:143-153. [PMID: 28965281 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Arg-1+Ym-1+ M2-type macrophages play essential roles in the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Thus, inhibition of M2-type macrophages may be effective in suppressing CNV. However, the potential mechanisms of macrophage polarization during development of CNV remain unclear. In this study, we report that microRNA-155 (miR-155) inhibited M2 polarization by targeting C/EBPβ in CNV model mice and in bone marrow-derived primary macrophages. Moreover, our data show that intravitreous injection of miR-155 mimics suppressed subretinal leakage and neovascularization. Therefore, we conclude that C/EBPβ plays a significant role in M2 macrophage polarization in CNV model, while miR-155 mimics could suppress CNV by inhibiting C/EBPβ activity and M2 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xueting Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shiqi Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of Shanghai Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Fenghua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, 200080, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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97
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Adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy: Application to age-related macular degeneration and vascular diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 66:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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98
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Ahn SM, Lee SY, Hwang SY, Kim SW, Oh J, Yun C. Retinal vascular flow and choroidal thickness in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration with reticular pseudodrusen. BMC Ophthalmol 2018; 18:184. [PMID: 30055588 PMCID: PMC6064139 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-018-0866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the characteristics of retinal vessels and retinal thickness in eyes with early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with or without reticular pseudodrusen. Methods We retrospectively evaluated the clinical history and optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography images of consecutive patients with early AMD. We calculated the retinal vessel densities of the superficial and deep capillary plexus with the ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) and investigated the relationship with mean retinal thickness and subfoveal choroidal thickness. Results We included 135 early AMD eyes and classified 60 of them into a reticular pseudodrusen group and 75 into a non-reticular pseudodrusen group. The vascular densities of the superficial and deep capillary plexus in the reticular pseudodrusen group (32.35% ± 3.67 and 26.71% ± 2.88%) were not different from those of the non-reticular pseudodrusen group (33.18% ± 2.2% and % 27.43 ± 1.79%; P = 0.546 and P = 0.318, respectively). The retinal thickness of the reticular pseudodrusen group (287.31 μm ± 24.36 μm) did not differ from that of the non-reticular pseudodrusen group (294.27 μm ± 20.71 μm; P = 0.493), while subfoveal choroidal thickness in the reticular pseudodrusen group (158.13 μm ± 42.53 μm) was lower than that in the non-reticular pseudodrusen group (237.89 μm ± 60.94 μm; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that lower vascular density of the superficial capillary plexus and subfoveal choroidal thickness were associated with retinal thinning in reticular pseudodrusen group (P = 0.003 and P = 0.036) and older age was associated with retinal thickness in the non-reticular pseudodrusen group (P = 0.005). Conclusions Retinal thinning in early AMD patients with reticular pseudodrusen was accompanied by choroidal and retinal vascular loss, which suggests a possible linkage of retinal thinning with vascular alterations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12886-018-0866-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Min Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk Yeon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon-Young Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeryung Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheolmin Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul, South Korea.
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99
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Corso-Díaz X, Jaeger C, Chaitankar V, Swaroop A. Epigenetic control of gene regulation during development and disease: A view from the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 65:1-27. [PMID: 29544768 PMCID: PMC6054546 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Complex biological processes, such as organogenesis and homeostasis, are stringently regulated by genetic programs that are fine-tuned by epigenetic factors to establish cell fates and/or to respond to the microenvironment. Gene regulatory networks that guide cell differentiation and function are modulated and stabilized by modifications to DNA, RNA and proteins. In this review, we focus on two key epigenetic changes - DNA methylation and histone modifications - and discuss their contribution to retinal development, aging and disease, especially in the context of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. We highlight less-studied roles of DNA methylation and provide the RNA expression profiles of epigenetic enzymes in human and mouse retina in comparison to other tissues. We also review computational tools and emergent technologies to profile, analyze and integrate epigenetic information. We suggest implementation of editing tools and single-cell technologies to trace and perturb the epigenome for delineating its role in transcriptional regulation. Finally, we present our thoughts on exciting avenues for exploring epigenome in retinal metabolism, disease modeling, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Corso-Díaz
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Catherine Jaeger
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vijender Chaitankar
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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100
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Epigenetics, microbiota, and intraocular inflammation: New paradigms of immune regulation in the eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 64:84-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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