51
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Riès SK, Dronkers NF, Knight RT. Choosing words: left hemisphere, right hemisphere, or both? Perspective on the lateralization of word retrieval. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1369:111-31. [PMID: 26766393 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Language is considered to be one of the most lateralized human brain functions. Left hemisphere dominance for language has been consistently confirmed in clinical and experimental settings and constitutes one of the main axioms of neurology and neuroscience. However, functional neuroimaging studies are finding that the right hemisphere also plays a role in diverse language functions. Critically, the right hemisphere may also compensate for the loss or degradation of language functions following extensive stroke-induced damage to the left hemisphere. Here, we review studies that focus on our ability to choose words as we speak. Although fluidly performed in individuals with intact language, this process is routinely compromised in aphasic patients. We suggest that parceling word retrieval into its subprocesses-lexical activation and lexical selection-and examining which of these can be compensated for after left hemisphere stroke can advance the understanding of the lateralization of word retrieval in speech production. In particular, the domain-general nature of the brain regions associated with each process may be a helpful indicator of the right hemisphere's propensity for compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie K Riès
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.,Center for Aphasia and Related Disorders, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, California
| | - Nina F Dronkers
- Center for Aphasia and Related Disorders, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, California.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.,Neurolinguistics Laboratory, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Robert T Knight
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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52
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Heidi Meyer. Prospection and the Integrative Capacities of the Prefrontal Cortex: A Contemporary Synthesis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.129.3.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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53
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Ardestani A, Shen W, Darvas F, Toga AW, Fuster JM. Modulation of Frontoparietal Neurovascular Dynamics in Working Memory. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 28:379-401. [PMID: 26679214 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our perception of the world is represented in widespread, overlapping, and interactive neuronal networks of the cerebral cortex. A majority of physiological studies on the subject have focused on oscillatory synchrony as the binding mechanism for representation and transmission of neural information. Little is known, however, about the stability of that synchrony during prolonged cognitive operations that span more than just a few seconds. The present research, in primates, investigated the dynamic patterns of oscillatory synchrony by two complementary recording methods, surface field potentials (SFPs) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The signals were first recorded during the resting state to examine intrinsic functional connectivity. The temporal modulation of coactivation was then examined on both signals during performance of working memory (WM) tasks with long delays (memory retention epochs). In both signals, the peristimulus period exhibited characteristic features in frontal and parietal regions. Examination of SFP signals over delays lasting tens of seconds, however, revealed alternations of synchronization and desynchronization. These alternations occurred within the same frequency bands observed in the peristimulus epoch, without a specific correspondence between any definite cognitive process (e.g., WM) and synchrony within a given frequency band. What emerged instead was a correlation between the degree of SFP signal fragmentation (in time, frequency, and brain space) and the complexity and efficiency of the task being performed. In other words, the incidence and extent of SFP transitions between synchronization and desynchronization-rather than the absolute degree of synchrony-augmented in correct task performance compared with incorrect performance or in a control task without WM demand. An opposite relationship was found in NIRS: increasing task complexity induced more uniform, rather than fragmented, NIRS coactivations. These findings indicate that the particular features of neural oscillations cannot be linearly mapped to cognitive functions. Rather, information and the cognitive operations performed on it are primarily reflected in their modulations over time. The increased complexity and fragmentation of electrical frequencies in WM may reflect the activation of hierarchically diverse cognits (cognitive networks) in that condition. Conversely, the homogeneity in coherence of NIRS responses may reflect the cumulative vascular reactions that accompany that neuroelectrical proliferation of frequencies and the longer time constant of the NIRS signal. These findings are directly relevant to the mechanisms mediating cognitive processes and to physiologically based interpretations of functional brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Ardestani
- University of California, Los Angeles.,Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Wei Shen
- University of California, Los Angeles
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54
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Abstract
A crucial role for working memory in temporary information processing and guidance of complex behavior has been recognized for many decades. There is emerging consensus that working-memory maintenance results from the interactions among long-term memory representations and basic processes, including attention, that are instantiated as reentrant loops between frontal and posterior cortical areas, as well as sub-cortical structures. The nature of such interactions can account for capacity limitations, lifespan changes, and restricted transfer after working-memory training. Recent data and models indicate that working memory may also be based on synaptic plasticity and that working memory can operate on non-consciously perceived information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Eriksson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Function Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Edward K Vogel
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anders Lansner
- Department of Computational Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Bergström
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Function Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Center for Function Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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55
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Mannino M, Bressler SL. Foundational perspectives on causality in large-scale brain networks. Phys Life Rev 2015; 15:107-23. [PMID: 26429630 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A profusion of recent work in cognitive neuroscience has been concerned with the endeavor to uncover causal influences in large-scale brain networks. However, despite the fact that many papers give a nod to the important theoretical challenges posed by the concept of causality, this explosion of research has generally not been accompanied by a rigorous conceptual analysis of the nature of causality in the brain. This review provides both a descriptive and prescriptive account of the nature of causality as found within and between large-scale brain networks. In short, it seeks to clarify the concept of causality in large-scale brain networks both philosophically and scientifically. This is accomplished by briefly reviewing the rich philosophical history of work on causality, especially focusing on contributions by David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Bertrand Russell, and Christopher Hitchcock. We go on to discuss the impact that various interpretations of modern physics have had on our understanding of causality. Throughout all this, a central focus is the distinction between theories of deterministic causality (DC), whereby causes uniquely determine their effects, and probabilistic causality (PC), whereby causes change the probability of occurrence of their effects. We argue that, given the topological complexity of its large-scale connectivity, the brain should be considered as a complex system and its causal influences treated as probabilistic in nature. We conclude that PC is well suited for explaining causality in the brain for three reasons: (1) brain causality is often mutual; (2) connectional convergence dictates that only rarely is the activity of one neuronal population uniquely determined by another one; and (3) the causal influences exerted between neuronal populations may not have observable effects. A number of different techniques are currently available to characterize causal influence in the brain. Typically, these techniques quantify the statistical likelihood that a change in the activity of one neuronal population affects the activity in another. We argue that these measures access the inherently probabilistic nature of causal influences in the brain, and are thus better suited for large-scale brain network analysis than are DC-based measures. Our work is consistent with recent advances in the philosophical study of probabilistic causality, which originated from inherent conceptual problems with deterministic regularity theories. It also resonates with concepts of stochasticity that were involved in establishing modern physics. In summary, we argue that probabilistic causality is a conceptually appropriate foundation for describing neural causality in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mannino
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States
| | - Steven L Bressler
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States; Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States.
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56
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Abstract
The "problem of serial order in behavior," as formulated and discussed by Lashley (1951), is arguably more pervasive and more profound both than originally stated and than currently appreciated. We spell out two complementary aspects of what we term the generalized problem of behavior: (i) multimodality, stemming from the disparate nature of the sensorimotor variables and processes that underlie behavior, and (ii) concurrency, which reflects the parallel unfolding in time of these processes and of their asynchronous interactions. We illustrate these on a number of examples, with a special focus on language, briefly survey the computational approaches to multimodal concurrency, offer some hypotheses regarding the manner in which brains address it, and discuss some of the broader implications of these as yet unresolved issues for cognitive science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Kolodny
- Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shimon Edelman
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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57
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Ku Y, Zhao D, Bodner M, Zhou YD. Cooperative processing in primary somatosensory cortex and posterior parietal cortex during tactile working memory. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 42:1905-11. [PMID: 25980785 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, causal roles of both the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) were investigated in a tactile unimodal working memory (WM) task. Individual magnetic resonance imaging-based single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) was applied, respectively, to the left SI (ipsilateral to tactile stimuli), right SI (contralateral to tactile stimuli) and right PPC (contralateral to tactile stimuli), while human participants were performing a tactile-tactile unimodal delayed matching-to-sample task. The time points of spTMS were 300, 600 and 900 ms after the onset of the tactile sample stimulus (duration: 200 ms). Compared with ipsilateral SI, application of spTMS over either contralateral SI or contralateral PPC at those time points significantly impaired the accuracy of task performance. Meanwhile, the deterioration in accuracy did not vary with the stimulating time points. Together, these results indicate that the tactile information is processed cooperatively by SI and PPC in the same hemisphere, starting from the early delay of the tactile unimodal WM task. This pattern of processing of tactile information is different from the pattern in tactile-visual cross-modal WM. In a tactile-visual cross-modal WM task, SI and PPC contribute to the processing sequentially, suggesting a process of sensory information transfer during the early delay between modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Ku
- The Key Lab of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE & STCSM, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3663, North Zhongshan Road, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.,Departments of Neurology, Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Zhao
- The Key Lab of Brain Functional Genomics, MOE & STCSM, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3663, North Zhongshan Road, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | | | - Yong-Di Zhou
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai, China.,Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, 338 Krieger Hall, Baltimore, MA 21218, USA
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58
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Sala-Llonch R, Palacios EM, Junqué C, Bargalló N, Vendrell P. Functional networks and structural connectivity of visuospatial and visuoperceptual working memory. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:340. [PMID: 26124716 PMCID: PMC4463024 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural correlates of working memory (WM) in healthy subjects have been extensively investigated using functional MRI (fMRI). However it still remains unclear how cortical areas forming part of functional WM networks are also connected by white matter fiber bundles, and whether DTI measures, used as indices of microstructural properties and directionality of these connections, can predict individual differences in task performance. fMRI data were obtained from 23 healthy young subjects while performing one visuospatial (square location) and one visuoperceptual (face identification) 2-back task. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were also acquired. We used independent component analysis (ICA) of fMRI data to identify the main functional networks involved in WM tasks. Voxel-wise DTI analyses were performed to find correlations between structural white matter and task performance measures, and probabilistic tracking of DTI data was used to identify the white matter bundles connecting the nodes of the functional networks. We found that functional recruitment of the fusiform and the inferior frontal cortex was specific for the visuoperceptual working memory task, while there was a high overlap in brain activity maps in parietal and middle frontal areas for both tasks. Axial diffusivity and fractional anisotropy, of the tracts connecting the fusiform with the inferior frontal areas correlated with processing speed in the visuoperceptual working memory task. Although our findings need to be considered as exploratory, we conclude that both tasks share a highly-overlapping pattern of activity in areas of frontal and parietal lobes with the only differences in activation between tasks located in the fusiform and inferior frontal regions for the visuoperceptual task. Moreover, we have found that the DTI measures are predictive of the processing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Sala-Llonch
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva M Palacios
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Junqué
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Bargalló
- Centre de Diagnòstic per la Imatge Clínic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Vendrell
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona, Spain
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59
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Fogelson N. Neural correlates of local contextual processing across stimulus modalities and patient populations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 52:207-20. [PMID: 25795520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current review is to integrate information from a series of studies, employing a paradigm that evaluates local contextual processing using electrophysiological measures. Collectively these studies provide an overview of how utilization of predictive context changes as a function of stimulus modality and across different patient populations, as well as the networks that may be critical for this function. The following aspects of local contextual processing will be discussed and reviewed: (i) the correlates associated with contextual processing that have been identified in healthy adults, (ii) stimulus modality effects, (iii) specific alterations and deficits of local contextual processing in aging and across different neurological and psychiatric patient populations, including patients with prefrontal cortex lesions, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder, (iv) the potential for utilizing the correlates of local context as biomarkers for frontal cognitive dysfunction and (v) the role of frontal networks in the processing of contextual information. Overall findings show that behavioral and neural correlates associated with processing of local context are comparable across stimulus modalities, but show specific alterations in aging and across different neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Fogelson
- EEG and Cognition Laboratory, University of A Coruña, Spain; The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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60
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Sequential Roles of Primary Somatosensory Cortex and Posterior Parietal Cortex in Tactile-visual Cross-modal Working Memory: A Single-pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (spTMS) Study. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:88-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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61
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Cioli C, Abdi H, Beaton D, Burnod Y, Mesmoudi S. Differences in human cortical gene expression match the temporal properties of large-scale functional networks. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115913. [PMID: 25546015 PMCID: PMC4278769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore the relationships between the cortex functional organization and genetic expression (as provided by the Allen Human Brain Atlas). Previous work suggests that functional cortical networks (resting state and task based) are organized as two large networks (differentiated by their preferred information processing mode) shaped like two rings. The first ring–Visual-Sensorimotor-Auditory (VSA)–comprises visual, auditory, somatosensory, and motor cortices that process real time world interactions. The second ring–Parieto-Temporo-Frontal (PTF)–comprises parietal, temporal, and frontal regions with networks dedicated to cognitive functions, emotions, biological needs, and internally driven rhythms. We found–with correspondence analysis–that the patterns of expression of the 938 genes most differentially expressed across the cortex organized the cortex into two sets of regions that match the two rings. We confirmed this result using discriminant correspondence analysis by showing that the genetic profiles of cortical regions can reliably predict to what ring these regions belong. We found that several of the proteins–coded by genes that most differentiate the rings–were involved in neuronal information processing such as ionic channels and neurotransmitter release. The systematic study of families of genes revealed specific proteins within families preferentially expressed in each ring. The results showed strong congruence between the preferential expression of subsets of genes, temporal properties of the proteins they code, and the preferred processing modes of the rings. Ionic channels and release-related proteins more expressed in the VSA ring favor temporal precision of fast evoked neural transmission (Sodium channels SCNA1, SCNB1 potassium channel KCNA1, calcium channel CACNA2D2, Synaptotagmin SYT2, Complexin CPLX1, Synaptobrevin VAMP1). Conversely, genes expressed in the PTF ring favor slower, sustained, or rhythmic activation (Sodium channels SCNA3, SCNB3, SCN9A potassium channels KCNF1, KCNG1) and facilitate spontaneous transmitter release (calcium channel CACNA1H, Synaptotagmins SYT5, Complexin CPLX3, and synaptobrevin VAMP2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cioli
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale. UMR 7371/UMR S 1146, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
- ISC-PIF (Institut des Systèmes Complexes de Paris-Île-de-France), Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Hervé Abdi
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Derek Beaton
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, United States of America
| | - Yves Burnod
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale. UMR 7371/UMR S 1146, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France
- ISC-PIF (Institut des Systèmes Complexes de Paris-Île-de-France), Paris, France
| | - Salma Mesmoudi
- ISC-PIF (Institut des Systèmes Complexes de Paris-Île-de-France), Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Paris-1 Université, Equipement d’Excellence MATRICE, Paris, France
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62
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Berger B, Omer S, Minarik T, Sterr A, Sauseng P. Interacting memory systems-does EEG alpha activity respond to semantic long-term memory access in a working memory task? BIOLOGY 2014; 4:1-16. [PMID: 25545793 PMCID: PMC4381213 DOI: 10.3390/biology4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Memory consists of various individual processes which form a dynamic system co-ordinated by central (executive) functions. The episodic buffer as direct interface between episodic long-term memory (LTM) and working memory (WM) is fairly well studied but such direct interaction is less clear in semantic LTM. Here, we designed a verbal delayed-match-to-sample task specifically to differentiate between pure information maintenance and mental manipulation of memory traces with and without involvement of access to semantic LTM. Task-related amplitude differences of electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillatory brain activity showed a linear increase in frontal-midline theta and linear suppression of parietal beta amplitudes relative to memory operation complexity. Amplitude suppression at upper alpha frequency, which was previously found to indicate access to semantic LTM, was only sensitive to mental manipulation in general, irrespective of LTM involvement. This suggests that suppression of upper EEG alpha activity might rather reflect unspecific distributed cortical activation during complex mental processes than accessing semantic LTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Berger
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 Munich, Germany.
| | - Serif Omer
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH Guildford, UK.
| | - Tamas Minarik
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 Munich, Germany.
| | - Annette Sterr
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH Guildford, UK.
| | - Paul Sauseng
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 Munich, Germany.
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63
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Abstract
The pFC enables the essential human capacities for predicting future events and preadapting to them. These capacities rest on both the structure and dynamics of the human pFC. Structurally, pFC, together with posterior association cortex, is at the highest hierarchical level of cortical organization, harboring neural networks that represent complex goal-directed actions. Dynamically, pFC is at the highest level of the perception-action cycle, the circular processing loop through the cortex that interfaces the organism with the environment in the pursuit of goals. In its predictive and preadaptive roles, pFC supports cognitive functions that are critical for the temporal organization of future behavior, including planning, attentional set, working memory, decision-making, and error monitoring. These functions have a common future perspective and are dynamically intertwined in goal-directed action. They all utilize the same neural infrastructure: a vast array of widely distributed, overlapping, and interactive cortical networks of personal memory and semantic knowledge, named cognits, which are formed by synaptic reinforcement in learning and memory acquisition. From this cortex-wide reservoir of memory and knowledge, pFC generates purposeful, goal-directed actions that are preadapted to predicted future events.
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64
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Kremers NA, Deuker L, Kranz TA, Oehrn C, Fell J, Axmacher N. Hippocampal control of repetition effects for associative stimuli. Hippocampus 2014; 24:892-902. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Deuker
- Department of Epileptology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | | | - Carina Oehrn
- Department of Epileptology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Juergen Fell
- Department of Epileptology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Nikolai Axmacher
- Department of Epileptology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases; Bonn Germany
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65
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Opris I, Santos L, Gerhardt GA, Song D, Berger TW, Hampson RE, Deadwyler SA. Prefrontal cortical microcircuits bind perception to executive control. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2285. [PMID: 23893262 PMCID: PMC3725477 DOI: 10.1038/srep02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During the perception-to-action cycle, our cerebral cortex mediates the interactions between the environment and the perceptual-executive systems of the brain. At the top of the executive hierarchy, prefrontal cortical microcircuits are assumed to bind perceptual and executive control information to guide goal-driven behavior. Here, we tested this hypothesis by comparing simultaneously recorded neuron firing in prefrontal cortical layers and the caudate-putamen of rhesus monkeys, trained in a spatial-versus-object, rule-based match-to-sample task. We found that during the perception and executive selection phases, cell firing in the localized prefrontal layers and caudate-putamen region exhibited similar location preferences on spatial-trials, but less on object- trials. Then, we facilitated the perceptual-executive circuit by stimulating the prefrontal infra-granular-layers with patterns previously derived from supra-granular-layers, and produced stimulation-induced spatial preference in percent correct performance on spatial trials, similar to neural tuning. These results show that inter-laminar prefrontal microcircuits play causal roles to the perception-to-action cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Opris
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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66
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Opris I, Casanova MF. Prefrontal cortical minicolumn: from executive control to disrupted cognitive processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:1863-75. [PMID: 24531625 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex of the primate brain has a modular architecture based on the aggregation of neurons in minicolumnar arrangements having afferent and efferent connections distributed across many brain regions to represent, select and/or maintain behavioural goals and executive commands. Prefrontal cortical microcircuits are assumed to play a key role in the perception to action cycle that integrates relevant information about environment, and then selects and enacts behavioural responses. Thus, neurons within the interlaminar microcircuits participate in various functional states requiring the integration of signals across cortical layers and the selection of executive variables. Recent research suggests that executive abilities emerge from cortico-cortical interactions between interlaminar prefrontal cortical microcircuits, whereas their disruption is involved in a broad spectrum of neurologic and psychiatric disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and drug addiction. The focus of this review is on the structural, functional and pathological approaches involving cortical minicolumns. Based on recent technological progress it has been demonstrated that microstimulation of infragranular cortical layers with patterns of microcurrents derived from supragranular layers led to an increase in cognitive performance. This suggests that interlaminar prefrontal cortical microcircuits are playing a causal role in improving cognitive performance. An important reason for the new interest in cortical modularity comes from both the impressive progress in understanding anatomical, physiological and pathological facets of cortical microcircuits and the promise of neural prosthetics for patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Opris
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Manuel F Casanova
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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67
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Vasconcelos LDG, Jackowski AP, Oliveira MOD, Flor YMR, Souza AAL, Bueno OFA, Brucki SMD. The thickness of posterior cortical areas is related to executive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2014; 69:28-37. [PMID: 24473557 PMCID: PMC3870310 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2014(01)05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish whether alterations of brain structures in Alzheimer's disease are associated with executive dysfunction. METHODS Nineteen patients with Alzheimer's disease and 22 older control subjects underwent a comprehensive evaluation. The clock drawing test, digit span test, executive motor function test, Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome battery (Rule Shift Cards test), and Stroop test were used to evaluate executive dysfunction. A multiparametric approach using the FreeSurfer image analysis suite provided a description of volumetric and geometric features of the gray matter structures. RESULTS The cortical thickness maps showed a negative correlation between the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome battery (Rule Shift Cards test) and the right middle frontal gyrus; a positive correlation between the executive motor function test and the left superior parietal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, bilateral supramarginal gyri, right middle frontal gyrus, and right precuneus; a negative correlation between the Stroop test (part III) and the right superior parietal gyrus; and a negative correlation between the Stroop test (part III) and the right middle temporal gyrus. CONCLUSION Executive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease is correlated with alterations not only in the frontal areas but also within many temporal and parietal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano de Gois Vasconcelos
- Psychobiology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Psychobiology Department, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea Parolin Jackowski
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Psychiatry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Psychiatry Department, Laborato´ rio Interdisciplinar de Neurocieˆ ncias Clı´nicas (LiNC), São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Maira Okada de Oliveira
- Hospital das Clínicas, Cognitive Neurology and Behavior Group, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clı´nicas, Cognitive Neurology and Behavior Group, São Paulo/SP, Brazi
| | - Yoná Mayara Ribeiro Flor
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Psychiatry Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Psychiatry Department, Laborato´ rio Interdisciplinar de Neurocieˆ ncias Clı´nicas (LiNC), São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Altay Alves Lino Souza
- Psychobiology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Psychobiology Department, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Orlando Francisco Amodeo Bueno
- Psychobiology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Psychobiology Department, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Sonia Maria Dozzi Brucki
- Hospital das Clínicas, Cognitive Neurology and Behavior Group, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clı´nicas, Cognitive Neurology and Behavior Group, São Paulo/SP, Brazi
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68
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Opris I. Inter-laminar microcircuits across neocortex: repair and augmentation. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:80. [PMID: 24312019 PMCID: PMC3832795 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Opris
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of MedicineWinston-Salem, NC, USA
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69
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Mesmoudi S, Perlbarg V, Rudrauf D, Messe A, Pinsard B, Hasboun D, Cioli C, Marrelec G, Toro R, Benali H, Burnod Y. Resting state networks' corticotopy: the dual intertwined rings architecture. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67444. [PMID: 23894288 PMCID: PMC3722222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How does the brain integrate multiple sources of information to support normal sensorimotor and cognitive functions? To investigate this question we present an overall brain architecture (called "the dual intertwined rings architecture") that relates the functional specialization of cortical networks to their spatial distribution over the cerebral cortex (or "corticotopy"). Recent results suggest that the resting state networks (RSNs) are organized into two large families: 1) a sensorimotor family that includes visual, somatic, and auditory areas and 2) a large association family that comprises parietal, temporal, and frontal regions and also includes the default mode network. We used two large databases of resting state fMRI data, from which we extracted 32 robust RSNs. We estimated: (1) the RSN functional roles by using a projection of the results on task based networks (TBNs) as referenced in large databases of fMRI activation studies; and (2) relationship of the RSNs with the Brodmann Areas. In both classifications, the 32 RSNs are organized into a remarkable architecture of two intertwined rings per hemisphere and so four rings linked by homotopic connections. The first ring forms a continuous ensemble and includes visual, somatic, and auditory cortices, with interspersed bimodal cortices (auditory-visual, visual-somatic and auditory-somatic, abbreviated as VSA ring). The second ring integrates distant parietal, temporal and frontal regions (PTF ring) through a network of association fiber tracts which closes the ring anatomically and ensures a functional continuity within the ring. The PTF ring relates association cortices specialized in attention, language and working memory, to the networks involved in motivation and biological regulation and rhythms. This "dual intertwined architecture" suggests a dual integrative process: the VSA ring performs fast real-time multimodal integration of sensorimotor information whereas the PTF ring performs multi-temporal integration (i.e., relates past, present, and future representations at different temporal scales).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Mesmoudi
- UMR-S 678, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Inserm Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
- Univ. Paris 1, MATRICE Program, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Perlbarg
- UMR-S 678, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Inserm Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
- CENIR, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épiniere, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- ICM-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épiniere, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - David Rudrauf
- UMR-S 678, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Inserm Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Messe
- UMR-S 678, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Inserm Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Basile Pinsard
- UMR-S 678, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Inserm Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
- CENIR, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épiniere, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- ICM-Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épiniere, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Hasboun
- UMR-S 975, INSERM, Paris, France
- UMR 7225, CNRS, Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Claudia Cioli
- UMR-S 678, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Inserm Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Marrelec
- UMR-S 678, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Inserm Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Toro
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS URA 2182 “Genes, synapses and cognition”, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Paris, France
| | - Habib Benali
- UMR-S 678, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Inserm Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Yves Burnod
- UMR-S 678, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Fonctionnelle, Inserm Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, Paris, France
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Long-range functional interactions of anterior insula and medial frontal cortex are differently modulated by visuospatial and inductive reasoning tasks. Neuroimage 2013; 78:426-38. [PMID: 23624492 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is organized into functionally specific networks as characterized by intrinsic functional relationships within discrete sets of brain regions. However, it is poorly understood whether such functional networks are dynamically organized according to specific task-states. The anterior insular cortex (aIC)-dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)/medial frontal cortex (mFC) network has been proposed to play a central role in human cognitive abilities. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study aimed at testing whether functional interactions of the aIC-dACC/mFC network in terms of temporally correlated patterns of neural activity across brain regions are dynamically modulated by transitory, ongoing task demands. For this purpose, functional interactions of the aIC-dACC/mFC network are compared during two distinguishable fluid reasoning tasks, Visualization and Induction. The results show an increased functional coupling of bilateral aIC with visual cortices in the occipital lobe during the Visualization task, whereas coupling of mFC with right anterior frontal cortex was enhanced during the Induction task. These task-specific modulations of functional interactions likely reflect ability related neural processing. Furthermore, functional connectivity strength between right aIC and right dACC/mFC reliably predicts general task performance. The findings suggest that the analysis of long-range functional interactions may provide complementary information about brain-behavior relationships. On the basis of our results, it is proposed that the aIC-dACC/mFC network contributes to the integration of task-common and task-specific information based on its within-network as well as its between-network dynamic functional interactions.
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Barrett LF, Satpute AB. Large-scale brain networks in affective and social neuroscience: towards an integrative functional architecture of the brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:361-72. [PMID: 23352202 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how a human brain creates a human mind ultimately depends on mapping psychological categories and concepts to physical measurements of neural response. Although it has long been assumed that emotional, social, and cognitive phenomena are realized in the operations of separate brain regions or brain networks, we demonstrate that it is possible to understand the body of neuroimaging evidence using a framework that relies on domain general, distributed structure-function mappings. We review current research in affective and social neuroscience and argue that the emerging science of large-scale intrinsic brain networks provides a coherent framework for a domain-general functional architecture of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Northeastern University, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, USA.
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Meehan TP, Bressler SL. Neurocognitive networks: Findings, models, and theory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:2232-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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