51
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Mathai PP, Dunn HM, Venkiteshwaran K, Zitomer DH, Maki JS, Ishii S, Sadowsky MJ. A microfluidic platform for the simultaneous quantification of methanogen populations in anaerobic digestion processes. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:1798-1808. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prince P. Mathai
- The BioTechnology InstituteUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Hannah M. Dunn
- The BioTechnology InstituteUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Kaushik Venkiteshwaran
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental EngineeringMarquette University Milwaukee WI USA
| | - Daniel H. Zitomer
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental EngineeringMarquette University Milwaukee WI USA
| | - James S. Maki
- Department of Biological SciencesMarquette University Milwaukee WI USA
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- The BioTechnology InstituteUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
- Department of Soil, Water, and ClimateUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Michael J. Sadowsky
- The BioTechnology InstituteUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
- Department of Soil, Water, and ClimateUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
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52
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Keller A, Schink B, Müller N. Alternative Pathways of Acetogenic Ethanol and Methanol Degradation in the Thermophilic Anaerobe Thermacetogenium phaeum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:423. [PMID: 30949135 PMCID: PMC6436200 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of the anaerobic thermophile Thermacetogenium phaeum with methanol, ethanol, ethanolamine, and acetate was investigated in axenic cultures and in syntrophic cultures with Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus. Microcompartment genes were identified in the T. phaeum genome, and presence of microcompartments was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and proteome analysis. These genes were expressed only during growth with ethanolamine. Proteome data were compared after growth with all four substrates, and activities of key enzymes of the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway and of enzyme systems leading to production or degradation of acetaldehyde such as alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, acetate kinase, and phosphate acetyltransferase were measured in cytoplasmic fractions. Accounting of fermentation stoichiometries and growth yields with all four substrates showed that ethanol and methanol oxidation follow the same stoichiometries as in Acetobacterium woodii. On the other hand, the pathways of ethanol and methanol degradations vary between both organisms. Growth yields of T. phaeum were substantially lower than reported for A. woodii. Since T. phaeum has no Rnf complex encoded in its genome, the mechanisms of ATP synthesis have to be different from those of A. woodii. In addition to the central degradation pathways also found in A. woodii, T. phaeum maintains enzyme systems that compensate for the absence of an Rnf-complex but which on the other hand cause a loss of energy. On the basis of our data, pathways of methanol and ethanol degradation in T. phaeum are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Keller
- Department of Biology, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schink
- Department of Biology, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nicolai Müller
- Department of Biology, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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53
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Kunath BJ, Minniti G, Skaugen M, Hagen LH, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Eijsink VGH, Pope PB, Arntzen MØ. Metaproteomics: Sample Preparation and Methodological Considerations. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1073:187-215. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12298-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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54
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Tian H, Treu L, Konstantopoulos K, Fotidis IA, Angelidaki I. 16s rRNA gene sequencing and radioisotopic analysis reveal the composition of ammonia acclimatized methanogenic consortia. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 272:54-62. [PMID: 30308408 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Different mesophilic and thermophilic methanogenic consortia were acclimatised and enriched to extreme total ammonia (9.0 and 5.0 g NH4+-N L-1, respectively) and free ammonia (1.0 and 1.4 g NH3-N L-1, respectively) levels in this study. [2-14C] acetate radioisotopic analyses showed the dominance of aceticlastic methanogenesis in all enriched consortia. According to 16S rRNA gene sequencing result, in mesophilic consortia, methylotrophic Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis was predominant, followed by aceticlastic Methanosarcina soligelidi. A possible scenario explaining the dominance of M. luminyensis includes the use of methylamine produced by Tissierella spp. and biomass build-up by metabolizing acetate. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to pinpoint the exact metabolic pathway of M. luminyensis. In thermophilic consortia, aceticlastic Methanosarcina thermophila was the sole dominant methanogen. Overall, results derived from this study demonstrated the efficient biomethanation ability of these ammonia-tolerant methanogenic consortia, indicating a potential application of these consortia to solve ammonia toxicity problems in future full-scale reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Tian
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet Bygning 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Laura Treu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet Bygning 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet Bygning 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ioannis A Fotidis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet Bygning 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet Bygning 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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55
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Timmers PHA, Vavourakis CD, Kleerebezem R, Damsté JSS, Muyzer G, Stams AJM, Sorokin DY, Plugge CM. Metabolism and Occurrence of Methanogenic and Sulfate-Reducing Syntrophic Acetate Oxidizing Communities in Haloalkaline Environments. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3039. [PMID: 30619130 PMCID: PMC6295475 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic syntrophic acetate oxidation (SAO) is a thermodynamically unfavorable process involving a syntrophic acetate oxidizing bacterium (SAOB) that forms interspecies electron carriers (IECs). These IECs are consumed by syntrophic partners, typically hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea or sulfate reducing bacteria. In this work, the metabolism and occurrence of SAOB at extremely haloalkaline conditions were investigated, using highly enriched methanogenic (M-SAO) and sulfate-reducing (S-SAO) cultures from south-western Siberian hypersaline soda lakes. Activity tests with the M-SAO and S-SAO cultures and thermodynamic calculations indicated that H2 and formate are important IECs in both SAO cultures. Metagenomic analysis of the M-SAO cultures showed that the dominant SAOB was ‘Candidatus Syntrophonatronum acetioxidans,’ and a near-complete draft genome of this SAOB was reconstructed. ‘Ca. S. acetioxidans’ has all genes necessary for operating the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway, which is likely employed for acetate oxidation. It also encodes several genes essential to thrive at haloalkaline conditions; including a Na+-dependent ATP synthase and marker genes for ‘salt-out‘ strategies for osmotic homeostasis at high soda conditions. Membrane lipid analysis of the M-SAO culture showed the presence of unusual bacterial diether membrane lipids which are presumably beneficial at extreme haloalkaline conditions. To determine the importance of SAO in haloalkaline environments, previously obtained 16S rRNA gene sequencing data and metagenomic data of five different hypersaline soda lake sediment samples were investigated, including the soda lakes where the enrichment cultures originated from. The draft genome of ‘Ca. S. acetioxidans’ showed highest identity with two metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of putative SAOBs that belonged to the highly abundant and diverse Syntrophomonadaceae family present in the soda lake sediments. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon datasets of the soda lake sediments showed a high similarity of reads to ‘Ca. S. acetioxidans’ with abundance as high as 1.3% of all reads, whereas aceticlastic methanogens and acetate oxidizing sulfate-reducers were not abundant (≤0.1%) or could not be detected. These combined results indicate that SAO is the primary anaerobic acetate oxidizing pathway at extreme haloalkaline conditions performed by haloalkaliphilic syntrophic consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peer H A Timmers
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
| | - Charlotte D Vavourakis
- Microbial Systems Ecology, Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robbert Kleerebezem
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Jaap S Sinninghe Damsté
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerard Muyzer
- Microbial Systems Ecology, Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alfons J M Stams
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Dimity Y Sorokin
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.,Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Centre of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Caroline M Plugge
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
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56
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Shikata A, Sermsathanaswadi J, Thianheng P, Baramee S, Tachaapaikoon C, Waeonukul R, Pason P, Ratanakhanokchai K, Kosugi A. Characterization of an Anaerobic, Thermophilic, Alkaliphilic, High Lignocellulosic Biomass-Degrading Bacterial Community, ISHI-3, Isolated from Biocompost. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 118:66-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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57
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Peng J, Wegner CE, Bei Q, Liu P, Liesack W. Metatranscriptomics reveals a differential temperature effect on the structural and functional organization of the anaerobic food web in rice field soil. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:169. [PMID: 30231929 PMCID: PMC6147125 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expected increase in global surface temperature due to climate change may have a tremendous effect on the structure and function of the anaerobic food web in flooded rice field soil. Here, we used the metatranscriptomic analysis of total RNA to gain a system-level understanding of this temperature effect on the methanogenic food web. RESULTS Mesophilic (30 °C) and thermophilic (45 °C) food web communities had a modular structure. Family-specific rRNA dynamics indicated that each network module represents a particular function within the food webs. Temperature had a differential effect on all the functional activities, including polymer hydrolysis, syntrophic oxidation of key intermediates, and methanogenesis. This was further evidenced by the temporal expression patterns of total bacterial and archaeal mRNA and of transcripts encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). At 30 °C, various bacterial phyla contributed to polymer hydrolysis, with Firmicutes decreasing and non-Firmicutes (e.g., Bacteroidetes, Ignavibacteriae) increasing with incubation time. At 45 °C, CAZyme expression was solely dominated by the Firmicutes but, depending on polymer and incubation time, varied on family level. The structural and functional community dynamics corresponded well to process measurements (acetate, propionate, methane). At both temperatures, a major change in food web functionality was linked to the transition from the early to late stage. The mesophilic food web was characterized by gradual polymer breakdown that governed acetoclastic methanogenesis (Methanosarcinaceae) and, with polymer hydrolysis becoming the rate-limiting step, syntrophic propionate oxidation (Christensenellaceae, Peptococcaceae). The thermophilic food web had two activity stages characterized first by polymer hydrolysis and followed by syntrophic oxidation of acetate (Thermoanaerobacteraceae, Heliobacteriaceae, clade OPB54). Hydrogenotrophic Methanocellaceae were the syntrophic methanogen partner, but their population structure differed between the temperatures. Thermophilic temperature promoted proliferation of a new Methanocella ecotype. CONCLUSIONS Temperature had a differential effect on the structural and functional continuum in which the methanogenic food web operates. This temperature-induced change in food web functionality may not only be a near-future scenario for rice paddies but also for natural wetlands in the tropics and subtropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Peng
- Research Group Methanotrophic Bacteria and Environmental Genomics/Transcriptomics, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carl-Eric Wegner
- Institute of Ecology, Aquatic Geomicrobiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07749, Jena, Germany
| | - Qicheng Bei
- Research Group Methanotrophic Bacteria and Environmental Genomics/Transcriptomics, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Research Group Methanotrophic Bacteria and Environmental Genomics/Transcriptomics, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Werner Liesack
- Research Group Methanotrophic Bacteria and Environmental Genomics/Transcriptomics, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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58
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Li D, Ran Y, Chen L, Cao Q, Li Z, Liu X. Instability diagnosis and syntrophic acetate oxidation during thermophilic digestion of vegetable waste. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 139:263-271. [PMID: 29656191 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Effective process monitoring and instability diagnosis are important for stable anaerobic digestion (AD) of vegetable waste (VW). In order to evaluate the performance of thermophilic digestion of VW, to make early diagnosis for instability after organic overload, and to reveal the dynamics of microbial community under different running states, thermophilic AD of VW was carried out under improved organic loading rates (OLR) of 0.5-2.5 g volatile solid (VS)/(L ∙ d) in this study. Gaseous parameters including volumetric methane production rate (VMPR), CH4, CO2, and H2 concentrations, and liquid parameters including pH, oxidation-reduction potential, volatile fatty acid (VFA), and total alkalinity (TA), bicarbonate alkalinity (BA), intermediate alkalinity (IA), and ammonia, were monitored. The coupling parameters, such as the CH4/CO2, VFA/BA, and BA/TA ratios were also used to evaluate stability. The dynamics of syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria (SAOB), acetoclastic methanogens (AM), and hydrogenotrophic methanogens (HM) were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. The main methanogenic bacteria were HM (Methanothermobacter) during the start-up period of OLR 0.5 gVS/(L ∙ d), while they were AM (Methanosarcina) during the stable period of OLR of 1.0 gVS/(L ∙ d). The VMPR of stable period was about 0.29 L/(L · d) with total VFA concentration below 100 mg/L, CH4/CO2 > 1.3, and BA/TA>0.9. The first instability due to the accumulation of VFA and self-recovery due to syntrophic acetate oxidation occurred at an OLR of 1.5 gVS/(L ∙ d). The syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria probably belong to genus S1 (family Thermotogaceae). The digestion failed at an OLR of 2.0 g VS/(L · d). H2 was only detected during collapsed period instead of instable period. The total ammonia nitrogen loss and bicarbonate alkalinity (BA) reduction were the primary causes for the instability of AD of VW without effluent recirculation. Compared with single parameters, the CH4/CO2 and BA/total alkalinity (TA) ratios are recommended as early warning indicators for engineering applications of thermophilic AD of VW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Ran
- Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Urban and Rural Mines, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Qin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhidong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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59
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Kim E, Lee J, Han G, Hwang S. Comprehensive analysis of microbial communities in full-scale mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digesters treating food waste-recycling wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 259:442-450. [PMID: 29609168 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microbes were sampled for a year in a full-scale mesophilic anaerobic digester (MD) and a thermophilic anaerobic digester (TD) treating food waste-recycling wastewater (FRW), then microbial community structure, dynamics and diversity were quantified. In the MD, Fastidiosipila, Petrimonas, vadinBC27, Syntrophomonas, and Proteiniphilum were dominant bacterial genera; they may contribute to hydrolysis and fermentation. In the TD, Defluviitoga, Gelria and Tepidimicrobium were dominant bacteria; they may be responsible for hydrolysis and acid production. In the MD, dominant methanogens changed from Methanobacterium (17.1 ± 16.9%) to Methanoculleus (67.7 ± 17.8%) due to the increase in ammonium concentration. In the TD, dominant methanogens changed from Methanoculleus (42.8 ± 13.6%) to Methanothermobacter (49.6 ± 11.0%) due to the increase of pH. Bacteria and archaea were more diverse in the MD than in the TD. These results will guide development of microbial management methods to improve the process stability of MD and TD treating FRW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Joonyeob Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Gyuseong Han
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
| | - Seokhwan Hwang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea.
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60
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Treu L, Campanaro S, Kougias PG, Sartori C, Bassani I, Angelidaki I. Hydrogen-Fueled Microbial Pathways in Biogas Upgrading Systems Revealed by Genome-Centric Metagenomics. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1079. [PMID: 29892275 PMCID: PMC5985405 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Biogas upgrading via carbon dioxide hydrogenation is an emerging technology for electrofuel production. The biomethanation efficiency is strongly dependent on a balanced microbial consortium, whose high- resolution characterization along with their functional potential and interactions are pivotal for process optimization. The present work is the first genome-centric metagenomic study on mesophilic and thermophilic biogas upgrading reactors aiming to define the metabolic profile of more than 200 uncultivated microbes involved in hydrogen assisted methanogenesis. The outcomes from predictive functional analyses were correlated with microbial abundance variations to clarify the effect of process parameters on the community. The operational temperature significantly influenced the microbial richness of the reactors, while the H2 addition distinctively alternated the abundance of the taxa. Two different Methanoculleus species (one mesophilic and one thermophilic) were identified as the main responsible ones for methane metabolism. Finally, it was demonstrated that the addition of H2 exerted a selective pressure on the concerted or syntrophic interactions of specific microbes functionally related to carbon fixation, propionate and butanoate metabolisms. Novel bacteria were identified as candidate syntrophic acetate oxidizers (e.g., Tepidanaerobacter sp. DTU063), while the addition of H2 favored the proliferation of potential homoacetogens (e.g., Clostridia sp. DTU183). Population genomes encoding genes of Wood-Ljungdahl pathway were mainly thermophilic, while propionate degraders were mostly identified at mesophilic conditions. Finally, putative syntrophic interactions were identified between microbes that have either versatile metabolic abilities or are obligate/facultative syntrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Treu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Panagiotis G. Kougias
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cristina Sartori
- Department of Agronomy, Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bassani
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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61
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Fontana A, Campanaro S, Treu L, Kougias PG, Cappa F, Morelli L, Angelidaki I. Performance and genome-centric metagenomics of thermophilic single and two-stage anaerobic digesters treating cheese wastes. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 134:181-191. [PMID: 29427960 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present research is the first comprehensive study regarding the thermophilic anaerobic degradation of cheese wastewater, which combines the evaluation of different reactor configurations (i.e. single and two-stage continuous stirred tank reactors) on the process efficiency and the in-depth characterization of the microbial community structure using genome-centric metagenomics. Both reactor configurations showed acidification problems under the tested organic loading rates (OLRs) of 3.6 and 2.4 g COD/L-reactor day and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 15 days. However, the two-stage design reached a methane yield equal to 95% of the theoretical value, in contrast with the single stage configuration, which reached a maximum of 33% of the theoretical methane yield. The metagenomic analysis identified 22 new population genomes and revealed that the microbial compositions between the two configurations were remarkably different, demonstrating a higher methanogenic biodiversity in the two-stage configuration. In fact, the acidogenic reactor of the serial configuration was almost solely composed by the lactose degrader Bifidobacterium crudilactis UC0001. The predictive functional analyses of the main population genomes highlighted specific metabolic pathways responsible for the AD process and the mechanisms of main intermediates production. Particularly, the acetate accumulation experienced by the single stage configuration was mainly correlated to the low abundant syntrophic acetate oxidizer Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans UC0018 and to the absence of aceticlastic methanogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fontana
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Laura Treu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Panagiotis G Kougias
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Fabrizio Cappa
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Morelli
- Department for Sustainable Food Process - DiSTAS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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62
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Manzoor S, Schnürer A, Bongcam-Rudloff E, Müller B. Genome-Guided Analysis of Clostridium ultunense and Comparative Genomics Reveal Different Strategies for Acetate Oxidation and Energy Conservation in Syntrophic Acetate-Oxidising Bacteria. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040225. [PMID: 29690652 PMCID: PMC5924567 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Syntrophic acetate oxidation operates close to the thermodynamic equilibrium and very little is known about the participating organisms and their metabolism. Clostridium ultunense is one of the most abundant syntrophic acetate-oxidising bacteria (SAOB) that are found in engineered biogas processes operating with high ammonia concentrations. It has been proven to oxidise acetate in cooperation with hydrogenotrophic methanogens. There is evidence that the Wood-Ljungdahl (WL) pathway plays an important role in acetate oxidation. In this study, we analysed the physiological and metabolic capacities of C. ultunense strain Esp and strain BST on genome scale and conducted a comparative study of all the known characterised SAOB, namely Syntrophaceticus schinkii, Thermacetogenium phaeum, Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans, and Pseudothermotoga lettingae. The results clearly indicated physiological robustness to be beneficial for anaerobic digestion environments and revealed unexpected metabolic diversity with respect to acetate oxidation and energy conservation systems. Unlike S. schinkii and Th. phaeum, C. ultunense clearly does not employ the oxidative WL pathway for acetate oxidation, as its genome (and that of P. lettingae) lack important key genes. In both of those species, a proton motive force is likely formed by chemical protons involving putative electron-bifurcating [Fe-Fe] hydrogenases rather than proton pumps. No genes encoding a respiratory Ech (energy-converting hydrogenase), as involved in energy conservation in Th. phaeum and S. schinkii, were identified in C. ultunense and P. lettingae. Moreover, two respiratory complexes sharing similarities to the proton-translocating ferredoxin:NAD⁺ oxidoreductase (Rnf) and the Na⁺ pumping NADH:quinone hydrogenase (NQR) were predicted. These might form a respiratory chain that is involved in the reduction of electron acceptors rather than protons. However, involvement of these complexes in acetate oxidation in C. ultunense and P. lettingae needs further study. This genome-based comparison provides a solid platform for future meta-proteomics and meta-transcriptomics studies and for metabolic engineering, control, and monitoring of SAOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Manzoor
- Department of Information Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54 590, Pakistan.
| | - Anna Schnürer
- BioCenter, Department of Molecular Sciences, Box 7015, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Erik Bongcam-Rudloff
- SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Bettina Müller
- BioCenter, Department of Molecular Sciences, Box 7015, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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63
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Ziels RM, Svensson BH, Sundberg C, Larsson M, Karlsson A, Yekta SS. Microbial rRNA gene expression and co-occurrence profiles associate with biokinetics and elemental composition in full-scale anaerobic digesters. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:694-709. [PMID: 29633555 PMCID: PMC6011980 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether the abundance and expression of microbial 16S rRNA genes were associated with elemental concentrations and substrate conversion biokinetics in 20 full-scale anaerobic digesters, including seven municipal sewage sludge (SS) digesters and 13 industrial codigesters. SS digester contents had higher methane production rates from acetate, propionate and phenyl acetate compared to industrial codigesters. SS digesters and industrial codigesters were distinctly clustered based on their elemental concentrations, with higher concentrations of NH3 -N, Cl, K and Na observed in codigesters. Amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and reverse-transcribed 16S rRNA revealed divergent grouping of microbial communities between mesophilic SS digesters, mesophilic codigesters and thermophilic digesters. Higher intradigester distances between Archaea 16S rRNA and rRNA gene profiles were observed in mesophilic codigesters, which also had the lowest acetate utilization biokinetics. Constrained ordination showed that microbial rRNA and rRNA gene profiles were significantly associated with maximum methane production rates from acetate, propionate, oleate and phenyl acetate, as well as concentrations of NH3 -N, Fe, S, Mo and Ni. A co-occurrence network of rRNA gene expression confirmed the three main clusters of anaerobic digester communities based on active populations. Syntrophic and methanogenic taxa were highly represented within the subnetworks, indicating that obligate energy-sharing partnerships play critical roles in stabilizing the digester microbiome. Overall, these results provide new evidence showing that different feed substrates associate with different micronutrient compositions in anaerobic digesters, which in turn may influence microbial abundance, activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Ziels
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bo H Svensson
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Biogas Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Carina Sundberg
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Larsson
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Biogas Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Sepehr Shakeri Yekta
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Biogas Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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64
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Lv Z, Jiang J, Liebetrau J, Richnow HH, Fischer A, Ács N, Nikolausz M. Ammonium Chloride vs Urea-Induced Ammonia Inhibition of the Biogas Process Assessed by Stable Isotope Analysis. Chem Eng Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuopeng Lv
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Department of Environmental Microbiology; Permoserstrasse 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
- Jiangsu Normal University; The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province; Shanghai Road 101 221116 Xuzhou China
| | - Jihong Jiang
- Jiangsu Normal University; The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province; Shanghai Road 101 221116 Xuzhou China
| | - Jan Liebetrau
- Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH (DBFZ); Department of Biochemical Conversion; Torgauer Strasse 116 04347 Leipzig Germany
| | - Hans Hermann Richnow
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry; Permoserstrasse 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Anko Fischer
- Isodetect GmbH; Deutscher Platz 5b 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Norbert Ács
- University of Szeged; Department of Biotechnology; Közép fasor 52 6726 Szeged Hungary
| | - Marcell Nikolausz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Department of Environmental Microbiology; Permoserstrasse 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
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65
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Westerholm M, Müller B, Singh A, Karlsson Lindsjö O, Schnürer A. Detection of novel syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria from biogas processes by continuous acetate enrichment approaches. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 11:680-693. [PMID: 29239113 PMCID: PMC6011928 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To enrich syntrophic acetate‐oxidizing bacteria (SAOB), duplicate chemostats were inoculated with sludge from syntrophic acetate oxidation (SAO)‐dominated systems and continuously supplied with acetate (0.4 or 7.5 g l−1) at high‐ammonia levels. The chemostats were operated under mesophilic (37°C) or thermophilic (52°C) temperature for about six hydraulic retention times (HRT 28 days) and were sampled over time. Irrespective of temperature, a methane content of 64–69% and effluent acetate level of 0.4–1.0 g l−1 were recorded in chemostats fed high acetate. Low methane production in the low‐acetate chemostats indicated that the substrate supply was below the threshold for methanization of acetate via SAO. Novel representatives within the family Clostridiales and genus Syntrophaceticus (class Clostridia) were identified to represent putative SAOB candidates in mesophilic and thermophilic conditions respectively. Known SAOB persisted at low relative abundance in all chemostats. The hydrogenotrophic methanogens Methanoculleus bourgensis (mesophilic) and Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus (thermophilic) dominated archaeal communities in the high‐acetate chemostats. In line with the restricted methane production in the low‐acetate chemostats, methanogens persisted at considerably lower abundance in these chemostats. These findings strongly indicate involvement in SAO and tolerance to high ammonia levels of the species identified here, and have implications for understanding community function in stressed anaerobic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Westerholm
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bettina Müller
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abhijeet Singh
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oskar Karlsson Lindsjö
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Schnürer
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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66
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Wu J, Cao Z, Hu Y, Wang X, Wang G, Zuo J, Wang K, Qian Y. Microbial Insight into a Pilot-Scale Enhanced Two-Stage High-Solid Anaerobic Digestion System Treating Waste Activated Sludge. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14121483. [PMID: 29189754 PMCID: PMC5750901 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14121483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
High solid anaerobic digestion (HSAD) is a rapidly developed anaerobic digestion technique for treating municipal sludge, and has been widely used in Europe and Asia. Recently, the enhanced HSAD process with thermal treatment showed its advantages in both methane production and VS reduction. However, the understanding of the microbial community is still poor. This study investigated microbial communities in a pilot enhanced two-stage HSAD system that degraded waste activated sludge at 9% solid content. The system employed process “thermal pre-treatment (TPT) at 70 °C, thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD), and mesophilic anaerobic digestion (MAD)”. Hydrogenotrophic methanogens Methanothermobacter spp. dominated the system with relative abundance up to about 100% in both TAD and MAD. Syntrophic acetate oxidation (SAO) bacteria were discovered in TAD, and they converted acetate into H2 and CO2 to support hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. The microbial composition and conversion route of this system are derived from the high solid content and protein content in raw sludge, as well as the operational conditions. This study could facilitate the understanding of the enhanced HSAD process, and is of academic and industrial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhiping Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yuying Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Guangqi Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- China Northwest Architecture Design and Research Institute Co. Ltd., Xi'an 710018, China.
| | - Jiane Zuo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Kaijun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yi Qian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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67
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Anaerobic digestion of pig manure supernatant at high ammonia concentrations characterized by high abundances of Methanosaeta and non-euryarchaeotal archaea. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15077. [PMID: 29118356 PMCID: PMC5678120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of ammonium and temperature on methane production in high rate upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactors treating pig manure supernatant. We operated four reactors at two ammonium concentrations (‘low’ at 1.9, ‘high’ at 3.7 g L−1, termed LA and HA reactors, respectively) and at variable temperatures over 358 days. Archaeal and bacterial communities were characterized by Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons. Ammonium was a major selective factor for bacterial and archaeal community structure. After ~200 days of adaptation to high ammonium levels, acetate and propionate removal and methane production improved substantially in HA reactors. Aceticlastic Methanosaeta was abundant and positively correlated to methane yield in the HA reactors, whereas Methanosarcina was more abundant in LA reactors. Furthermore, a group of monophyletic OTUs that was related to Thaumarchaeota in phylogenetic analysis was highly abundant in the archaeal communities, particularly in the HA reactors. The most abundant bacterial OTU in LA reactors, representing Syntrophomonadaceae, was also positively correlated to methane yield in the HA reactors, indicating its importance in methane production under ammonia stress. In conclusion, efficient methane production, involving aceticlastic methanogenesis by Methanosaeta took place in the reactors at free ammonia concentrations as high as 1 g L−1.
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68
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Bassani I, Kougias PG, Treu L, Porté H, Campanaro S, Angelidaki I. Optimization of hydrogen dispersion in thermophilic up-flow reactors for ex situ biogas upgrading. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 234:310-319. [PMID: 28340435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the efficiency of four novel up-flow reactors for ex situ biogas upgrading converting externally provided CO2 and H2 to CH4, via hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. The gases were injected through stainless steel diffusers combined with alumina ceramic sponge or through alumina ceramic membranes. Pore size, input gas loading and gas recirculation flow rate were modulated to optimize gas-liquid mass transfer, and thus methanation efficiency. Results showed that larger pore size diffusion devices achieved the best kinetics and output-gas quality converting all the injected H2 and CO2, up to 3.6L/LREACTOR·d H2 loading rate. Specifically, reactors' CH4 content increased from 23 to 96% and the CH4 yield reached 0.25LCH4/LH2. High throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed predominance of bacteria belonging to Anaerobaculum genus and to uncultured order MBA08. Additionally, the massive increase of hydrogenotrophic methanogens, such as Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus, and syntrophic bacteria demonstrates the selection-effect of H2 on community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bassani
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Panagiotis G Kougias
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - Laura Treu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark; Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Hugo Porté
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Stefano Campanaro
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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69
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Hagen LH, Frank JA, Zamanzadeh M, Eijsink VGH, Pope PB, Horn SJ, Arntzen MØ. Quantitative Metaproteomics Highlight the Metabolic Contributions of Uncultured Phylotypes in a Thermophilic Anaerobic Digester. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e01955-16. [PMID: 27815274 PMCID: PMC5203625 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01955-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used multiple meta-omic approaches to characterize the microbial community and the active metabolic pathways of a stable industrial biogas reactor with food waste as the dominant feedstock, operating at thermophilic temperatures (60°C) and elevated levels of free ammonia (367 mg/liter NH3-N). The microbial community was strongly dominated (76% of all 16S rRNA amplicon sequences) by populations closely related to the proteolytic bacterium Coprothermobacter proteolyticus. Multiple Coprothermobacter-affiliated strains were detected, introducing an additional level of complexity seldom explored in biogas studies. Genome reconstructions provided metabolic insight into the microbes that performed biomass deconstruction and fermentation, including the deeply branching phyla Dictyoglomi and Planctomycetes and the candidate phylum "Atribacteria" These biomass degraders were complemented by a synergistic network of microorganisms that convert key fermentation intermediates (fatty acids) via syntrophic interactions with hydrogenotrophic methanogens to ultimately produce methane. Interpretation of the proteomics data also suggested activity of a Methanosaeta phylotype acclimatized to high ammonia levels. In particular, we report multiple novel phylotypes proposed as syntrophic acetate oxidizers, which also exert expression of enzymes needed for both the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and β-oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl coenzyme A. Such an arrangement differs from known syntrophic oxidizing bacteria and presents an interesting hypothesis for future studies. Collectively, these findings provide increased insight into active metabolic roles of uncultured phylotypes and presents new synergistic relationships, both of which may contribute to the stability of the biogas reactor. IMPORTANCE Biogas production through anaerobic digestion of organic waste provides an attractive source of renewable energy and a sustainable waste management strategy. A comprehensive understanding of the microbial community that drives anaerobic digesters is essential to ensure stable and efficient energy production. Here, we characterize the intricate microbial networks and metabolic pathways in a thermophilic biogas reactor. We discuss the impact of frequently encountered microbial populations as well as the metabolism of newly discovered novel phylotypes that seem to play distinct roles within key microbial stages of anaerobic digestion in this stable high-temperature system. In particular, we draft a metabolic scenario whereby multiple uncultured syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria are capable of syntrophically oxidizing acetate as well as longer-chain fatty acids (via the β-oxidation and Wood-Ljundahl pathways) to hydrogen and carbon dioxide, which methanogens subsequently convert to methane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Live H Hagen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jeremy A Frank
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Mirzaman Zamanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Phillip B Pope
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Svein J Horn
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Ø Arntzen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
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70
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Comparative Analysis of Methanogenic Communities in Different Laboratory-Scale Anaerobic Digesters. ARCHAEA-AN INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2016; 2016:3401272. [PMID: 28074084 PMCID: PMC5198152 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3401272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Comparative analysis of methanogenic archaea compositions and dynamics in 11 laboratory-scale continuous stirred tank reactors fed with different agricultural materials (chicken manure, cattle manure, maize straw, maize silage, distillers grains, and Jatropha press cake) was carried out by analysis of the methyl coenzyme-M reductase α-subunit (mcrA) gene. Various taxa within Methanomicrobiales, Methanobacteriaceae, Methanosarcinaceae, Methanosaetaceae, and Methanomassiliicoccales were detected in the biogas reactors but in different proportions depending on the substrate type utilized as well as various process parameters. Improved coverage and higher taxonomic resolution of methanogens were obtained compared to a previous 16S rRNA gene based study of the same reactors. Some members of the genus Methanoculleus positively correlated with the relative methane content, whereas opposite correlations were found for Methanobacterium. Specific biogas production was found to be significantly correlating with Methanosarcinaceae. Statistical analysis also disclosed that some members of the genus Methanoculleus positively correlated with the ammonia level, whereas the prevalence of Methanocorpusculum, Methanobacterium, and Methanosaeta was negatively correlated with this parameter. These results suggest that the application of methanogenic archaea adapted to specific feedstock might enhance the anaerobic digestion of such waste materials in full-scale biogas reactors.
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71
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Ahlert S, Zimmermann R, Ebling J, König H. Analysis of propionate-degrading consortia from agricultural biogas plants. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:1027-1037. [PMID: 27364538 PMCID: PMC5221444 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the propionate-degrading community of agricultural biogas plants, four propionate-degrading consortia (Ap1a, N12, G12, and Wp2a) were established from different biogas plants which were fed with renewable resources. The consortia were cultivated in a batch for a period of 2-4 years and then analyzed in an 8-week batch experiment for microbial succession during propionate degradation. Community shifts showed considerable propagation of Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens, Cryptanaerobacter sp./Pelotomaculum sp., and "Candidatus Cloacamonas sp." in the course of decreasing propionate concentration. Methanogenic species belonged mainly to the genera Methanosarcina, Methanosaeta, and Methanoculleus. Due to the prevalent presence of the syntrophic acetate-oxidizing species Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans and potentially autotrophic homoacetogenic bacteria (Moorella sp., Thermacetogenium sp.), a theoretical involvement of syntrophic acetate oxidation and autotrophic homoacetogenesis in stable and efficient propionate degradation was indicated. Considering theoretical Gibbs free energy values at different hydrogen partial pressures, it is noticeable that syntrophic acetate oxidation and autotrophic homoacetogenesis have the potential to counterbalance adverse hydrogen partial pressure fluctuations, stabilizing most probably continuous and stable propionate degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ahlert
- Institute of Microbiology and Wine ResearchJohannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Rita Zimmermann
- Institute of Microbiology and Wine ResearchJohannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Johannes Ebling
- Institute of Microbiology and Wine ResearchJohannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Helmut König
- Institute of Microbiology and Wine ResearchJohannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
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72
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Manzoor S, Bongcam-Rudloff E, Schnürer A, Müller B. Genome-Guided Analysis and Whole Transcriptome Profiling of the Mesophilic Syntrophic Acetate Oxidising Bacterium Syntrophaceticus schinkii. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166520. [PMID: 27851830 PMCID: PMC5113046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Syntrophaceticus schinkii is a mesophilic, anaerobic bacterium capable of oxidising acetate to CO2 and H2 in intimate association with a methanogenic partner, a syntrophic relationship which operates close to the energetic limits of microbial life. Syntrophaceticus schinkii has been identified as a key organism in engineered methane-producing processes relying on syntrophic acetate oxidation as the main methane-producing pathway. However, due to strict cultivation requirements and difficulties in reconstituting the thermodynamically unfavourable acetate oxidation, the physiology of this functional group is poorly understood. Genome-guided and whole transcriptome analyses performed in the present study provide new insights into habitat adaptation, syntrophic acetate oxidation and energy conservation. The working draft genome of Syntrophaceticus schinkii indicates limited metabolic capacities, with lack of organic nutrient uptake systems, chemotactic machineries, carbon catabolite repression and incomplete biosynthesis pathways. Ech hydrogenase, [FeFe] hydrogenases, [NiFe] hydrogenases, F1F0-ATP synthase and membrane-bound and cytoplasmic formate dehydrogenases were found clearly expressed, whereas Rnf and a predicted oxidoreductase/heterodisulphide reductase complex, both found encoded in the genome, were not expressed under syntrophic growth condition. A transporter sharing similarities to the high-affinity acetate transporters of aceticlastic methanogens was also found expressed, suggesting that Syntrophaceticus schinkii can potentially compete with methanogens for acetate. Acetate oxidation seems to proceed via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway as all genes involved in this pathway were highly expressed. This study shows that Syntrophaceticus schinkii is a highly specialised, habitat-adapted organism relying on syntrophic acetate oxidation rather than metabolic versatility. By expanding its complement of respiratory complexes, it might overcome limiting bioenergetic barriers, and drive efficient energy conservation from reactions operating close to the thermodynamic equilibrium, which might enable S. schinkii to occupy the same niche as the aceticlastic methanogens. The knowledge gained here will help specify process conditions supporting efficient and robust biogas production and will help identify mechanisms important for the syntrophic lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Manzoor
- Department of Information Technology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Erik Bongcam-Rudloff
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Uppsala, SE 750 07, Sweden
| | - Anna Schnürer
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BioCenter, Uppsala, SE 750 07, Sweden
| | - Bettina Müller
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BioCenter, Uppsala, SE 750 07, Sweden
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73
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Manzoor S, Schnürer A, Bongcam-Rudloff E, Müller B. Complete genome sequence of Methanoculleus bourgensis strain MAB1, the syntrophic partner of mesophilic acetate-oxidising bacteria (SAOB). Stand Genomic Sci 2016; 11:80. [PMID: 27777650 PMCID: PMC5062929 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-016-0199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanoculleus bourgensis strain MAB1 has been identified as the hydrogenotrophic partner of mesophilic acetate-oxidising bacteria, a syntrophic relationship operating close to the thermodynamic equilibrium and of considerable importance in ammonia-rich engineered biogas processes. Methanoculleus bourgensis strain MAB1 belongs to the order Methanomicrobiales, family Methanomicrobiaceae, within the phylum Euryarchaeota. The genome shows a total size of 2,859,299 bp encoding 3450 predicted protein-encoding genes, of which only 1472 (43 %) have been assigned tentative functions. The genome encodes further 44 tRNA genes and three rRNA genes (5S, 16S and 23S rRNA). This study presents assembling and annotation features as well as genomic traits related to ammonia tolerance and methanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Schnürer
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BioCenter, Uppsala, SE 750 07 Sweden
| | - Erik Bongcam-Rudloff
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Uppsala, SE 750 07 Sweden
| | - Bettina Müller
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BioCenter, Uppsala, SE 750 07 Sweden
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74
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Mosbæk F, Kjeldal H, Mulat DG, Albertsen M, Ward AJ, Feilberg A, Nielsen JL. Identification of syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria in anaerobic digesters by combined protein-based stable isotope probing and metagenomics. THE ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:2405-18. [PMID: 27128991 PMCID: PMC5030692 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2016.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of anaerobic digestion through accumulation of volatile fatty acids occasionally occurs as the result of unbalanced growth between acidogenic bacteria and methanogens. A fast recovery is a prerequisite for establishing an economical production of biogas. However, very little is known about the microorganisms facilitating this recovery. In this study, we investigated the organisms involved by a novel approach of mapping protein-stable isotope probing (protein-SIP) onto a binned metagenome. Under simulation of acetate accumulation conditions, formations of (13)C-labeled CO2 and CH4 were detected immediately following incubation with [U-(13)C]acetate, indicating high turnover rate of acetate. The identified (13)C-labeled peptides were mapped onto a binned metagenome for improved identification of the organisms involved. The results revealed that Methanosarcina and Methanoculleus were actively involved in acetate turnover, as were five subspecies of Clostridia. The acetate-consuming organisms affiliating with Clostridia all contained the FTFHS gene for formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, a key enzyme for reductive acetogenesis, indicating that these organisms are possible syntrophic acetate-oxidizing (SAO) bacteria that can facilitate acetate consumption via SAO, coupled with hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis (SAO-HM). This study represents the first study applying protein-SIP for analysis of complex biogas samples, a promising method for identifying key microorganisms utilizing specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Mosbæk
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Kjeldal
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Daniel G Mulat
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mads Albertsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Alastair J Ward
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Feilberg
- Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jeppe L Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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75
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Archaea and Bacteria Acclimate to High Total Ammonia in a Methanogenic Reactor Treating Swine Waste. ARCHAEA-AN INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2016; 2016:4089684. [PMID: 27725793 PMCID: PMC5048046 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4089684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition by ammonium at concentrations above 1000 mgN/L is known to harm the methanogenesis phase of anaerobic digestion. We anaerobically digested swine waste and achieved steady state COD-removal efficiency of around 52% with no fatty-acid or H2 accumulation. As the anaerobic microbial community adapted to the gradual increase of total ammonia-N (NH3-N) from 890 ± 295 to 2040 ± 30 mg/L, the Bacterial and Archaeal communities became less diverse. Phylotypes most closely related to hydrogenotrophic Methanoculleus (36.4%) and Methanobrevibacter (11.6%), along with acetoclastic Methanosaeta (29.3%), became the most abundant Archaeal sequences during acclimation. This was accompanied by a sharp increase in the relative abundances of phylotypes most closely related to acetogens and fatty-acid producers (Clostridium, Coprococcus, and Sphaerochaeta) and syntrophic fatty-acid Bacteria (Syntrophomonas, Clostridium, Clostridiaceae species, and Cloacamonaceae species) that have metabolic capabilities for butyrate and propionate fermentation, as well as for reverse acetogenesis. Our results provide evidence countering a prevailing theory that acetoclastic methanogens are selectively inhibited when the total ammonia-N concentration is greater than ~1000 mgN/L. Instead, acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens coexisted in the presence of total ammonia-N of ~2000 mgN/L by establishing syntrophic relationships with fatty-acid fermenters, as well as homoacetogens able to carry out forward and reverse acetogenesis.
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76
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Azizi A, Kim W, Lee JH. Comparison of microbial communities during the anaerobic digestion of Gracilaria under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:158. [PMID: 27562592 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digesters (MD and TD, respectively) utilizing Gracilaria and marine sediment as the substrate and inoculum, respectively, were compared by analyzing their performances and microbial community changes. During three successive transfers, the average cumulative methane yields in the MD and TD were 222.6 ± 17.3 mL CH4/g volatile solids (VS) and 246.1 ± 11 mL CH4/g VS, respectively. The higher hydrolysis rate and acidogenesis in the TD resulted in a several fold greater accumulation of volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) followed by a larger pH drop with a prolonged recovery than in the MD. However, the operational stability between both digesters remained comparable. Pyrosequencing analyses revealed that the MD had more complex microbial diversity indices and microbial community changes than the TD. Interestingly, Methanomassiliicoccales, the seventh methanogen order was the predominant archaeal order in the MD along with bacterial orders of Clostridiales, Bacteriodales, and Synergistales. Meanwhile, Coprothermobacter and Methanobacteriales dominated the bacterial and archaeal community in the TD, respectively. Although the methane yield is comparable, both MD and TD show a different profile of pH, VFA and the microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqil Azizi
- Marine Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, PO Box 29, Ansan, 15627, Republic of Korea.,Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajunro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonduck Kim
- Marine Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, PO Box 29, Ansan, 15627, Republic of Korea.,Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajunro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, PO Box 29, Ansan, 15627, Republic of Korea. .,Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajunro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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77
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Ho D, Jensen P, Gutierrez-Zamora ML, Beckmann S, Manefield M, Batstone D. High-rate, High Temperature Acetotrophic Methanogenesis Governed by a Three Population Consortium in Anaerobic Bioreactors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159760. [PMID: 27490246 PMCID: PMC4973872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of acetate oxidation and acetoclastic methanogenesis has been previously identified to enable high-rate methanogenesis at high temperatures (55 to 65°C), but this capability had not been linked to any key organisms. This study combined RNA–stable isotope probing on 13C-labelled acetate and 16S amplicon sequencing to identify the active micro-organisms involved in high-rate methanogenesis. Active biomass was harvested from three bench-scale thermophilic bioreactors treating waste activated sludge at 55, 60 and 65°C, and fed with 13-C labelled and 12C-unlabelled acetate. Acetate uptake and cumulative methane production were determined and kinetic parameters were estimated using model-based analysis. Pyrosequencing performed on 13C- enriched samples indicated that organisms accumulating labelled carbon were Coprothermobacter (all temperatures between 55 and 65°C), acetoclastic Methanosarcina (55 to 60°C) and hydrogenotrophic Methanothermobacter (60 to 65°C). The increased relative abundance of Coprothermobacter with increased temperature corresponding with a shift to syntrophic acetate oxidation identified this as a potentially key oxidiser. Methanosarcina likely acts as both a hydrogen utilising and acetoclastic methanogen at 55°C, and is replaced by Methanothermobacter as a hydrogen utiliser at higher temperatures.
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MESH Headings
- Acetates/chemistry
- Acetates/metabolism
- Biomass
- Bioreactors
- Carbon Isotopes
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- DNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- Euryarchaeota/classification
- Euryarchaeota/genetics
- Euryarchaeota/growth & development
- Isotope Labeling
- Kinetics
- Methane/biosynthesis
- Methanosarcina/classification
- Methanosarcina/genetics
- Methanosarcina/growth & development
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sewage/microbiology
- Temperature
- Thermoanaerobacter/classification
- Thermoanaerobacter/genetics
- Thermoanaerobacter/growth & development
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Ho
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Jensen
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria-Luisa Gutierrez-Zamora
- Centre for Marine BioInnovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sabrina Beckmann
- Centre for Marine BioInnovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mike Manefield
- Centre for Marine BioInnovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Damien Batstone
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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78
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De Vrieze J, Verstraete W. Perspectives for microbial community composition in anaerobic digestion: from abundance and activity to connectivity. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:2797-809. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jo De Vrieze
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 Gent B-9000 Belgium
| | - Willy Verstraete
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University; Coupure Links 653 Gent B-9000 Belgium
- Avecom NV, Industrieweg 122P; Wondelgem 9032 Belgium
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79
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Kougias PG, Treu L, Campanaro S, Zhu X, Angelidaki I. Dynamic functional characterization and phylogenetic changes due to Long Chain Fatty Acids pulses in biogas reactors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28810. [PMID: 27353502 PMCID: PMC4926282 DOI: 10.1038/srep28810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The process stability of biogas plants is often deteriorated by the accumulation of Long Chain Fatty Acids (LCFA). The microbial community shifts due to LCFA disturbances have been poorly understood as the molecular techniques used were not able to identify the genome characteristics of uncultured microorganisms, and additionally, the presence of limited number of reference genomes in public databases prevented the comprehension of specific functional roles characterizing these microorganisms. The present study is the first research which deciphers by means of high throughput shotgun sequencing the dynamics of the microbial community during an inhibitory shock load induced by single pulses of unsaturated LCFA at two different concentrations (i.e. 2 g/L-reactor and 3 g/L-reactor). The metagenomic analysis showed that only the microbes associated with LCFA degradation could encode proteins related to "chemotaxis" and "flagellar assembly", which promoted the ability to move towards the LCFA sources so as to degrade them. Moreover, the syntrophic interactions found between Syntrophomonas sp. together with Methanosarcina sp. were possibly assigned to the menaquinone-electron transfer. Finally, it was proven that a previously exposed to LCFA inoculum is more efficient in the degradation process of LCFA due to the specialization of the microbial consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis G. Kougias
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Laura Treu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stefano Campanaro
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121, Padova Italy
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Irini Angelidaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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80
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Holman DB, Hao X, Topp E, Yang HE, Alexander TW. Effect of Co-Composting Cattle Manure with Construction and Demolition Waste on the Archaeal, Bacterial, and Fungal Microbiota, and on Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157539. [PMID: 27300323 PMCID: PMC4907429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural operations generate large quantities of manure which must be eliminated in a manner that is consistent with public health guidelines. Meanwhile, construction and demolition waste makes up about 25% of total solid municipal waste. Co-composting of manure with construction and demolition waste offers a potential means to make manure safe for soil amendment and also divert construction and demolition waste from municipal landfills. Therefore, the archaeal, bacterial, and fungal microbiota of two different types of composted cattle manure and one co-composted with construction and demolition waste, were assessed over a 99-day composting period. The microbiota of the three compost mixtures did not differ, but significant changes over time and by sampling depth were observed. Bacillus and Halocella, however, were more relatively abundant in composted manure from cattle fed dried distillers’ grains and solubles. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were enriched at day 0 and Firmicutes at day 99. The fungal genus Kernia was the most relatively abundant overall and was enriched at day 0. The concentration of 12 antimicrobial resistance determinants in the compost mixtures was also determined, and 10 of these determinants decreased significantly from days 0 to 99. The addition of construction and demolition waste did not affect the persistence of antimicrobial resistance genes or community structure of the compost microbiota and therefore co-composting construction and demolition waste with cattle manure offers a safe, viable way to divert this waste from landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin B. Holman
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Xiying Hao
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Edward Topp
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Hee Eun Yang
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Trevor W. Alexander
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- * E-mail:
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81
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Ivarsson M, Schnürer A, Bengtson S, Neubeck A. Anaerobic Fungi: A Potential Source of Biological H2 in the Oceanic Crust. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:674. [PMID: 27433154 PMCID: PMC4922220 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent recognition of fungi in the oceanic igneous crust challenges the understanding of this environment as being exclusively prokaryotic and forces reconsiderations of the ecology of the deep biosphere. Anoxic provinces in the igneous crust are abundant and increase with age and depth of the crust. The presence of anaerobic fungi in deep-sea sediments and on the seafloor introduces a type of organism with attributes of geobiological significance not previously accounted for. Anaerobic fungi are best known from the rumen of herbivores where they produce molecular hydrogen, which in turn stimulates the growth of methanogens. The symbiotic cooperation between anaerobic fungi and methanogens in the rumen enhance the metabolic rate and growth of both. Methanogens and other hydrogen-consuming anaerobic archaea are known from subseafloor basalt; however, the abiotic production of hydrogen is questioned to be sufficient to support such communities. Alternatively, biologically produced hydrogen could serve as a continuous source. Here, we propose anaerobic fungi as a source of bioavailable hydrogen in the oceanic crust, and a close interplay between anaerobic fungi and hydrogen-driven prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Ivarsson
- Department of Palaeobiology and Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, Swedish Museum of Natural History Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Schnürer
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Bengtson
- Department of Palaeobiology and Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, Swedish Museum of Natural History Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Neubeck
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
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82
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Venkiteshwaran K, Bocher B, Maki J, Zitomer D. Relating Anaerobic Digestion Microbial Community and Process Function. Microbiol Insights 2016; 8:37-44. [PMID: 27127410 PMCID: PMC4841157 DOI: 10.4137/mbi.s33593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion (AD) involves a consortium of microorganisms that convert substrates into biogas containing methane for renewable energy. The technology has suffered from the perception of being periodically unstable due to limited understanding of the relationship between microbial community structure and function. The emphasis of this review is to describe microbial communities in digesters and quantitative and qualitative relationships between community structure and digester function. Progress has been made in the past few decades to identify key microorganisms influencing AD. Yet, more work is required to realize robust, quantitative relationships between microbial community structure and functions such as methane production rate and resilience after perturbations. Other promising areas of research for improved AD may include methods to increase/control (1) hydrolysis rate, (2) direct interspecies electron transfer to methanogens, (3) community structure-function relationships of methanogens, (4) methanogenesis via acetate oxidation, and (5) bioaugmentation to study community-activity relationships or improve engineered bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Venkiteshwaran
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - James Maki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniel Zitomer
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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83
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Draft Genome Sequence of the Syntrophic Lactate-Degrading Bacterium Tepidanaerobacter syntrophicus JLT. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/1/e01712-15. [PMID: 26868399 PMCID: PMC4751323 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01712-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report here a high-quality draft genome sequence of the type strain (JL) of Tepidanaerobacter syntrophicus, an obligately anaerobic and moderately thermophilic bacterium, which is able to perform syntrophic lactate degradation with hydrogenotrophic methanogens. The genome comprises 2.43 Mb in 9 scaffolds, with a G+C content of 38.6%.
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84
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Miura T, Kita A, Okamura Y, Aki T, Matsumura Y, Tajima T, Kato J, Nakashimada Y. Semi-continuous methane production from undiluted brown algae using a halophilic marine microbial community. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 200:616-23. [PMID: 26547811 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Acclimated marine sediment-derived culture was used for semi-continuous methane production from materials equivalent to raw brown algae, without dilution of salinity and without nutrient supply, under 3 consecutive conditions of varying organic loading rates (OLRs) and hydraulic retention time (HRT). Methane production was stable at 2.0gVS/kg/day (39-day HRT); however, it became unstable at 2.9gVS/kg/day (28-day HRT) due to acetate and propionate accumulation. OLR subsequently decreased to 1.7gVS/kg/day (46-day HRT), stabilizing methane production beyond steady state. Methane yield was above 300mL/g VS at all OLRs. These results indicated that the acclimated marine sediment culture was able to produce methane semi-continuously from raw brown algae without dilution and nutrient supply under steady state. Microbial community analysis suggested that hydrogenotrophic methanogens predominated among archaea during unstable methane production, implying a partial shift of the methanogenic pathway from acetoclastic methanogenesis to acetate oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyokazu Miura
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan; CREST, JST, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kita
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan; CREST, JST, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Okamura
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan; CREST, JST, Japan
| | - Tsunehiro Aki
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan; CREST, JST, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Matsumura
- Division of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan; CREST, JST, Japan
| | - Takahisa Tajima
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan; CREST, JST, Japan
| | - Junichi Kato
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakashimada
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan; CREST, JST, Japan.
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85
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Müller B, Sun L, Westerholm M, Schnürer A. Bacterial community composition and fhs profiles of low- and high-ammonia biogas digesters reveal novel syntrophic acetate-oxidising bacteria. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:48. [PMID: 26925165 PMCID: PMC4769498 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syntrophic acetate oxidation (SAO) is the predominant pathway for methane production in high ammonia anaerobic digestion processes. The bacteria (SAOB) occupying this niche and the metabolic pathway are poorly understood. Phylogenetic diversity and strict cultivation requirements hinder comprehensive research and discovery of novel SAOB. Most SAOB characterised to date are affiliated to the physiological group of acetogens. Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase is a key enzyme of both acetogenic and SAO metabolism. The encoding fhs gene has therefore been identified as a suitable functional marker, using a newly designed primer pair. In this comparative study, we used a combination of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism profiling, clone-based comparison, qPCR and Illumina amplicon sequencing to assess the bacterial community and acetogenic sub-community prevailing in high- and low-ammonia laboratory-scale digesters in order to delineate potential SAOB communities. Potential candidates identified were further tracked in a number of low-ammonia and high-ammonia laboratory-scale and large-scale digesters in order to reveal a potential function in SAO. RESULTS All methodical approaches revealed significant changes in the bacterial community composition concurrently with increasing ammonia and predominance of SAO. The acetogenic community under high ammonia conditions was revealed to be generally heterogeneous, but formed distinct phylogenetic clusters. The clusters differed clearly from those found under low-ammonia conditions and represented an acetogenic assemblage unique for biogas processes and recurring in a number of high-ammonia processes, indicating potential involvement in SAO. CONCLUSIONS The phylogenetic affiliation and population dynamics observed point to a key community, belonging mainly to the Clostridia class, in particular to the orders Clostridiales and Thermoanaerobacterales, which appear to specialise in SAO rather than being metabolically versatile. Overall, the results reported here provide evidence of functional importance of the bacterial families identified in high-ammonia systems and extend existing knowledge of bacterial and acetogenic assemblages at low and high ammonia levels. This information will be of help in monitoring and assessing the impacts on the SAOB community in order to identify characteristics of robust and productive high ammonia biogas processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Müller
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Westerholm
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Schnürer
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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86
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Fan X, Guo R, Yuan X, Qiu Y, Yang Z, Wang F, Sun M, Zhao X. Biogas production from Macrocystis pyrifera biomass in seawater system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 197:339-47. [PMID: 26344241 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Marine sediments from littoral and sublittoral location were evaluated as inocula for methane production from anaerobic fermentation of Macrocystis pyrifera in seawater system. Littoral sediment showed the higher methanogenetic activity from acetate and resulted in a higher biomethane yield of 217.1±2.4mL/g-VS, which was comparable with that reported in freshwater system with desalted seaweeds. With 0.8mM sodium molybdate added, both the maximal methane yield and concentration increased while the lag-time was greatly shortened, suggesting that sulfate was one of the major inhibitors. Microbial community analysis revealed that degradation of M. pyrifera needed cooperation of very complex microbial populations. Hydrogenotrophic methanogens had an absolute dominance in distribution compared with the acetotrophic ones, indicating syntrophic acetate oxidation coupled to hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis might play important roles in the thalassic anaerobic fermentation system. These results clearly showed that biomethane production of raw seaweeds in seawater system was feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Fan
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 2661 01, China
| | - Rongbo Guo
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 2661 01, China.
| | - Xianzheng Yuan
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 2661 01, China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 2661 01, China
| | - Zhiman Yang
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 2661 01, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 2661 01, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Mengting Sun
- Shandong Industrial Engineering Laboratory of Biogas Production & Utilization, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 2661 01, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Xiaoxian Zhao
- College of Chemical Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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87
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Gao S, Zhao M, Chen Y, Yu M, Ruan W. Tolerance response to in situ ammonia stress in a pilot-scale anaerobic digestion reactor for alleviating ammonia inhibition. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 198:372-379. [PMID: 26409107 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic digestion (AD) of protein-rich substrates is generally inhibited by ammonia. In this study, ammonia-tolerant acclimation was exposed to a stepwise in situ ammonia stress during the continuous AD of solid residual kitchen waste by using a continuous stirred tank reactor with a 50 L active volume. The reactor worked well during the acclimation process, with an average daily biogas production of 58 L/d, an effluent soluble chemical oxygen demand of 7238 mg/L, a volatile fatty acid (VFA) content of 578 mg/L, and a VFA/alkalinity ratio of less than 0.4. Moreover, ammonia stress enhanced the activity of Coenzyme F420. The results of high-throughput 16S rDNA sequencing showed that ammonia stress increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes bacteria and hydrogenotrophic methanogens but decreased the abundance of acetotrophic methanogens. This microbial community shift was proposed to be an in situ response strategy for ammonia stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Gao
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Mingxing Zhao
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Meijuan Yu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenquan Ruan
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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88
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Li J, Rui J, Yao M, Zhang S, Yan X, Wang Y, Yan Z, Li X. Substrate Type and Free Ammonia Determine Bacterial Community Structure in Full-Scale Mesophilic Anaerobic Digesters Treating Cattle or Swine Manure. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1337. [PMID: 26648921 PMCID: PMC4663275 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial-mediated anaerobic digestion (AD) process represents an efficient biological process for the treatment of organic waste along with biogas harvest. Currently, the key factors structuring bacterial communities and the potential core and unique bacterial populations in manure anaerobic digesters are not completely elucidated yet. In this study, we collected sludge samples from 20 full-scale anaerobic digesters treating cattle or swine manure, and investigated the variations of bacterial community compositions using high-throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Clustering and correlation analysis suggested that substrate type and free ammonia (FA) play key roles in determining the bacterial community structure. The COD: NH4+-N (C:N) ratio of substrate and FA were the most important available operational parameters correlating to the bacterial communities in cattle and swine manure digesters, respectively. The bacterial populations in all of the digesters were dominated by phylum Firmicutes, followed by Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi. Increased FA content selected Firmicutes, suggesting that they probably play more important roles under high FA content. Syntrophic metabolism by Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Synergistetes and Planctomycetes are likely inhibited when FA content is high. Despite the different manure substrates, operational conditions and geographical locations of digesters, core bacterial communities were identified. The core communities were best characterized by phylum Firmicutes, wherein Clostridium predominated overwhelmingly. Substrate-unique and abundant communities may reflect the properties of manure substrate and operational conditions. These findings extend our current understanding of the bacterial assembly in full-scale manure anaerobic digesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan, China ; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan, China
| | - Junpeng Rui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan, China ; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan, China
| | - Minjie Yao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan, China ; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan, China
| | - Shiheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan, China ; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan, China
| | - Xuefeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan, China ; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanpeng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Fujian, China
| | - Zhiying Yan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan, China ; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan, China ; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan, China
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89
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Manzoor S, Müller B, Niazi A, Schnürer A, Bongcam-Rudloff E. Working draft genome sequence of the mesophilic acetate oxidizing bacterium Syntrophaceticus schinkii strain Sp3. Stand Genomic Sci 2015; 10:99. [PMID: 26566424 PMCID: PMC4642661 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-015-0092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Syntrophaceticus schinkii strain Sp3 is a mesophilic syntrophic acetate oxidizing bacterium, belonging to the Clostridia class within the phylum Firmicutes, originally isolated from a mesophilic methanogenic digester. It has been shown to oxidize acetate in co-cultivation with hydrogenotrophic methanogens forming methane. The draft genome shows a total size of 3,196,921 bp, encoding 3,688 open reading frames, which includes 3,445 predicted protein-encoding genes and 55 RNA genes. Here, we are presenting assembly and annotation features as well as basic genomic properties of the type strain Sp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Manzoor
- />Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Uppsala, SE 750 07 Sweden
- />University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bettina Müller
- />Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BioCenter, Uppsala, SE 750 07 Sweden
| | - Adnan Niazi
- />Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Uppsala, SE 750 07 Sweden
| | - Anna Schnürer
- />Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BioCenter, Uppsala, SE 750 07 Sweden
| | - Erik Bongcam-Rudloff
- />Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Uppsala, SE 750 07 Sweden
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90
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Wang H, Fotidis IA, Angelidaki I. Ammonia effect on hydrogenotrophic methanogens and syntrophic acetate-oxidizing bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv130. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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91
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Westerholm M, Müller B, Isaksson S, Schnürer A. Trace element and temperature effects on microbial communities and links to biogas digester performance at high ammonia levels. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:154. [PMID: 26396592 PMCID: PMC4578335 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High levels of ammonia and the presence of sulphide have major impacts on microbial communities and are known to cause operating problems in anaerobic degradation of protein-rich material. Operating strategies that can improve process performance in such conditions have been reported. The microbiological impacts of these are not fully understood, but their determination could help identify important factors for balanced, efficient operation. This study investigated the correlations between microbial community structure, operating parameters and digester performance in high-ammonia conditions. METHOD Continuous anaerobic co-digestion of household waste and albumin was carried out in laboratory-scale digesters at high ammonia concentrations (0.5-0.9 g NH3/L). The digesters operated for 320 days at 37 or 42 °C, with or without addition of a trace element mixture including iron (TE). Abundance and composition of syntrophic acetate-oxidising bacteria (SAOB) and of methanogenic and acetogenic communities were investigated throughout the study using 16S rRNA and functional gene-based molecular methods. RESULTS Syntrophic acetate oxidation dominated methane formation in all digesters, where a substantial enhancement in digester performance and influence on microbial community by addition of TE was shown dependent on temperature. At 37 °C, TE addition supported dominance and strain richness of Methanoculleus bourgensis and altered the acetogenic community, whereas the same supplementation at 42 °C had a low impact on microbial community structure. Both with and without TE addition operation at 42 °C instead of 37 °C had low impact on digester performance, but considerably restricted acetogenic and methanogenic community structure, evenness and richness. The abundance of known SAOB was higher in digesters without TE addition and in digesters operating at 42 °C. No synergistic effect on digester performance or microbial community structure was observed on combining increased temperature with TE addition. CONCLUSIONS Our identification of prominent populations related to enhanced performance within methanogenic (high dominance and richness of M. bourgensis) and acetogenic communities are valuable for continued research and engineering to improve methane production in high-ammonia conditions. We also show that a temperature increase of only 5 °C within the mesophilic range results in an extreme dominance of one or a few species within these communities, independent of TE addition. Furthermore, functional stable operation was possible despite low microbial temporal dynamics, evenness and richness at the higher temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Westerholm
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bettina Müller
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simon Isaksson
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Schnürer
- Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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92
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Yamada C, Kato S, Ueno Y, Ishii M, Igarashi Y. Conductive iron oxides accelerate thermophilic methanogenesis from acetate and propionate. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:678-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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93
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De Vrieze J, Saunders AM, He Y, Fang J, Nielsen PH, Verstraete W, Boon N. Ammonia and temperature determine potential clustering in the anaerobic digestion microbiome. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 75:312-23. [PMID: 25819618 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic digestion is regarded as a key environmental technology in the present and future bio-based economy. The microbial community completing the anaerobic digestion process is considered complex, and several attempts already have been carried out to determine the key microbial populations. However, the key differences in the anaerobic digestion microbiomes, and the environmental/process parameters that drive these differences, remain poorly understood. In this research, we hypothesized that differences in operational parameters lead to a particular composition and organization of microbial communities in full-scale installations. A total of 38 samples were collected from 29 different full-scale anaerobic digestion installations, showing constant biogas production in function of time. Microbial community analysis was carried out by means of amplicon sequencing and real-time PCR. The bacterial community in all samples was dominated by representatives of the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, covering 86.1 ± 10.7% of the total bacterial community. Acetoclastic methanogenesis was dominated by Methanosaetaceae, yet, only the hydrogenotrophic Methanobacteriales correlated with biogas production, confirming their importance in high-rate anaerobic digestion systems. In-depth analysis of operational and environmental parameters and bacterial community structure indicated the presence of three potential clusters in anaerobic digestion. These clusters were determined by total ammonia concentration, free ammonia concentration and temperature, and characterized by an increased relative abundance of Bacteroidales, Clostridiales and Lactobacillales, respectively. None of the methanogenic populations, however, could be significantly attributed to any of the three clusters. Nonetheless, further experimental research will be required to validate the existence of these different clusters, and to which extent the presence of these clusters relates to stable or sub-optimal anaerobic digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo De Vrieze
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aaron Marc Saunders
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngårdsholmsvej 49, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Per Halkjaer Nielsen
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Sohngårdsholmsvej 49, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Willy Verstraete
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Technology (LabMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Müller B, Manzoor S, Niazi A, Bongcam-Rudloff E, Schnürer A. Genome-guided analysis of physiological capacities of Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans provides insights into environmental adaptations and syntrophic acetate oxidation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121237. [PMID: 25811859 PMCID: PMC4374699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the genome-based analysis of Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans strain Re1, a syntrophic acetate-oxidising bacterium (SAOB). Principal issues such as environmental adaptations, metabolic capacities, and energy conserving systems have been investigated and the potential consequences for syntrophic acetate oxidation discussed. Briefly, in pure culture, T. acetatoxydans grows with different organic compounds and produces acetate as the main product. In a syntrophic consortium with a hydrogenotrophic methanogen, it can also reverse its metabolism and instead convert acetate to formate/H2 and CO2. It can only proceed if the product formed is continuously removed. This process generates a very small amount of energy that is scarcely enough for growth, which makes this particular syntrophy of special interest. As a crucial member of the biogas-producing community in ammonium-rich engineered AD processes, genomic features conferring ammonium resistance, bacterial defense, oxygen and temperature tolerance were found, as well as attributes related to biofilm formation and flocculation. It is likely that T. acetatoxydans can form an electrochemical gradient by putative electron-bifurcating Rnf complex and [Fe-Fe] hydrogenases, as observed in other acetogens. However, genomic deficiencies related to acetogenic metabolism and anaerobic respiration were discovered, such as the lack of formate dehydrogenase and F1F0 ATP synthase. This has potential consequences for the metabolic pathways used under SAO and non-SAO conditions. The two complete sets of bacteriophage genomes, which were found to be encoded in the genome, are also worthy of mention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Müller
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BioCenter, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Shahid Manzoor
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Niazi
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Bongcam-Rudloff
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Schnürer
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BioCenter, Uppsala, Sweden
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95
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Hao L, Lü F, Mazéas L, Desmond-Le Quéméner E, Madigou C, Guenne A, Shao L, Bouchez T, He P. Stable isotope probing of acetate fed anaerobic batch incubations shows a partial resistance of acetoclastic methanogenesis catalyzed by Methanosarcina to sudden increase of ammonia level. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 69:90-99. [PMID: 25437341 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia inhibition represents a major operational issue for anaerobic digestion. In order to refine our understanding of the terminal catabolic steps in thermophilic anaerobic digestion under ammonia stress, we studied batch thermophilic acetate fed experiments at low (0.26 g L(-1)) and high (7.00 g L(-1)) Total Ammonia Nitrogen concentrations (TAN). Although methane production started immediately for all incubations and resulted in methane yields close to stoichiometric expectations, a 62-72% decrease of methanogenic rate was observed throughout the incubation at 7.00 g L(-1) of TAN compared to 0.26 g L(-1). Stable Isotope Probing analysis of active microbial communities in (13)C-acetate fed experiments coupled to automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis and 16S rDNA pyrotag sequencing confirmed that microbial communities were similar for both TAN conditions. At both TAN levels, the (13)C-labeled bacterial community was mainly affiliated to Clostridia-relatives, with OPB54 bacteria being the most abundant sequence in the heavy DNA 16S rDNA pyrotag library. Sequences closely related to Methanosarcina thermophila were also abundantly retrieved in the heavy DNA fractions, showing that this methanogen was still actively assimilating labeled carbon from acetate at free ammonia nitrogen concentrations up to 916 mg L(-1). Stable isotopic signature analysis of biogas, measured in unlabeled acetate fed experiments that were conducted in parallel, confirmed that acetoclastic methanogenic pathway was dominant at both ammonia concentrations. Our work demonstrates that, besides the syntrophic acetate oxidation pathway, acetoclastic methanogenesis catalyzed by Methanosarcina can also play a major role in methane production at high ammonia levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Irstea, UR HBAN, F-92761 Antony, France; Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fan Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Liming Shao
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Minist Housing & Urban Rural Dev PR China MOHURD, Ctr Technol Res & Training Household Waste Small, Beijing, China
| | | | - Pinjing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment & Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Minist Housing & Urban Rural Dev PR China MOHURD, Ctr Technol Res & Training Household Waste Small, Beijing, China.
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97
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A genomic view on syntrophic versus non-syntrophic lifestyle in anaerobic fatty acid degrading communities. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2014; 1837:2004-2016. [PMID: 24973598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In sulfate-reducing and methanogenic environments complex biopolymers are hydrolyzed and degraded by fermentative micro-organisms that produce hydrogen, carbon dioxide and short chain fatty acids. Degradation of short chain fatty acids can be coupled to methanogenesis or to sulfate-reduction. Here we study from a genome perspective why some of these micro-organisms are able to grow in syntrophy with methanogens and others are not. Bacterial strains were selected based on genome availability and upon their ability to grow on short chain fatty acids alone or in syntrophic association with methanogens. Systematic functional domain profiling allowed us to shed light on this fundamental and ecologically important question. Extra-cytoplasmic formate dehydrogenases (InterPro domain number; IPR006443), including their maturation protein FdhE (IPR024064 and IPR006452) is a typical difference between syntrophic and non-syntrophic butyrate and propionate degraders. Furthermore, two domains with a currently unknown function seem to be associated with the ability of syntrophic growth. One is putatively involved in capsule or biofilm production (IPR019079) and a second in cell division, shape-determination or sporulation (IPR018365). The sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfobacterium autotrophicum HRM2, Desulfomonile tiedjei and Desulfosporosinus meridiei were never tested for syntrophic growth, but all crucial domains were found in their genomes, which suggests their possible ability to grow in syntrophic association with methanogens. In addition, profiling domains involved in electron transfer mechanisms revealed the important role of the Rnf-complex and the formate transporter in syntrophy, and indicate that DUF224 may have a role in electron transfer in bacteria other than Syntrophomonas wolfei as well. This article is a part of a Special Issue entitled: 18th European Bioenergetics Conference (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Volume 1837, Issue 7, July 2014).
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98
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Ho D, Jensen P, Batstone D. Effects of temperature and hydraulic retention time on acetotrophic pathways and performance in high-rate sludge digestion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6468-76. [PMID: 24797677 DOI: 10.1021/es500074j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High-rate anaerobic digestion of organic solids requires rapid hydrolysis and enhanced methanogenic growth rates, which can be achieved through elevated temperature (>55 °C) at short hydraulic retention times (HRT). This study assesses the effect of temperatures between 55 °C and 65 °C and HRTs between 2 and 4 days on process performance, microbial community structure, microbial capability, and acetotrophic pathways in thermophilic anaerobic reactors. Increasing the temperature did not enhance volatile solids (VS) destruction above the base value of 37% achieved at 55 °C and 4 days HRT. Stable isotopic signatures (δ13C) revealed that elevated temperature promoted syntrophic acetate oxidation, which accounted for 60% of the methane formation at 55 °C, and increasing substantially to 100% at 65 °C. The acetate consumption capacity dropped with increasing temperature (from 0.69-0.81 gCOD gVS(-1) d(-1) at 55 °C to 0.21-0.35 gCOD gVS(-1) d(-1) at 65 °C), based on specific activity testing of reactor contents. Community analysis using 16S rRNA pyrosequencing revealed the dominance of Methanosarcina at 55-60 °C. However, a further increase to 65 °C resulted in loss of Methanosarcina, with an accumulation of organic acids and reduced methane production. Similar issues were observed when reducing the HRT to 2 days, indicating that temperature<60 °C and HRT>3 days are critical to operate these systems stably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Ho
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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99
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Comparison of operating strategies for increased biogas production from thin stillage. J Biotechnol 2014; 175:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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100
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Hao L, Lü F, Wu Q, Shao L, He P. High concentrations of methyl fluoride affect the bacterial community in a thermophilic methanogenic sludge. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92604. [PMID: 24658656 PMCID: PMC3962445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To precisely control the application of methyl fluoride (CH3F) for analysis of methanogenic pathways, the influence of 0–10% CH3F on bacterial and archaeal communities in a thermophilic methanogenic sludge was investigated. The results suggested that CH3F acts specifically on acetoclastic methanogenesis. The inhibitory effect stabilized at an initial concentration of 3–5%, with around 90% of the total methanogenic activity being suppressed, and a characteristic of hydrogenotrophic pathway in isotope fractionation was demonstrated under this condition. However, extended exposure (12 days) to high concentrations of CH3F (>3%) altered the bacterial community structure significantly, resulting in increased diversity and decreased evenness, which can be related to acetate oxidation and CH3F degradation. Bacterial clone library analysis showed that syntrophic acetate oxidizing bacteria Thermacetogenium phaeum were highly enriched under the suppression of 10% CH3F. However, the methanogenic community did not change obviously. Thus, excessive usage of CH3F over the long term can change the composition of the bacterial community. Therefore, data from studies involving the use of CH3F as an acetoclast inhibitor should be interpreted with care. Conversely, CH3F has been suggested as a factor to stimulate the enrichment of syntrophic acetate oxidizing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (FL); (PH)
| | - Qing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Shao
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of P.R. China (MOHURD), Shanghai, China
| | - Pinjing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for the Technology Research and Training on Household Waste in Small Towns & Rural Area, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of P.R. China (MOHURD), Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (FL); (PH)
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