51
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Effective targeting of breast cancer stem cells by combined inhibition of Sam68 and Rad51. Oncogene 2022; 41:2196-2209. [PMID: 35217791 PMCID: PMC8993694 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second cause of cancer-related deceases in the worldwide female population. Despite the successful treatment advances, 25% of BC develops resistance to current therapeutic regimens, thereby remaining a major hurdle for patient management. Current therapies, targeting the molecular events underpinning the adaptive resistance, still require effort to improve BC treatment. Using BC sphere cells (BCSphCs) as a model, here we showed that BC stem-like cells express high levels of Myc, which requires the presence of the multifunctional DNA/RNA binding protein Sam68 for the DNA-damage repair. Analysis of a cohort of BC patients displayed that Sam68 is an independent negative factor correlated with the progression of the disease. Genetic inhibition of Sam68 caused a defect in PARP-induced PAR chain synthesis upon DNA-damaging insults, resulting in cell death of TNBC cells. In contrast, BC stem-like cells were able to survive due to an upregulation of Rad51. Importantly, the inhibition of Rad51 showed synthetic lethal effect with the silencing of Sam68, hampering the cell viability of patient-derived BCSphCs and stabilizing the growth of tumor xenografts, including those TNBC carrying BRCA mutation. Moreover, the analysis of Myc, Sam68 and Rad51 expression demarcated a signature of a poor outcome in a large cohort of BC patients. Thus, our findings suggest the importance of targeting Sam68-PARP1 axis and Rad51 as potential therapeutic candidates to counteract the expansion of BC cells with an aggressive phenotype.
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52
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Choi W, Lee ES. Therapeutic Targeting of DNA Damage Response in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031701. [PMID: 35163621 PMCID: PMC8836062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) is critical to ensure genome stability, and defects in this signaling pathway are highly associated with carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Nevertheless, this also provides therapeutic opportunities, as cells with defective DDR signaling are directed to rely on compensatory survival pathways, and these vulnerabilities have been exploited for anticancer treatments. Following the impressive success of PARP inhibitors in the treatment of BRCA-mutated breast and ovarian cancers, extensive research has been conducted toward the development of pharmacologic inhibitors of the key components of the DDR signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the key elements of the DDR pathway and how these molecular components may serve as anticancer treatment targets. We also summarize the recent promising developments in the field of DDR pathway inhibitors, focusing on novel agents beyond PARP inhibitors. Furthermore, we discuss biomarker studies to identify target patients expected to derive maximal clinical benefits as well as combination strategies with other classes of anticancer agents to synergize and optimize the clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyoung Choi
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea;
- Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Eun Sook Lee
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea;
- Center for Breast Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-920-1633
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High BRCA1 gene expression increases the risk of early distant metastasis in ER + breast cancers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:77. [PMID: 34996912 PMCID: PMC8741892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03471-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the function of the BRCA1 gene has been extensively studied, the relationship between BRCA1 gene expression and tumor aggressiveness remains controversial in sporadic breast cancers. Because the BRCA1 protein is known to regulate estrogen signaling, we selected microarray data of ER+ breast cancers from the GEO public repository to resolve previous conflicting findings. The BRCA1 gene expression level in highly proliferative luminal B tumors was shown to be higher than that in luminal A tumors. Survival analysis using a cure model indicated that patients of early ER+ breast cancers with high BRCA1 expression developed rapid distant metastasis. In addition, the proliferation marker genes MKI67 and PCNA, which are characteristic of aggressive tumors, were also highly expressed in patients with high BRCA1 expression. The associations among high BRCA1 expression, high proliferation marker expression, and high risk of distant metastasis emerged in independent datasets, regardless of tamoxifen treatment. Tamoxifen therapy could improve the metastasis-free fraction of high BRCA1 expression patients. Our findings link BRCA1 expression with proliferation and possibly distant metastasis via the ER signaling pathway. We propose a testable hypothesis based on these consistent results and offer an interpretation for our reported associations.
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54
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EMSY inhibits homologous recombination repair and the interferon response, promoting lung cancer immune evasion. Cell 2021; 185:169-183.e19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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55
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Moriel-Carretero M. The Many Faces of Lipids in Genome Stability (and How to Unmask Them). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12930. [PMID: 34884734 PMCID: PMC8657548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep efforts have been devoted to studying the fundamental mechanisms ruling genome integrity preservation. A strong focus relies on our comprehension of nucleic acid and protein interactions. Comparatively, our exploration of whether lipids contribute to genome homeostasis and, if they do, how, is severely underdeveloped. This disequilibrium may be understood in historical terms, but also relates to the difficulty of applying classical lipid-related techniques to a territory such as a nucleus. The limited research in this domain translates into scarce and rarely gathered information, which with time further discourages new initiatives. In this review, the ways lipids have been demonstrated to, or very likely do, impact nuclear transactions, in general, and genome homeostasis, in particular, are explored. Moreover, a succinct yet exhaustive battery of available techniques is proposed to tackle the study of this topic while keeping in mind the feasibility and habits of "nucleus-centered" researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Moriel-Carretero
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France
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56
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Datta A, Biswas K, Sommers JA, Thompson H, Awate S, Nicolae CM, Thakar T, Moldovan GL, Shoemaker RH, Sharan SK, Brosh RM. WRN helicase safeguards deprotected replication forks in BRCA2-mutated cancer cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6561. [PMID: 34772932 PMCID: PMC8590011 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26811-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor BRCA2 protects stalled forks from degradation to maintain genome stability. However, the molecular mechanism(s) whereby unprotected forks are stabilized remains to be fully characterized. Here, we demonstrate that WRN helicase ensures efficient restart and limits excessive degradation of stalled forks in BRCA2-deficient cancer cells. In vitro, WRN ATPase/helicase catalyzes fork restoration and curtails MRE11 nuclease activity on regressed forks. We show that WRN helicase inhibitor traps WRN on chromatin leading to rapid fork stalling and nucleolytic degradation of unprotected forks by MRE11, resulting in MUS81-dependent double-strand breaks, elevated non-homologous end-joining and chromosomal instability. WRN helicase inhibition reduces viability of BRCA2-deficient cells and potentiates cytotoxicity of a poly (ADP)ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. Furthermore, BRCA2-deficient xenograft tumors in mice exhibited increased DNA damage and growth inhibition when treated with WRN helicase inhibitor. This work provides mechanistic insight into stalled fork stabilization by WRN helicase when BRCA2 is deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Datta
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Kajal Biswas
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Joshua A Sommers
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Haley Thompson
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Sanket Awate
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Claudia M Nicolae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Tanay Thakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Robert H Shoemaker
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Robert M Brosh
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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57
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Chiang YC, Lin PH, Cheng WF. Homologous Recombination Deficiency Assays in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Current Status and Future Direction. Front Oncol 2021; 11:675972. [PMID: 34722237 PMCID: PMC8551835 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.675972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients are generally diagnosed at an advanced stage, usually relapse after initial treatments, which include debulking surgery and adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy, and eventually have poor 5-year survival of less than 50%. In recent years, promising survival benefits from maintenance therapy with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor (PARPi) has changed the management of EOC in newly diagnosed and recurrent disease. Identification of BRCA mutations and/or homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) is critical for selecting patients for PARPi treatment. However, the currently available HRD assays are not perfect predictors of the clinical response to PARPis in EOC patients. In this review, we introduce the concept of synthetic lethality, the rationale of using PARPi when HRD is present in tumor cells, the clinical trials of PARPi incorporating the HRD assays for EOC, the current HRD assays, and other HRD assays in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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58
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Gundogdu R, Erdogan MK, Ditsiou A, Spanswick V, Garcia-Gomez JJ, Hartley JA, Esashi F, Hergovich A, Gomez V. hMOB2 deficiency impairs homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair and sensitises cancer cells to PARP inhibitors. Cell Signal 2021; 87:110106. [PMID: 34363951 PMCID: PMC8514680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monopolar spindle-one binder (MOBs) proteins are evolutionarily conserved and contribute to various cellular signalling pathways. Recently, we reported that hMOB2 functions in preventing the accumulation of endogenous DNA damage and a subsequent p53/p21-dependent G1/S cell cycle arrest in untransformed cells. However, the question of how hMOB2 protects cells from endogenous DNA damage accumulation remained enigmatic. Here, we uncover hMOB2 as a regulator of double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR). hMOB2 supports the phosphorylation and accumulation of the RAD51 recombinase on resected single-strand DNA (ssDNA) overhangs. Physiologically, hMOB2 expression supports cancer cell survival in response to DSB-inducing anti-cancer compounds. Specifically, loss of hMOB2 renders ovarian and other cancer cells more vulnerable to FDA-approved PARP inhibitors. Reduced MOB2 expression correlates with increased overall survival in patients suffering from ovarian carcinoma. Taken together, our findings suggest that hMOB2 expression may serve as a candidate stratification biomarker of patients for HR-deficiency targeted cancer therapies, such as PARP inhibitor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Gundogdu
- Department of Biology, Bingol University, Bingol 12000, Turkey; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
| | - M Kadir Erdogan
- Department of Biology, Bingol University, Bingol 12000, Turkey
| | - Angeliki Ditsiou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | | | | | - John A Hartley
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Fumiko Esashi
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Alexander Hergovich
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Evotec France, Toulouse 31100, France
| | - Valenti Gomez
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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59
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El Saghir NS, Ghanem H, El Karak F, Farhat F, Ghosn M, Makdessi J, Chouaib K, Debs J, Tabchy AB. Management of breast cancer patients with BRCA gene mutations in Lebanon of the Middle East: perspectives and challenges. Hosp Pract (1995) 2021; 49:325-329. [PMID: 34547975 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.2021.1974678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This commentary explores and discusses the challenges oncologists face in diagnosing and managing breast cancer patients with BRCA gene mutations in Lebanon and the Middle East. METHODS Key opinion leaders shared their recommendations to achieve better patient outcomes and satisfaction based on evidence-based medicine and their clinical experience in BRCA management. RESULTS Challenges associated with BRCA management can be divided into four main levels: physicians, patients, test, and treatment factors. More genetic counselors are to be identified given their important role in the management of individuals with BRCA gene mutations. CONCLUSION Genetic counseling, continuing education, infrastructure, testing, expertise, and financial support are needed to fulfill the unmet needs in the management of BRCA mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagi S El Saghir
- Division of Hematology Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hady Ghanem
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Lebanese American University Medical Center - Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadi El Karak
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, School of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadi Farhat
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Hammoud Hospital University Medical Center, Saida, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Ghosn
- Hematology Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joseph Makdessi
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Khouloud Chouaib
- Oncology Department, Medical Affairs, Pfizer Africa - Middle East Region, Lebanon
| | - Jamil Debs
- Oncology Department, Medical Affairs, Pfizer Africa - Middle East Region, Lebanon
| | - Adel B Tabchy
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Saint-Joseph University - School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
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60
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Chirshev E, Suzuki T, Wang H, Nguyen A, Hojo N, Sanderman L, Mirshahidi S, Ioffe YJ, Unternaehrer JJ. Let-7i Reduces Aggressive Phenotype and Induces BRCAness in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184617. [PMID: 34572843 PMCID: PMC8468164 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary is a deadly gynecological cancer with poor long-term survival. Dysregulation of microRNAs has been shown to contribute to the formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), an important part of oncogenesis and tumor progression. The let-7 family of microRNAs has previously been shown to regulate stemness and has tumor suppressive actions in a variety of cancers, including ovarian. Here, we demonstrate tumor suppressor actions of let-7i: repression of cancer cell stemness, inhibition of migration and invasion, and promotion of apoptosis, features important for cancer progression, relapse, and metastasis. Let-7i over-expression results in increased sensitivity to the PARP inhibitor olaparib in samples without BRCA mutations, consistent with induction of BRCAness phenotype. We also show that let-7i inhibits the expression of several factors involved in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway, providing potential mechanisms by which the BRCAness phenotype could be induced. These actions of let-7i add to the rationale for use of this miRNA as a treatment for ovarian cancer patients, including those without mutations in the HRR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Chirshev
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (E.C.); (T.S.); (H.W.); (A.N.); (N.H.); (L.S.)
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Tise Suzuki
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (E.C.); (T.S.); (H.W.); (A.N.); (N.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Hanmin Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (E.C.); (T.S.); (H.W.); (A.N.); (N.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Anthony Nguyen
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (E.C.); (T.S.); (H.W.); (A.N.); (N.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Nozomi Hojo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (E.C.); (T.S.); (H.W.); (A.N.); (N.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Linda Sanderman
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (E.C.); (T.S.); (H.W.); (A.N.); (N.H.); (L.S.)
- Biology Department, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Saied Mirshahidi
- Biospecimen Laboratory, Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
| | - Yevgeniya J. Ioffe
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
| | - Juli J. Unternaehrer
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (E.C.); (T.S.); (H.W.); (A.N.); (N.H.); (L.S.)
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Correspondence:
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Perkhofer L, Golan T, Cuyle PJ, Matysiak-Budnik T, Van Laethem JL, Macarulla T, Cauchin E, Kleger A, Beutel AK, Gout J, Stenzinger A, Van Cutsem E, Bellmunt J, Hammel P, O’Reilly EM, Seufferlein T. Targeting DNA Damage Repair Mechanisms in Pancreas Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4259. [PMID: 34503069 PMCID: PMC8428219 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired DNA damage repair (DDR) is increasingly recognised as a hallmark in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). It is estimated that around 14% of human PDACs harbour mutations in genes involved in DDR, including, amongst others, BRCA1/2, PALB2, ATM, MSH2, MSH6 and MLH1. Recently, DDR intervention by PARP inhibitor therapy has demonstrated effectiveness in germline BRCA1/2-mutated PDAC. Extending this outcome to the significant proportion of human PDACs with somatic or germline mutations in DDR genes beyond BRCA1/2 might be beneficial, but there is a lack of data, and consequently, no clear recommendations are provided in the field. Therefore, an expert panel was invited by the European Society of Digestive Oncology (ESDO) to assess the current knowledge and significance of DDR as a target in PDAC treatment. The aim of this virtual, international expert meeting was to elaborate a set of consensus recommendations on testing, diagnosis and treatment of PDAC patients with alterations in DDR pathways. Ahead of the meeting, experts completed a 27-question survey evaluating the key issues. The final recommendations herein should aid in facilitating clinical practice decisions on the management of DDR-deficient PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Perkhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (L.P.); (A.K.); (A.K.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Talia Golan
- Oncology Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 52621, Israel;
| | - Pieter-Jan Cuyle
- Digestive Oncology Department, Imelda General Hospital, 2820 Bonheiden, Belgium;
- University Hospitals Gasthuisberg Leuven and KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Tamara Matysiak-Budnik
- IMAD, Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Hôtel Dieu, CHU de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; (T.M.-B.); (E.C.)
| | - Jean-Luc Van Laethem
- GI Cancer Unit, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Teresa Macarulla
- Vall d’Hebrón University Hospital and Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Estelle Cauchin
- IMAD, Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, Hôtel Dieu, CHU de Nantes, 44000 Nantes, France; (T.M.-B.); (E.C.)
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (L.P.); (A.K.); (A.K.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Alica K. Beutel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (L.P.); (A.K.); (A.K.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Johann Gout
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (L.P.); (A.K.); (A.K.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Albrecht Stenzinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Eric Van Cutsem
- University Hospitals Gasthuisberg Leuven and KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Medical Oncology, University Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Eileen M. O’Reilly
- Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
- Department of Medicine, David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (L.P.); (A.K.); (A.K.B.); (J.G.)
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Xavier MA, Rezende F, Titze-de-Almeida R, Cornelissen B. BRCAness as a Biomarker of Susceptibility to PARP Inhibitors in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1188. [PMID: 34439854 PMCID: PMC8394995 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer. GBMs commonly acquire resistance to standard-of-care therapies. Among the novel means to sensitize GBM to DNA-damaging therapies, a promising strategy is to combine them with inhibitors of the DNA damage repair (DDR) machinery, such as inhibitors for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP inhibitors (PARPis) have already shown efficacy and have received regulatory approval for breast, ovarian, prostate, and pancreatic cancer treatment. In these cancer types, after PARPi administration, patients carrying specific mutations in the breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and 2 (BRCA2) suppressor genes have shown better response when compared to wild-type carriers. Mutated BRCA genes are infrequent in GBM tumors, but their cells can carry other genetic alterations that lead to the same phenotype collectively referred to as 'BRCAness'. The most promising biomarkers of BRCAness in GBM are related to isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1/2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), MYC proto-oncogene, and estrogen receptors beta (ERβ). BRCAness status identified by accurate biomarkers can ultimately predict responsiveness to PARPi therapy, thereby allowing patient selection for personalized treatment. This review discusses potential biomarkers of BRCAness for a 'precision medicine' of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Ann Xavier
- Central Institute of Sciences, Technology for Gene Therapy Laboratory, University of Brasília—UnB/FAV, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (F.R.); (R.T.-d.-A.)
| | - Fernando Rezende
- Central Institute of Sciences, Technology for Gene Therapy Laboratory, University of Brasília—UnB/FAV, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (F.R.); (R.T.-d.-A.)
| | - Ricardo Titze-de-Almeida
- Central Institute of Sciences, Technology for Gene Therapy Laboratory, University of Brasília—UnB/FAV, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil; (F.R.); (R.T.-d.-A.)
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- Department of Oncology, Radiobiology Research Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Cong K, Peng M, Kousholt AN, Lee WTC, Lee S, Nayak S, Krais J, VanderVere-Carozza PS, Pawelczak KS, Calvo J, Panzarino NJ, Turchi JJ, Johnson N, Jonkers J, Rothenberg E, Cantor SB. Replication gaps are a key determinant of PARP inhibitor synthetic lethality with BRCA deficiency. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3128-3144.e7. [PMID: 34216544 PMCID: PMC9089372 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA) is synthetic lethal with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Lethality is thought to derive from DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) necessitating BRCA function in homologous recombination (HR) and/or fork protection (FP). Here, we report instead that toxicity derives from replication gaps. BRCA1- or FANCJ-deficient cells, with common repair defects but distinct PARPi responses, reveal gaps as a distinguishing factor. We further uncouple HR, FP, and fork speed from PARPi response. Instead, gaps characterize BRCA-deficient cells, are diminished upon resistance, restored upon resensitization, and, when exposed, augment PARPi toxicity. Unchallenged BRCA1-deficient cells have elevated poly(ADP-ribose) and chromatin-associated PARP1, but aberrantly low XRCC1 consistent with defects in backup Okazaki fragment processing (OFP). 53BP1 loss resuscitates OFP by restoring XRCC1-LIG3 that suppresses the sensitivity of BRCA1-deficient cells to drugs targeting OFP or generating gaps. We highlight gaps as a determinant of PARPi toxicity changing the paradigm for synthetic lethal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cong
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Arne Nedergaard Kousholt
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Ting C Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Silviana Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sumeet Nayak
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - John Krais
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Calvo
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nicholas J Panzarino
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - John J Turchi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; NERx Biosciences, 212 W. 10th St., Suite A480, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Neil Johnson
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sharon B Cantor
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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64
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Aimi F, Moch H, Schraml P, Hottiger MO. Cytoplasmic ADP-ribosylation levels correlate with markers of patient outcome in distinct human cancers. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:1468-1477. [PMID: 33742140 PMCID: PMC8295037 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation (ADPR) is a posttranslational modification whose importance in oncology keeps increasing due to frequent use of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) to treat different tumor types. Due to the lack of suitable tools to analyze cellular ADPR levels, ADPR's significance for cancer progression and patient outcome is unclear. In this study, we assessed ADPR levels by immunohistochemistry using a newly developed anti-ADP-ribose (ADPr) antibody, which is able to detect both mono- and poly-ADPR. Tissue microarrays containing brain (n = 103), breast (n = 1108), colon (n = 236), lung (n = 138), ovarian (n = 142), and prostate (n = 328) cancers were used to correlate ADPR staining intensities to clinico-pathological data, including patient overall survival (OS), tumor grade, tumor stage (pT), lymph node status (pN), and the presence of distant metastasis (pM). While nuclear ADPR was detected only in a minority of the samples, cytoplasmic ADPR (cyADPR) staining was observed in most tumor types. Strong cyADPR intensities were significantly associated with better overall survival in invasive ductal breast cancer (p < 0.0001), invasive lobular breast cancer (p < 0.005), and high grade serous ovarian cancer patients (p < 0.01). Furthermore, stronger cytoplasmic ADPR levels significantly correlated with early tumor stage in colorectal and in invasive ductal breast adenocarcinoma (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01, respectively) and with the absence of regional lymph node metastasis in colorectal adenocarcinoma (p < 0.05). No correlation to cyADPR was found for prostate and lung cancer or brain tumors. In conclusion, our new anti-ADP-ribose antibody revealed heterogeneous ADPR staining patterns with predominant cytoplasmic ADPR staining in most tumor types. Different cyADPR staining patterns could help to better understand variable response rates to PARP inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Aimi
- University of Zurich (UZH), Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schraml
- University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael O Hottiger
- University of Zurich (UZH), Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), Zurich, Switzerland.
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65
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Julien M, Ghouil R, Petitalot A, Caputo SM, Carreira A, Zinn-Justin S. Intrinsic Disorder and Phosphorylation in BRCA2 Facilitate Tight Regulation of Multiple Conserved Binding Events. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1060. [PMID: 34356684 PMCID: PMC8301801 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of genome integrity in the cell is an essential process for the accurate transmission of the genetic material. BRCA2 participates in this process at several levels, including DNA repair by homologous recombination, protection of stalled replication forks, and cell division. These activities are regulated and coordinated via cell-cycle dependent modifications. Pathogenic variants in BRCA2 cause genome instability and are associated with breast and/or ovarian cancers. BRCA2 is a very large protein of 3418 amino acids. Most well-characterized variants causing a strong predisposition to cancer are mutated in the C-terminal 700 residues DNA binding domain of BRCA2. The rest of the BRCA2 protein is predicted to be disordered. Interactions involving intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) remain difficult to identify both using bioinformatics tools and performing experimental assays. However, the lack of well-structured binding sites provides unique functional opportunities for BRCA2 to bind to a large set of partners in a tightly regulated manner. We here summarize the predictive and experimental arguments that support the presence of disorder in BRCA2. We describe how BRCA2 IDRs mediate self-assembly and binding to partners during DNA double-strand break repair, mitosis, and meiosis. We highlight how phosphorylation by DNA repair and cell-cycle kinases regulate these interactions. We finally discuss the impact of cancer-associated variants on the function of BRCA2 IDRs and more generally on genome stability and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Julien
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (M.J.); (R.G.)
- L’Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), UMR 9198, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Rania Ghouil
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (M.J.); (R.G.)
- L’Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), UMR 9198, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Ambre Petitalot
- Service de Génétique, Unité de Génétique Constitutionnelle, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; (A.P.); (S.M.C.)
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine M. Caputo
- Service de Génétique, Unité de Génétique Constitutionnelle, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France; (A.P.); (S.M.C.)
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aura Carreira
- L’Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), UMR 9198, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences Lettres Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Unité Intégrité du Génome, ARN et Cancer, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Zinn-Justin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (M.J.); (R.G.)
- L’Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), UMR 9198, Paris-Saclay University, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
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66
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Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Carcinoma Versus Conventional Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical-Pathological Features, Outcomes, and Molecular Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136756. [PMID: 34201897 PMCID: PMC8268881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) are common and one of the main precursor lesions of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC derived from an IPMN is called intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma (IPMC) and defines a subgroup of patients with ill-defined specificities. As compared to conventional PDAC, IPMCs have been associated to clinical particularities and favorable pathological features, as well as debated outcomes. However, IPMNs and IPMCs include distinct subtypes of precursor (gastric, pancreato-biliary, intestinal) and invasive (tubular, colloid) lesions, also associated to specific characteristics. Notably, consistent data have shown intestinal IPMNs and associated colloid carcinomas, defining the “intestinal pathway”, to be associated with less aggressive features. Genomic specificities have also been uncovered, such as mutations of the GNAS gene, and recent data provide more insights into the mechanisms involved in IPMCs carcinogenesis. This review synthetizes available data on clinical-pathological features and outcomes associated with IPMCs and their subtypes. We also describe known genomic hallmarks of these lesions and summarize the latest data about molecular processes involved in IPMNs initiation and progression to IPMCs. Finally, potential implications for clinical practice and future research strategies are discussed.
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67
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Naik A, Decock J. Targeting of lactate dehydrogenase C dysregulates the cell cycle and sensitizes breast cancer cells to DNA damage response targeted therapy. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:885-903. [PMID: 34050611 PMCID: PMC8847988 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer testis antigen (CTA) lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC) is a promising anticancer target with tumor-specific expression and immunogenicity. Interrogation of breast cancer patient cohorts from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) indicate that upregulation of LDHC expression correlates with unfavorable prognosis. Although the role of LDHC is well characterized in spermatocytes, its role in tumors remains largely unknown. We investigated whether LDHC is involved in regulating genomic stability and whether it could be targeted to affect tumor cellular fitness. Silencing LDHC in four breast cancer cell lines significantly increased the presence of giant cells, nuclear aberrations, DNA damage, and apoptosis. LDHC-silenced cells demonstrated aberrant cell cycle progression with differential expression of cell cycle checkpoint and DNA damage response regulators. In addition, LDHC silencing-induced microtubule destabilization, culminating in increased mitotic catastrophe and reduced long-term survival. Notably, the clonogenicity of LDHC-silenced cells was further reduced by treatment with the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib and with the DNA-damaging drug cisplatin. This study supports the therapeutic potential of targeting LDHC to mitigate cancer cell survival and improve sensitivity to agents that cause DNA damage or inhibit its repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adviti Naik
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
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68
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Mäkelä R, Härmä V, Badra Fajardo N, Wells G, Lygerou Z, Sangfelt O, Kononen J, Rantala JK. Ex vivo analysis of DNA repair targeting in extreme rare cutaneous apocrine sweat gland carcinoma. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1100-1109. [PMID: 34084283 PMCID: PMC8169071 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous apocrine carcinoma is an extreme rare malignancy derived from a sweat gland. Histologically sweat gland cancers resemble metastatic mammary apocrine carcinomas, but the genetic landscape remains poorly understood. Here, we report a rare metastatic case with a PALB2 aberration identified previously as a familial susceptibility gene for breast cancer in the Finnish population. As PALB2 exhibits functions in the BRCA1/2-RAD51-dependent homologous DNA recombination repair pathway, we sought to use ex vivo functional screening to explore sensitivity of the tumor cells to therapeutic targeting of DNA repair. Drug screening suggested sensitivity of the PALB2 deficient cells to BET-bromodomain inhibition, and modest sensitivity to DNA-PKi, ATRi, WEE1i and PARPi. A phenotypic RNAi screen of 300 DNA repair genes was undertaken to assess DNA repair targeting in more detail. Core members of the HR and MMEJ pathways were identified to be essential for viability of the cells. RNAi inhibition of RAD52-dependent HR on the other hand potentiated the efficacy of a novel BETi ODM-207. Together these results describe the first ever CAC case with a BRCAness genetic background, evaluate combinatorial DNA repair targeting, and provide a data resource for further analyses of DNA repair targeting in PALB2 deficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ville Härmä
- Misvik Biology Oy, Turku, Finland.,University of Sheffield, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Greg Wells
- University of Sheffield, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield, UK
| | - Zoi Lygerou
- University of Patras, Laboratory of General Biology, Patras, Greece
| | - Olle Sangfelt
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Juha K Rantala
- Misvik Biology Oy, Turku, Finland.,University of Sheffield, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Sheffield, UK
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69
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Imai S, Ooki T, Murata-Kamiya N, Komura D, Tahmina K, Wu W, Takahashi-Kanemitsu A, Knight CT, Kunita A, Suzuki N, Del Valle AA, Tsuboi M, Hata M, Hayakawa Y, Ohnishi N, Ueda K, Fukayama M, Ushiku T, Ishikawa S, Hatakeyama M. Helicobacter pylori CagA elicits BRCAness to induce genome instability that may underlie bacterial gastric carcinogenesis. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:941-958.e10. [PMID: 33989515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection with CagA-producing Helicobacter pylori plays a causative role in the development of gastric cancer. Upon delivery into gastric epithelial cells, CagA deregulates prooncogenic phosphatase SHP2 while inhibiting polarity-regulating kinase PAR1b through complex formation. Here, we show that CagA/PAR1b interaction subverts nuclear translocation of BRCA1 by inhibiting PAR1b-mediated BRCA1 phosphorylation. It hereby induces BRCAness that promotes DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) while disabling error-free homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair. The CagA/PAR1b interaction also stimulates Hippo signaling that circumvents apoptosis of DNA-damaged cells, giving cells time to repair DSBs through error-prone mechanisms. The DSB-activated p53-p21Cip1 axis inhibits proliferation of CagA-delivered cells, but the inhibition can be overcome by p53 inactivation. Indeed, sequential pulses of CagA in TP53-mutant cells drove somatic mutation with BRCAness-associated genetic signatures. Expansion of CagA-delivered cells with BRCAness-mediated genome instability, from which CagA-independent cancer-predisposing cells arise, provides a plausible "hit-and-run mechanism" of H. pylori CagA for gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Imai
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuya Ooki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoko Murata-Kamiya
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Komura
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kamrunnesa Tahmina
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Weida Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | - Christopher Takaya Knight
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akiko Kunita
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Adriana A Del Valle
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mayo Tsuboi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naomi Ohnishi
- Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
| | - Masashi Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ushiku
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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70
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The dystonia gene THAP1 controls DNA double-strand break repair choice. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2611-2624.e10. [PMID: 33857404 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Shieldin complex shields double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) from nucleolytic resection. Curiously, the penultimate Shieldin component, SHLD1, is one of the least abundant mammalian proteins. Here, we report that the transcription factors THAP1, YY1, and HCF1 bind directly to the SHLD1 promoter, where they cooperatively maintain the low basal expression of SHLD1, thereby ensuring a proper balance between end protection and resection during DSB repair. The loss of THAP1-dependent SHLD1 expression confers cross-resistance to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor and cisplatin in BRCA1-deficient cells and shorter progression-free survival in ovarian cancer patients. Moreover, the embryonic lethality and PARPi sensitivity of BRCA1-deficient mice is rescued by ablation of SHLD1. Our study uncovers a transcriptional network that directly controls DSB repair choice and suggests a potential link between DNA damage and pathogenic THAP1 mutations, found in patients with the neurodevelopmental movement disorder adult-onset torsion dystonia type 6.
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71
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Hernando Polo S, Moreno Muñoz D, Rosero Rodríguez AC, Silva Ruiz J, Rosero Rodríguez DI, Couñago F. Changing the History of Prostate Cancer with New Targeted Therapies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040392. [PMID: 33917592 PMCID: PMC8067446 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic landscape of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is changing due to the emergence of new targeted therapies for the treatment of different molecular subtypes. Some biomarkers are described as potential molecular targets different from classic androgen receptors (AR). Approximately 20–25% of mCRPCs have somatic or germline alterations in DNA repair genes involved in homologous recombination. These subtypes are usually associated with more aggressive disease. Inhibitors of the enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARPi) have demonstrated an important benefit in the treatment of these subtypes of tumors. However, tumors that resistant to PARPi and wildtype BRCA tumors do not benefit from these therapies. Recent studies are exploring drug combinations with phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) or protein kinase B (AKT) inhibitors, as mechanisms to overcome resistance or to induce BRCAness and synthetic lethality. This article reviews various different novel strategies to improve outcomes in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Hernando Polo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.H.P.); (D.M.M.); Tel.: +34-916-219-490 (S.H.P. & D.M.M.)
| | - Diana Moreno Muñoz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, 28922 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.H.P.); (D.M.M.); Tel.: +34-916-219-490 (S.H.P. & D.M.M.)
| | | | - Jorge Silva Ruiz
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Unidad de Cáncer de Mama, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Felipe Couñago
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital La Luz, 28003 Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Department, Faculty of Biomedicine, Universidad Europea, 28670 Madrid, Spain
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72
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O'Reilly D, Sendi MA, Kelly CM. Overview of recent advances in metastatic triple negative breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2021; 12:164-182. [PMID: 33767972 PMCID: PMC7968109 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v12.i3.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) has an aggressive phenotype with a predilection for visceral organs and brain. Best responses to chemotherapy are predominately in the first line. Recent studies have demonstrated improved progression free survival with the combination of atezolizumab/pembrolizumab and chemotherapy in programmed death-ligand 1 positive metastatic TNBC. However, a recent trial in a similar population showed no benefit for atezoli-zumab and paclitaxel which led to a Food and Drug Administration alert. Two phase III trials (OLYMPIAD and BROCADE3) demonstrated a benefit in progression free survival (PFS) but not overall survival in patients with BRCA-associated metastatic TNBC treated with Olaparib or Talazoparib respectively. For those treated with Talazoparib, the time to deterioration in health related-quality of life was also longer compared to chemotherapy. The BROCADE3 trial demonstrated that the combination of a platinum and veliparib increased PFS in first-line metastatic TNBC but at the cost of increased toxicity. There are no head-to-head comparisons of a poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) and platinums. There are unanswered questions regarding the role of PARPi maintenance after platinum therapy as is standard of care in BRCA-associated ovarian cancer. Other areas of therapeutic interest include targeting aberrations in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway, protein kinase B, mammalian target of rapamycin or utilising antibody drug conjugates. This review focusses on recent and emerging therapeutic options in metastatic TNBC. We searched PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov and recent international meetings from American Society of Clinical Oncology, San Antonio Breast Cancer Conference and the European Society of Medical Oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O'Reilly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Maha Al Sendi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Catherine M Kelly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
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73
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Epigenetic Treatment of Urothelial Carcinoma Cells Sensitizes to Cisplatin Chemotherapy and PARP Inhibitor Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061376. [PMID: 33803654 PMCID: PMC8002916 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UC) is treated with chemotherapies based on the DNA-damaging drug cisplatin, which only works temporarily due to the development of drug resistance. In this study, we show that it may be possible to overcome such resistances by treating the cancer cells with specific epigenetic drugs. We investigated the “epidrug” PLX51107 that inhibits the chromatin regulator BRD4 (Bromodomain Containing 4). PLX51107 inhibited cell growth, caused DNA damage, and blocked DNA repair response in UC cells. Concomitant application of PLX51107 with cisplatin or the drug talazoparib, interfering with DNA repair, caused cell death very efficiently. PLX51107 thus sensitizes UC cells to other drugs and may allow therapy with novel effective anti-tumor drugs like talazoparib that normally only work in a small proportion of patients with specific gene mutations. These results may help to improve current standard therapy and to develop new treatment options urgently required for UC patients. Abstract Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC) is treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy, which is only moderately efficient, mostly due to development of resistance. New therapy approaches are therefore urgently needed. Epigenetic alterations due to frequent mutations in epigenetic regulators contribute to development of the disease and to treatment resistance, and provide targets for novel drug combination therapies. Here, we determined the cytotoxic impact of the second-generation bromodomain protein inhibitor (BETi) PLX51107 on UC cell lines (UCC) and normal HBLAK control cells. PLX51107 inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, and acted synergistically with the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin. While PLX51107 caused significant DNA damage, DNA damage signaling and DNA repair were impeded, a state defined as BRCAness. Accordingly, the drug strongly synergized with cisplatin more efficiently than romidepsin, and with the PARP inhibitor talazoparib to inhibit proliferation and induce cell death in UCC. Thus, a BETi can be used to “episensitize” UC cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy and inhibitors of DNA repair by inducing BRCAness in non BRCA1/2 mutated cancers. In clinical applications, the synergy between PLX51107 and other drugs should permit significant dosage reductions to minimize effects on normal tissues.
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Sadoughi F, Mirsafaei L, Dana PM, Hallajzadeh J, Asemi Z, Mansournia MA, Montazer M, Hosseinpour M, Yousefi B. The role of DNA damage response in chemo- and radio-resistance of cancer cells: Can DDR inhibitors sole the problem? DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 101:103074. [PMID: 33640757 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Up to now, many improvements have been made in providing more therapeutic strategies for cancer patients. The lack of susceptibility to common therapies like chemo- and radio-therapy is one of the reasons why we need more methods in the field of cancer therapy. DNA damage response (DDR) is a set of mechanisms which identifies DNA lesions and triggers the repair process for restoring DNA after causing an arrest in the cell cycle. The ability of DDR in maintaining the genome stability and integrity can be favorable to cancerous cells which are exposed to radiation therapy or are treated with chemotherapeutic agents. When DDR mechanisms are error-free in cancer cells, they can escape the expected cellular death and display resistance to treatment. In this regard, targeting different components of DDR can help to increase the susceptibility of advanced tumors to chemo- and radio-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadoughi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Liaosadat Mirsafaei
- Department of Cardiology, Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Parisa Maleki Dana
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Jamal Hallajzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Montazer
- Department of Thorax Surgery, Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hosseinpour
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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75
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DNA damage response inhibitors: An avenue for TNBC treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188521. [PMID: 33556453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) is critical for the maintenance of genomic stability by sensing DNA damage, regulating cell cycle and initiating DNA repair. Drugs targeting DDR pathways have been increasingly exploited in treating various tumors. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive tumor with constitutive activation of oncogenes, inducing replication stress and DNA damage, which require the DDR for survival. In addition, emerging studies have demonstrated that TNBC harbors aberrant genetic alterations in DDR pathways, such as a high frequency of p53 dysfunction and BRCA1/2 mutations. DDR alterations force TNBC to rely on the existing DDR pathways for survival, and make TNBC particularly sensitive to specific DDR inhibitors, such as high sensitivity of TNBC with BRCA1/2 mutations to PARP inhibitors. This review first and comprehensively covers the current status of the development of DDR inhibitors and discusses the mechanism of targeting the DDR in TNBC. Preclinical and clinical studies on inhibitors of the ATR-CHK1-WEE1 pathway and PARP inhibitors, the most studied inhibitors, and some other DDR inhibitors as monotherapy or combination therapy in TNBC are summarized. We also highlight the possible predictive biomarkers for these DDR inhibitors and their potential combination strategies with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or other targeted agents to optimize the efficacy of DDR inhibitors in TNBC treatment. In conclusion, this review discussed the recent considerations related to the use of DDR inhibitors for TNBC and provides a perspective to address future directions and potential therapeutic strategies for patients with TNBC.
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76
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Singh HM, Bailey P, Hübschmann D, Berger AK, Neoptolemos JP, Jäger D, Siveke J, Springfeld C. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition in pancreatic cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2021; 60:373-384. [PMID: 33341987 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease with limited treatment options. Recently, the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) olaparib has been approved for maintenance therapy after successful platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Approval was based on the POLO study that has shown a significant improvement in progression-free survival for patients with metastatic PDAC after at least 4 months of platinum-based chemotherapy. Hopefully, this first biomarker-directed targeted therapy for a relevant subgroup of pancreatic cancer patients is only the beginning of an era of personalized therapy for pancreatic cancer. The potential role for PARPi in improving survival in patients with pancreatic cancer containing somatic tumor mutations has yet to be established. Multiple studies investigating whether PARPi therapy might benefit a larger group of pancreatic cancer patients with homologous recombination repair deficiency and whether combinations with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or small molecules can improve efficacy are currently underway. We here review the molecular basis for PARPi therapy in PDAC patients and recent developments in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Martin Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Bailey
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hübschmann
- Computational Oncology, Molecular Diagnostics Program, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Institute for Stem cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Katrin Berger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John P Neoptolemos
- Department of Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Siveke
- Institute for Developmental Cancer Therapeutics, West German Cancer Center, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany.,Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK, partner site University Hospital Essen) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Springfeld
- Department of Medical Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
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77
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Morris BB, Wages NA, Grant PA, Stukenberg PT, Gentzler RD, Hall RD, Akerley WL, Varghese TK, Arnold SM, Williams TM, Coppola V, Jones DR, Auble DT, Mayo MW. MYBL2-Driven Transcriptional Programs Link Replication Stress and Error-prone DNA Repair With Genomic Instability in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 10:585551. [PMID: 33489883 PMCID: PMC7821388 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.585551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been recognized that defects in cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair pathways give rise to genomic instability, tumor heterogeneity, and metastasis. Despite this knowledge, the transcription factor-mediated gene expression programs that enable survival and proliferation in the face of enormous replication stress and DNA damage have remained elusive. Using robust omics data from two independent studies, we provide evidence that a large cohort of lung adenocarcinomas exhibit significant genome instability and overexpress the DNA damage responsive transcription factor MYB proto-oncogene like 2 (MYBL2). Across two studies, elevated MYBL2 expression was a robust marker of poor overall survival and disease-free survival outcomes, regardless of disease stage. Clinically, elevated MYBL2 expression identified patients with aggressive early onset disease, increased lymph node involvement, and increased incidence of distant metastases. Analysis of genomic sequencing data demonstrated that MYBL2 High lung adenocarcinomas had elevated somatic mutation burden, widespread chromosomal alterations, and alterations in single-strand DNA break repair pathways. In this study, we provide evidence that impaired single-strand break repair, combined with a loss of cell cycle regulators TP53 and RB1, give rise to MYBL2-mediated transcriptional programs. Omics data supports a model wherein tumors with significant genomic instability upregulate MYBL2 to drive genes that control replication stress responses, promote error-prone DNA repair, and antagonize faithful homologous recombination repair. Our study supports the use of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) pharmacological inhibitors, in targeted MYBL2 High patient cohorts, as a future therapy to improve lung adenocarcinoma patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B. Morris
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Nolan A. Wages
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Patrick A. Grant
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - P. Todd Stukenberg
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ryan D. Gentzler
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Richard D. Hall
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Wallace L. Akerley
- Department of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Thomas K. Varghese
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Susanne M. Arnold
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Terence M. Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - David R. Jones
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - David T. Auble
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Marty W. Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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78
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Zhao Y, Weroha SJ, Goode EL, Liu H, Wang C. Generating real-world evidence from unstructured clinical notes to examine clinical utility of genetic tests: use case in BRCAness. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2021; 21:3. [PMID: 33407429 PMCID: PMC7789545 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-020-01364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Next-generation sequencing provides comprehensive information about individuals’ genetic makeup and is commonplace in oncology clinical practice. However, the utility of genetic information in the clinical decision-making process has not been examined extensively from a real-world, data-driven perspective. Through mining real-world data (RWD) from clinical notes, we could extract patients’ genetic information and further associate treatment decisions with genetic information. Methods We proposed a real-world evidence (RWE) study framework that incorporates context-based natural language processing (NLP) methods and data quality examination before final association analysis. The framework was demonstrated in a Foundation-tested women cancer cohort (N = 196). Upon retrieval of patients’ genetic information using NLP system, we assessed the completeness of genetic data captured in unstructured clinical notes according to a genetic data-model. We examined the distribution of different topics regarding BRCA1/2 throughout patients’ treatment process, and then analyzed the association between BRCA1/2 mutation status and the discussion/prescription of targeted therapy. Results We identified seven topics in the clinical context of genetic mentions including: Information, Evaluation, Insurance, Order, Negative, Positive, and Variants of unknown significance. Our rule-based system achieved a precision of 0.87, recall of 0.93 and F-measure of 0.91. Our machine learning system achieved a precision of 0.901, recall of 0.899 and F-measure of 0.9 for four-topic classification and a precision of 0.833, recall of 0.823 and F-measure of 0.82 for seven-topic classification. We found in result-containing sentences, the capture of BRCA1/2 mutation information was 75%, but detailed variant information (e.g. variant types) is largely missing. Using cleaned RWD, significant associations were found between BRCA1/2 positive mutation and targeted therapies. Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated a framework to generate RWE using RWD from different clinical sources. Rule-based NLP system achieved the best performance for resolving contextual variability when extracting RWD from unstructured clinical notes. Data quality issues such as incompleteness and discrepancies exist thus manual data cleaning is needed before further analysis can be performed. Finally, we were able to use cleaned RWD to evaluate the real-world utility of genetic information to initiate a prescription of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Zhao
- Division of Digital Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 205 3rd Ave SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Saravut J Weroha
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ellen L Goode
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 205 3rd Ave SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hongfang Liu
- Division of Digital Health Sciences, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 205 3rd Ave SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 205 3rd Ave SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Nickoloff JA, Taylor L, Sharma N, Kato TA. Exploiting DNA repair pathways for tumor sensitization, mitigation of resistance, and normal tissue protection in radiotherapy. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:244-263. [PMID: 34337349 PMCID: PMC8323830 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
More than half of cancer patients are treated with radiotherapy, which kills tumor cells by directly and indirectly inducing DNA damage, including cytotoxic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Tumor cells respond to these threats by activating a complex signaling network termed the DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR arrests the cell cycle, upregulates DNA repair, and triggers apoptosis when damage is excessive. The DDR signaling and DNA repair pathways are fertile terrain for therapeutic intervention. This review highlights strategies to improve therapeutic gain by targeting DDR and DNA repair pathways to radiosensitize tumor cells, overcome intrinsic and acquired tumor radioresistance, and protect normal tissue. Many biological and environmental factors determine tumor and normal cell responses to ionizing radiation and genotoxic chemotherapeutics. These include cell type and cell cycle phase distribution; tissue/tumor microenvironment and oxygen levels; DNA damage load and quality; DNA repair capacity; and susceptibility to apoptosis or other active or passive cell death pathways. We provide an overview of radiobiological parameters associated with X-ray, proton, and carbon ion radiotherapy; DNA repair and DNA damage signaling pathways; and other factors that regulate tumor and normal cell responses to radiation. We then focus on recent studies exploiting DSB repair pathways to enhance radiotherapy therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A. Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Correspondence Address: Dr. Jac A. Nickoloff, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1681 Campus Delivery, Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1681, USA. E-mail:
| | - Lynn Taylor
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Takamitsu A. Kato
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
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80
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Molecular Features and Clinical Management of Hereditary Gynecological Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249504. [PMID: 33327492 PMCID: PMC7765001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary gynecological cancers are caused by several inherited genes. Tumors that arise in the female reproductive system, such as ovaries and the uterus, overlap with hereditary cancers. Several hereditary cancer-related genes are important because they might lead to therapeutic targets. Treatment of hereditary cancers should be updated in line with the advent of various new methods of evaluation. Next-generation sequencing has led to rapid, economical genetic analyses that have prompted a concomitant and significant paradigm shift with respect to hereditary cancers. Molecular tumor profiling is an epochal method for determining therapeutic targets. Clinical treatment strategies are now being designed based on biomarkers based on tumor profiling. Furthermore, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines significantly changed the genetic testing process in 2020 to initially consider multi-gene panel (MGP) evaluation. Here, we reviewed the molecular features and clinical management of hereditary gynecological malignancies, such as hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC), and Lynch, Li–Fraumeni, Cowden, and Peutz–Jeghers syndromes. We also reviewed cancer-susceptible genes revealed by MGP tests.
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Myers S, Ortega JA, Cavalli A. Synthetic Lethality through the Lens of Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14151-14183. [PMID: 33135887 PMCID: PMC8015234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine and therapies represent the goal of modern medicine, as drug discovery strives to move away from one-cure-for-all and makes use of the various targets and biomarkers within differing disease areas. This approach, especially in oncology, is often undermined when the cells make use of alternative survival pathways. As such, acquired resistance is unfortunately common. In order to combat this phenomenon, synthetic lethality is being investigated, making use of existing genetic fragilities within the cancer cell. This Perspective highlights exciting targets within synthetic lethality, (PARP, ATR, ATM, DNA-PKcs, WEE1, CDK12, RAD51, RAD52, and PD-1) and discusses the medicinal chemistry programs being used to interrogate them, the challenges these programs face, and what the future holds for this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel
H. Myers
- Computational
& Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Jose Antonio Ortega
- Computational
& Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Computational
& Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University
of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Juhász S, Smith R, Schauer T, Spekhardt D, Mamar H, Zentout S, Chapuis C, Huet S, Timinszky G. The chromatin remodeler ALC1 underlies resistance to PARP inhibitor treatment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb8626. [PMID: 33355125 PMCID: PMC11206534 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are used in the treatment of BRCA-deficient cancers, with treatments currently extending toward other homologous recombination defective tumors. In a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen with olaparib, we identify ALC1 (Amplified in Liver Cancer 1)-a cancer-relevant poly(ADP-ribose)-regulated chromatin remodeling enzyme-as a key modulator of sensitivity to PARP inhibitor. We found that ALC1 can remove inactive PARP1 indirectly through binding to PARylated chromatin. Consequently, ALC1 deficiency enhances trapping of inhibited PARP1, which then impairs the binding of both nonhomologous end-joining and homologous recombination repair factors to DNA lesions. We also establish that ALC1 overexpression, a common feature in multiple tumor types, reduces the sensitivity of BRCA-deficient cells to PARP inhibitors. Together, we conclude that ALC1-dependent PARP1 mobilization is a key step underlying PARP inhibitor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Juhász
- MTA SZBK Lendület DNA Damage and Nuclear Dynamics Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, 6276 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), UMR 6290, BIOSIT, UMS 3480, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Tamás Schauer
- Biomedical Center, Bioinformatics Unit, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dóra Spekhardt
- MTA SZBK Lendület DNA Damage and Nuclear Dynamics Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, 6276 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hasan Mamar
- MTA SZBK Lendület DNA Damage and Nuclear Dynamics Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, 6276 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Siham Zentout
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), UMR 6290, BIOSIT, UMS 3480, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Chapuis
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), UMR 6290, BIOSIT, UMS 3480, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sébastien Huet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), UMR 6290, BIOSIT, UMS 3480, F-35000 Rennes, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris France
| | - Gyula Timinszky
- MTA SZBK Lendület DNA Damage and Nuclear Dynamics Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, 6276 Szeged, Hungary.
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Sigorski D, Iżycka-Świeszewska E, Bodnar L. Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors in Prostate Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms, and Preclinical and Clinical Data. Target Oncol 2020; 15:709-722. [PMID: 33044685 PMCID: PMC7701127 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-020-00756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The incidence of genetic alterations in homologous recombination repair genes increases during cancer progression, and 20% of prostate cancers (PCas) have defects in DNA repair genes. Several somatic and germline gene alterations drive prostate cancer tumorigenesis, and the most important of these are BRCA2, BRCA1, ATM and CHEK2. There is a group of BRCAness tumours that share phenotypic and genotypic properties with classical BRCA-mutated tumours. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) show synthetic lethality in cancer cells with impaired homologous recombination genes, and patients with these alterations are candidates for PARPi therapy. Androgen deprivation therapy is the mainstay of PCa therapy. PARPis decrease androgen signalling by interaction with molecular mechanisms of the androgen nuclear complex. The PROFOUND phase III trial, comparing olaparib with enzalutamide/abiraterone therapy, revealed increased radiological progression-free survival (rPFS) and overall survival (OS) among patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with BRCA1, BRCA2 or ATM mutations. The clinical efficacy of PARPis has been confirmed in ovarian, breast, pancreatic and recently also in a subset of PCa. There is growing evidence that molecular tumour boards are the future of the oncological therapeutic approach in prostate cancer. In this review, we summarise the data concerning the molecular mechanisms and preclinical and clinical data of PARPis in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Sigorski
- Department of Oncology, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Al. Wojska Polskiego 37, 10-228, Olsztyn, Poland.
- Clinical Department of Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, Warmian-Masurian Cancer Center of The Ministry of The Interior and Administration's Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ewa Iżycka-Świeszewska
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lubomir Bodnar
- Department of Oncology, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Al. Wojska Polskiego 37, 10-228, Olsztyn, Poland
- Clinical Department of Oncology and Immuno-Oncology, Warmian-Masurian Cancer Center of The Ministry of The Interior and Administration's Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland
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Han Y, Yu X, Li S, Tian Y, Liu C. New Perspectives for Resistance to PARP Inhibitors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:578095. [PMID: 33324554 PMCID: PMC7724080 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.578095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are a therapeutic milestone exerting a synthetic lethal effect in the treatment of cancer involving BRCA1/2 mutation. Theoretically, PARP inhibitors (PARPi) eliminate tumor cells by disrupting DNA damage repair through either PARylation or the homologous recombination (HR) pathway. However, resistance to PARPi greatly hinders therapeutic effectiveness in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Owing to the high heterogeneity and few genetic targets in TNBC, there has been limited therapeutic progress in the past decades. In view of this, there is a need to circumvent resistance to PARPi and develop potential treatment strategies for TNBC. We present, herein, a review of the scientific progress and explore the mechanisms underlying PARPi resistance in TNBC. The complicated mechanisms of PARPi resistance, including drug exporter formation, loss of poly (ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), HR reactivation, and restoration of replication fork stability, are discussed in detail in this review. Additionally, we also discuss new combination therapies with PARPi that can improve the clinical response in TNBC. The new perspectives for PARPi bring novel challenges and opportunities to overcome PARPi resistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Han
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Caigang Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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85
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Sviderskiy VO, Blumenberg L, Gorodetsky E, Karakousi TR, Hirsh N, Alvarez SW, Terzi EM, Kaparos E, Whiten GC, Ssebyala S, Tonzi P, Mir H, Neel BG, Huang TT, Adams S, Ruggles KV, Possemato R. Hyperactive CDK2 Activity in Basal-like Breast Cancer Imposes a Genome Integrity Liability that Can Be Exploited by Targeting DNA Polymerase ε. Mol Cell 2020; 80:682-698.e7. [PMID: 33152268 PMCID: PMC7687292 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of fundamental differences between breast cancer subtypes has driven therapeutic advances; however, basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) remains clinically intractable. Because BLBC exhibits alterations in DNA repair enzymes and cell-cycle checkpoints, elucidation of factors enabling the genomic instability present in this subtype has the potential to reveal novel anti-cancer strategies. Here, we demonstrate that BLBC is especially sensitive to suppression of iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) biosynthesis and identify DNA polymerase epsilon (POLE) as an ISC-containing protein that underlies this phenotype. In BLBC cells, POLE suppression leads to replication fork stalling, DNA damage, and a senescence-like state or cell death. In contrast, luminal breast cancer and non-transformed mammary cells maintain viability upon POLE suppression but become dependent upon an ATR/CHK1/CDC25A/CDK2 DNA damage response axis. We find that CDK1/2 targets exhibit hyperphosphorylation selectively in BLBC tumors, indicating that CDK2 hyperactivity is a genome integrity vulnerability exploitable by targeting POLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav O Sviderskiy
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lili Blumenberg
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gorodetsky
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Triantafyllia R Karakousi
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nicole Hirsh
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Samantha W Alvarez
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Erdem M Terzi
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Efiyenia Kaparos
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gabrielle C Whiten
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shakirah Ssebyala
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Peter Tonzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hannan Mir
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tony T Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sylvia Adams
- Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kelly V Ruggles
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Richard Possemato
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura & Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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86
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Fuh K, Mullen M, Blachut B, Stover E, Konstantinopoulos P, Liu J, Matulonis U, Khabele D, Mosammaparast N, Vindigni A. Homologous recombination deficiency real-time clinical assays, ready or not? Gynecol Oncol 2020; 159:877-886. [PMID: 32967790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancers with deficiencies in homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair (HRR) demonstrate improved clinical outcomes and increased survival. Approximately 50% of high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC) exhibit homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). HRD can be caused by germline or somatic mutations of genes involved in the HR pathway. Given platinum-based chemotherapy and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) are used in HGSOC, double-strand breaks (DSBs) are common. Unrepaired DSBs are toxic to cells as genomic instability ensues and cells eventually die. Thus, tumor cells with DSBs utilize the high-fidelity HRR as one of the central pathways for repair. In tumors that have HRD, an alternate pathway such as non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) is used and leads to error-prone repair. To date, methods for clinical detection of homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) are limited to genomic changes of HRR genes and genomic mutation patterns resulting from HRD genes involved in HR-mediated DNA repair. However, these tests detect genomic scars that might not always correlate well with PARP inhibitor or platinum sensitivity in the current state. Therefore, a functional HRD assay should be able to more accurately predict tumor response in real-time. RAD51 foci formation has been used as a functional assay to define HRD and closely correlates with chemotherapy and PARPi sensitivity. The inability to form RAD51 foci is a common feature of HRD. DNA damage can also cause transient slowing or stalling of replication forks defined as replication stress. Replication fork stalling can lead to fork degradation and decreased cell viability if forks do not resume DNA synthesis. Fork degradation has been found to lead to chemosensitivity in BRCA-deficient tumors. To determine this fork degradation phenotype, replication fork/DNA fiber assays are utilized. This review will highlight functional assays for HRD in the context of translating these to real-time clinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Fuh
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, St Louis, MO, United States of America.
| | - Mary Mullen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, St Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Barbara Blachut
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, St Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Stover
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Panagiotis Konstantinopoulos
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Joyce Liu
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ursula Matulonis
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Dineo Khabele
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, St Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Nima Mosammaparast
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, and Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, St Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Vindigni
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States of America
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87
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Halder R, Shroff RT. What is the role of PARP inhibitors in pancreatic cancer? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:913-918. [PMID: 32865047 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1816174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Halder
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rachna T Shroff
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, AZ, USA.,Section of GI Medical Oncology, University of Arizona Cancer Center , Tucson, AZ, USA
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88
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Mechanism and significance of chromosome damage repair by homologous recombination. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:779-790. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is a major, conserved pathway of chromosome damage repair. It not only fulfills key functions in the removal of deleterious lesions such as DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and interstrand cross-links (ICLs), but also in replication fork repair and protection. Several familial and acquired cancer predisposition syndromes stem from defects in HR. In particular, individuals with mutations in HR genes exhibit predisposition to breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancers, and they also show signs of accelerated aging. However, aberrant and untimely HR events can lead to the loss of heterozygosity, genomic rearrangements, and cytotoxic nucleoprotein intermediates. Thus, it is critically important that HR be tightly regulated. In addition to DNA repair, HR is also involved in meiotic chromosome segregation and telomere maintenance in cells that lack telomerase. In this review, we focus on the role of HR in DSB repair (DSBR) and summarize the current state of the field.
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89
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Shakri AR, James Zhong T, Ma W, Coker C, Hegde R, Scholze H, Chin V, Szabolcs M, Hibshoosh H, Tanji K, Baer R, Kumar Biswas A, Acharyya S. Aberrant Zip14 expression in muscle is associated with cachexia in a Bard1-deficient mouse model of breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Med 2020; 9:6766-6775. [PMID: 32730698 PMCID: PMC7520359 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 80% of advanced cancer patients are afflicted with cachexia, a debilitating syndrome characterized by extensive loss of muscle mass and function. Cachectic cancer patients have a reduced tolerance to antineoplastic therapies and often succumb to premature death from the wasting of respiratory and cardiac muscles. Since there are no available treatments for cachexia, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms that drive cachexia in order to devise effective strategies to treat it. Although 25% of metastatic breast cancer patients develop symptoms of muscle wasting, mechanistic studies of breast cancer cachexia have been hampered by a lack of experimental models. Using tumor cells deficient for BARD1, a subunit of the BRCA1/BARD1 tumor suppressor complex, we have developed a new orthotopic model of triple‐negative breast cancer that spontaneously metastasizes to the lung and leads to systemic muscle deterioration. We show that expression of the metal‐ion transporter, Zip14, is markedly upregulated in cachectic muscles from these mice and is associated with elevated intramuscular zinc and iron levels. Aberrant Zip14 expression and altered metal‐ion homeostasis could therefore represent an underlying mechanism of cachexia development in human patients with triple‐negative breast cancer. Our study provides a unique model for studying breast cancer cachexia and identifies a potential therapeutic target for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy James Zhong
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Pathobiology and Mechanisms of Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wanchao Ma
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Courtney Coker
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rohaan Hegde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanna Scholze
- Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Chin
- Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthias Szabolcs
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kurenai Tanji
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Baer
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anup Kumar Biswas
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Swarnali Acharyya
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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90
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Pavlović M, Tadić A, Gligorijević N, Poljarević J, Petrović T, Dojčinović B, Savić A, Radulović S, Grgurić-Šipka S, Aranđelović S. Synthesis, chemical characterization, PARP inhibition, DNA binding and cellular uptake of novel ruthenium(II)-arene complexes bearing benzamide derivatives in human breast cancer cells. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 210:111155. [PMID: 32768729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) showed remarkable clinical efficacy in BRCA-mutated tumors. Based on the rational drug design, derivatives of PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB), 2-amino-4-methylbenzamide (L1) and 3-amino-N-methylbenzamide (L2), were coordinated to the ruthenium(II) ion, to form potential drugs affecting DNA and inhibiting PARP enzyme. The four conjugated complexes of formula: C1 [(ƞ6-toluene)Ru(L1)Cl]PF6, C2 [(ƞ6-p-cymene)Ru(L1)Cl]PF6, C3 [(ƞ6-toluene)Ru(L2)Cl2] and C4 [(ƞ6-p-cymene)Ru(L2)Cl2], have been synthesized and characterized. Colorimetric 3-(4.5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed the highest antiproliferative activity of C1 in HCC1937, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Efficiency of inhibition of PARP-1 enzymatic activity in vitro decreased in order: C2 > C4 > 3-AB>C1 > C3. ICP-MS study of intracellular accumulation and distribution in BRCA1-mutated HCC1937 revealed that C1-C4 entered cells within 24 h. The complex C1 showed the highest intracellular accumulation, nuclear-targeting properties, and exhibited the highest DNA binding (39.2 ± 0.6 pg of Ru per μg of DNA) that resulted in the cell cycle arrest in the S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Pavlović
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Tadić
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevenka Gligorijević
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Poljarević
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Tamara Petrović
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Dojčinović
- Centre of Chemistry Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Savić
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Siniša Radulović
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Grgurić-Šipka
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sandra Aranđelović
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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91
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Li H, Liu ZY, Wu N, Chen YC, Cheng Q, Wang J. PARP inhibitor resistance: the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:107. [PMID: 32563252 PMCID: PMC7305609 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the DNA repair defect, BRCA1/2 deficient tumor cells are more sensitive to PARP inhibitors (PARPi) through the mechanism of synthetic lethality. At present, several PAPRi targeting poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) have been approved for ovarian cancer and breast cancer indications. However, PARPi resistance is ubiquitous in clinic. More than 40% BRCA1/2-deficient patients fail to respond to PARPi. In addition, lots of patients acquire PARPi resistance with prolonged oral administration of PARPi. Homologous recombination repair deficient (HRD), as an essential prerequisite of synthetic lethality, plays a vital role in killing tumor cells. Therefore, Homologous recombination repair restoration (HRR) becomes the predominant reason of PARPi resistance. Recently, it was reported that DNA replication fork protection also contributed to PARPi resistance in BRCA1/2-deficient cells and patients. Moreover, various factors, such as reversion mutations, epigenetic modification, restoration of ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) and pharmacological alteration lead to PARPi resistance as well. In this review, we reviewed the underlying mechanisms of PARP inhibitor resistance in detail and summarized the potential strategies to overcome PARPi resistance and increase PARPi sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Hunan Clinical Research Center in Gynecologic Cancer, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Yi Liu
- Hunan Clinical Research Center in Gynecologic Cancer, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Nayiyuan Wu
- Hunan Clinical Research Center in Gynecologic Cancer, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Chang Chen
- Hunan Clinical Research Center in Gynecologic Cancer, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Hunan Clinical Research Center in Gynecologic Cancer, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Gynecologic Cancer, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 283, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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92
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Xu Y, Li C, Wang Z, Liu F, Xu Y. Comparison of suspected Lynch syndrome patients carrying BRCA and BRCA-like variants with Lynch syndrome probands: Phenotypic characteristics and pedigree analyses. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1359. [PMID: 32548945 PMCID: PMC7434599 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients diagnosed with Lynch syndrome (LS) are recommended genetic testing. Increasing numbers of germline variants involved in homologous recombination have been identified in suspected LS patients. This study compared phenotypic the characteristics of suspected LS patients carrying BRCA and BRCA‐like variants with those of LS patients. Methods Forty‐two patients carrying pathogenic variants of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (MMR group), 9 carrying BRCA variants, and 11 carrying BRCA‐like variants (BRCA/BRCA‐like group) who met LS clinical criteria were enrolled in this study. Clinical characteristics, pedigrees, and survival rates were compared and BRCA variants were analyzed. Results The earliest CRC‐onset age and tumor differentiation were higher in the BRCA/BRCA‐like group than in the MMR group. Metachronous CRCs were more numerous in the MMR group, resulting in a higher progression‐free survival rate in the BRCA/BRCA‐like group. Extra‐colorectal cancers were more frequently observed in the BRCA/BRCA‐like group. BRCA2 and BRCA1 variants were clustered in exons 11 and 4/7, respectively. Conclusion BRCA and BRCA‐like variants in CRC patients with LS showed moderate penetrance. BRCA/BRCA‐like variant carriers had a higher risk for extra‐colorectal cancers. Surveillance of susceptible organs other than the intestine should be performed for probands and affected family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Department of Genetics, Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center and Shanghai Academy of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangqi Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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93
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Duso BA, Trapani D, Marra A, D'Amico P, Guerini Rocco E, Fusco N, Mazzarella L, Criscitiello C, Esposito A, Curigliano G. Pharmacological management of male breast cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1493-1504. [PMID: 32496137 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1763305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite its rarity, male breast cancer shows a steadily rising incidence. Given the absence of ad hoc prospective randomized clinical trials, treatment strategies are based on extrapolation from female breast cancer recommendations or solely on population-based data. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the current treatment landscape for male breast cancer in the adjuvant and in the metastatic setting. The authors also discuss the biology and genomic landscape of male breast cancer. Original research and review articles, relative to the period 2010-2019, were included in the review of the literature. EXPERT OPINION There is a major medical need to include male patients with breast cancer in prospective clinical trials. The call to equality in breast cancer care can be pursued via two divergent paths: (i) a gender-neutral delivery of breast cancer information and (ii) the creation of separate sections, for the more common female breast cancer and for the rare male ones. We propose to differentiate male breast cancer care, acknowledging unique onco-sexual and social needs that can be only partially shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A Duso
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS , Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Milan , Milan, Italy.,Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS , Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Trapani
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS , Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Marra
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS , Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo D'Amico
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS , Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Guerini Rocco
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Milan , Milan, Italy.,Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS , Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Milan , Milan, Italy.,Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS , Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Mazzarella
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS , Milan, Italy.,Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS , Milan, Italy
| | - Carmen Criscitiello
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS , Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Esposito
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS , Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS , Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Milan , Milan, Italy
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94
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Gonzalez-Rajal A, Hastings JF, Watkins DN, Croucher DR, Burgess A. Breathing New Life into the Mechanisms of Platinum Resistance in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:305. [PMID: 32457904 PMCID: PMC7225257 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan F. Hastings
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D. Neil Watkins
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David R. Croucher
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Burgess
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney Concord Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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95
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Therapeutic Strategies and Biomarkers to Modulate PARP Activity for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040972. [PMID: 32295316 PMCID: PMC7226473 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is commonly known for its vital role in DNA damage response and repair. However, its enzymatic activity has been linked to a plethora of physiological and pathophysiological transactions ranging from cellular proliferation, survival and death. For instance, malignancies with BRCA1/2 mutations heavily rely on PARP activity for survival. Thus, the use of PARP inhibitors is a well-established intervention in these types of tumors. However, recent studies indicate that the therapeutic potential of attenuating PARP1 activity in recalcitrant tumors, especially where PARP1 is aberrantly overexpressed and hyperactivated, may extend its therapeutic utility in wider cancer types beyond BRCA-deficiency. Here, we discuss treatment strategies to expand the tumor-selective therapeutic application of PARP inhibitors and novel approaches with predictive biomarkers to perturb NAD+ levels and hyperPARylation that inactivate PARP in recalcitrant tumors. We also provide an overview of genetic alterations that transform non-BRCA mutant cancers to a state of "BRCAness" as potential biomarkers for synthetic lethality with PARP inhibitors. Finally, we discuss a paradigm shift for the use of novel PARP inhibitors outside of cancer treatment, where it has the potential to rescue normal cells from severe oxidative damage during ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by surgery and radiotherapy.
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96
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Hatano Y, Tamada M, Matsuo M, Hara A. Molecular Trajectory of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations. Front Oncol 2020; 10:361. [PMID: 32269964 PMCID: PMC7109296 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Every cancer carries genomic mutations. Although almost all these mutations arise after fertilization, a minimal count of cancer predisposition mutations are already present at the time of genesis of germ cells. Of the cancer predisposition genes identified to date, BRCA1 and BRCA2 have been determined to be associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome. Such cancer predisposition genes have recently been attracting attention owing to the emergence of molecular genetics, thus, affecting the strategy of cancer prevention, diagnostics, and therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the molecular significance of these two BRCA genes. First, we provide a brief history of BRCA1 and BRCA2, including their identification as cancer predisposition genes and recognition as members in the Fanconi anemia pathway. Next, we describe the molecular function and interaction of BRCA proteins, and thereafter, describe the patterns of BRCA dysfunction. Subsequently, we present emerging evidence on mutational signatures to determine the effects of BRCA disorders on the mutational process in cancer cells. Currently, BRCA genes serve as principal targets for clinical molecular oncology, be they germline or sporadic mutations. Moreover, comprehensive cancer genome analyses enable us to not only recognize the current status of the known cancer driver gene mutations but also divulge the past mutational processes and predict the future biological behavior of cancer through the molecular trajectory of genomic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Hatano
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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97
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Jette NR, Kumar M, Radhamani S, Arthur G, Goutam S, Yip S, Kolinsky M, Williams GJ, Bose P, Lees-Miller SP. ATM-Deficient Cancers Provide New Opportunities for Precision Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030687. [PMID: 32183301 PMCID: PMC7140103 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are currently used in the treatment of several cancers carrying mutations in the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, with many more potential applications under study and in clinical trials. Here, we discuss the potential for extending PARP inhibitor therapies to tumours with deficiencies in the DNA damage-activated protein kinase, Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM). We highlight our recent findings that PARP inhibition alone is cytostatic but not cytotoxic in ATM-deficient cancer cells and that the combination of a PARP inhibitor with an ATR (ATM, Rad3-related) inhibitor is required to induce cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Jette
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (N.R.J.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (S.G.); (G.J.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Mehul Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (N.R.J.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (S.G.); (G.J.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Suraj Radhamani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (N.R.J.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (S.G.); (G.J.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Greydon Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (N.R.J.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (S.G.); (G.J.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Siddhartha Goutam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (N.R.J.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (S.G.); (G.J.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Steven Yip
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, 1331 29 St NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N2, Canada;
| | - Michael Kolinsky
- Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada;
| | - Gareth J. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (N.R.J.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (S.G.); (G.J.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Pinaki Bose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (N.R.J.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (S.G.); (G.J.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Susan P. Lees-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (N.R.J.); (M.K.); (S.R.); (G.A.); (S.G.); (G.J.W.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence:
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98
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Pilarova K, Herudek J, Blazek D. CDK12: cellular functions and therapeutic potential of versatile player in cancer. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa003. [PMID: 34316683 PMCID: PMC8210036 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II and is needed for the optimal transcription elongation and translation of a subset of human protein-coding genes. The kinase has a pleiotropic effect on the maintenance of genome stability, and its inactivation in prostate and ovarian tumours results in focal tandem duplications, a CDK12-unique genome instability phenotype. CDK12 aberrations were found in many other malignancies and have the potential to be used as biomarkers for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, the inhibition of CDK12 emerges as a promising strategy for treatment in several types of cancers. In this review, we summarize mechanisms that CDK12 utilizes for the regulation of gene expression and discuss how the perturbation of CDK12-sensitive genes contributes to the disruption of cell cycle progression and the onset of genome instability. Furthermore, we describe tumour-suppressive and oncogenic functions of CDK12 and its potential as a biomarker and inhibition target in anti-tumour treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kveta Pilarova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Herudek
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Blazek
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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99
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Li A, Schleicher SM, Andre F, Mitri ZI. Genomic Alteration in Metastatic Breast Cancer and Its Treatment. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2020; 40:1-14. [PMID: 32213086 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_280463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer (mBC) remains responsible for the majority of breast cancer deaths. Whereas clinical outcomes have improved with the development of novel therapies, resistance almost inevitably develops, indicating the need for novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of mBC. Recent investigations into mBC genomic alterations have revealed novel and potential therapeutic targets. Most notably, therapies against PIK3CA mutation and germline BRCA1/2 mutations have solidified the role of targeted therapy in mBC, with treatments against these alterations now approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on the basis of clinical benefit for patients with mBC. Familiarity with relevant genomic alterations in mBC, technologies for mutation detection, methods of interpreting genomic alterations, and an understanding of their clinical impact will aid practicing clinicians in the treatment of mBC as the field of breast oncology moves toward the era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Li
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
| | | | - Fabrice Andre
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Zahi I Mitri
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR
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100
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Brambati A, Zardoni L, Nardini E, Pellicioli A, Liberi G. The dark side of RNA:DNA hybrids. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 784:108300. [PMID: 32430097 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RNA:DNA hybrids form when nascent transcripts anneal to the DNA template strand or any homologous DNA region. Co-transcriptional RNA:DNA hybrids, organized in R-loop structures together with the displaced non-transcribed strand, assist gene expression, DNA repair and other physiological cellular functions. A dark side of the matter is that RNA:DNA hybrids are also a cause of DNA damage and human diseases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which the impairment of hybrid turnover promotes DNA damage and genome instability via the interference with DNA replication and DNA double-strand break repair. We also discuss how hybrids could contribute to cancer, neurodegeneration and susceptibility to viral infections, focusing on dysfunctions associated with the anti-R-loop helicase Senataxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Brambati
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Luca Zardoni
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy; Scuola Universitaria Superiore, IUSS, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Nardini
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Achille Pellicioli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giordano Liberi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy; IFOM Foundation, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.
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