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miR-285-Yki/Mask double-negative feedback loop mediates blood-brain barrier integrity in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2365-E2374. [PMID: 28265104 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613233114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is highly conserved from Drosophila to mammals and plays a central role in maintaining organ size and tissue homeostasis. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) physiologically isolates the brain from circulating blood or the hemolymph system, and its integrity is strictly maintained to perform sophisticated neuronal functions. Until now, the underlying mechanisms of subperineurial glia (SPG) growth and BBB maintenance during development are not clear. Here, we report an miR-285-Yorkie (Yki)/Multiple Ankyrin repeats Single KH domain (Mask) double-negative feedback loop that regulates SPG growth and BBB integrity. Flies with a loss of miR-285 have a defective BBB with increased SPG ploidy and disruptive septate junctions. Mechanistically, miR-285 directly targets the Yki cofactor Mask to suppress Yki activity and down-regulates the expression of its downstream target cyclin E, a key regulator of cell cycle. Disturbance of cyclin E expression in SPG causes abnormal endoreplication, which leads to aberrant DNA ploidy and defective septate junctions. Moreover, the expression of miR-285 is increased by knockdown of yki or mask and is decreased with yki overexpression, thus forming a double-negative feedback loop. This regulatory loop is crucial for sustaining an appropriate Yki/Mask activity and cyclin E level to maintain SPG ploidy and BBB integrity. Perturbation of this signaling loop, either by dysregulated miR-285 expression or Yki activity, causes irregular SPG ploidy and BBB disruption. Furthermore, ectopic expression of miR-285 promotes canonical Hippo pathway-mediated apoptosis independent of the p53 or JNK pathway. Collectively, these results reveal an exquisite regulatory mechanism for BBB maintenance through an miR-285-Yki/Mask regulatory circuit.
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52
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Wang C, Gu C, Jeong KJ, Zhang D, Guo W, Lu Y, Ju Z, Panupinthu N, Yang JY, Gagea MM, Ng PKS, Zhang F, Mills GB. YAP/TAZ-Mediated Upregulation of GAB2 Leads to Increased Sensitivity to Growth Factor-Induced Activation of the PI3K Pathway. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1637-1648. [PMID: 28202507 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcription regulators YAP and TAZ function as effectors of the HIPPO signaling cascade, critical for organismal development, cell growth, and cellular reprogramming, and YAP/TAZ is commonly misregulated in human cancers. The precise mechanism by which aberrant YAP/TAZ promotes tumor growth remains unclear. The HIPPO tumor suppressor pathway phosphorylates YAP and TAZ, resulting in cytosolic sequestration with subsequent degradation. Here, we report that the PI3K/AKT pathway, which is critically involved in the pathophysiology of endometrial cancer, interacts with the HIPPO pathway at multiple levels. Strikingly, coordinate knockdown of YAP and TAZ, mimicking activation of the HIPPO pathway, markedly decreased both constitutive and growth factor-induced PI3K pathway activation by decreasing levels of the GAB2 linker molecule in endometrial cancer lines. Furthermore, targeting YAP/TAZ decreased endometrial cancer tumor growth in vivo In addition, YAP and TAZ total and phosphoprotein levels correlated with clinical characteristics and outcomes in endometrial cancer. Thus, YAP and TAZ, which are inhibited by the HIPPO tumor suppressor pathway, modify PI3K/AKT pathway signaling in endometrial cancer. The cross-talk between these key pathways identifies potential new biomarkers and therapeutic targets in endometrial cancer. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1637-48. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chao Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kang Jin Jeong
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yiling Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhenlin Ju
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nattapon Panupinthu
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ji Yeon Yang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mihai Mike Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patrick Kwok Shing Ng
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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53
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Keira Y, Wada M, Ishikawa HO. Regulation of Drosophila Development by the Golgi Kinase Four-Jointed. Curr Top Dev Biol 2017; 123:143-179. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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54
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Pan Y, Heemskerk I, Ibar C, Shraiman BI, Irvine KD. Differential growth triggers mechanical feedback that elevates Hippo signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6974-E6983. [PMID: 27791172 PMCID: PMC5111668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615012113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress can influence cell proliferation in vitro, but whether it makes a significant contribution to growth control in vivo, and how it is modulated and experienced by cells within developing tissues, has remained unclear. Here we report that differential growth reduces cytoskeletal tension along cell junctions within faster-growing cells. We propose a theoretical model to explain the observed reduction of tension within faster-growing clones, supporting it by computer simulations based on a generalized vertex model. This reduced tension modulates a biomechanical Hippo pathway, decreasing recruitment of Ajuba LIM protein and the Hippo pathway kinase Warts, and decreasing the activity of the growth-promoting transcription factor Yorkie. These observations provide a specific mechanism for a mechanical feedback that contributes to evenly distributed growth, and we show that genetically suppressing mechanical feedback alters patterns of cell proliferation in the developing Drosophila wing. By providing experimental support for the induction of mechanical stress by differential growth, and a molecular mechanism linking this stress to the regulation of growth in developing organs, our results confirm and extend the mechanical feedback hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwang Pan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Idse Heemskerk
- Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101
| | - Consuelo Ibar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Boris I Shraiman
- Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854;
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55
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Kreipke RE, Kwon YV, Shcherbata HR, Ruohola-Baker H. Drosophila melanogaster as a Model of Muscle Degeneration Disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2016; 121:83-109. [PMID: 28057309 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster provides a powerful platform with which researchers can dissect complex genetic questions and biochemical pathways relevant to a vast array of human diseases and disorders. Of particular interest, much work has been done with flies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle degeneration diseases. The fly is particularly useful for modeling muscle degeneration disorders because there are no identified satellite muscle cells to repair adult muscle following injury. This allows for the identification of endogenous processes of muscle degeneration as discrete events, distinguishable from phenotypes due to the lack of stem cell-based regeneration. In this review, we will discuss the ways in which the fruit fly provides a powerful platform with which to study human muscle degeneration disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Kreipke
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Y V Kwon
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - H R Shcherbata
- Max Planck Research Group of Gene Expression and Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - H Ruohola-Baker
- University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
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56
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Zhang T, Sheng Z, Du W. Loss of histone deacetylase HDAC1 induces cell death in Drosophila epithelial cells through JNK and Hippo signaling. Mech Dev 2016; 141:4-13. [PMID: 27378074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of HDAC1 and its homolog HDAC2 or addition of HDAC inhibitors in mammalian systems induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and developmental defects. Although these phenotypes have been extensively characterized, the precise underlying mechanisms remain unclear, particularly in in vivo settings. In this study, we show that inactivation of Rpd3, the only HDAC1 and HDAC2 ortholog in Drosophila, induced apoptosis and clone elimination in the developing eye and wing imaginal discs. Depletion of Rpd3 by RNAi cell-autonomously increased JNK activities and decreased activities of Yki, the nuclear effecter of Hippo signaling pathway. In addition, inhibition of JNK activities largely rescued Rpd3 RNAi-induced apoptosis, but did not affect its inhibition of Yki activities. Conversely, increasing the Yki activities largely rescued Rpd3 RNAi-induced apoptosis, but did not affect its induction of JNK activities. Furthermore, inactivation of Mi-2, a core component of the Rpd3-containing NuRD complex strongly induced JNK activities; while inactivation of Sin3A, a key component of the Rpd3-containing Sin3 complex, significantly inhibited Yki activities. Taken together, these results reveal that inactivation of Rpd3 independently regulates JNK and Yki activities and that both Hippo and JNK signaling pathways contribute to Rpd3 RNAi-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhentao Sheng
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wei Du
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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57
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Wang C, Jeong K, Jiang H, Guo W, Gu C, Lu Y, Liang J. YAP/TAZ regulates the insulin signaling via IRS1/2 in endometrial cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:996-1010. [PMID: 27293994 PMCID: PMC4889715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is an important mechanism of pathogenesis of endometrial cancer (EC) and explains the pathogenic mechanism of high risk factors including Obesity BMI (body mass index), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, PCOS and so on. Relieving IR or inhibiting the function of insulin could be one of the potential therapeutic strategies for EC, which is a PI3K-driven disease. PI3K/Akt are the central mediators for insulin/IGF1 signaling, however, the involvement of HIPPO pathway co-activators, YAP and TAZ, in insulin resistance remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we analyzed the clinical and biological data of EC patients from TCGA and observed a correlation between insulin resistance and EC. By comparing the expression level of IRS1/2 in obese vs non-obese patients, we found that the most important insulin resistance relative (IRR) genes are the contributing factors to IR. Interestingly, IRS1/2 was correlated positively with YAP/TAZ in EC patients. Knockdown of YAP/TAZ by specific siRNA inhibited the phosphorylation of IRS1 while increased the phosphorylation of IGFR1, the inhibitor of insulin signaling. Treating EC with siYAP/TAZ, YAP inhibitor Verteporfin or metformin alone only partially inhibited the function of insulin and IGF1. However, combination of siYAP/TAZ with metformin could completely inhibit the effects of insulin. Thus, our study demonstrated a novel function of YAP and TAZ in the insulin resistance via IRS1/2 in endometrial cancer. Our study also provided the rationale for the potential therapeutic treatment of EC with the combination of inhibiting YAP/TAZ and metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston 77030, TX, USA
| | - Kangjin Jeong
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston 77030, TX, USA
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston 77030, TX, USA
| | - Chao Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
| | - Yiling Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston 77030, TX, USA
| | - Jiyong Liang
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston 77030, TX, USA
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58
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Hu L, Xu J, Yin MX, Zhang L, Lu Y, Wu W, Xue Z, Ho MS, Gao G, Zhao Y, Zhang L. Ack promotes tissue growth via phosphorylation and suppression of the Hippo pathway component Expanded. Cell Discov 2016; 2:15047. [PMID: 27462444 PMCID: PMC4860957 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-receptor tyrosine kinase activated cdc42 kinase was reported to participate in several types of cancers in mammals. It is also believed to have an anti-apoptotic function in Drosophila. Here, we report the identification of Drosophila activated cdc42 kinase as a growth promoter and a novel Hippo signaling pathway regulator. We find that activated cdc42 kinase promotes tissue growth through modulating Yorkie activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that activated cdc42 kinase interacts with Expanded and induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Expanded on multiple sites. We propose a model that activated cdc42 kinase negatively regulates Expanded by changing its phosphorylation status to promote tissue growth. Moreover, we show that ack genetically interacts with merlin and expanded. Thus, we identify Drosophila activated cdc42 kinase as a Hippo pathway regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyu Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Margaret S Ho
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Tongji University , Shanghai, China
| | - Guanjun Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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59
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Dai XY, Zhuang LH, Wang DD, Zhou TY, Chang LL, Gai RH, Zhu DF, Yang B, Zhu H, He QJ. Nuclear translocation and activation of YAP by hypoxia contributes to the chemoresistance of SN38 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:6933-47. [PMID: 26771844 PMCID: PMC4872759 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although hypoxia is a prominent feature contributing to the therapeutic resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC) against chemotherapeutic agents, including the Topoisomerase I inhibitor SN38, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood and its understanding remains a major clinical challenge. In the present study, we found that hypoxia-induced nuclear translocation and accumulation of YAP acted as a survival input to promote resistance to SN38 in HCC. The induction of YAP by hypoxia was not mediated by HIF-1α because manipulating the abundance of HIF-1α with CoCl2, exogenous expression, and RNA interference had no effect on the phosphorylation or total levels of YAP. The mevalonate-HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) pathway may modulate the YAP activation under hypoxia. Combined YAP inhibition using either siRNA or the HMGCR inhibitor statins together with SN38 treatment produced improved anti-cancer effects in HCC cells. The increased anti-cancer effect of the combined treatment with statins and irinotecan (the prodrug of SN-38) was further validated in a human HepG2 xenograft model of HCC in nude mice. Taken together, our findings identify YAP as a novel mediator of hypoxic-resistance to SN38. These results suggest that the administration of SN28 together with the suppression of YAP using statins is a promising strategy for enhancing the treatment response in HCC patients, particularly in advanced stage HCC cases presenting hypoxic resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives
- Camptothecin/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Hypoxia/complications
- Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Irinotecan
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transcription Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- YAP-Signaling Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Dai
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin-Han Zhuang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tian-Yi Zhou
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin-Lin Chang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ren-Hua Gai
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Di-Feng Zhu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiao-Jun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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60
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Wang C, Zhu X, Feng W, Yu Y, Jeong K, Guo W, Lu Y, Mills GB. Verteporfin inhibits YAP function through up-regulating 14-3-3σ sequestering YAP in the cytoplasm. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 6:27-37. [PMID: 27073720 PMCID: PMC4759394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP), the central mediator of Hippo pathway, not only regulates a diversity of cellular processes during development but also plays a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. YAP is overexpressed in many types of human cancers with its expression level being associated with patient outcomes. Thus, inhibiting YAP function could provide a novel therapeutic approach. Verteporfin, a photosensitizer, which has been used in photodynamic therapy (PDT), was recently identified as an inhibitor of the interaction of YAP with TEAD, which, in turn, blocks transcriptional activation of targets downstream of YAP. However, the mechanism by which Verteporfin inhibits YAP activity remains to be elucidated. We demonstrate that overexpression of YAP stimulates cell proliferation whereas knocking down YAP or treating cells with Verteporfin inhibited cell proliferation, even in the presence of growth factors. Protoporphyrin IX, another photosensitizer, did not have similar activity demonstrating specificity to Verteporfin. Verteporfin induced sequestration of YAP in cytoplasm through increasing levels of 14-3-3σ, a YAP chaperon protein that retains YAP in cytoplasm and targets it for degradation in the proteosome. Interestingly, while knockdown of YAP had no effect on the ability of Verteporfin to induce 14-3-3σ, p53 is required for this effect of Verteporfin. This provides potential approaches to select patients likely to benefit from Verteporfin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston 77030, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
| | - Yinhua Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200011, China
| | - Kangjin Jeong
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston 77030, TX, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston 77030, TX, USA
| | - Yiling Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston 77030, TX, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston 77030, TX, USA
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61
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Johnatty SE, Tyrer JP, Kar S, Beesley J, Lu Y, Gao B, Fasching PA, Hein A, Ekici AB, Beckmann MW, Lambrechts D, Van Nieuwenhuysen E, Vergote I, Lambrechts S, Rossing MA, Doherty JA, Chang-Claude J, Modugno F, Ness RB, Moysich KB, Levine DA, Kiemeney LA, Massuger LFAG, Gronwald J, Lubiński J, Jakubowska A, Cybulski C, Brinton L, Lissowska J, Wentzensen N, Song H, Rhenius V, Campbell I, Eccles D, Sieh W, Whittemore AS, McGuire V, Rothstein JH, Sutphen R, Anton-Culver H, Ziogas A, Gayther SA, Gentry-Maharaj A, Menon U, Ramus SJ, Pearce CL, Pike MC, Stram DO, Wu AH, Kupryjanczyk J, Dansonka-Mieszkowska A, Rzepecka IK, Spiewankiewicz B, Goodman MT, Wilkens LR, Carney ME, Thompson PJ, Heitz F, du Bois A, Schwaab I, Harter P, Pisterer J, Hillemanns P, Karlan BY, Walsh C, Lester J, Orsulic S, Winham SJ, Earp M, Larson MC, Fogarty ZC, Høgdall E, Jensen A, Kjaer SK, Fridley BL, Cunningham JM, Vierkant RA, Schildkraut JM, Iversen ES, Terry KL, Cramer DW, Bandera EV, Orlow I, Pejovic T, Bean Y, Høgdall C, Lundvall L, McNeish I, Paul J, Carty K, Siddiqui N, Glasspool R, Sellers T, Kennedy C, Chiew YE, Berchuck A, MacGregor S, Pharoah PDP, Goode EL, deFazio A, Webb PM, Chenevix-Trench G. Genome-wide Analysis Identifies Novel Loci Associated with Ovarian Cancer Outcomes: Findings from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5264-76. [PMID: 26152742 PMCID: PMC4624261 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemotherapy resistance remains a major challenge in the treatment of ovarian cancer. We hypothesize that germline polymorphisms might be associated with clinical outcome. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed approximately 2.8 million genotyped and imputed SNPs from the iCOGS experiment for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in 2,901 European epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients who underwent first-line treatment of cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy regardless of regimen, and in a subset of 1,098 patients treated with ≥ 4 cycles of paclitaxel and carboplatin at standard doses. We evaluated the top SNPs in 4,434 EOC patients, including patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas. In addition, we conducted pathway analysis of all intragenic SNPs and tested their association with PFS and OS using gene set enrichment analysis. RESULTS Five SNPs were significantly associated (P ≤ 1.0 × 10(-5)) with poorer outcomes in at least one of the four analyses, three of which, rs4910232 (11p15.3), rs2549714 (16q23), and rs6674079 (1q22), were located in long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) RP11-179A10.1, RP11-314O13.1, and RP11-284F21.8, respectively (P ≤ 7.1 × 10(-6)). ENCODE ChIP-seq data at 1q22 for normal ovary show evidence of histone modification around RP11-284F21.8, and rs6674079 is perfectly correlated with another SNP within the super-enhancer MEF2D, expression levels of which were reportedly associated with prognosis in another solid tumor. YAP1- and WWTR1 (TAZ)-stimulated gene expression and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated lipid transport pathways were associated with PFS and OS, respectively, in the cohort who had standard chemotherapy (pGSEA ≤ 6 × 10(-3)). CONCLUSIONS We have identified SNPs in three lncRNAs that might be important targets for novel EOC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Johnatty
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Siddhartha Kar
- Department of Oncology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Beesley
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Center for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. University Hospital Erlangen, Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hein
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- University Hospital Erlangen, Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- University Hospital Erlangen, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium. Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Van Nieuwenhuysen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandrina Lambrechts
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mary Anne Rossing
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer A Doherty
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesmary Modugno
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Women's Cancer Research Program, Magee-Women's Research Institute and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Roberta B Ness
- The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Kirsten B Moysich
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Douglas A Levine
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leon F A G Massuger
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubiński
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Louise Brinton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nicolas Wentzensen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Honglin Song
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Rhenius
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Campbell
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diana Eccles
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Weiva Sieh
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Alice S Whittemore
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Valerie McGuire
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Joseph H Rothstein
- Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Rebecca Sutphen
- Epidemiology Center, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Cancer Genetics Research and Prevention, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Simon A Gayther
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Usha Menon
- Women's Cancer, UCL EGA Institute for Women's Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J Ramus
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Celeste L Pearce
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California. Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Malcolm C Pike
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jolanta Kupryjanczyk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dansonka-Mieszkowska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona K Rzepecka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Spiewankiewicz
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marc T Goodman
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. Community and Population Health Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Michael E Carney
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Pamela J Thompson
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. Community and Population Health Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Florian Heitz
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany. Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Andreas du Bois
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany. Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Ira Schwaab
- Institut für Humangenetik Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Philipp Harter
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany. Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | | | - Peter Hillemanns
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christine Walsh
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jenny Lester
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sandra Orsulic
- Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stacey J Winham
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Madalene Earp
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Melissa C Larson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zachary C Fogarty
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Estrid Høgdall
- Department of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark. Molecular Unit, Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Jensen
- Department of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Kruger Kjaer
- Department of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark. Department of Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brooke L Fridley
- Biostatistics and Informatics Shared Resource, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Julie M Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Robert A Vierkant
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Joellen M Schildkraut
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Edwin S Iversen
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kathryn L Terry
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel W Cramer
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elisa V Bandera
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Irene Orlow
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Epidemiology Service, New York, New York
| | - Tanja Pejovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon
| | - Yukie Bean
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon
| | - Claus Høgdall
- Department of Gynaecology, The Juliane Marie Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Lundvall
- Department of Gynaecology, The Juliane Marie Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian McNeish
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James Paul
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Glasgow, The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Carty
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Glasgow, The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nadeem Siddiqui
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind Glasspool
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Glasgow, The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Sellers
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Catherine Kennedy
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Center for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yoke-Eng Chiew
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Center for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Department of Oncology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen L Goode
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Anna deFazio
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Center for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Penelope M Webb
- Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Critical role for Fat/Hippo and IIS/Akt pathways downstream of Ultrabithorax during haltere specification in Drosophila. Mech Dev 2015; 138 Pt 2:198-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Scaling the Drosophila Wing: TOR-Dependent Target Gene Access by the Hippo Pathway Transducer Yorkie. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002274. [PMID: 26474042 PMCID: PMC4608745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ growth is controlled by patterning signals that operate locally (e.g., Wingless/Ints [Wnts], Bone Morphogenetic Proteins [BMPs], and Hedgehogs [Hhs]) and scaled by nutrient-dependent signals that act systemically (e.g., Insulin-like peptides [ILPs] transduced by the Target of Rapamycin [TOR] pathway). How cells integrate these distinct inputs to generate organs of the appropriate size and shape is largely unknown. The transcriptional coactivator Yorkie (Yki, a YES-Associated Protein, or YAP) acts downstream of patterning morphogens and other tissue-intrinsic signals to promote organ growth. Yki activity is regulated primarily by the Warts/Hippo (Wts/Hpo) tumour suppressor pathway, which impedes nuclear access of Yki by a cytoplasmic tethering mechanism. Here, we show that the TOR pathway regulates Yki by a separate and novel mechanism in the Drosophila wing. Instead of controlling Yki nuclear access, TOR signaling governs Yki action after it reaches the nucleus by allowing it to gain access to its target genes. When TOR activity is inhibited, Yki accumulates in the nucleus but is sequestered from its normal growth-promoting target genes—a phenomenon we term “nuclear seclusion.” Hence, we posit that in addition to its well-known role in stimulating cellular metabolism in response to nutrients, TOR also promotes wing growth by liberating Yki from nuclear seclusion, a parallel pathway that we propose contributes to the scaling of wing size with nutrient availability. From dwarves to giants, scaling is a universal property of animal organs, but its mechanistic basis is poorly understood. Here, the authors identify a molecular circuit underlying scaling of the Drosophila wing. What mechanisms control the sizes of animal organs? It is known that organ growth is the product of two systems: an intrinsic system that coordinates cell proliferation with the specification of cell fate (patterning), and an extrinsic system that synchronizes growth with nutrient levels. Developing organs integrate these two inputs to ensure that properly proportioned structures develop which are of the right scale to match overall body size. However, the mechanisms used to integrate these distinct growth control systems have remained largely mysterious. In this study, we have addressed how intrinsic and extrinsic systems combine to drive growth of the Drosophila wing. Focusing on the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway—a major, nutrient-dependent regulator of organ growth—and Yorkie—the transcriptional activator downstream of the Hippo pathway and a key, organ-intrinsic growth regulator—we have identified a circuit in which TOR activity limits Yorkie’s capacity to promote wing growth, in part through a novel mode of transcription factor regulation that we term “nuclear seclusion.” We find that inhibiting TOR leads to the retention of Yorkie in the nucleus but diminishes its transcriptional activity by diverting it away from target genes. We posit that subjugating Yorkie in this way contributes to how fluctuations in TOR activity scale wing size according to nutrient levels.
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Moroishi T, Park HW, Qin B, Chen Q, Meng Z, Plouffe SW, Taniguchi K, Yu FX, Karin M, Pan D, Guan KL. A YAP/TAZ-induced feedback mechanism regulates Hippo pathway homeostasis. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1271-84. [PMID: 26109050 PMCID: PMC4495398 DOI: 10.1101/gad.262816.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Moroishi et al. show that YAP and TAZ activation induces the negative regulators LATS1 kinase and LATS2 kinase to constitute a negative feedback mechanism to control YAP/TAZ activation duration and cellular response. This study provides new insights into the dynamic regulation and maintenance of Hippo pathway homeostasis. YAP (Yes-associated protein) and TAZ (transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif) are major downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway that influences tissue homeostasis, organ size, and cancer development. Aberrant hyperactivation of YAP/TAZ causes tissue overgrowth and tumorigenesis, whereas their inactivation impairs tissue development and regeneration. Dynamic and precise control of YAP/TAZ activity is thus important to ensure proper physiological regulation and homeostasis of the cells. Here, we show that YAP/TAZ activation results in activation of their negative regulators, LATS1/2 (large tumor suppressor 1/2) kinases, to constitute a negative feedback loop of the Hippo pathway in both cultured cells and mouse tissues. YAP/TAZ in complex with the transcription factor TEAD (TEA domain family member) directly induce LATS2 expression. Furthermore, YAP/TAZ also stimulate the kinase activity of LATS1/2 through inducing NF2 (neurofibromin 2). This feedback regulation is responsible for the transient activation of YAP upon lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) stimulation and the inhibition of YAP-induced cell migration. Thus, this LATS-mediated feedback loop provides an efficient mechanism to establish the robustness and homeostasis of YAP/TAZ regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Baodong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Zhipeng Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Steven W Plouffe
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Koji Taniguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Fa-Xing Yu
- Children's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA; Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Duojia Pan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Di Cara F, Maile TM, Parsons BD, Magico A, Basu S, Tapon N, King-Jones K. The Hippo pathway promotes cell survival in response to chemical stress. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1526-39. [PMID: 26021298 PMCID: PMC4532776 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular stress defense mechanisms have evolved to maintain homeostasis in response to a broad variety of environmental challenges. Stress signaling pathways activate multiple cellular programs that range from the activation of survival pathways to the initiation of cell death when cells are damaged beyond repair. To identify novel players acting in stress response pathways, we conducted a cell culture RNA interference (RNAi) screen using caffeine as a xenobiotic stress-inducing agent, as this compound is a well-established inducer of detoxification response pathways. Specifically, we examined how caffeine affects cell survival when Drosophila kinases and phosphatases were depleted via RNAi. Using this approach, we identified and validated 10 kinases and 4 phosphatases that are essential for cell survival under caffeine-induced stress both in cell culture and living flies. Remarkably, our screen yielded an enrichment of Hippo pathway components, indicating that this pathway regulates cellular stress responses. Indeed, we show that the Hippo pathway acts as a potent repressor of stress-induced cell death. Further, we demonstrate that Hippo activation is necessary to inhibit a pro-apoptotic program triggered by the interaction of the transcriptional co-activator Yki with the transcription factor p53 in response to a range of stress stimuli. Our in vitro and in vivo loss-of-function data therefore implicate Hippo signaling in the transduction of cellular survival signals in response to chemical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Di Cara
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical Sciences Building, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Alberta, Canada
| | - T M Maile
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B D Parsons
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 6-020 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada
| | - A Magico
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2H7, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Basu
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - N Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - K King-Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, G-504 Biological Sciences Bldg, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Alberta, Canada
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Gotoh H, Hust JA, Miura T, Niimi T, Emlen DJ, Lavine LC. The Fat/Hippo signaling pathway links within-disc morphogen patterning to whole-animal signals during phenotypically plastic growth in insects. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1039-1045. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Gotoh
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya Japan
| | - James A. Hust
- Department of Entomology; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
| | - Toru Miura
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University; Chikusa Nagoya Japan
| | - Douglas J. Emlen
- Division of Biological Sciences; University of Montana-Missoula; Montana
| | - Laura C. Lavine
- Department of Entomology; Washington State University; Pullman Washington
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67
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Hansen CG, Moroishi T, Guan KL. YAP and TAZ: a nexus for Hippo signaling and beyond. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:499-513. [PMID: 26045258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a potent regulator of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. Here we review the regulatory mechanisms of the Hippo pathway and discuss the function of Yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding domain (TAZ), the prime mediators of the Hippo pathway, in stem cell biology and tissue regeneration. We highlight their activities in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm and discuss their role as a signaling nexus and integrator of several other prominent signaling pathways such as the Wnt, G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), epidermal growth factor (EGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and Notch pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Gram Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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68
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Wittkorn E, Sarkar A, Garcia K, Kango-Singh M, Singh A. The Hippo pathway effector Yki downregulates Wg signaling to promote retinal differentiation in the Drosophila eye. Development 2015; 142:2002-13. [PMID: 25977365 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Hippo signaling pathway is known to regulate cell proliferation and maintain tissue homeostasis during development. We found that activation of Yorkie (Yki), the effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, causes separable effects on growth and differentiation of the Drosophila eye. We present evidence supporting a role for Yki in suppressing eye fate by downregulation of the core retinal determination genes. Other upstream regulators of the Hippo pathway mediate this effect of Yki on retinal differentiation. Here, we show that, in the developing eye, Yki can prevent retinal differentiation by blocking morphogenetic furrow (MF) progression and R8 specification. The inhibition of MF progression is due to ectopic induction of Wingless (Wg) signaling and Homothorax (Hth), the negative regulators of eye development. Modulating Wg signaling can modify Yki-mediated suppression of eye fate. Furthermore, ectopic Hth induction due to Yki activation in the eye is dependent on Wg. Last, using Cut (Ct), a marker for the antennal fate, we show that suppression of eye fate by hyperactivation of yki does not change the cell fate (from eye to antenna-specific fate). In summary, we provide the genetic mechanism by which yki plays a role in cell fate specification and differentiation - a novel aspect of Yki function that is emerging from multiple model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Wittkorn
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Ankita Sarkar
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Kristine Garcia
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
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69
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Mo JS, Meng Z, Kim YC, Park HW, Hansen CG, Kim S, Lim DS, Guan KL. Cellular energy stress induces AMPK-mediated regulation of YAP and the Hippo pathway. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:500-10. [PMID: 25751140 PMCID: PMC4380774 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
YAP (Yes-associated protein) is a transcription co-activator in the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway and controls cell growth, tissue homeostasis, and organ size. YAP is inhibited by the kinase Lats, which phosphorylates YAP to induce its cytoplasmic localization and proteasomal degradation. YAP induces gene expression by binding to the TEAD family transcription factors. Dysregulation of the Hippo-YAP pathway is frequently observed in human cancers. Here we show that cellular energy stress induces YAP phosphorylation, in part due to AMPK-dependent Lats activation, thereby inhibiting YAP activity. Moreover, AMPK directly phosphorylates YAP S94, a residue essential for the interaction with TEAD, thus disrupting the YAP-TEAD interaction. AMPK-induced YAP inhibition can suppress oncogenic transformation of Lats-null cells with high YAP activity. Our study establishes a molecular mechanism and functional significance of AMPK in linking cellular energy status to the Hippo-YAP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Soon Mo
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Zhipeng Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Young Chul Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Veterans Medical Research Foundation, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., San Diego, California 92161, USA
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Carsten Gram Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Dae-Sik Lim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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70
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Bae SJ, Kim M, Kim SH, Kwon YE, Lee JH, Kim J, Chung CH, Lee WJ, Seol JH. NEDD4 controls intestinal stem cell homeostasis by regulating the Hippo signalling pathway. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6314. [PMID: 25692647 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway plays crucial roles in regulating organ size and stem cell homeostasis. Although the signalling cascade of the core Hippo kinases is relatively well understood, little is known about the mechanisms that modulate the activity of the Hippo pathway. Here, we report identification of NEDD4, a HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a regulatory component of the Hippo pathway. We demonstrate that NEDD4 ubiquitylates and destabilizes WW45 and LATS kinase, both of which are required for active Hippo signalling. Interestingly, MST1 protects WW45, but not LATS2, against NEDD4. We also provide evidence indicating that NEDD4 inactivation at high cell density is a prerequisite for the elevated Hippo activity linked to contact inhibition. Moreover, NEDD4 promotes intestinal stem cell renewal in Drosophila by suppressing Hippo signalling. Collectively, we present a regulatory mechanism by which NEDD4 controls the Hippo pathway leading to coordinated cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jun Bae
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Myungjin Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Young Eun Kwon
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jaesang Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Chin Ha Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Won-Jae Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jae Hong Seol
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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71
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Ruiz-Romero M, Blanco E, Paricio N, Serras F, Corominas M. Cabut/dTIEG associates with the transcription factor Yorkie for growth control. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:362-9. [PMID: 25572844 PMCID: PMC4364875 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila transcription factor Cabut/dTIEG (Cbt) is a growth regulator, whose expression is modulated by different stimuli. Here, we determine Cbt association with chromatin and identify Yorkie (Yki), the transcriptional co-activator of the Hippo (Hpo) pathway as its partner. Cbt and Yki co-localize on common gene promoters, and the expression of target genes varies according to changes in Cbt levels. Down-regulation of Cbt suppresses the overgrowth phenotypes caused by mutations in expanded (ex) and yki overexpression, whereas its up-regulation promotes cell proliferation. Our results imply that Cbt is a novel partner of Yki that is required as a transcriptional co-activator in growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ruiz-Romero
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB) de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Blanco
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB) de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Paricio
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Florenci Serras
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB) de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Corominas
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB) de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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72
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Kwon HJ, Waghmare I, Verghese S, Singh A, Singh A, Kango-Singh M. Drosophila C-terminal Src kinase regulates growth via the Hippo signaling pathway. Dev Biol 2014; 397:67-76. [PMID: 25446534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is involved in regulating tissue size by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. Aberrant Hippo pathway function is often detected in human cancers and correlates with poor prognosis. The Drosophila C-terminal Src kinase (d-Csk) is a genetic modifier of warts (wts), a tumor-suppressor gene in the Hippo pathway, and interacts with the Src oncogene. Reduction in d-Csk expression and the consequent activation of Src are frequently seen in several cancers including hepatocellular and colorectal tumors. Previous studies show that d-Csk regulates cell proliferation and tissue size during development. Given the similarity in the loss-of-function phenotypes of d-Csk and wts, we have investigated the interactions of d-Csk with the Hippo pathway. Here we present multiple lines of evidence suggesting that d-Csk regulates growth via the Hippo signaling pathway. We show that loss of dCsk caused increased Yki activity, and our genetic epistasis places dCsk downstream of Dachs. Furthermore, dCsk requires Yki for its growth regulatory functions, suggesting that dCsk is another upstream member of the network of genes that interact to regulate Wts and its effector Yki in the Hippo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey J Kwon
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | | | - Shilpi Verghese
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Aditi Singh
- Centerville High School, Centerville, OH 45459, USA
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Premedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; Premedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA.
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73
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Hu L, Huang H, Li J, Yin MX, Lu Y, Wu W, Zeng R, Jiang J, Zhao Y, Zhang L. Drosophila casein kinase 2 (CK2) promotes warts protein to suppress Yorkie protein activity for growth control. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33598-607. [PMID: 25320084 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.580456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Hippo signaling regulates Wts activity to phosphorylate and inhibit Yki in order to control tissue growth. CK2 is widely expressed and involved in a variety of signaling pathways. In this study we report that Drosophila CK2 promotes Wts activity to phosphorylate and inhibit Yki activity, which is independent of Hpo-induced Wts promotion. In vivo, CK2 overexpression suppresses hpo mutant-induced expanded (Ex) up-regulation and overgrowth phenotype, whereas it cannot affect wts mutant. Consistent with this, knockdown of CK2 up-regulates Hpo pathway target expression. We also found that Drosophila CK2 is essential for tissue growth as a cell death inhibitor as knockdown of CK2 in the developing disc induces severe growth defects as well as caspase3 signals. Taken together, our results uncover a dual role of CK2; although its major role is promoting cell survive, it may potentially be a growth inhibitor as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxin Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | | | - Jinhui Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | - Meng-Xin Yin
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | - Yi Lu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | - Wenqing Wu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | - Rong Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China and
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Yun Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
| | - Lei Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and
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74
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Cytoskeletal tension inhibits Hippo signaling through an Ajuba-Warts complex. Cell 2014; 158:143-156. [PMID: 24995985 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces have been proposed to modulate organ growth, but a molecular mechanism that links them to growth regulation in vivo has been lacking. We report that increasing tension within the cytoskeleton increases Drosophila wing growth, whereas decreasing cytoskeletal tension decreases wing growth. These changes in growth can be accounted for by changes in the activity of Yorkie, a transcription factor regulated by the Hippo pathway. The influence of myosin activity on Yorkie depends genetically on the Ajuba LIM protein Jub, a negative regulator of Warts within the Hippo pathway. We further show that Jub associates with α-catenin and that its localization to adherens junctions and association with α-catenin are promoted by cytoskeletal tension. Jub recruits Warts to junctions in a tension-dependent manner. Our observations delineate a mechanism that links cytoskeletal tension to regulation of Hippo pathway activity, providing a molecular understanding of how mechanical forces can modulate organ growth.
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75
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The Hippo pathway controls border cell migration through distinct mechanisms in outer border cells and polar cells of the Drosophila ovary. Genetics 2014; 198:1087-99. [PMID: 25161211 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.167346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a key signaling cascade in controlling organ size. The core components of this pathway are two kinases, Hippo (Hpo) and Warts (Wts), and a transcriptional coactivator, Yorkie (Yki). Yes-associated protein (YAP, a Yki homolog in mammals) promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell migration in vitro. Here, we use border cells in the Drosophila ovary as a model to study Hippo pathway functions in cell migration in vivo. During oogenesis, polar cells secrete Unpaired (Upd), which activates JAK/STAT signaling of neighboring cells and specifies them into outer border cells. The outer border cells form a cluster with polar cells and undergo migration. We find that hpo and wts are required for migration of the border cell cluster. In outer border cells, overexpression of hpo disrupts polarization of the actin cytoskeleton and attenuates migration. In polar cells, knockdown of hpo and wts or overexpression of yki impairs border cell induction and disrupts migration. These manipulations in polar cells reduce JAK/STAT activity in outer border cells. Expression of upd-lacZ is increased and decreased in yki and hpo mutant polar cells, respectively. Furthermore, forced expression of upd in polar cells rescues defects of border cell induction and migration caused by wts knockdown. These results suggest that Yki negatively regulates border cell induction by inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling. Together, our data elucidate two distinct mechanisms of the Hippo pathway in controlling border cell migration: (1) in outer border cells, it regulates polarized distribution of the actin cytoskeleton; (2) in polar cells, it regulates upd expression to control border cell induction and migration.
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76
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Codelia VA, Sun G, Irvine KD. Regulation of YAP by mechanical strain through Jnk and Hippo signaling. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2012-7. [PMID: 25127217 PMCID: PMC4160395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces affect all the tissues of our bodies. Experiments conducted mainly on cultured cells have established that altering these forces influences cell behaviors, including migration, differentiation, apoptosis, and proliferation [1, 2]. The transcriptional coactivator YAP has been identified as a nuclear relay of mechanical signals, but the molecular mechanisms that lead to YAP activation were not identified [3]. YAP is the main transcriptional effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, a major growth regulatory pathway within metazoa [4], but at least in some instances, the influence of mechanical strain on YAP was reported to be independent of Hippo signaling [5, 6]. Here, we identify a molecular pathway that can promote the proliferation of cultured mammary epithelial cells in response to cyclic or static stretch. These mechanical stimuli are associated with increased activity of the transcriptional coactivator YAP, which is due at least in part to inhibition of Hippo pathway activity. Much of this influence on Hippo signaling can be accounted for by the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity by mechanical strain and subsequent inhibition of Hippo signaling by JNK. LATS1 is a key negative regulator of YAP within the Hippo pathway, and we further show that cyclic stretch is associated with a JNK-dependent increase in binding of a LATS inhibitor, LIMD1, to the LATS1 kinase and that reduction of LIMD1 expression suppresses the activation of YAP by cyclic stretch. Together, these observations establish a pathway for mechanical regulation of cell proliferation via JNK-mediated inhibition of Hippo signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica A Codelia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Gongping Sun
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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77
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Barron DA, Kagey JD. The role of the Hippo pathway in human disease and tumorigenesis. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:25. [PMID: 25097728 PMCID: PMC4112623 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-3-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular nature of human cancer is essential to the development of effective and personalized therapies. Several different molecular signal transduction pathways drive tumorigenesis when deregulated and respond to different types of therapeutic interventions. The Hippo signaling pathway has been demonstrated to play a central role in the regulation of tissue and organ size during development. The deregulation of Hippo signaling leads to a concurrent combination of uncontrolled cellular proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis, two key hallmarks in cancer development. The molecular nature of this pathway was first uncovered in Drosophila melanogaster through genetic screens to identify regulators of cell growth and cell division. The pathway is strongly conserved in humans, rendering Drosophila a suitable and efficient model system to better understand the molecular nature of this pathway. In the present study, we review the current understanding of the molecular mechanism and clinical impact of the Hippo pathway. Current studies have demonstrated that a variety of deregulated molecules can alter Hippo signaling, leading to the constitutive activation of the transcriptional activator YAP or its paralog TAZ. Additionally, the Hippo pathway integrates inputs from a number of growth signaling pathways, positioning the Hippo pathway in a central role in the regulation of tissue size. Importantly, deregulated Hippo signaling is frequently observed in human cancers. YAP is commonly activated in a number of in vitro and in vivo models of tumorigenesis, as well as a number of human cancers. The common activation of YAP in many different tumor types provides an attractive target for potential therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Barron
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacob D Kagey
- Department of Biology, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, Detroit, MI, USA
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78
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Robbins RM, Gbur SC, Beitel GJ. Non-canonical roles for Yorkie and Drosophila Inhibitor of Apoptosis 1 in epithelial tube size control. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101609. [PMID: 25036253 PMCID: PMC4103782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise control of epithelial tube size is critical for organ function, yet the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we examine the roles of cell growth and a highly conserved organ growth regulatory pathway in controlling the dimensions of the Drosophila tracheal (airway) system, a well-characterized system for investigating epithelial tube morphogenesis. We find that tracheal tube-size is regulated in unexpected ways by the transcription factor Yorkie (Yki, homolog of mammalian YAP and TAZ) and the Salvador/Warts/Hippo (SWH) kinase pathway. Yki activity typically promotes cell division, inhibits apoptosis, and can promote cell growth. However, reducing Yki activity in developing embryos increases rather than decreases the length of the major tracheal tubes, the dorsal trunks (DTs). Similarly, reduction of Hippo pathway activity, which antagonizes Yki, shortens tracheal DTs. yki mutations do not alter DT cell volume or cell number, indicating that Yki and the Hippo pathway regulate cell shape and apical surface area, but not volume. Yki does not appear to act through known tracheal pathways of apical extracellular matrix, septate junctions (SJs), basolateral or tubular polarity. Instead, the Hippo pathway and Yki appear to act downstream or in parallel to SJs because a double mutant combination of an upstream Hippo pathway activator, kibra, and the SJ component sinu have the short tracheal phenotype of a kibra mutant. We demonstrate that the critical target of Yki in tube size control is Drosophila Inhibitor of Apoptosis 1 (DIAP1), which in turn antagonizes the Drosophila effector caspase, Ice. Strikingly, there is no change in tracheal cell number in DIAP1 or Ice mutants, thus epithelial tube size regulation defines new non-apoptotic roles for Yki, DIAP1 and Ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée M. Robbins
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Samantha C. Gbur
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Greg J. Beitel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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79
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Oh H, Slattery M, Ma L, White KP, Mann RS, Irvine KD. Yorkie promotes transcription by recruiting a histone methyltransferase complex. Cell Rep 2014; 8:449-59. [PMID: 25017066 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo signaling limits organ growth by inhibiting the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie. Despite the key role of Yorkie in both normal and oncogenic growth, the mechanism by which it activates transcription has not been defined. We report that Yorkie binding to chromatin correlates with histone H3K4 methylation and is sufficient to locally increase it. We show that Yorkie can recruit a histone methyltransferase complex through binding between WW domains of Yorkie and PPxY sequence motifs of NcoA6, a subunit of the Trithorax-related (Trr) methyltransferase complex. Cell culture and in vivo assays establish that this recruitment of NcoA6 contributes to Yorkie's ability to activate transcription. Mammalian NcoA6, a subunit of Trr-homologous methyltransferase complexes, can similarly interact with Yorkie's mammalian homolog YAP. Our results implicate direct recruitment of a histone methyltransferase complex as central to transcriptional activation by Yorkie, linking the control of cell proliferation by Hippo signaling to chromatin modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyangyee Oh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Matthew Slattery
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, HHSC 1104, New York, NY 10032, USA; Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology and Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, KCBD 10115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lijia Ma
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology and Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, KCBD 10115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kevin P White
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology and Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, KCBD 10115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard S Mann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, HHSC 1104, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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80
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Ikmi A, Gaertner B, Seidel C, Srivastava M, Zeitlinger J, Gibson MC. Molecular evolution of the Yap/Yorkie proto-oncogene and elucidation of its core transcriptional program. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:1375-90. [PMID: 24509725 PMCID: PMC4032125 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout Metazoa, developmental processes are controlled by a surprisingly limited number of conserved signaling pathways. Precisely how these signaling cassettes were assembled in early animal evolution remains poorly understood, as do the molecular transitions that potentiated the acquisition of their myriad developmental functions. Here we analyze the molecular evolution of the proto-oncogene yes-associated protein (Yap)/Yorkie, a key effector of the Hippo signaling pathway that controls organ size in both Drosophila and mammals. Based on heterologous functional analysis of evolutionarily distant Yap/Yorkie orthologs, we demonstrate that a structurally distinct interaction interface between Yap/Yorkie and its partner TEAD/Scalloped became fixed in the eumetazoan common ancestor. We then combine transcriptional profiling of tissues expressing phylogenetically diverse forms of Yap/Yorkie with ChIP-seq validation to identify a common downstream gene expression program underlying the control of tissue growth in Drosophila. Intriguingly, a subset of the newly identified Yorkie target genes are also induced by Yap in mammalian tissues, thus revealing a conserved Yap-dependent gene expression signature likely to mediate organ size control throughout bilaterian animals. Combined, these experiments provide new mechanistic insights while revealing the ancient evolutionary history of Hippo signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aissam Ikmi
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | | | - Julia Zeitlinger
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MODepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS
| | - Matthew C Gibson
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MODepartment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS
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81
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D'Eustachio P. Pathway databases: making chemical and biological sense of the genomic data flood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:629-35. [PMID: 23706629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pathway databases are a means to systematically associate proteins with their functions and link them into networks that describe the reaction space of an organism. Here, the Reactome Knowledgebase provides a convenient example to illustrate strategies used to assemble such a reaction space based on manually curated experimental data, approaches to semiautomated extension of these manual annotations to infer annotations for a large fraction of a species' proteins, and the use of networks of functional annotations to infer pathway relationships among variant proteins that have been associated with disease risk through genome-wide surveys and resequencing studies of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D'Eustachio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, MSB 390, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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82
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Zhang YH, Li B, Shen L, Shen Y, Chen XD. The role and clinical significance of YES-associated protein 1 in human osteosarcoma. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2013; 26:157-67. [PMID: 23527718 DOI: 10.1177/039463201302600115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is an oncogene that plays multiple roles in the tumorigenesis and progression of many malignances. The present study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of YAP1 expression in human osteosarcoma (OS) and explore the molecular mechanisms of YAP1 activity in OS MG-63 cells. The expression of YAP1 was assessed by immunohistochemical assay using a tissue microarray procedure. A loss-of-function approach was used to investigate the effects of small hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of YAP1 on the expression of RUNX2, CyclinD1, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as well as the proliferative activities and invasive potential in OS MG-63 cells (evaluated by MTT and Transwell assays, respectively). The expression of YAP1 protein in OS tissues was significantly higher than that in ANCT, and was closely associated with gender (P = 0.013) and Enneking staging (P = 0.035), but it did not correlate with age, tumor location, or distant metastases of OS patients (P greater than 0.05, each). Knockdown of YAP1 resulted in downregulation of the expression of RUNX2, CyclinD1, and MMP-9 and inhibited the proliferation and invasion of MG-63 cells. Our findings suggest that YAP1 is highly expressed in OS tissues, and increased expression of this molecule is correlated with the gender and Enneking staging of osteosarcoma patients. Knockdown of YAP1 may inhibit the proliferation and invasion of OS cells through downregulation of the RUNX2 pathway, thereby representing a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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83
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Lucas EP, Khanal I, Gaspar P, Fletcher GC, Polesello C, Tapon N, Thompson BJ. The Hippo pathway polarizes the actin cytoskeleton during collective migration of Drosophila border cells. J Cell Biol 2013; 201:875-85. [PMID: 23733343 PMCID: PMC3678158 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201210073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective migration of Drosophila border cells depends on a dynamic actin cytoskeleton that is highly polarized such that it concentrates around the outer rim of the migrating cluster of cells. How the actin cytoskeleton becomes polarized in these cells to enable collective movement remains unknown. Here we show that the Hippo signaling pathway links determinants of cell polarity to polarization of the actin cytoskeleton in border cells. Upstream Hippo pathway components localize to contacts between border cells inside the cluster and signal through the Hippo and Warts kinases to polarize actin and promote border cell migration. Phosphorylation of the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie (Yki)/YAP by Warts does not mediate the function of this pathway in promoting border cell migration, but rather provides negative feedback to limit the speed of migration. Instead, Warts phosphorylates and inhibits the actin regulator Ena to activate F-actin Capping protein activity on inner membranes and thereby restricts F-actin polymerization mainly to the outer rim of the migrating cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana P. Lucas
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, and Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Ichha Khanal
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, and Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Pedro Gaspar
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, and Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Georgina C. Fletcher
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, and Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Cedric Polesello
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, and Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, and Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Barry J. Thompson
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, and Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
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84
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Sadeqzadeh E, de Bock CE, Thorne RF. Sleeping giants: emerging roles for the fat cadherins in health and disease. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:190-221. [PMID: 23720094 DOI: 10.1002/med.21286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate Fat cadherins comprise a small gene family of four members, Fat1-Fat4, all closely related in structure to Drosophila ft and ft2. Over the past decade, knock-out mouse studies, genetic manipulation, and large sequencing projects has aided our understanding of the function of vertebrate Fat cadherins in tissue development and disease. The majority of studies of this family have focused on Fat1, with evidence now showing it can bind enable (ENA)/Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), β-catenin and Atrophin proteins to influence cell polarity and motility; HOMER-1 and HOMER-3 proteins to regulate actin accumulation in neuronal synapses; and scribble to influence the Hippo signaling pathway. Fat2 and Fat3 can regulate cell migration in a tissue specific manner and Fat4 appears to influence both planar cell polarity and Hippo signaling recapitulating the activity of Drosophila ft. Knowledge about the exact downstream signaling pathways activated by each family member remains in its infancy, but it is becoming clearer that they have tissue specific and redundant roles in development and may be lost or gained in cancer. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on understanding the role of the Fat cadherin family, integrating the current knowledge of molecular interactions and tissue distributions, together with the accumulating evidence of their changed expression in human disease. The latter is now beginning to promote interest in these molecules as both biomarkers and new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sadeqzadeh
- Cancer Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
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85
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Histone acetylation-mediated regulation of the Hippo pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62478. [PMID: 23671600 PMCID: PMC3646011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a signaling cascade recently found to play a key role in tumorigenesis therefore understanding the mechanisms that regulate it should open new opportunities for cancer treatment. Available data indicate that this pathway is controlled by signals from cell-cell junctions however the potential role of nuclear regulation has not yet been described. Here we set out to verify this possibility and define putative mechanism(s) by which it might occur. By using a luciferase reporter of the Hippo pathway, we measured the effects of different nuclear targeting drugs and found that chromatin-modifying agents, and to a lesser extent certain DNA damaging drugs, strongly induced activity of the reporter. This effect was not mediated by upstream core components (i.e. Mst, Lats) of the Hippo pathway, but through enhanced levels of the Hippo transducer TAZ. Investigation of the underlying mechanism led to the finding that cancer cell exposure to histone deacetylase inhibitors induced secretion of growth factors and cytokines, which in turn activate Akt and inhibit the GSK3 beta associated protein degradation complex in drug-affected as well as in their neighboring cells. Consequently, expression of EMT genes, cell migration and resistance to therapy were induced. These processes were suppressed by using pyrvinium, a recently described small molecule activator of the GSK 3 beta associated degradation complex. Overall, these findings shed light on a previously unrecognized phenomenon by which certain anti-cancer agents may paradoxically promote tumor progression by facilitating stabilization of the Hippo transducer TAZ and inducing cancer cell migration and resistance to therapy. Pharmacological targeting of the GSK3 beta associated degradation complex may thus represent a unique approach to treat cancer.
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86
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Iwasa H, Maimaiti S, Kuroyanagi H, Kawano S, Inami K, Timalsina S, Ikeda M, Nakagawa K, Hata Y. Yes-associated protein homolog, YAP-1, is involved in the thermotolerance and aging in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:931-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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87
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Marcinkevicius E, Zallen JA. Regulation of cytoskeletal organization and junctional remodeling by the atypical cadherin Fat. Development 2013; 140:433-43. [PMID: 23250217 DOI: 10.1242/dev.083949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The atypical cadherin Fat is a conserved regulator of planar cell polarity, but the mechanisms by which Fat controls cell shape and tissue structure are not well understood. Here, we show that Fat is required for the planar polarized organization of actin denticle precursors, adherens junction proteins and microtubules in the epidermis of the late Drosophila embryo. In wild-type embryos, spatially regulated cell-shape changes and rearrangements organize cells into highly aligned columns. Junctional remodeling is suppressed at dorsal and ventral cell boundaries, where adherens junction proteins accumulate. By contrast, adherens junction proteins fail to accumulate to the wild-type extent and all cell boundaries are equally engaged in junctional remodeling in fat mutants. The effects of loss of Fat on cell shape and junctional localization, but not its role in denticle organization, are recapitulated by mutations in Expanded, an upstream regulator of the conserved Hippo pathway, and mutations in Hippo and Warts, two kinases in the Hippo kinase cascade. However, the cell shape and planar polarity defects in fat mutants are not suppressed by removing the transcriptional co-activator Yorkie, suggesting that these roles of Fat are independent of Yorkie-mediated transcription. The effects of Fat on cell shape, junctional remodeling and microtubule localization are recapitulated by expression of activated Notch. These results demonstrate that cell shape, junctional localization and cytoskeletal planar polarity in the Drosophila embryo are regulated by a common signal provided by the atypical cadherin Fat and suggest that Fat influences tissue organization through its role in polarized junctional remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Marcinkevicius
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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88
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Oh H, Slattery M, Ma L, Crofts A, White KP, Mann RS, Irvine KD. Genome-wide association of Yorkie with chromatin and chromatin-remodeling complexes. Cell Rep 2013; 3:309-18. [PMID: 23395637 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway regulates growth through the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie, but how Yorkie promotes transcription remains poorly understood. We address this by characterizing Yorkie's association with chromatin and by identifying nuclear partners that effect transcriptional activation. Coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry identify GAGA factor (GAF), the Brahma complex, and the Mediator complex as Yorkie-associated nuclear protein complexes. All three are required for Yorkie's transcriptional activation of downstream genes, and GAF and the Brahma complex subunit Moira interact directly with Yorkie. Genome-wide chromatin-binding experiments identify thousands of Yorkie sites, most of which are associated with elevated transcription, based on genome-wide analysis of messenger RNA and histone H3K4Me3 modification. Chromatin binding also supports extensive functional overlap between Yorkie and GAF. Our studies suggest a widespread role for Yorkie as a regulator of transcription and identify recruitment of the chromatin-modifying GAF protein and BRM complex as a molecular mechanism for transcriptional activation by Yorkie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyangyee Oh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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89
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Zhang J, Xu ZP, Yang YC, Zhu JS, Zhou Z, Chen WX. Expression of Yes-associated protein in gastric adenocarcinoma and inhibitory effects of its knockdown on gastric cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 25:583-90. [PMID: 23058008 DOI: 10.1177/039463201202500304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) has been implicated as an oncogene in multiple human cancers. In the present study, human gastric adenocarcinoma tissues of different grades (N=78) were collected and the mRNA and protein expression of YAP and phosphorylated YAP (p-YAP) in gastric adenocarcinomas were evaluated using immunohistochemistry, Real-time PCR and Western blot assays. Then, human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells were stably transfected with lentivirus-mediated YAP small hairpin RNA (shRNA). The expression levels of YAP, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) were detected and the effects of shRNA-mediated knockdown of YAP on cell proliferation and metastasis were assessed in gastric cancer cells. As a result, the expression of YAP was observed in 69.23 percent gastric adenocarcinoma tissues, elevating with the ascending order of tumor malignancy. Knockdown of YAP could down-regulated the expression of PCNA and MMP-2, and inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, YAP is strongly expressed in gastric adenocarcinomas, and knockdown of YAP may inhibit gastric cancer cell proliferation and metastasis through down-regulation of PCNA and MMP-2 expression, suggesting that YAP represents an important therapeutic target in human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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90
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Verghese S, Waghmare I, Kwon H, Hanes K, Kango-Singh M. Scribble acts in the Drosophila fat-hippo pathway to regulate warts activity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47173. [PMID: 23144804 PMCID: PMC3489842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are the major cell-type for all organs in multicellular organisms. In order to achieve correct organ size, epithelial tissues need mechanisms that limit their proliferation, and protect tissues from damage caused by defective epithelial cells. Recently, the Hippo signaling pathway has emerged as a major mechanism that orchestrates epithelial development. Hippo signaling is required for cells to stop proliferation as in the absence of Hippo signaling tissues continue to proliferate and produce overgrown organs or tumors. Studies in Drosophila have led the way in providing a framework for how Hippo alters the pattern of gene transcription in target cells, leading to changes in cell proliferation, survival, and other behaviors. Scribble (Scrib) belongs to a class of neoplastic tumor suppressor genes that are required to establish apical-basal cell polarity. The disruption of apical-basal polarity leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation of epithelial cells. The interaction of apical basal polarity genes with the Hippo pathway has been an area of intense investigation. Loss of scrib has been known to affect Hippo pathway targets, however, its functions in the Hippo pathway still remain largely unknown. We investigated the interactions of Scrib with the Hippo pathway. We present data suggesting that Drosophila scrib acts downstream of the Fat (Ft) receptor, and requires Hippo signaling for its growth regulatory functions. We show that Ft requires Scrib to interact with Expanded (Ex) and Dachs (D), and for regulating Warts (Wts) levels and stability, thus placing Scrib in the Hippo pathway network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Verghese
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Indrayani Waghmare
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hailey Kwon
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Katelin Hanes
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Pre-Medical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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91
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Cui ZL, Han FF, Peng XH, Chen X, Luan CY, Han RC, Xu WG, Guo XJ. Yes-Associated Protein 1 Promotes Adenocarcinoma Growth and Metastasis through Activation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Axl. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2012; 25:989-1001. [PMID: 23298489 DOI: 10.1177/039463201202500416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), a nuclear effector of the Hippo pathway, plays an important role in tumorigenesis and progression of multiple cancers. The present study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of YAP1 and receptor tyrosine kinase Axl expression in human lung adenocarcinomas (LAC). We further explored possible molecular mechanisms mediated by YAP1 in LAC and gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) cells. Forty-nine cases of human LAC and normal lung tissue (NLT) were collected. The expression of YAP1 and Axl was assessed by immunohistochemical assay through tissue microarray procedure and the clinicopathologic characteristics of all patients were analyzed. Using a loss of function approach, we investigated the effects of small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of YAP1 on the expression of Axl, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and the proliferative activities and invasive potential in LAC A549 and GAC SGC-7901 cell lines. As a result, the expression of YAP1 and Axl was found in LAC tissues with higher strong reactivity rate compared to the NLT (87.8% vs.60.8%, p=0.000;77.6% vs 0.0%, P=0.000), but they did not associate with the age, gender, tumor size, TNM staging or lymph node metastases of LAC patients (each p>0.05). Spearman rank correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between YAP1 and Axl expression. Furthermore, knockdown of YAP in vitro markedly down-regulated the expression of Axl, PCNA and MMP-9, and inhibited the proliferation and invasion of LAC and GAC cells. Taken together, YAP1 and Axl are highly expressed in LAC compared to the NLT, and knockdown of YAP1 may inhibit the proliferation and invasion of adenocarcinoma cells through downregulation of the Axl pathway, representing a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-L. Cui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, XinHua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - F-F. Han
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, XinHua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - X-H. Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, XinHua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - X. Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, XinHua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - C-Y. Luan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, XinHua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - R-C. Han
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, XinHua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - W-G. Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, XinHua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - X-J. Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, XinHua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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92
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran F Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
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93
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Li W, Cooper J, Karajannis MA, Giancotti FG. Merlin: a tumour suppressor with functions at the cell cortex and in the nucleus. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:204-15. [PMID: 22482125 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of proliferation by cell-to-cell contact is essential for tissue organization, and its disruption contributes to tumorigenesis. The FERM domain protein Merlin, encoded by the NF2 tumour suppressor gene, is an important mediator of contact inhibition. Merlin was thought to inhibit mitogenic signalling and activate the Hippo pathway by interacting with diverse target-effectors at or near the plasma membrane. However, recent studies highlight that Merlin pleiotropically affects signalling by migrating into the nucleus and inducing a growth-suppressive programme of gene expression through its direct inhibition of the CRL4DCAF1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. In addition, Merlin promotes the establishment of epithelial adhesion and polarity by recruiting Par3 and aPKC to E-cadherin-dependent junctions, and by ensuring the assembly of tight junctions. These recent advances suggest that Merlin acts at the cell cortex and in the nucleus in a similar, albeit antithetic, manner to the oncogene β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan–Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 216, New York, New York 10065, USA
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94
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Ye X, Deng Y, Lai ZC. Akt is negatively regulated by Hippo signaling for growth inhibition in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2012; 369:115-23. [PMID: 22732571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Tissue growth is achieved through coordinated cellular growth, cell division and apoptosis. Hippo signaling is critical for monitoring tissue growth during animal development. Loss of Hippo signaling leads to tissue overgrowth due to continuous cell proliferation and block of apoptosis. As cells lacking Hippo signaling are similar in size compared to normal cells, cellular growth must be properly maintained in Hippo signaling-deficient cells. However, it is not clear how Hippo signaling might regulate cellular growth. Here we show that loss of Hippo signaling increased Akt (also called Protein Kinase B, PKB) expression and activity, whereas activation of Hippo signaling reduced Akt expression in developing tissues in Drosophila. While yorkie (yki) is sufficient to increase Akt expression, Akt up-regulation caused by the loss of Hippo signaling is strongly dependent on yki, indicating that Hippo signaling negatively regulates Akt expression through Yki inhibition. Consistently, genetic analysis revealed that Akt plays a critical role in facilitating growth of Hippo signaling-defective tissues. Thus, Hippo signaling not only blocks cell division and promotes apoptosis, but also regulates cellular growth by inhibiting the Akt pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ye
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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95
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Graves HK, Woodfield SE, Yang CC, Halder G, Bergmann A. Notch signaling activates Yorkie non-cell autonomously in Drosophila. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37615. [PMID: 22679484 PMCID: PMC3367968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila imaginal epithelia, cells mutant for the endocytic neoplastic tumor suppressor gene vps25 stimulate nearby untransformed cells to express Drosophila Inhibitor-of-Apoptosis-Protein-1 (DIAP-1), conferring resistance to apoptosis non-cell autonomously. Here, we show that the non-cell autonomous induction of DIAP-1 is mediated by Yorkie, the conserved downstream effector of Hippo signaling. The non-cell autonomous induction of Yorkie is due to Notch signaling from vps25 mutant cells. Moreover, activated Notch in normal cells is sufficient to induce non-cell autonomous Yorkie activity in wing imaginal discs. Our data identify a novel mechanism by which Notch promotes cell survival non-cell autonomously and by which neoplastic tumor cells generate a supportive microenvironment for tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary K. Graves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Woodfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chih-Chao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Genes and Development, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Georg Halder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Genes and Development, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andreas Bergmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Genes and Development, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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96
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Abstract
The centrosome, which consists of two centrioles and the surrounding pericentriolar material, is the primary microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells. Like chromosomes, centrosomes duplicate once per cell cycle and defects that lead to abnormalities in the number of centrosomes result in genomic instability, a hallmark of most cancer cells. Increasing evidence suggests that the separation of the two centrioles (disengagement) is required for centrosome duplication. After centriole disengagement, a proteinaceous linker is established that still connects the two centrioles. In G2, this linker is resolved (centrosome separation), thereby allowing the centrosomes to separate and form the poles of the bipolar spindle. Recent work has identified new players that regulate these two processes and revealed unexpected mechanisms controlling the centrosome cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balca R Mardin
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Allianz, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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97
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Lin YT, Ding JY, Li MY, Yeh TS, Wang TW, Yu JY. YAP regulates neuronal differentiation through Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1877-88. [PMID: 22659622 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tight regulation of cell numbers by controlling cell proliferation and apoptosis is important during development. Recently, the Hippo pathway has been shown to regulate tissue growth and organ size in Drosophila. In mammalian cells, it also affects cell proliferation and differentiation in various tissues, including the nervous system. Interplay of several signaling cascades, such as Notch, Wnt, and Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathways, control cell proliferation during neuronal differentiation. However, it remains unclear whether the Hippo pathway coordinates with other signaling cascades in regulating neuronal differentiation. Here, we used P19 cells, a mouse embryonic carcinoma cell line, as a model to study roles of YAP, a core component of the Hippo pathway, in neuronal differentiation. P19 cells can be induced to differentiate into neurons by expressing a neural bHLH transcription factor gene Ascl1. Our results showed that YAP promoted cell proliferation and inhibited neuronal differentiation. Expression of Yap activated Shh but not Wnt or Notch signaling activity during neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, expression of Yap increased the expression of Patched homolog 1 (Ptch1), a downstream target of the Shh signaling. Knockdown of Gli2, a transcription factor of the Shh pathway, promoted neuronal differentiation even when Yap was over-expressed. We further demonstrated that over-expression of Yap inhibited neuronal differentiation in primary mouse cortical progenitors and Gli2 knockdown rescued the differentiation defect in Yap over-expressing cells. In conclusion, our study reveals that Shh signaling acts downstream of YAP in regulating neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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98
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Irvine KD. Integration of intercellular signaling through the Hippo pathway. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:812-7. [PMID: 22554983 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metazoan cells are exposed to a multitude of signals, which they integrate to determine appropriate developmental or physiological responses. Although the Hippo pathway was only discovered recently, and our knowledge of Hippo signal transduction is far from complete, a wealth of interconnections amongst Hippo and other signaling pathways have already been identified. Hippo signaling is particularly important for growth control, and I describe how integration of Hippo and other pathways contributes to regulation of organ growth. Molecular links between Hippo signaling and other signal transduction pathways are summarized. Different types of mechanisms for signal integration are described, and examples of how the complex interconnections between pathways are used to guide developmental and physiological growth responses are discussed. Features of Hippo signaling appear to make it particularly well suited to signal integration, including its responsiveness to cell-cell contact and the mediation of its transcriptional output by transcriptional co-activator proteins that can interact with transcription factors of other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Irvine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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99
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100
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Poon CLC, Lin JI, Zhang X, Harvey KF. The sterile 20-like kinase Tao-1 controls tissue growth by regulating the Salvador-Warts-Hippo pathway. Dev Cell 2012; 21:896-906. [PMID: 22075148 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Salvador-Warts-Hippo (SWH) pathway is a complex signaling network that controls both developmental and regenerative tissue growth. Using a genetic screen in Drosophila melanogaster, we identified the sterile 20-like kinase, Tao-1, as an SWH pathway member. Tao-1 controls various biological phenomena, including microtubule dynamics, animal behavior, and brain development. Here we describe a role for Tao-1 as a regulator of epithelial tissue growth that modulates activity of the core SWH pathway kinase cassette. Tao-1 functions together with Hippo to activate Warts-mediated repression of Yorkie. Tao-1's ability to control SWH pathway activity is evolutionarily conserved because human TAO1 can suppress activity of the Yorkie ortholog, YAP. Human TAO1 controls SWH pathway activity by phosphorylating, and activating, the Hippo ortholog, MST2. Given that SWH pathway activity is subverted in many human cancers, our findings identify human TAO kinases as potential tumor suppressor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L C Poon
- Cell Growth and Proliferation Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 7 St. Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
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