1
|
Mei M, Impagnatiello M, Jiao J, Reiser U, Tontsch-Grunt U, Zhang J, Nicklin P, Yu B, Wang Y, He Y, Tan X. An orally-available monovalent SMAC mimetic compound as a broad-spectrum antiviral. Protein Cell 2024; 15:69-75. [PMID: 37294910 PMCID: PMC10762662 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Mei
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | | | - Jun Jiao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ulrich Reiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ju Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Paul Nicklin
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Bingke Yu
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuan He
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Xu Tan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Beijing 100069, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Y, Santos DM, Pantano L, Knipe R, Abe E, Logue A, Pronzati G, Black KE, Spinney JJ, Giacona F, Bieler M, Godbout C, Nicklin P, Wyatt D, Tager AM, Seither P, Herrmann FE, Medoff BD. Screening for Inhibitors of YAP Nuclear Localization Identifies Aurora Kinase A as a Modulator of Lung Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:36-49. [PMID: 35377835 PMCID: PMC9798384 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0428oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease with limited therapeutic options that is characterized by pathological fibroblast activation and aberrant lung remodeling with scar formation. YAP (Yes-associated protein) is a transcriptional coactivator that mediates mechanical and biochemical signals controlling fibroblast activation. We previously identified HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A) reductase inhibitors (statins) as YAP inhibitors based on a high-throughput small-molecule screen in primary human lung fibroblasts. Here we report that several Aurora kinase inhibitors were also identified from the top hits of this screen. MK-5108, a highly selective inhibitor for AURKA (Aurora kinase A), induced YAP phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention and significantly reduced profibrotic gene expression in human lung fibroblasts. The inhibitory effect on YAP nuclear translocation and profibrotic gene expression is specific to inhibition of AURKA, but not Aurora kinase B or C, and is independent of the Hippo pathway kinases LATS1 and LATS2 (Large Tumor Suppressor 1 and 2). Further characterization of the effects of MK-5108 demonstrate that it inhibits YAP nuclear localization indirectly via effects on actin polymerization and TGFβ (Transforming Growth Factor β) signaling. In addition, MK-5108 treatment reduced lung collagen deposition in the bleomycin mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. Our results reveal a novel role for AURKA in YAP-mediated profibrotic activity in fibroblasts and highlight the potential of small-molecule screens for YAP inhibitors for identification of novel agents with antifibrotic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniela M Santos
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lorena Pantano
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel Knipe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Abe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amanda Logue
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gina Pronzati
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katharine E Black
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jillian J Spinney
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Francesca Giacona
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew M Tager
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Franziska E Herrmann
- Immunology and Respiratory Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Benjamin D Medoff
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gollner A, Köster M, Nicklin P, Trieselmann T, Klein E, Vlach J, Heine C, Grundl M, Ramharter J, Wyatt D, Chaturvedi M, Ciulli A, Carter KC, Müller S, Bischoff D, Ettmayer P, Haaksma E, Mack J, McConnell D, Stenkamp D, Weinstabl H, Zentgraf M, Wood CR, Montel F. opnMe.com: a digital initiative for sharing tools with the biomedical research community. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:475-476. [PMID: 35459938 DOI: 10.1038/d41573-022-00071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
4
|
Jerke U, Eulenberg-Gustavus C, Rousselle A, Nicklin P, Kreideweiss S, Grundl MA, Eickholz P, Nickles K, Schreiber A, Korkmaz B, Kettritz R. Targeting Cathepsin C in PR3-ANCA Vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:936-947. [PMID: 35292437 PMCID: PMC9063889 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021081112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ANCA autoantigens proteinase 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) are exclusively expressed by neutrophils and monocytes. ANCA-mediated activation of these cells is the key driver of the vascular injury process in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), and neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) are disease mediators. Cathepsin C (CatC) from zymogens activates the proteolytic function of NSPs, including PR3. Lack of NSP zymogen activation results in neutrophils with strongly reduced NSP proteins. METHODS To explore AAV-relevant consequences of blocking NSP zymogen activation by CatC, we used myeloid cells from patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, a genetic deficiency of CatC, to assess NSPs and NSP-mediated endothelial cell injury. We also examined pharmacologic CatC inhibition in neutrophil-differentiated human hematopoietic stem cells, primary human umbilical vein cells, and primary glomerular microvascular endothelial cells. RESULTS Patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome showed strongly reduced NSPs in neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophils from these patients produced a negative PR3-ANCA test, presented less PR3 on the surface of viable and apoptotic cells, and caused significantly less damage in human umbilical vein cells. These findings were recapitulated in human stem cells, in which a highly specific CatC inhibitor, but not prednisolone, reduced NSPs without affecting neutrophil differentiation, reduced membrane PR3, and diminished neutrophil activation upon PR3-ANCA but not MPO-ANCA stimulation. Compared with healthy controls, neutrophils from patients with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome transferred less proteolytically active NSPs to glomerular microvascular endothelial cells, the cell type targeted in ANCA-induced necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis. Finally, both genetic CatC deficiency and pharmacologic inhibition, but not prednisolone, reduced neutrophil-induced glomerular microvascular endothelial cell damage. CONCLUSIONS These findings may offer encouragement for clinical studies of adjunctive CatC inhibitor in patients with PR3-AAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Jerke
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Eulenberg-Gustavus
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony Rousselle
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Nicklin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Marc A Grundl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Peter Eickholz
- Peridontology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Katrin Nickles
- Peridontology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Adrian Schreiber
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ralph Kettritz
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany .,Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bellenie BR, Hall E, Bruce I, Spendiff M, Culshaw A, McDonald S, Ambarkhane A, Chinn C, Thomas M, Rosner E, Bracher M, Nicklin P, Marshall S, Coote J, Cullen E, Tessier C, Wuersch K, Lal A, Wallis G, Hollingworth GJ, Neef J. Discovery and Toxicological Profiling of Aminopyridines as Orally Bioavailable Selective Inhibitors of PI3-Kinase γ. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12304-12321. [PMID: 34384024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using a novel physiologically relevant in vitro human whole blood neutrophil shape change assay, an aminopyrazine series of selective PI3Kγ inhibitors was identified and prioritized for further optimization. Severe solubility limitations associated with the series leading to low oral bioavailability and poor exposures, especially at higher doses, were overcome by moving to an aminopyridine core. Compound 33, with the optimal balance of on-target activity, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic parameters, progressed into in vivo studies and demonstrated good efficacy (10 mg/kg) in a rat model of airway inflammation. Sufficient exposures were achieved at high doses to support toxicological studies, where unexpected inflammatory cell infiltrates in cardiovascular tissue prevented further compound development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Bellenie
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Edward Hall
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ian Bruce
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Matthew Spendiff
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Andrew Culshaw
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Sarah McDonald
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Ameet Ambarkhane
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Colin Chinn
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Matthew Thomas
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Elisabeth Rosner
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Marguerite Bracher
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Paul Nicklin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Stephen Marshall
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Julie Coote
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Eva Cullen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Clemence Tessier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kuno Wuersch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ajay Lal
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gillian Wallis
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, U.K
| | - Gregory J Hollingworth
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - James Neef
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Escrevente C, Falcão AS, Hall MJ, Lopes-da-Silva M, Antas P, Mesquita MM, Ferreira IS, Cardoso MH, Oliveira D, Fradinho AC, Ciossek T, Nicklin P, Futter CE, Tenreiro S, Seabra MC. Formation of Lipofuscin-Like Autofluorescent Granules in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium Requires Lysosome Dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:39. [PMID: 34313720 PMCID: PMC8322709 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aim to characterize the pathways required for autofluorescent granule (AFG) formation by RPE cells using cultured monolayers. Methods We fed RPE monolayers in culture with a single pulse of photoreceptor outer segments (POS). After 24 hours the cells started accumulating AFGs that were comparable to lipofuscin in vivo. Using this model, we used a variety of light and electron microscopical techniques, flow cytometry and Western blot to analyze the formation of AFGs. We also generated a mutant RPE line lacking cathepsin D by gene editing. Results AFGs seem to derive from incompletely digested POS-containing phagosomes and after 3 days are surrounded by a single membrane positive for lysosome markers. We show by various methods that lysosome-phagosome fusion is required for AFG formation, and that impairment of lysosomal pH or catalytic activity, particularly cathepsin D activity, enhances AF accumulation. Conclusions We conclude that lysosomal dysfunction results in incomplete POS degradation and enhanced AFG accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Escrevente
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana S Falcão
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Mafalda Lopes-da-Silva
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Antas
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Mesquita
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês S Ferreira
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Helena Cardoso
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela Oliveira
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana C Fradinho
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Thomas Ciossek
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim, Biberach, Germany
| | - Paul Nicklin
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Tenreiro
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Seabra
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Santos DM, Pantano L, Pronzati G, Grasberger P, Probst CK, Black KE, Spinney JJ, Hariri LP, Nichols R, Lin Y, Bieler M, Seither P, Nicklin P, Wyatt D, Tager AM, Medoff BD. Screening for YAP Inhibitors Identifies Statins as Modulators of Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:479-492. [PMID: 31944822 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0296oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease with limited therapeutic options that is characterized by pathological fibroblast activation and aberrant lung remodeling with scar formation. YAP (Yes-associated protein) is a transcriptional coactivator that mediates mechanical and biochemical signals controlling fibroblast activation. In this study, we developed a high-throughput small-molecule screen for YAP inhibitors in primary human lung fibroblasts. Multiple HMG-CoA (hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase inhibitors (statins) were found to inhibit YAP nuclear localization via induction of YAP phosphorylation, cytoplasmic retention, and degradation. We further show that the mevalonate pathway regulates YAP activation, and that simvastatin treatment reduces fibrosis markers in activated human lung fibroblasts and in the bleomycin mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. Finally, we show that simvastatin modulates YAP in vivo in mouse lung fibroblasts. Our results highlight the potential of small-molecule screens for YAP inhibitors and provide a mechanism for the antifibrotic activity of statins in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Pantano
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gina Pronzati
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Lida P Hariri
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Yufei Lin
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - David Wyatt
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bigaeva E, Gore E, Simon E, Zwick M, Oldenburger A, de Jong KP, Hofker HS, Schlepütz M, Nicklin P, Boersema M, Rippmann JF, Olinga P. Transcriptomic characterization of culture-associated changes in murine and human precision-cut tissue slices. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3549-3583. [PMID: 31754732 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of complex pathological mechanisms underlying organ fibrosis is predominantly derived from animal studies. However, relevance of animal models for human disease is limited; therefore, an ex vivo model of human precision-cut tissue slices (PCTS) might become an indispensable tool in fibrosis research and drug development by bridging the animal-human translational gap. This study, presented as two parts, provides comprehensive characterization of the dynamic transcriptional changes in PCTS during culture by RNA sequencing. Part I investigates the differences in culture-induced responses in murine and human PCTS derived from healthy liver, kidney and gut. Part II delineates the molecular processes in cultured human PCTS generated from diseased liver, kidney and ileum. We demonstrated that culture was associated with extensive transcriptional changes and impacted PCTS in a universal way across the organs and two species by triggering an inflammatory response and fibrosis-related extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling. All PCTS shared mRNA upregulation of IL-11 and ECM-degrading enzymes MMP3 and MMP10. Slice preparation and culturing activated numerous pathways across all PCTS, especially those involved in inflammation (IL-6, IL-8 and HMGB1 signalling) and tissue remodelling (osteoarthritis pathway and integrin signalling). Despite the converging effects of culture, PCTS display species-, organ- and pathology-specific differences in the regulation of genes and canonical pathways. The underlying pathology in human diseased PCTS endures and influences biological processes like cytokine release. Our study reinforces the use of PCTS as an ex vivo fibrosis model and supports future studies towards its validation as a preclinical tool for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Bigaeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia Gore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Simon
- Computational Biology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Matthias Zwick
- Computational Biology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Anouk Oldenburger
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Koert P de Jong
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik S Hofker
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Schlepütz
- Respiratory Diseases, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Paul Nicklin
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AV, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg F Rippmann
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AV, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schruf E, Schroeder V, Kuttruff CA, Weigle S, Krell M, Benz M, Bretschneider T, Holweg A, Schuler M, Frick M, Nicklin P, Garnett JP, Sobotta MC. Human lung fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transformation is not driven by an LDH5-dependent metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis. Respir Res 2019; 20:87. [PMID: 31072408 PMCID: PMC6507142 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal respiratory disease characterized by aberrant fibroblast activation and progressive fibrotic remodelling of the lungs. Though the exact pathophysiological mechanisms of IPF remain unknown, TGF-β1 is thought to act as a main driver of the disease by mediating fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transformation (FMT). Recent reports have indicated that a metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis takes place during FMT and that metabolic shifts can directly influence aberrant cell function. This has led to the hypothesis that inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase 5 (LDH5), an enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate into lactate, could constitute a therapeutic concept for IPF. METHODS In this study, we investigated the potential link between aerobic glycolysis and FMT using a potent LDH5 inhibitor (Compound 408, Genentech). Seahorse analysis was performed to determine the effect of Compound 408 on TGF-β1-driven glycolysis in WI-38 fibroblasts. TGF-β1-mediated FMT was measured by quantifying α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibronectin in primary human lung fibroblasts following treatment with Compound 408. Lactate and pyruvate levels in the cell culture supernatant were assessed by LC-MS/MS. In addition to pharmacological LDH5 inhibition, the effect of siRNA-mediated knockdown of LDHA and LDHB on FMT was examined. RESULTS We show that treatment of lung fibroblasts with Compound 408 efficiently inhibits LDH5 and attenuates the TGF-β1-mediated metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis. Additionally, we demonstrate that LDH5 inhibition has no significant effect on TGF-β1-mediated FMT in primary human lung fibroblasts by analysing α-SMA fibre formation and fibronectin expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data strongly suggest that while LDH5 inhibition can prevent metabolic shifts in fibroblasts, it has no influence on FMT and therefore glycolytic dysregulation is unlikely to be the sole driver of FMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schruf
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Victoria Schroeder
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Christian A Kuttruff
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.,Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sabine Weigle
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.,Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Martin Krell
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Maryke Benz
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Tom Bretschneider
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Alexander Holweg
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Michael Schuler
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Manfred Frick
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.,Institute of General Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Nicklin
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - James P Garnett
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
| | - Mirko C Sobotta
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kästle M, Kistler B, Lamla T, Bretschneider T, Lamb D, Nicklin P, Wyatt D. FKBP51 modulates steroid sensitivity and NFκB signalling: A novel anti-inflammatory drug target. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1904-1914. [PMID: 30169894 PMCID: PMC6282724 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Steroid refractory inflammation is an unmet medical need in the management of inflammatory diseases. Thus, mechanisms, improving steroid sensitivity and simultaneously decreasing inflammation have potential therapeutic utility. The FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is reported to influence steroid sensitivity in mental disorders. Moreover, biochemical data highlight a connection between FKBP51 and the IKK complex. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether FKBP51 inhibition had utility in modulating steroid resistant inflammation by increasing the sensitivity of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signalling and simultaneously inhibiting NFκB-driven inflammation. We have demonstrated that FKBP51 silencing in a bronchial epithelial cell line resulted in a 10-fold increased potency for dexamethasone towards IL1beta-induced IL6 and IL8, whilst FKBP51 over-expression of FKBP51 reduced significantly the prednisolone sensitivity in a murine HDM-driven pulmonary inflammation model. Immunoprecipitation experiments with anti-FKBP51 antibodies, confirmed the presence of FKBP51 in a complex comprising Hsp90, GR and members of the IKK family. FKBP51 silencing reduced NFκB (p50/p65) nucleus translocation, resulting in reduced ICAM expression, cytokine and chemokine secretion. In conclusion, we demonstrate that FKBP51 has the potential to control inflammation in steroid insensitive patients in a steroid-dependent and independent manner and thus may be worthy of further study as a drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kästle
- Immunology + Respiratory, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Barbara Kistler
- Immunology + Respiratory, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lamla
- Target Discovery Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Tom Bretschneider
- Drug Discovery Support, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - David Lamb
- Immunology + Respiratory, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Paul Nicklin
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - David Wyatt
- Immunology + Respiratory, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kuttruff CA, Ferrara M, Bretschneider T, Hoerer S, Handschuh S, Nosse B, Romig H, Nicklin P, Roth GJ. Discovery of BI-2545: A Novel Autotaxin Inhibitor That Significantly Reduces LPA Levels in Vivo. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1252-1257. [PMID: 29259743 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to find new therapeutic interventions addressing the unmet medical need of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, we initiated a program to identify new autotaxin (ATX) inhibitors. Starting from a recently published compound (PF-8380), we identified several highly potent ATX inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. Further optimization efforts resulted in the identification of a single-digit nanomolar lead compound (BI-2545) that shows substantial lowering of LPA in vivo and is therefore considered a valuable tool for further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Ferrara
- Boehringer Ingelheim
Research Italia S.a.s. di BI IT S.r.l., Via G. Lorenzini 8, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bretschneider T, Luippold AH, Romig H, Bischoff D, Klinder K, Nicklin P, Rist W. Ultrafast and Predictive Mass Spectrometry-Based Autotaxin Assays for Label-Free Potency Screening. SLAS Discov 2017; 22:425-432. [PMID: 28328321 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217690484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a promising drug target for the treatment of several diseases, such as cancer and fibrosis. ATX hydrolyzes lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) into bioactive lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). The potency of ATX inhibitors can be readily determined by using fluorescence-based LPC derivatives. While such assays are ultra-high throughput, they are prone to false positives compared to assays based on natural LPC. Here we report the development of ultrafast mass spectrometry-based ATX assays enabling the measurement of data points within 13 s, which is 10 times faster than classic liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. To this end, we set up a novel in vitro and whole-blood assay. We demonstrate that the potencies determined with these assays are in good agreement with the in vivo efficacy and that the whole-blood assay has the best predictive power. This high-throughput label-free approach paired with the translatable data quality is highly attractive for appropriate guidance of medicinal chemists for constructing strong structure-activity relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bretschneider
- 1 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | | | - Helmut Romig
- 1 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Daniel Bischoff
- 1 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Klaus Klinder
- 1 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Paul Nicklin
- 1 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rist
- 1 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nicklin P. Book Reviews. School Psychology International 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0143034391124013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
14
|
Bhalay G, Albrecht B, Akhlaq M, Baettig U, Beer D, Brown Z, Charlton S, Dunstan A, Bradley M, Gedeck P, Glen A, Howe T, Keller T, Leighton-Davies J, Li A, McCarthy C, Mocquet C, Owen C, Nicklin P, Rosethorne E. Design and synthesis of a library of chemokine antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6249-52. [PMID: 21940167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A library of chemokine antagonists has been synthesized using a combination of solid and solution-phase chemistry. Structures of known chemokine antagonists were used to produce a pharmacophore which served to guide monomer selection. Several combinations of monomers have resulted in providing novel chemokine antagonists which in some cases display dual chemokine receptor antagonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurdip Bhalay
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex RH12 5AB, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Soon E, Holmes AM, Barker L, Treacy C, Suntharalingham J, Toshner M, Nicklin P, Walker C, Budd D, Jenkins D, Sheares KK, Pepke-Zaba J, Morrell NW. S97 Inflammatory cytokines are elevated in patients with operable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and predict outcome post-endarterectomy. Thorax 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/thx.2010.150938.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
16
|
Soon E, Holmes AM, Treacy CM, Doughty NJ, Southgate L, Machado RD, Trembath RC, Jennings S, Barker L, Nicklin P, Walker C, Budd DC, Pepke-Zaba J, Morrell NW. Elevated Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines Predict Survival in Idiopathic and Familial Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circulation 2010; 122:920-7. [PMID: 20713898 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.933762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Inflammation is a feature of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and increased circulating levels of cytokines are reported in patients with PAH. However, to date, no information exists on the significance of elevated cytokines or their potential as biomarkers. We sought to determine the levels of a range of cytokines in PAH and to examine their impact on survival and relationship to hemodynamic indexes.
Methods and Results—
We measured levels of serum cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and interleukin-1β, -2, -4, -5, -6, -8, -10, -12p70, and -13) using ELISAs in idiopathic and heritable PAH patients (n=60). Concurrent clinical data included hemodynamics, 6-minute walk distance, and survival time from sampling to death or transplantation. Healthy volunteers served as control subjects (n=21). PAH patients had significantly higher levels of interleukin-1β, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10, and -12p70 and tumor necrosis factor-α compared with healthy control subjects. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that levels of interleukin-6, 8, 10, and 12p70 predicted survival in patients. For example, 5-year survival with interleukin-6 levels of >9 pg/mL was 30% compared with 63% for patients with levels ≤9 pg/mL (
P
=0.008). In this PAH cohort, cytokine levels were superior to traditional markers of prognosis such as 6-minute walk distance and hemodynamics.
Conclusions—
This study illustrates dysregulation of a broad range of inflammatory mediators in idiopathic and familial PAH and demonstrates that cytokine levels have a previously unrecognized impact on patient survival. They may prove to be useful biomarkers and provide insight into the contribution of inflammation in PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Soon
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (E.S., N.W.M.); Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK (E.S., C.M.T., N.J.D., J.P.-Z., N.W.M.); Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, West Sussex, UK (A.M.H., S.J., L.B., P.N., C.W., D.C.B.); and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College, London, UK (L.S., R.D.M., R.C.T.)
| | - Alan M. Holmes
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (E.S., N.W.M.); Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK (E.S., C.M.T., N.J.D., J.P.-Z., N.W.M.); Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, West Sussex, UK (A.M.H., S.J., L.B., P.N., C.W., D.C.B.); and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College, London, UK (L.S., R.D.M., R.C.T.)
| | - Carmen M. Treacy
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (E.S., N.W.M.); Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK (E.S., C.M.T., N.J.D., J.P.-Z., N.W.M.); Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, West Sussex, UK (A.M.H., S.J., L.B., P.N., C.W., D.C.B.); and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College, London, UK (L.S., R.D.M., R.C.T.)
| | - Natalie J. Doughty
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (E.S., N.W.M.); Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK (E.S., C.M.T., N.J.D., J.P.-Z., N.W.M.); Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, West Sussex, UK (A.M.H., S.J., L.B., P.N., C.W., D.C.B.); and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College, London, UK (L.S., R.D.M., R.C.T.)
| | - Laura Southgate
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (E.S., N.W.M.); Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK (E.S., C.M.T., N.J.D., J.P.-Z., N.W.M.); Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, West Sussex, UK (A.M.H., S.J., L.B., P.N., C.W., D.C.B.); and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College, London, UK (L.S., R.D.M., R.C.T.)
| | - Rajiv D. Machado
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (E.S., N.W.M.); Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK (E.S., C.M.T., N.J.D., J.P.-Z., N.W.M.); Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, West Sussex, UK (A.M.H., S.J., L.B., P.N., C.W., D.C.B.); and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College, London, UK (L.S., R.D.M., R.C.T.)
| | - Richard C. Trembath
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (E.S., N.W.M.); Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK (E.S., C.M.T., N.J.D., J.P.-Z., N.W.M.); Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, West Sussex, UK (A.M.H., S.J., L.B., P.N., C.W., D.C.B.); and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College, London, UK (L.S., R.D.M., R.C.T.)
| | - Simon Jennings
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (E.S., N.W.M.); Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK (E.S., C.M.T., N.J.D., J.P.-Z., N.W.M.); Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, West Sussex, UK (A.M.H., S.J., L.B., P.N., C.W., D.C.B.); and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College, London, UK (L.S., R.D.M., R.C.T.)
| | - Lucy Barker
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (E.S., N.W.M.); Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK (E.S., C.M.T., N.J.D., J.P.-Z., N.W.M.); Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, West Sussex, UK (A.M.H., S.J., L.B., P.N., C.W., D.C.B.); and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College, London, UK (L.S., R.D.M., R.C.T.)
| | - Paul Nicklin
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (E.S., N.W.M.); Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK (E.S., C.M.T., N.J.D., J.P.-Z., N.W.M.); Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, West Sussex, UK (A.M.H., S.J., L.B., P.N., C.W., D.C.B.); and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College, London, UK (L.S., R.D.M., R.C.T.)
| | - Christoph Walker
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (E.S., N.W.M.); Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK (E.S., C.M.T., N.J.D., J.P.-Z., N.W.M.); Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, West Sussex, UK (A.M.H., S.J., L.B., P.N., C.W., D.C.B.); and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College, London, UK (L.S., R.D.M., R.C.T.)
| | - David C. Budd
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (E.S., N.W.M.); Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK (E.S., C.M.T., N.J.D., J.P.-Z., N.W.M.); Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, West Sussex, UK (A.M.H., S.J., L.B., P.N., C.W., D.C.B.); and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College, London, UK (L.S., R.D.M., R.C.T.)
| | - Joanna Pepke-Zaba
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (E.S., N.W.M.); Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK (E.S., C.M.T., N.J.D., J.P.-Z., N.W.M.); Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, West Sussex, UK (A.M.H., S.J., L.B., P.N., C.W., D.C.B.); and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College, London, UK (L.S., R.D.M., R.C.T.)
| | - Nicholas W. Morrell
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (E.S., N.W.M.); Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Unit, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK (E.S., C.M.T., N.J.D., J.P.-Z., N.W.M.); Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, West Sussex, UK (A.M.H., S.J., L.B., P.N., C.W., D.C.B.); and Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College, London, UK (L.S., R.D.M., R.C.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nicklin P, Bergman P, Zhang B, Triantafellow E, Wang H, Nyfeler B, Yang H, Hild M, Kung C, Wilson C, Myer VE, MacKeigan JP, Porter JA, Wang YK, Cantley LC, Finan PM, Murphy LO. Bidirectional transport of amino acids regulates mTOR and autophagy. Cell 2009; 136:521-34. [PMID: 19203585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1285] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 10/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are required for activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase which regulates protein translation, cell growth, and autophagy. Cell surface transporters that allow amino acids to enter the cell and signal to mTOR are unknown. We show that cellular uptake of L-glutamine and its subsequent rapid efflux in the presence of essential amino acids (EAA) is the rate-limiting step that activates mTOR. L-glutamine uptake is regulated by SLC1A5 and loss of SLC1A5 function inhibits cell growth and activates autophagy. The molecular basis for L-glutamine sensitivity is due to SLC7A5/SLC3A2, a bidirectional transporter that regulates the simultaneous efflux of L-glutamine out of cells and transport of L-leucine/EAA into cells. Certain tumor cell lines with high basal cellular levels of L-glutamine bypass the need for L-glutamine uptake and are primed for mTOR activation. Thus, L-glutamine flux regulates mTOR, translation and autophagy to coordinate cell growth and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Nicklin
- Respiratory Diseases Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Horsham Research Centre, West Sussex, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stringer RA, Strain-Damerell C, Nicklin P, Houston JB. Evaluation of Recombinant Cytochrome P450 Enzymes as an in Vitro System for Metabolic Clearance Predictions. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1025-34. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.024810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
19
|
Skobridis K, Hüsken D, Nicklin P, Häner R. Hybridization and cellular uptake properties of lipophilic oligonucleotide-dendrimer conjugates. ARKIVOC 2005. [DOI: 10.3998/ark.5550190.0006.640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
20
|
Arnold R, Beer D, Bhalay G, Baettig U, Collingwood SP, Craig S, Devereux N, Dunstan A, Glen A, Gomez S, Haberthuer S, Howe T, Jelfs S, Moser H, Naef R, Nicklin P, Sandham D, Stringer R, Turner K, Watson S, Zurini M. 8-Aryl xanthines potent inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 5. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2587-90. [PMID: 12182866 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In clinical studies, several inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) have demonstrated utility in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. We describe herein a series of 8-aryl xanthine derivatives which function as potent PDE5 inhibitors with, in many cases, high levels of selectivity versus other PDE isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Arnold
- Novartis Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, West Sussex RH12 5AB, Horsham, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Peng B, Andrews J, Nestorov I, Brennan B, Nicklin P, Rowland M. Tissue distribution and physiologically based pharmacokinetics of antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide ISIS 1082 in rat. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev 2001; 11:15-27. [PMID: 11258618 DOI: 10.1089/108729001750072092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a whole body physiologically based model of the pharmacokinetics (PBPK) of the phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (PS-ODN) ISIS 1082 in vivo. Rats were administered an intravenous (i.v.) bolus dose of ISIS 1082 (10 mg/kg plus 3H tracer), and arterial blood and tissues were taken at specific times up to 72 hours. Radioactivity was measured in all samples. The parent compound was determined specifically in blood and tissues at 90 minutes and in liver and kidney also at 24 hours, using capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE). A whole body PBPK model was fitted to the combined blood and tissue radioactivity data using nonlinear regression analysis. CGE analysis indicated that the predominant species in plasma and all tissues is ISIS 1082, together with some n-1 and n-2 metabolites. Total radioactivity primarily reflects these species. The whole body model successfully described temporal events in all tissues. However, to adequately model the experimental data, all tissues had to be partitioned into vascular and extravascular spaces to accommodate the relatively slow distribution of ISIS 1082 out of blood because of a permeability rate limitation. ISIS 1082 distributes extensively into tissues, but the relative affinity varies enormously, being highest for kidney and liver and lowest for muscle and brain. A whole body PBPK model with a permeability rate limited tissue distribution was developed that adequately described events in both blood and tissue for an oligonucleotide. This model has the potential not only to characterize the events in individual tissues throughout the body for such compounds but also to scale across animal species, including human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Peng
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hill S, Herlaar E, Le Cardinal A, van Heeke G, Nicklin P. Homologous human and murine antisense oligonucleotides targeting stat6. Functional effects on germline cepsilon transcript. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 21:728-37. [PMID: 10572070 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.21.6.3709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and (IL)-13 induce immunoglobulin (Ig)E synthesis via activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)6. The present study describes the identification and characterization of antisense oligonucleotides to Stat6 as an approach to interrupt IL-4 and IL-13 signaling and thereby to attenuate germline Cepsilon transcription, a prerequisite to IgE synthesis. A limited gene-walk was performed with chemically modified oligonucleotides to identify sequences capable of downregulating both human and murine Stat6. A chimeric oligonucleotide (9b, base sequence GTGAGGTCCTGTTCAGTGGG) demonstrated high levels of antisense activity in both species. Further characterization of 9b showed a dose-dependent Stat6 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein downregulation (concentration that produces 50% inhibition of effect = 168 and 215 nM, respectively) through a ribonuclease H-dependent antisense mechanism with no effect on closely related members of the Stat family. Further, pretreatment of DND39 cells (human Burkitt lymphoma cell line) with oligonucleotide 9b before IL-4 stimulation successfully downregulated germline Cepsilon transcription. Because Stat6 represents an attractive but technically challenging drug discovery target, antisense oligonucleotides may provide an alternative approach to low molecular-weight compounds for inhibiting IL-4 and IL-13 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Hill
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Novartis Horsham Research Centre, West Sussex, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Giles RV, Spiller DG, Grzybowski J, Clark RE, Nicklin P, Tidd DM. Selecting optimal oligonucleotide composition for maximal antisense effect following streptolysin O-mediated delivery into human leukaemia cells. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26:1567-75. [PMID: 9512525 PMCID: PMC147466 DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.7.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that most cell types efficiently exclude oligonucleotides in vitro and require specific delivery systems, such as cationic lipids, to enhance uptake and subsequent antisense effects. Oligonucleotides are not readily transfected into leukaemia cell lines using cationic lipid systems and streptolysin O (SLO) is used to effect their delivery. We wished to investigate the optimal oligonucleotide composition for antisense efficacy and specificity following delivery into leukaemia cells using SLO. For this study the well characterised chronic myeloid leukaemia cell line KYO-1 was selected and oligonucleotides (20mers) were targeted to an empirically identified accessible site of c- myc mRNA. The efficiency and specificity of antisense effect was measured 4 and 24 h after SLO-mediated delivery of the oligonucleotides. C5-propyne phosphodiester and phosphorothioate compounds were found to present substantial non-specific effects at 20 microM but were inactive at 0.2 microM. Indeed, no antisense-specific effect was noted at any concentration at either time. All of the other oligonucleotides tested induced some measurable antisense effect, except 7 (chimeric, all-phosphorothioate, 2'-methoxyethoxy termini) which was essentially inactive at 20 microM. The rank efficiency order of the remaining antisense compounds was 4 = 3 >> 9 >> 10 = 8 = 5 = 6 > 11. The efficient antisense effects induced by the chimeric methylphosphonate-phosphodiester compounds were found to be highly specific. Increased phosphorothioate content in the oligonucleotide backbone correlated with reduced antisense activity (efficacy: 2'-methoxyethoxy series 9 >> 8 >> 7, 2'-methoxytriethoxy series 10 > 11). No consistent evidence was obtained for increased activity correlating with increased oligonucleotide-mRNA heteroduplex thermal stability. In conclusion, the chimeric methylphosphonate-phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides present the most favourable characteristics of the compounds tested, for efficient and specific antisense suppression of gene expression following SLO-mediated delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R V Giles
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Life Science Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nicklin P. A practice-centred model of clinical supervision. Nurs Times 1997; 93:52-4. [PMID: 9418488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The practice-centred model of supervision (PCMS) has been developed in response to the UK nursing professions' imperative to establish efficient and effective systems of clinical supervision. The model has been designed in consultation with clinicians and managers in over 30 NHS trusts. PCMS has recently been the subject of a randomised controlled trial in one NHS trust. This article outlines the model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Nicklin
- Department of Health Studies, University of York
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gordon C, Herbert I, Johnson P, Nicklin P, Pitty D, Reeves P. Telematics for clinical guidelines: a conceptual modelling approach. Stud Health Technol Inform 1996; 43 Pt A:314-8. [PMID: 10179562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
PRESTIGE is a project for applying telematics to assist the dissemination and application of clinical practice guidelines and protocols. Previous publications have described PRESTIGE's technical approach, including the use of a generic model for representing the knowledge content of clinical guidelines. This approach offers the possibility of 'plug-and-play' electronic distribution of clinical guidelines produced by multiple authoring bodies for use on multiple healthcare clinical management software platforms. A recent joint workshop held with the Section on Medical Informatics, Stanford University School of Medicine compared the European consensus approach developed in PRESTIGE with a parallel series of projects for computer-assisted protocol-based healthcare undertaken at Stanford and other American centres over the past, which confirmed the convergence and complementarity of our approaches, and holds out prospects of world-wide standardization in healthcare protocol knowledge representation. This paper summarises PRESTIGE conceptual model set which is the design of the project's approach.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The introduction of molecular therapy through the delivery of nucleic acids either as oligonucleotides or genetic constructs holds enormous promise for the treatment of renal disease. Significant barriers remain, however, before successful organ-specific molecular therapy can be applied to the kidney. These include the development of methods to target the kidney selectively, the definition of vectors that transduce renal tissue, the identification of appropriate molecular targets, the development of constructs that are regulated and expressed for long periods of time, the demonstration of efficacy in vivo, and the demonstration of safety in humans. As the genetic and pathophysiologic basis of renal disease is clarified, obvious targets for therapy will be defined, for example, polycystin in polycystic kidney disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 in HIV-associated nephropathy, alpha-galactosidase A in Fabry's disease, insulin in diabetic nephropathy, and the "minor" collagen IV chains in Alport's syndrome. In addition, several potential mediators of progressive renal disease may be amenable to molecular therapeutic strategies, such as interleukin-6, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor-beta(TGF-beta). To test the in vivo efficacy of molecular therapy, appropriate animal models for these disease states must be developed, an area that has received too little attention. For the successful delivery of genetic constructs to the kidney, both viral and nonviral vector systems will be required. The kidney has a major advantage over other solid organs since it is accessible by many routes, including intrarenal artery infusion, retrograde delivery through the uroexcretory pathways, and ex vivo during transplantation. To further restrict expression to the kidney, tropic vectors and tissue-specific promoters also must be developed. For the purpose of inhibition of endogenous or exogenous genes, current therapeutic modalities include the delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides or ribozymes. For these approaches to succeed, we must gain a much better understanding of the nature of their transport into the kidney, requirements for specificity, and in vivo mechanisms of action. The danger of a rush to clinical application is that superficial approaches to these issues will likely fail and enthusiasm will be lost for an area that should be one of the most exciting developments in therapeutics in the next decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Lipkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Altmann KH, Fabbro D, Dean NM, Geiger T, Monia BP, Müller M, Nicklin P. Second-generation antisense oligonucleotides: structure-activity relationships and the design of improved signal-transduction inhibitors. Biochem Soc Trans 1996; 24:630-7. [PMID: 8878817 DOI: 10.1042/bst0240630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K H Altmann
- Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Central Research Laboratories, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dean N, McKay R, Miraglia L, Howard R, Cooper S, Giddings J, Nicklin P, Meister L, Ziel R, Geiger T, Muller M, Fabbro D. Inhibition of growth of human tumor cell lines in nude mice by an antisense of oligonucleotide inhibitor of protein kinase C-alpha expression. Cancer Res 1996; 56:3499-507. [PMID: 8758918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A 20-mer phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (ISIS 3521) designed to hybridize sequences in the 3'-untranslated region of human protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-alpha) mRNA has been shown to inhibit the expression of PKC-alpha in multiple human cell lines. In human bladder carcinoma (T-24) cells, inhibition of PKC-alpha was both concentration dependent and oligonucleotide sequence specific. ISIS 3521 had a IC50 of 50-100 nM for PKC-alpha mRNA reduction and was without effect on the expression of other members of the PKC family of genes (PKC-eta and zeta). Toxicity studies in mice revealed that the oligodeoxynucleotide was well tolerated at repeat doses of 100 mg/kg i.v. for up to 14 days, with no acute toxicity apparent. The oligodeoxynucleotide was found to also inhibit the growth of three different human tumor cell lines, the T-24 bladder, human lung carcinoma (A549), and Colo 205 colon carcinoma grown in nude mice. The inhibition was dose dependent with ID50 values for the growth inhibition between 0.06 and 0.6 mg/kg daily when given i.v., depending on the cell line examined. Three control phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides not targeting human PKC-alpha were without effect on the growth of the tumors at doses as high as 6 mg/kg. Recovery of ISIS 3521 from tumor tissue and resolution by capillary gel electrophoresis revealed that 24 It after the final dose of oligodeoxynucleotide, intact, full-length 20-mer material was present as well as some apparent exonuclease degradation products (e.g., n-1 and n-2 mers). These studies demonstrate the in vivo antitumor effects of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeting PKC-alpha and suggest that this compound may be of value as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Dean
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nicklin P, Keates AC, Page T, Bailey CJ. Transfer of metformin across monolayers of human intestinal Caco-2 cells and across rat intestine. Int J Pharm 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(95)04259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
Nicklin P, Frandjib B. Act management and clinical guidelines. Stud Health Technol Inform 1994; 16:117-24. [PMID: 10163706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Clinical activity has always demanded close co-operation and co-ordination between clinicians and specialties. This applies especially in hospitals and in the future it will apply equally in primary and community care. Co-operation and co-ordination require two things: access to guidelines to control shared, distributed clinical activity, and common access to the patient record. Act management facilitates this by managing the process of care as it passes from one performer to another, enabling each to know at what point in the process (or cycle) they stand, what is expected of them, what is expected of others, and enabling them to access the information that they require. This paper describes act management with reference to guidelines and it is a contribution to the process, presently under way, that is intended to bring the leading examples of act management from the AIM NUCLEUS project and guideline support from the AIM DILEMMA project into close interworking in the same system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Nicklin
- NHS Information Management Centre, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nicklin P. Internal customers. Nurs Times 1994; 90:47-48. [PMID: 7991399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Nicklin P, Lankshear A. Nurse education. Quality control. Nurs Times 1990; 86:61-2. [PMID: 2395733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
36
|
Nicklin P, Lankshear A. Nurse education. Quality matters. Nurs Times 1990; 86:59-60. [PMID: 2381854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
37
|
Kenworthy N, Nicklin P. Open learning. Interview by Tim Rice. Nurs Stand 1989; 3:50-1. [PMID: 2497391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
38
|
Nicklin P. Education. A case of mistaken responsibility. Nurs Mirror 1985; 160:26-8. [PMID: 3846990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
39
|
Kenworthy N, Nicklin P. Is the grass greener on the university campus? Nurs Mirror 1985; 160:36-9. [PMID: 3846274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|