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Biundo A, Ribitsch D, Guebitz GM. Surface engineering of polyester-degrading enzymes to improve efficiency and tune specificity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3551-3559. [PMID: 29511846 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain members of the carboxylesterase superfamily can act at the interface between water and water-insoluble substrates. However, nonnatural bulky polyesters usually are not efficiently hydrolyzed. In the recent years, the potential of enzyme engineering to improve hydrolysis of synthetic polyesters has been demonstrated. Regions on the enzyme surface have been modified by using site-directed mutagenesis in order to tune sorption processes through increased hydrophobicity of the enzyme surface. Such modifications can involve specific amino acid substitutions, addition of binding modules, or truncation of entire domains improving sorption properties and/or dynamics of the enzyme. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on different strategies developed in the recent years for enzyme surface engineering to improve the activity of polyester-hydrolyzing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Biundo
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Doris Ribitsch
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Tulln an der Donau, Austria. .,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Tulln an der Donau, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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52
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Biundo A, Reich J, Ribitsch D, Guebitz GM. Synergistic effect of mutagenesis and truncation to improve a polyesterase from Clostridium botulinum for polyester hydrolysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3745. [PMID: 29487314 PMCID: PMC5829244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the esterase (Cbotu_EstA) from Clostridium botulinum on the polyester poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was improved by concomitant engineering of two different domains. On the one hand, the zinc-binding domain present in Cbotu_EstA was subjected to site-directed mutagenesis. On the other hand, a specific domain consisting of 71 amino acids at the N-terminus of the enzyme was deleted. Interestingly, a combination of substitution of residues present in the zinc-binding domain (e.g. S199A) synergistically increased the activity of the enzyme on PET seven fold when combined to the truncation of 71 amino acids at the N-terminus of the enzyme only. Overall, when compared to the native enzyme, the combination of truncation and substitutions in the zinc-binding domain lead to a 50-fold activity improvement. Moreover, analysis of the kinetic parameters of the Cbotu_EstA variants indicated a clear shift of activity from water soluble (i.e. para-nitrophenyl butyrate) to insoluble polymeric substrates. These results evidently show that the interaction with non-natural polymeric substrates provides targets for enzyme engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Biundo
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Johanna Reich
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Doris Ribitsch
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria. .,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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Pellis A, Cantone S, Ebert C, Gardossi L. Evolving biocatalysis to meet bioeconomy challenges and opportunities. N Biotechnol 2018; 40:154-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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54
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Pradima J, Kulkarni MR, Archna. Review on enzymatic synthesis of value added products of glycerol, a by-product derived from biodiesel production. RESOURCE-EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reffit.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Domínguez de María P, Guajardo N. Biocatalytic Valorization of Furans: Opportunities for Inherently Unstable Substrates. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:4123-4134. [PMID: 28869788 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic furans (furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) are expected to become relevant building blocks based on their high degree of functionality and versatility. However, the inherent instability of furans poses considerable challenges for their synthetic modifications. Valorization routes of furans typically generate byproducts, impurities, wastes, and a cumbersome downstream processing, compromising their ecological footprint. Biocatalysis may become an alternative, given the high selectivity of enzymes, together with the mild reaction conditions applied. This Review critically discusses the options for enzymes in the upgrading of furans. Based on previous reports, a variety of biocatalytic transformations have been applied to furans, with successful cases both in aqueous and in water-free media. Options comprise the biodetoxification of toxic furans in hydrolysates, selective syntheses based on oxidation-reduction processes, solvent-free esterifications, or carboligations to afford C12 derivatives. Reported strategies show in general promising but still modest productivities (2-30 gproduct L-1 d-1 , depending on the example). There are opportunities with high potential and deserving of further development, scale-up, and technoeconomic assessment, to entirely validate them as realistic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Guajardo
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Avda. Viel 1497, Santiago, Chile
- IONCHEM Ltda, Avda. Diego Portales 925, 301, Viña del Mar, Chile
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Pellis A, Vastano M, Quartinello F, Herrero Acero E, Guebitz GM. His-Tag Immobilization of Cutinase 1 From Thermobifida cellulosilytica for Solvent-Free Synthesis of Polyesters. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28731627 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
For many years, lipase B from Candida antarctica (CaLB) was the primary biocatalyst used for enzymatic esterification and polycondensation reactions. More recently, the need for novel biocatalysts with different selectivity has arisen in the biotechnology and biocatalysis fields. The present work describes how the catalytic potential of Thermobifida cellulosilytica cutinase 1 (Thc_Cut1) was exploited for polyester synthesis. In a first step, Thc_Cut1 was immobilized on three different carriers, namely Opal, Coral, and Amber, using a novel non-toxic His-tag method based on chelated Fe(III) ions (>99% protein bounded). In a second step, the biocatalyzed synthesis of an array of aliphatic polyesters was conducted. A selectivity chain study in a solvent-free reaction environment showed how, in contrast to CaLB, Thc_Cut1 presents a certain preference for C6 -C4 ester-diol combinations reaching monomer conversions up to 78% and Mw of 878 g mol-1 when the Amber immobilized Thc_Cut1 was used. The synthetic potential of this cutinase was also tested in organic solvents, showing a marked activity decrease in polar media like that observed for CaLB. Finally, recyclability studies were performed, which showed an excellent stability of the immobilized Thc_Cut1 (retained activity >94%) over 24 h reaction cycles when a solvent-free workup was used. Concerning a practical application of the biocatalyst's preparation, the production of oligomers with Mn values below 10 kDa is usually desired for the production of nanoparticles and for the synthesis of functional pre-polymers for coating applications that can be crosslinked in a second reaction step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pellis
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Marco Vastano
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Felice Quartinello
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Enrique Herrero Acero
- Division Enzymes & Polymers, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.,Division Enzymes & Polymers, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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58
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Haernvall K, Zitzenbacher S, Yamamoto M, Schick MB, Ribitsch D, Guebitz GM. Polyol Structure and Ionic Moieties Influence the Hydrolytic Stability and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Bio-Based 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) Copolyesters. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9090403. [PMID: 30965704 PMCID: PMC6418894 DOI: 10.3390/polym9090403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of copolyesters based on furanic acid and sulfonated isophthalic acid with various polyols were synthetized and their susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis by cutinase 1 from Thermobifida cellulosilytica (Thc_Cut1) investigated. All copolyesters consisted of 30 mol % 5-sulfoisophthalate units (NaSIP) and 70 mol % 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), while the polyol component was varied, including 1,2-ethanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,8-octanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, or tetraethylene glycol. The composition of the copolyesters was confirmed by 1H-NMR and the number average molecular weight (Mn) was determined by GPC to range from 2630 to 8030 g/mol. A DSC analysis revealed glass-transition temperatures (Tg) from 84 to 6 °C, which were decreasing with increasing diol chain length. The crystallinity was below 1% for all polyesters. The hydrolytic stability increased with the chain length of the alkyl diol unit, while it was generally higher for the ether diol units. Thc_Cut1 was able to hydrolyze all of the copolyesters containing alkyl diols ranging from two to eight carbon chain lengths, while the highest activities were detected for the shorter chain lengths with an amount of 13.6 ± 0.7 mM FDCA released after 72 h of incubation at 50 °C. Faster hydrolysis was observed when replacing an alkyl diol by ether diols, as indicated, e.g., by a fivefold higher release of FDCA for triethylene glycol when compared to 1,8-octanediol. A positive influence of introducing ionic phthalic acid was observed while the enzyme preferentially cleaved ester bonds associated to the non-charged building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Haernvall
- ACIB: Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Sabine Zitzenbacher
- ACIB: Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Motonori Yamamoto
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
| | | | - Doris Ribitsch
- ACIB: Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- ACIB: Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
- BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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59
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Ribitsch D, Hromic A, Zitzenbacher S, Zartl B, Gamerith C, Pellis A, Jungbauer A, Łyskowski A, Steinkellner G, Gruber K, Tscheliessnig R, Herrero Acero E, Guebitz GM. Small cause, large effect: Structural characterization of cutinases from Thermobifida cellulosilytica. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2481-2488. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Ribitsch
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology ACIB; Petergsasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna Austria
| | - Altijana Hromic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - Sabine Zitzenbacher
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology ACIB; Petergsasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Barbara Zartl
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology ACIB; Petergsasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna Austria
| | - Caroline Gamerith
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology ACIB; Petergsasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Alessandro Pellis
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna Austria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology ACIB; Petergsasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna Austria
| | - Andrzej Łyskowski
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - Georg Steinkellner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology ACIB; Petergsasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology ACIB; Petergsasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences; University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - Rupert Tscheliessnig
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology ACIB; Petergsasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | | | - Georg M. Guebitz
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology ACIB; Petergsasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna Austria
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60
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Haernvall K, Zitzenbacher S, Amer H, Zumstein MT, Sander M, McNeill K, Yamamoto M, Schick MB, Ribitsch D, Guebitz GM. Polyol Structure Influences Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Bio-Based 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) Polyesters. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Haernvall
- ACIB − Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH; Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20 3430 Tulln Austria
| | - Sabine Zitzenbacher
- ACIB − Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH; Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20 3430 Tulln Austria
| | - Hassan Amer
- Division of Chemistry of Renewable Resources; BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24 3430 Tulln Austria
| | - Michael T. Zumstein
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics; ETH Zurich 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Michael Sander
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics; ETH Zurich 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics; ETH Zurich 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | | | | | - Doris Ribitsch
- ACIB − Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH; Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20 3430 Tulln Austria
| | - Georg M. Guebitz
- ACIB − Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH; Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20 3430 Tulln Austria
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology; BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20 3430 Tulln Austria
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61
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A family of archaea-like carboxylesterases preferentially expressed in the symbiotic phase of the mychorrizal fungus Tuber melanosporum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7628. [PMID: 28794466 PMCID: PMC5550427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of esterases is being revealed by (meta) genomic sequencing projects, but few of them are functionally/structurally characterized, especially enzymes of fungal origin. Starting from a three-member gene family of secreted putative “lipases/esterases” preferentially expressed in the symbiotic phase of the mycorrhizal fungus Tuber melanosporum (“black truffle”), we show here that these enzymes (TmelEST1-3) are dimeric, heat-resistant carboxylesterases capable of hydrolyzing various short/medium chain p-nitrophenyl esters. TmelEST2 was the most active (kcat = 2302 s−1 for p-nitrophenyl-butyrate) and thermally stable (T50 = 68.3 °C), while TmelEST3 was the only one displaying some activity on tertiary alcohol esters. X-ray diffraction analysis of TmelEST2 revealed a classical α/β hydrolase-fold structure, with a network of dimer-stabilizing intermolecular interactions typical of archaea esterases. The predicted structures of TmelEST1 and 3 are overall quite similar to that of TmelEST2 but with some important differences. Most notably, the much smaller volume of the substrate-binding pocket and the more acidic electrostatic surface profile of TmelEST1. This was also the only TmelEST capable of hydrolyzing feruloyl-esters, suggestinng a possible role in root cell-wall deconstruction during symbiosis establishment. In addition to their potential biotechnological interest, TmelESTs raise important questions regarding the evolutionary recruitment of archaea-like enzymes into mesophilic subterranean fungi such as truffles.
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64
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Park JE, Hwang DY, Choi GH, Choi KH, Suh DH. Fast Hydrolysis Polyesters with a Rigid Cyclic Diol from Camphor. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2633-2639. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133−791, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Young Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133−791, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Ho Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133−791, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwan Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133−791, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hack Suh
- Department of Chemical Engineering,
College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133−791, Republic of Korea
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65
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Gonçalves C, Gonçalves IC, Magalhães FD, Pinto AM. Poly(lactic acid) Composites Containing Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E269. [PMID: 30970948 PMCID: PMC6431974 DOI: 10.3390/polym9070269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a green alternative to petrochemical commodity plastics, used in packaging, agricultural products, disposable materials, textiles, and automotive composites. It is also approved by regulatory authorities for several biomedical applications. However, for some uses it is required that some of its properties be improved, namely in terms of thermo-mechanical and electrical performance. The incorporation of nanofillers is a common approach to attain this goal. The outstanding properties of carbon-based nanomaterials (CBN) have caused a surge in research works dealing with PLA/CBN composites. The available information is compiled and reviewed, focusing on PLA/CNT (carbon nanotubes) and PLA/GBM (graphene-based materials) composites. The production methods, and the effects of CBN loading on PLA properties, namely mechanical, thermal, electrical, and biological, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gonçalves
- LEPABE-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal.
| | - Inês C Gonçalves
- INEB-National Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, Porto 4150-180, Portugal.
- i3S-Institute for Innovation and Health Research, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
| | - Fernão D Magalhães
- LEPABE-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal.
| | - Artur M Pinto
- LEPABE-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto 4200-465, Portugal.
- INEB-National Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, Porto 4150-180, Portugal.
- i3S-Institute for Innovation and Health Research, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
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66
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Quartinello F, Vajnhandl S, Volmajer Valh J, Farmer TJ, Vončina B, Lobnik A, Herrero Acero E, Pellis A, Guebitz GM. Synergistic chemo-enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) from textile waste. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:1376-1383. [PMID: 28574165 PMCID: PMC5658601 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the rising global environment protection awareness, recycling strategies that comply with the circular economy principles are needed. Polyesters are among the most used materials in the textile industry; therefore, achieving a complete poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) hydrolysis in an environmentally friendly way is a current challenge. In this work, a chemo‐enzymatic treatment was developed to recover the PET building blocks, namely terephthalic acid (TA) and ethylene glycol. To monitor the monomer and oligomer content in solid samples, a Fourier‐transformed Raman method was successfully developed. A shift of the free carboxylic groups (1632 cm−1) of TA into the deprotonated state (1604 and 1398 cm−1) was observed and bands at 1728 and 1398 cm−1 were used to assess purity of TA after the chemo‐enzymatic PET hydrolysis. The chemical treatment, performed under neutral conditions (T = 250 °C, P = 40 bar), led to conversion of PET into 85% TA and small oligomers. The latter were hydrolysed in a second step using the Humicola insolens cutinase (HiC) yielding 97% pure TA, therefore comparable with the commercial synthesis‐grade TA (98%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Quartinello
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Inst. of Environ. Biotech., Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln a. d. Donau, Austria
| | - Simona Vajnhandl
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Julija Volmajer Valh
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Thomas J Farmer
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Bojana Vončina
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Alexandra Lobnik
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Enrique Herrero Acero
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alessandro Pellis
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Inst. of Environ. Biotech., Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln a. d. Donau, Austria
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Inst. of Environ. Biotech., Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln a. d. Donau, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Division Polymers & Enzymes, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln a. d. Donau, Austria
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67
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Wang L, Wang Y, Zhang F, Bai Y, Ding L. Syntheses and properties of the PET-co
-PEA copolyester. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical; Nantong University; Nantong 226019 People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Yongping Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin 150001 People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical; Nantong University; Nantong 226019 People's Republic of China
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68
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Gamerith C, Vastano M, Ghorbanpour SM, Zitzenbacher S, Ribitsch D, Zumstein MT, Sander M, Herrero Acero E, Pellis A, Guebitz GM. Enzymatic Degradation of Aromatic and Aliphatic Polyesters by P. pastoris Expressed Cutinase 1 from Thermobifida cellulosilytica. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:938. [PMID: 28596765 PMCID: PMC5443175 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To study hydrolysis of aromatic and aliphatic polyesters cutinase 1 from Thermobifida cellulosilytica (Thc_Cut1) was expressed in P. pastoris. No significant differences between the expression of native Thc_Cut1 and of two glycosylation site knock out mutants (Thc_Cut1_koAsn and Thc_Cut1_koST) concerning the total extracellular protein concentration and volumetric activity were observed. Hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was shown for all three enzymes based on quantification of released products by HPLC and similar concentrations of released terephthalic acid (TPA) and mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET) were detected for all enzymes. Both tested aliphatic polyesters poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) were hydrolyzed by Thc_Cut1 and Thc_Cut1_koST, although PBS was hydrolyzed to significantly higher extent than PHBV. These findings were also confirmed via quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) analysis; for PHBV only a small mass change was observed while the mass of PBS thin films decreased by 93% upon enzymatic hydrolysis with Thc_Cut1. Although both enzymes led to similar concentrations of released products upon hydrolysis of PET and PHBV, Thc_Cut1_koST was found to be significantly more active on PBS than the native Thc_Cut1. Hydrolysis of PBS films by Thc_Cut1 and Thc_Cut1_koST was followed by weight loss and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Within 96 h of hydrolysis up to 92 and 41% of weight loss were detected with Thc_Cut1_koST and Thc_Cut1, respectively. Furthermore, SEM characterization of PBS films clearly showed that enzyme tretment resulted in morphological changes of the film surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Vastano
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaTulln, Austria.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Sahar M Ghorbanpour
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaTulln, Austria
| | | | - Doris Ribitsch
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyTulln, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaTulln, Austria
| | - Michael T Zumstein
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sander
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Alessandro Pellis
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaTulln, Austria
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyTulln, Austria.,Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaTulln, Austria
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69
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Li YM, Zhang XY, Li N, Xu P, Lou WY, Zong MH. Biocatalytic Reduction of HMF to 2,5-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan by HMF-Tolerant Whole Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:372-378. [PMID: 27966286 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic upgrading of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), an important biobased platform chemical for high-value products, is currently of great interest. In this work, a new highly HMFtolerant yeast strain-Meyerozyma guilliermondii SC1103 was isolated, and biocatalytic reduction of HMF to 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) using its resting cells was reported. Cosubstrates exerted a significant effect on the catalytic activity and selectivity of microbial cells as well as their HMF-tolerant levels whereas the nitrogen source and mineral salts had no effects. In addition, M. guilliermondii SC1103 cells exhibited good catalytic performances within the range of pH 4.0-10.0. The yeast was highly tolerant to both HMF (up to 110 mm) and BHMF (up to 200 mm). In addition, 100 mm HMF could be selectively reduced to BHMF within 12 h by its resting cells in the presence of 100 mm glucose (as cosubstrate), with a yield of 86 % and selectivity of >99 %. The production of 191 mm of BHMF was realized within 24.5 h by using a fed-batch strategy, with a productivity of approximately 24 g L-1 per day. In addition, this new biocatalytic approach was applied for the reduction of furfural and 5-methylfurfural, affording the corresponding furfuryl alcohols with yields of 83 and 89 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Ying Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Pei Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
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70
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Biundo A, Steinkellner G, Gruber K, Spreitzhofer T, Ribitsch D, Guebitz GM. Engineering of the zinc-binding domain of an esterase from Clostridium botulinum towards increased activity on polyesters. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy00168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Variants of the zinc-binding domain of Clostridium botulinum EstA (Cbotu_EstA) release more building blocks (Ta and BTa) from the aromatic/aliphatic copolyester poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Biundo
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)
- Tulln an der Donau
- Austria
| | - Georg Steinkellner
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)
- Tulln an der Donau
- Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)
- Tulln an der Donau
- Austria
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience
- University of Graz
| | | | - Doris Ribitsch
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)
- Tulln an der Donau
- Austria
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)
| | - Georg M. Guebitz
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)
- Tulln an der Donau
- Austria
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71
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Nature Inspired Solutions for Polymers: Will Cutinase Enzymes Make Polyesters and Polyamides Greener? Catalysts 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/catal6120205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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72
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Biundo A, Ribitsch D, Steinkellner G, Gruber K, Guebitz GM. Polyester hydrolysis is enhanced by a truncated esterase: Less is more. Biotechnol J 2016; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Biundo
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU); Tulln an der Donau Austria
| | - Doris Ribitsch
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU); Tulln an der Donau Austria
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Tulln an der Donau Austria
| | - Georg Steinkellner
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Tulln an der Donau Austria
| | - Karl Gruber
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Tulln an der Donau Austria
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience; University of Graz; Graz Austria
| | - Georg M. Guebitz
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Science (BOKU); Tulln an der Donau Austria
- Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Tulln an der Donau Austria
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73
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Pellis A, Haernvall K, Pichler CM, Ghazaryan G, Breinbauer R, Guebitz GM. Enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(ethylene furanoate). J Biotechnol 2016; 235:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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74
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Pellis A, Gamerith C, Ghazaryan G, Ortner A, Herrero Acero E, Guebitz GM. Ultrasound-enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 218:1298-302. [PMID: 27481467 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The application of ultrasound was found to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). After a short activation phase up to 6.6times increase in the amount of released products was found. PET powder with lower crystallinity of 8% was hydrolyzed faster when compared to PET with 28% crystallinity. Ultrasound activation was found to be around three times more effective on powders vs. films most likely due to a larger surface area accessible to the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pellis
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Caroline Gamerith
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Gagik Ghazaryan
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ortner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Enrique Herrero Acero
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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75
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Pellis A, Guebitz GM, Farmer TJ. On the Effect of Microwave Energy on Lipase-Catalyzed Polycondensation Reactions. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091245. [PMID: 27657023 PMCID: PMC6274407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave energy (MWe) is, nowadays, widely used as a clean synthesis tool to improve several chemical reactions, such as drug molecule synthesis, carbohydrate conversion and biomass pyrolysis. On the other hand, its exploitation in enzymatic reactions has only been fleetingly investigated and, hence, further study of MWe is required to reach a precise understanding of its potential in this field. Starting from the authors’ experience in clean synthesis and biocatalyzed reactions, this study sheds light on the possibility of using MWe for enhancing enzyme-catalyzed polycondensation reactions and pre-polymer formation. Several systems and set ups were investigated involving bulk and organic media (solution phase) reactions, different enzymatic preparations and various starting bio-based monomers. Results show that MWe enables the biocatalyzed synthesis of polyesters and pre-polymers in a similar way to that reported using conventional heating with an oil bath, but in a few cases, notably bulk phase polycondensations under intense microwave irradiation, MWe leads to a rapid enzyme deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pellis
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology GmbH, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Thomas J Farmer
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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76
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Polymerization of Various Lignins via Immobilized Myceliophthora thermophila Laccase (MtL). Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8080280. [PMID: 30974557 PMCID: PMC6431913 DOI: 10.3390/polym8080280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic polymerization of lignin is an environmentally-friendly and sustainable method that is investigated for its potential in opening-up new applications of one of the most abundant biopolymers on our planet. In this work, the laccase from Myceliophthora thermophila was successfully immobilized onto Accurel MP1000 beads (67% of protein bound to the polymeric carrier) and the biocatalyzed oxidation of Kraft lignin (KL) and lignosulfonate (LS) were carried out. Fluorescence intensity determination, phenol content analysis and size exclusion chromatography were performed in order to elucidate the extent of the polymerization reaction. The collected results show an 8.5-fold decrease of the LS samples’ fluorescence intensity after laccase-mediated oxidation and a 12-fold increase of the weight average molecular weight was obtained.
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77
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Pellis A, Herrero Acero E, Gardossi L, Ferrario V, Guebitz GM. Renewable building blocks for sustainable polyesters: new biotechnological routes for greener plastics. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pellis
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Department for Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute for Environmental Biotechnology; Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20 A-3430 Tulln an der Donau Austria
| | - Enrique Herrero Acero
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Division of Enzymes and Polymers; Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20 A-3430 Tulln an der Donau Austria
| | - Lucia Gardossi
- Laboratory of Applied and Computational Biocatalysis, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Trieste; Piazzale Europa 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Valerio Ferrario
- Laboratory of Applied and Computational Biocatalysis, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche; Università degli Studi di Trieste; Piazzale Europa 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Department for Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute for Environmental Biotechnology; Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20 A-3430 Tulln an der Donau Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Division of Enzymes and Polymers; Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20 A-3430 Tulln an der Donau Austria
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78
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Corici L, Ferrario V, Pellis A, Ebert C, Lotteria S, Cantone S, Voinovich D, Gardossi L. Large scale applications of immobilized enzymes call for sustainable and inexpensive solutions: rice husks as renewable alternatives to fossil-based organic resins. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12065b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice husk for physical and covalent immobilization of enzymes: a sustainable and economic alternative to fossil-based organic resins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V. Ferrario
- Laboratory of Applied and Computational Biocatalysis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università degli Studi di Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - A. Pellis
- Laboratory of Applied and Computational Biocatalysis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università degli Studi di Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - C. Ebert
- Laboratory of Applied and Computational Biocatalysis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università degli Studi di Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - S. Lotteria
- Laboratory of Applied and Computational Biocatalysis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università degli Studi di Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
| | | | - D. Voinovich
- Laboratory of Applied and Computational Biocatalysis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università degli Studi di Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
| | - L. Gardossi
- Laboratory of Applied and Computational Biocatalysis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università degli Studi di Trieste
- Trieste
- Italy
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