51
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Yang KY, Zhao S, Feng H, Shen J, Chen Y, Wang ST, Wang SJ, Zhang YX, Wang Y, Guo C, Liu H, Tang TS. Ca 2+ homeostasis maintained by TMCO1 underlies corpus callosum development via ERK signaling. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:674. [PMID: 35927240 PMCID: PMC9352667 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane of coiled-coil domains 1 (TMCO1) plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis of calcium (Ca2+) stores in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). TMCO1-defect syndrome shares multiple features with human cerebro-facio-thoracic (CFT) dysplasia, including abnormal corpus callosum (CC). Here, we report that TMCO1 is required for the normal development of CC through sustaining Ca2+ homeostasis. Tmco1-/- mice exhibit severe agenesis of CC with stalled white matter fiber bundles failing to pass across the midline. Mechanistically, the excessive Ca2+ signals caused by TMCO1 deficiency result in upregulation of FGFs and over-activation of ERK, leading to an excess of glial cell migration and overpopulated midline glia cells in the indusium griseum which secretes Slit2 to repulse extension of the neural fiber bundles before crossing the midline. Supportingly, using the clinical MEK inhibitors to attenuate the over-activated FGF/ERK signaling can significantly improve the CC formation in Tmco1-/- brains. Our findings not only unravel the underlying mechanism of abnormal CC in TMCO1 defect syndrome, but also offer an attractive prevention strategy to relieve the related agenesis of CC in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Yan Yang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Song Zhao
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Haiping Feng
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Jiaqi Shen
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yuwei Chen
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Si-Tong Wang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Si-Jia Wang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yu-Xin Zhang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yun Wang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Caixia Guo
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.512959.3Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Institute for Stem cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.512959.3Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101 China
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52
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Temporally divergent regulatory mechanisms govern neuronal diversification and maturation in the mouse and marmoset neocortex. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1049-1058. [PMID: 35915179 PMCID: PMC9343253 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian neocortical neurons span one of the most diverse cell type spectra of any tissue. Cortical neurons are born during embryonic development, and their maturation extends into postnatal life. The regulatory strategies underlying progressive neuronal development and maturation remain unclear. Here we present an integrated single-cell epigenomic and transcriptional analysis of individual mouse and marmoset cortical neuron classes, spanning both early postmitotic stages of identity acquisition and later stages of neuronal plasticity and circuit integration. We found that, in both species, the regulatory strategies controlling early and late stages of pan-neuronal development diverge. Early postmitotic neurons use more widely shared and evolutionarily conserved molecular regulatory programs. In contrast, programs active during later neuronal maturation are more brain- and neuron-specific and more evolutionarily divergent. Our work uncovers a temporal shift in regulatory choices during neuronal diversification and maturation in both mice and marmosets, which likely reflects unique evolutionary constraints on distinct events of neuronal development in the neocortex.
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53
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Seng C, Luo W, Földy C. Circuit formation in the adult brain. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4187-4213. [PMID: 35724981 PMCID: PMC9546018 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the mammalian central nervous system display an enormous capacity for circuit formation during development but not later in life. In principle, new circuits could be also formed in adult brain, but the absence of the developmental milieu and the presence of growth inhibition and hundreds of working circuits are generally viewed as unsupportive for such a process. Here, we bring together evidence from different areas of neuroscience—such as neurological disorders, adult‐brain neurogenesis, innate behaviours, cell grafting, and in vivo cell reprogramming—which demonstrates robust circuit formation in adult brain. In some cases, adult‐brain rewiring is ongoing and required for certain types of behaviour and memory, while other cases show significant promise for brain repair in disease models. Together, these examples highlight that the adult brain has higher capacity for structural plasticity than previously recognized. Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind this retained plasticity has the potential to advance basic knowledge regarding the molecular organization of synaptic circuits and could herald a new era of neural circuit engineering for therapeutic repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Seng
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wenshu Luo
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Földy
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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54
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Liu J, Yang M, Su M, Liu B, Zhou K, Sun C, Ba R, Yu B, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Fan W, Wang K, Zhong M, Han J, Zhao C. FOXG1 sequentially orchestrates subtype specification of postmitotic cortical projection neurons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabh3568. [PMID: 35613274 PMCID: PMC9132448 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh3568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is a highly organized six-layered structure with four major cortical neuron subtypes: corticothalamic projection neurons (CThPNs), subcerebral projection neurons (SCPNs), deep callosal projection neurons (CPNs), and superficial CPNs. Here, careful examination of multiple conditional knockout model mouse lines showed that the transcription factor FOXG1 functions as a master regulator of postmitotic cortical neuron specification and found that mice lacking functional FOXG1 exhibited projection deficits. Before embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), FOXG1 enforces deep CPN identity in postmitotic neurons by activating Satb2 but repressing Bcl11b and Tbr1. After E14.5, FOXG1 exerts specification functions in distinct layers via differential regulation of Bcl11b and Tbr1, including specification of superficial versus deep CPNs and enforcement of CThPN identity. FOXG1 controls CThPN versus SCPN fate by fine-tuning Fezf2 levels through diverse interactions with multiple SOX family proteins. Thus, our study supports a developmental model to explain the postmitotic specification of four cortical projection neuron subtypes and sheds light on neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human
Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mengjie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human
Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Mingzhao Su
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human
Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human
Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kaixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human
Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Congli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human
Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ru Ba
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human
Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Baocong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human
Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Baoshen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human
Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human
Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human
Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology,
Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human
Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Min Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human
Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Junhai Han
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human
Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology,
Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human
Diseases, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210009, China
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55
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Stanton-Turcotte D, Hsu K, Moore SA, Yamada M, Fawcett JP, Iulianella A. Mllt11 Regulates Migration and Neurite Outgrowth of Cortical Projection Neurons during Development. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3931-3948. [PMID: 35379703 PMCID: PMC9097781 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0124-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of connections within the mammalian neocortex is highly regulated by both extracellular guidance mechanisms and intrinsic gene expression programs. There are two types of cortical projection neurons (CPNs): those that project locally and interhemispherically and those that project to subcerebral structures such as the thalamus, hindbrain, and spinal cord. The regulation of cortical projection morphologies is not yet fully understood at the molecular level. Here, we report a role for Mllt11 (Myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia; translocated to chromosome 11/All1 Fused Gene From Chromosome 1q) in the migration and neurite outgrowth of callosal projection neurons during mouse brain formation. We show that Mllt11 expression is exclusive to developing neurons and is enriched in the developing cortical plate (CP) during the formation of the superficial cortical layers. In cultured primary cortical neurons, Mllt11 is detected in varicosities and growth cones as well as the soma. Using conditional loss-of-function and gain-of-function analysis we show that Mllt11 is required for neuritogenesis and proper migration of upper layer CPNs. Loss of Mllt11 in the superficial cortex of male and female neonates leads to a severe reduction in fibers crossing the corpus callosum (CC), a progressive loss in the maintenance of upper layer projection neuron gene expression, and reduced complexity of dendritic arborization. Proteomic analysis revealed that Mllt11 associates with stabilized microtubules, and Mllt11 loss affected microtubule staining in callosal axons. Taken together, our findings support a role for Mllt11 in promoting the formation of mature upper-layer neuron morphologies and connectivity in the cerebral cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The regulation of cortical projection neuron (CPN) morphologies is an area of active investigation since the time of Cajal. Yet the molecular mechanisms of how the complex dendritic and axonal morphologies of projection neurons are formed remains incompletely understood. Although conditional mutagenesis analysis in the mouse, coupled with overexpression assays in the developing fetal brain, we show that a novel protein called Mllt11 is sufficient and necessary to regulate the dendritic and axonal characteristics of callosal projection neurons in the developing mammalian neocortex. Furthermore, we show that Mllt11 interacts with microtubules, likely accounting for its role in neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Stanton-Turcotte
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Karolynn Hsu
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Samantha A Moore
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Makiko Yamada
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - James P Fawcett
- Departments of Phamacology, Surgery, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
| | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. Life Science Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H-4R2, Canada
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56
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Tian D, Izumi SI. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Neocortical Neurons: The Micro-Macro Connection. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:866245. [PMID: 35495053 PMCID: PMC9039343 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.866245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the operation of cortical circuits is an important and necessary task in both neuroscience and neurorehabilitation. The functioning of the neocortex results from integrative neuronal activity, which can be probed non-invasively by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Despite a clear indication of the direct involvement of cortical neurons in TMS, no explicit connection model has been made between the microscopic neuronal landscape and the macroscopic TMS outcome. Here we have performed an integrative review of multidisciplinary evidence regarding motor cortex neurocytology and TMS-related neurophysiology with the aim of elucidating the micro–macro connections underlying TMS. Neurocytological evidence from animal and human studies has been reviewed to describe the landscape of the cortical neurons covering the taxonomy, morphology, circuit wiring, and excitatory–inhibitory balance. Evidence from TMS studies in healthy humans is discussed, with emphasis on the TMS pulse and paradigm selectivity that reflect the underlying neural circuitry constitution. As a result, we propose a preliminary neuronal model of the human motor cortex and then link the TMS mechanisms with the neuronal model by stimulus intensity, direction of induced current, and paired-pulse timing. As TMS bears great developmental potential for both a probe and modulator of neural network activity and neurotransmission, the connection model will act as a foundation for future combined studies of neurocytology and neurophysiology, as well as the technical advances and application of TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongting Tian
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduates School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Dongting Tian,
| | - Shin-Ichi Izumi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduates School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Shin-Ichi Izumi,
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57
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Impaired bidirectional communication between interneurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells affects social cognitive behavior. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1394. [PMID: 35296664 PMCID: PMC8927409 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical neural circuits are complex but very precise networks of balanced excitation and inhibition. Yet, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that form the balance are just beginning to emerge. Here, using conditional γ-aminobutyric acid receptor B1- deficient mice we identify a γ-aminobutyric acid/tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 12-mediated bidirectional communication pathway between parvalbumin-positive fast spiking interneurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells that determines the density and function of interneurons in the developing medial prefrontal cortex. Interruption of the GABAergic signaling to oligodendrocyte precursor cells results in reduced myelination and hypoactivity of interneurons, strong changes of cortical network activities and impaired social cognitive behavior. In conclusion, glial transmitter receptors are pivotal elements in finetuning distinct brain functions. Early postnatal interruption of the bidirectional GABA/TNFSF12 signaling between parvalbumin-positive interneurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells impairs correct prefrontal cortical network activity and social cognitive behavior later in life.
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58
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Iwasawa E, Brown FN, Shula C, Kahn F, Lee SH, Berta T, Ladle DR, Campbell K, Mangano FT, Goto J. The Anti-Inflammatory Agent Bindarit Attenuates the Impairment of Neural Development through Suppression of Microglial Activation in a Neonatal Hydrocephalus Mouse Model. J Neurosci 2022; 42:1820-1844. [PMID: 34992132 PMCID: PMC8896558 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1160-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hydrocephalus presents with various degrees of neuroinflammation and long-term neurologic deficits in surgically treated patients, provoking a need for additional medical treatment. We previously reported elevated neuroinflammation and severe periventricular white matter damage in the progressive hydrocephalus (prh) mutant which contains a point mutation in the Ccdc39 gene, causing loss of cilia-mediated unidirectional CSF flow. In this study, we identified cortical neuropil maturation defects such as impaired excitatory synapse maturation and loss of homeostatic microglia, and swimming locomotor defects in early postnatal prh mutant mice. Strikingly, systemic application of the anti-inflammatory small molecule bindarit significantly supports healthy postnatal cerebral cortical development in the prh mutant. While bindarit only mildly reduced the ventricular volume, it significantly improved the edematous appearance and myelination of the corpus callosum. Moreover, the treatment attenuated thinning in cortical Layers II-IV, excitatory synapse formation, and interneuron morphogenesis, by supporting the ramified-shaped homeostatic microglia from excessive cell death. Also, the therapeutic effect led to the alleviation of a spastic locomotor phenotype of the mutant. We found that microglia, but not peripheral monocytes, contribute to amoeboid-shaped activated myeloid cells in prh mutants' corpus callosum and the proinflammatory cytokines expression. Bindarit blocks nuclear factor (NF)-kB activation and its downstream proinflammatory cytokines, including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, in the prh mutant. Collectively, we revealed that amelioration of neuroinflammation is crucial for white matter and neuronal maturation in neonatal hydrocephalus. Future studies of bindarit treatment combined with CSF diversion surgery may provide long-term benefits supporting neuronal development in neonatal hydrocephalus.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In neonatal hydrocephalus, little is known about the signaling cascades of neuroinflammation or the impact of such inflammatory insults on neural cell development within the perinatal cerebral cortex. Here, we report that proinflammatory activation of myeloid cells, the majority of which are derived from microglia, impairs periventricular myelination and cortical neuronal maturation using the mouse prh genetic model of neonatal hydrocephalus. Administration of bindarit, an anti-inflammatory small molecule that blocks nuclear factor (NF)-kB activation, restored the cortical thinning and synaptic maturation defects in the prh mutant brain through suppression of microglial activation. These data indicate the potential therapeutic use of anti-inflammatory reagents targeting neuroinflammation in the treatment of neonatal hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Iwasawa
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45242
| | - Farrah N Brown
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45242
| | - Crystal Shula
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45242
| | - Fatima Kahn
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45242
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45242
| | - Temugin Berta
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45242
| | - David R Ladle
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, 45435
| | - Kenneth Campbell
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45242
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45242
| | - Francesco T Mangano
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45242
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45242
| | - June Goto
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45242
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45242
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59
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Martín-Fernández F, Bermejo-Santos A, Bragg-Gonzalo L, Briz CG, Serrano-Saiz E, Nieto M. Role of Nrp1 in controlling cortical inter-hemispheric circuits. eLife 2022; 11:69776. [PMID: 35230240 PMCID: PMC8887897 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons of the corpus callosum (CC) mediate the interhemispheric communication required for complex perception in mammals. In the somatosensory (SS) cortex, the CC exchanges inputs processed by the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) areas, which receive tactile and pain stimuli. During early postnatal life, a multistep process involving axonal navigation, growth, and refinement, leads to precise CC connectivity. This process is often affected in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and epilepsy. We herein show that in mice, expression of the axonal signaling receptor Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) in SS layer (L) 2/3 is temporary and follows patterns that determine CC connectivity. At postnatal day 4, Nrp1 expression is absent in the SS cortex while abundant in the motor area, creating a sharp border. During the following 3 weeks, Nrp1 is transiently upregulated in subpopulations of SS L2/3 neurons, earlier and more abundantly in S2 than in S1. In vivo knock-down and overexpression experiments demonstrate that transient expression of Nrp1 does not affect the initial development of callosal projections in S1 but is required for subsequent S2 innervation. Moreover, knocking-down Nrp1 reduces the number of S2L2/3 callosal neurons due to excessive postnatal refinement. Thus, an exquisite temporal and spatial regulation of Nrp1 expression determines SS interhemispheric maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martín-Fernández
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Bermejo-Santos
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Bragg-Gonzalo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos G Briz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Serrano-Saiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC/UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Nieto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, Darwin, Madrid, Spain
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60
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Wolff SBE, Ko R, Ölveczky BP. Distinct roles for motor cortical and thalamic inputs to striatum during motor skill learning and execution. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk0231. [PMID: 35213216 PMCID: PMC8880788 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition and execution of motor skills are mediated by a distributed motor network, spanning cortical and subcortical brain areas. The sensorimotor striatum is an important cog in this network, yet the roles of its two main inputs, from motor cortex and thalamus, remain largely unknown. To address this, we silenced the inputs in rats trained on a task that results in highly stereotyped and idiosyncratic movement patterns. While striatal-projecting motor cortex neurons were critical for learning these skills, silencing this pathway after learning had no effect on performance. In contrast, silencing striatal-projecting thalamus neurons disrupted the execution of the learned skills, causing rats to revert to species-typical pressing behaviors and preventing them from relearning the task. These results show distinct roles for motor cortex and thalamus in the learning and execution of motor skills and suggest that their interaction in the striatum underlies experience-dependent changes in subcortical motor circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raymond Ko
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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61
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Akol I, Gather F, Vogel T. Paving Therapeutic Avenues for FOXG1 Syndrome: Untangling Genotypes and Phenotypes from a Molecular Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020954. [PMID: 35055139 PMCID: PMC8780739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the central nervous system (CNS) depends on accurate spatiotemporal control of signaling pathways and transcriptional programs. Forkhead Box G1 (FOXG1) is one of the master regulators that play fundamental roles in forebrain development; from the timing of neurogenesis, to the patterning of the cerebral cortex. Mutations in the FOXG1 gene cause a rare neurodevelopmental disorder called FOXG1 syndrome, also known as congenital form of Rett syndrome. Patients presenting with FOXG1 syndrome manifest a spectrum of phenotypes, ranging from severe cognitive dysfunction and microcephaly to social withdrawal and communication deficits, with varying severities. To develop and improve therapeutic interventions, there has been considerable progress towards unravelling the multi-faceted functions of FOXG1 in the neurodevelopment and pathogenesis of FOXG1 syndrome. Moreover, recent advances in genome editing and stem cell technologies, as well as the increased yield of information from high throughput omics, have opened promising and important new avenues in FOXG1 research. In this review, we provide a summary of the clinical features and emerging molecular mechanisms underlying FOXG1 syndrome, and explore disease-modelling approaches in animals and human-based systems, to highlight the prospects of research and possible clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Akol
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (I.A.); (F.G.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModul Basics), Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Gather
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (I.A.); (F.G.)
| | - Tanja Vogel
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (I.A.); (F.G.)
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModul Basics), Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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62
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Huang Z. Simplifying cell fate map by determining lineage history of core pathway activation during fate specification. TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2022; 15:53-62. [PMID: 37396969 PMCID: PMC10312135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question in developmental biology is how a single genome gives rise to the diversity of cell fates. In essence, each cell fate in the human body is a unique but stable output state of the genome, maintained by positive and negative feedbacks from both inside and outside the cell (a stable cell state). Traditionally, defining a cell fate means identifying a unique combination of transcriptional factors expressed by the specific cell type. The hundreds of transcriptional factors in the genome, however, have complicated the task of simplifying cell fate representation and obtaining insights into its regulation. Moreover, results from this approach provides only a mostly static picture, with each cell fate/state disconnected from one another. An alternative approach instead defines cell fates by determining their relationship to each other, through identifying the signaling pathways that control each step of their lineage transition from a common progenitor during development. Decades of studies have shown only a handful of signaling pathways are sufficient to specify all cell fates in the body, simplifying the execution of such a strategy. In this review, I will argue this alternative approach is not only feasible but also has the potential of simplifying the cell fate landscape as well as facilitating the engineering of different cell fates for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
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63
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Nakagawa-Tamagawa N, Kirino E, Sugao K, Nagata H, Tagawa Y. Involvement of Calcium-Dependent Pathway and β Subunit-Interaction in Neuronal Migration and Callosal Projection Deficits Caused by the Cav1.2 I1166T Mutation in Developing Mouse Neocortex. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:747951. [PMID: 34955712 PMCID: PMC8692569 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.747951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Gain-of-function mutations in the L-type Ca2+ channel Cav1.2 cause Timothy syndrome (TS), a multisystem disorder associated with neurologic symptoms, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), seizures, and intellectual disability. Cav1.2 plays key roles in neural development, and its mutation can affect brain development and connectivity through Ca2+-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Recently, a gain-of-function mutation, I1166T, in Cav1.2 was identified in patients with TS-like disorder. Its channel properties have been analyzed in vitro but in vivo effects of this mutation on brain development remain unexplored. Methods:In utero electroporation was performed on ICR mice at embryonic day 15 to express GFP, wild-type, and mutant Cav1.2 channels into cortical layer 2/3 excitatory neurons in the primary somatosensory area. The brain was fixed at postnatal days 14–16, sliced, and scanned using confocal microscopy. Neuronal migration of electroporated neurons was examined in the cortex of the electroporated hemisphere, and callosal projection was examined in the white matter and contralateral hemisphere. Results: Expression of the I1166T mutant in layer 2/3 neurons caused migration deficits in approximately 20% of electroporated neurons and almost completely diminished axonal arborization in the contralateral hemisphere. Axonal projection in the white matter was not affected. We introduced second mutations onto Cav1.2 I1166T; L745P mutation blocks Ca2+ influx through Cav1.2 channels and inhibits the Ca2+-dependent pathway, and the W440A mutation blocks the interaction of the Cav1.2 α1 subunit to the β subunit. Both second mutations recovered migration and projection. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the Cav1.2 I1166T mutation could affect two critical steps during cerebrocortical development, migration and axonal projection, in the mouse brain. This is mediated through Ca2+-dependent pathway downstream of Cav1.2 and β subunit-interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Nakagawa-Tamagawa
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Emi Kirino
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kohtaroh Sugao
- Platform Technology Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nagata
- Platform Technology Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tagawa
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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64
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Species and individual differences and connectional asymmetry of Broca's area in humans and macaques. Neuroimage 2021; 244:118583. [PMID: 34562577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To reveal the connectional specialization of the Broca's area (or its homologue), voxel-wise inter-species and individual differences, and inter-hemispheric asymmetry were respectively inspected in humans and macaques at both whole-brain connectivity and single tract levels. It was discovered that the developed connectivity blueprint approach is able to localize connectionally comparable voxels between the two species in Broca's area, whereas the quantitative differences between blueprints of locationally or connectionally corresponding voxels enable us to generate inter-hemispheric, inter-subject, and inter-species connectional variabilities, respectively. More importantly, the inter-species and inter-subject variabilities exhibited positive correlation in both two primates, and relatively higher variabilities were detected in the anatomically defined pars triangularis. By contrast, negative relationship was identified between the inter-species variability and hemispheric asymmetry in human brain. In particular, relatively higher asymmetry was revealed in the anatomically defined pars opercularis. Therefore, our novel findings demonstrated that pars triangularis, as compared to pars opercularis, might be a more active area during primate evolution, in which the brain connectivity and possible functions of pars triangularis show relatively higher degree in species specialization, yet lower in hemispheric specialization. Meanwhile, brain connectivity and possible functions of pars opercularis manifested an opposite pattern. At the tract level, functional roles related to the ventral stream in speech comprehension were relatively conservative and bilaterally organized, while those related to the dorsal stream in speech production show relatively higher species and hemispheric specializations.
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65
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Creighton BA, Afriyie S, Ajit D, Casingal CR, Voos KM, Reger J, Burch AM, Dyne E, Bay J, Huang JK, Anton ES, Fu MM, Lorenzo DN. Giant ankyrin-B mediates transduction of axon guidance and collateral branch pruning factor sema 3A. eLife 2021; 10:69815. [PMID: 34812142 PMCID: PMC8610419 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in the high confident autism spectrum disorder (ASD) gene ANK2 target both ubiquitously expressed 220 kDa ankyrin-B and neurospecific 440 kDa ankyrin-B (AnkB440) isoforms. Previous work showed that knock-in mice expressing an ASD-linked Ank2 variant yielding a truncated AnkB440 product exhibit ectopic brain connectivity and behavioral abnormalities. Expression of this variant or loss of AnkB440 caused axonal hyperbranching in vitro, which implicated AnkB440 microtubule bundling activity in suppressing collateral branch formation. Leveraging multiple mouse models, cellular assays, and live microscopy, we show that AnkB440 also modulates axon collateral branching stochastically by reducing the number of F-actin-rich branch initiation points. Additionally, we show that AnkB440 enables growth cone (GC) collapse in response to chemorepellent factor semaphorin 3 A (Sema 3 A) by stabilizing its receptor complex L1 cell adhesion molecule/neuropilin-1. ASD-linked ANK2 variants failed to rescue Sema 3A-induced GC collapse. We propose that impaired response to repellent cues due to AnkB440 deficits leads to axonal targeting and branch pruning defects and may contribute to the pathogenicity of ANK2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Creighton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Simone Afriyie
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Deepa Ajit
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Cristine R Casingal
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Kayleigh M Voos
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Joan Reger
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, United States.,Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, United States
| | - April M Burch
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Eric Dyne
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, United States
| | - Julia Bay
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Huang
- Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, United States
| | - E S Anton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Meng-Meng Fu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, United States
| | - Damaris N Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, Chapel Hill, United States
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66
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Rayêe D, Iack PM, Christoff RR, Lourenço MR, Bonifácio C, Boltz J, Lent R, Garcez PP. The Dynamics of Axon Bifurcation Development in the Cerebral Cortex of Typical and Acallosal Mice. Neuroscience 2021; 477:14-24. [PMID: 34601063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The corpus callosum (CC) is a major interhemispheric commissure of placental mammals. Early steps of CC formation rely on guidance strategies, such as axonal branching and collateralization. Here we analyze the time-course dynamics of axonal bifurcation during typical cortical development or in a CC dysgenesis mouse model. We use Swiss mice as a typical CC mouse model and find that axonal bifurcation rates rise in the cerebral cortex from embryonic day (E)17 and are reduced by postnatal day (P)9. Since callosal neurons populate deep and superficial cortical layers, we compare the axon bifurcation ratio between those neurons by electroporating ex vivo brains at E13 and E15, using eGFP reporter to label the newborn neurons on organotypic slices. Our results suggest that deep layer neurons bifurcate 32% more than superficial ones. To investigate axonal bifurcation in CC dysgenesis, we use BALB/c mice as a spontaneous CC dysgenesis model. BALB/c mice present a typical layer distribution of SATB2 callosal cells, despite the occurrence of callosal anomalies. However, using anterograde DiI tracing, we find that BALB/c mice display increased rates of axonal bifurcations during early and late cortical development in the medial frontal cortex. Midline guidepost cells adjacent to the medial frontal cortex are significant reduced in the CC dysgenesis mouse model. Altogether these data suggest that callosal collateral axonal exuberance is maintained in the absence of midline guidepost signaling and might facilitate aberrant connections in the CC dysgenesis mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Rayêe
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Pamela Meneses Iack
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raissa R Christoff
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michele R Lourenço
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro - IFRJ, Brazil
| | | | - Jürgen Boltz
- Institute of General Zoology and Animal Physiology, University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Roberto Lent
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Institute D'Or for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia P Garcez
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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67
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Klingler E, Tomasello U, Prados J, Kebschull JM, Contestabile A, Galiñanes GL, Fièvre S, Santinha A, Platt R, Huber D, Dayer A, Bellone C, Jabaudon D. Temporal controls over inter-areal cortical projection neuron fate diversity. Nature 2021; 599:453-457. [PMID: 34754107 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interconnectivity between neocortical areas is critical for sensory integration and sensorimotor transformations1-6. These functions are mediated by heterogeneous inter-areal cortical projection neurons (ICPN), which send axon branches across cortical areas as well as to subcortical targets7-9. Although ICPN are anatomically diverse10-14, they are molecularly homogeneous15, and how the diversity of their anatomical and functional features emerge during development remains largely unknown. Here we address this question by linking the connectome and transcriptome in developing single ICPN of the mouse neocortex using a combination of multiplexed analysis of projections by sequencing16,17 (MAPseq, to identify single-neuron axonal projections) and single-cell RNA sequencing (to identify corresponding gene expression). Focusing on neurons of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), we reveal a protracted unfolding of the molecular and functional differentiation of motor cortex-projecting ([Formula: see text]) ICPN compared with secondary somatosensory cortex-projecting ([Formula: see text]) ICPN. We identify SOX11 as a temporally differentially expressed transcription factor in [Formula: see text] versus [Formula: see text] ICPN. Postnatal manipulation of SOX11 expression in S1 impaired sensorimotor connectivity and disrupted selective exploratory behaviours in mice. Together, our results reveal that within a single cortical area, different subtypes of ICPN have distinct postnatal paces of molecular differentiation, which are subsequently reflected in distinct circuit connectivities and functions. Dynamic differences in the expression levels of a largely generic set of genes, rather than fundamental differences in the identity of developmental genetic programs, may thus account for the emergence of intra-type diversity in cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Klingler
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ugo Tomasello
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Prados
- Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Justus M Kebschull
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Sabine Fièvre
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Santinha
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Randal Platt
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Huber
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Dayer
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Bellone
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Clinic of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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68
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Developmental defects in Huntington's disease show that axonal growth and microtubule reorganization require NUMA1. Neuron 2021; 110:36-50.e5. [PMID: 34793694 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the classic symptoms of Huntington's disease (HD) manifest in adulthood, neural progenitor cell behavior is already abnormal by 13 weeks' gestation. To determine how these developmental defects evolve, we turned to cell and mouse models. We found that layer II/III neurons that normally connect the hemispheres are limited in their growth in HD by microtubule bundling defects within the axonal growth cone, so that fewer axons cross the corpus callosum. Proteomic analyses of the growth cones revealed that NUMA1 (nuclear/mitotic apparatus protein 1) is downregulated in HD by miR-124. Suppressing NUMA1 in wild-type cells recapitulates the microtubule and axonal growth defects of HD, whereas raising NUMA1 levels with antagomiR-124 or stabilizing microtubules with epothilone B restores microtubule organization and rescues axonal growth. NUMA1 therefore regulates the microtubule network in the growth cone, and HD, which is traditionally conceived as a disease of intracellular trafficking, also disturbs the cytoskeletal network.
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69
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Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of temporal patterning in neural progenitors. Dev Biol 2021; 481:116-128. [PMID: 34666024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During development, neural progenitors undergo temporal patterning as they age to sequentially generate differently fated progeny. Temporal patterning of neural progenitors is relatively well-studied in Drosophila. Temporal cascades of transcription factors or opposing temporal gradients of RNA-binding proteins are expressed in neural progenitors as they age to control the fates of the progeny. The temporal progression is mostly driven by intrinsic mechanisms including cross-regulations between temporal genes, but environmental cues also play important roles in certain transitions. Vertebrate neural progenitors demonstrate greater plasticity in response to extrinsic cues. Recent studies suggest that vertebrate neural progenitors are also temporally patterned by a combination of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms in response to extracellular signaling to regulate neural fate specification. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the study of temporal patterning of neural progenitors in Drosophila and vertebrates. We also discuss the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms, specifically the Polycomb group complexes and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, in the temporal patterning of neural progenitors.
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70
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Sahni V, Shnider SJ, Jabaudon D, Song JHT, Itoh Y, Greig LC, Macklis JD. Corticospinal neuron subpopulation-specific developmental genes prospectively indicate mature segmentally specific axon projection targeting. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109843. [PMID: 34686320 PMCID: PMC8653526 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For precise motor control, distinct subpopulations of corticospinal neurons (CSN) must extend axons to distinct spinal segments, from proximal targets in the brainstem and cervical cord to distal targets in thoracic and lumbar spinal segments. We find that developing CSN subpopulations exhibit striking axon targeting specificity in spinal white matter, which establishes the foundation for durable specificity of adult corticospinal circuitry. Employing developmental retrograde and anterograde labeling, and their distinct neocortical locations, we purified developing CSN subpopulations using fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify genes differentially expressed between bulbar-cervical and thoracolumbar-projecting CSN subpopulations at critical developmental times. These segmentally distinct CSN subpopulations are molecularly distinct from the earliest stages of axon extension, enabling prospective identification even before eventual axon targeting decisions are evident in the spinal cord. This molecular delineation extends beyond simple spatial separation of these subpopulations in the cortex. Together, these results identify candidate molecular controls over segmentally specific corticospinal axon projection targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhu Sahni
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sara J Shnider
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Janet H T Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Itoh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Luciano C Greig
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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71
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Sahni V, Itoh Y, Shnider SJ, Macklis JD. Crim1 and Kelch-like 14 exert complementary dual-directional developmental control over segmentally specific corticospinal axon projection targeting. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109842. [PMID: 34686337 PMCID: PMC8697027 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex executes highly skilled movement, necessitating that it connects accurately with specific brainstem and spinal motor circuitry. Corticospinal neurons (CSN) must correctly target specific spinal segments, but the basis for this targeting remains unknown. In the accompanying report, we show that segmentally distinct CSN subpopulations are molecularly distinct from early development, identifying candidate molecular controls over segmentally specific axon targeting. Here, we functionally investigate two of these candidate molecular controls, Crim1 and Kelch-like 14 (Klhl14), identifying their critical roles in directing CSN axons to appropriate spinal segmental levels in the white matter prior to axon collateralization. Crim1 and Klhl14 are specifically expressed by distinct CSN subpopulations and regulate their differental white matter projection targeting-Crim1 directs thoracolumbar axon extension, while Klhl14 limits axon extension to bulbar-cervical segments. These molecular regulators of descending spinal projections constitute the first stages of a dual-directional set of complementary controls over CSN diversity for segmentally and functionally distinct circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhu Sahni
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Itoh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sara J Shnider
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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72
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Yi JH, Choe SY, Jung MW. Variations in Commissural Input Processing Across Different Types of Cortical Projection Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2508-2520. [PMID: 34607355 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how incoming cortical inputs are processed by different types of cortical projection neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex, we compared intrinsic physiological properties of and commissural excitatory/inhibitory influences on layer 5 intratelencephalic (IT), layer 5 pyramidal tract (PT), and layers 2/3 IT projection neurons. We found that intrinsic physiological properties and commissural synaptic transmission varied across the three types of projection neurons. The rank order of intrinsic excitability was layer 5 PT > layer 5 IT > layers 2/3 IT neurons. Commissural connectivity was higher in layers 2/3 than layer 5 projection neurons, but commissural excitatory influence was stronger on layer 5 than layers 2/3 pyramidal neurons. Paired-pulse ratio was also greater in PT than IT neurons. These results indicate that commissural inputs activate deep layer PT neurons most preferentially and superficial layer IT neurons least preferentially. Deep layer PT neurons might faithfully transmit cortical input signals to downstream subcortical structures for reliable control of behavior, whereas superficial layer IT neurons might integrate cortical input signals from diverse sources in support of higher-order cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Hyun Yi
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Choe
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Min Whan Jung
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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73
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Gutman-Wei AY, Brown SP. Mechanisms Underlying Target Selectivity for Cell Types and Subcellular Domains in Developing Neocortical Circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:728832. [PMID: 34630048 PMCID: PMC8497978 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.728832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex contains numerous neuronal cell types, distinguished by their molecular identity as well as their electrophysiological and morphological properties. Cortical function is reliant on stereotyped patterns of synaptic connectivity and synaptic function among these neuron types, but how these patterns are established during development remains poorly understood. Selective targeting not only of different cell types but also of distinct postsynaptic neuronal domains occurs in many brain circuits and is directed by multiple mechanisms. These mechanisms include the regulation of axonal and dendritic guidance and fine-scale morphogenesis of pre- and postsynaptic processes, lineage relationships, activity dependent mechanisms and intercellular molecular determinants such as transmembrane and secreted molecules, many of which have also been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. However, many studies of synaptic targeting have focused on circuits in which neuronal processes target different lamina, such that cell-type-biased connectivity may be confounded with mechanisms of laminar specificity. In the cerebral cortex, each cortical layer contains cell bodies and processes from intermingled neuronal cell types, an arrangement that presents a challenge for the development of target-selective synapse formation. Here, we address progress and future directions in the study of cell-type-biased synaptic targeting in the cerebral cortex. We highlight challenges to identifying developmental mechanisms generating stereotyped patterns of intracortical connectivity, recent developments in uncovering the determinants of synaptic target selection during cortical synapse formation, and current gaps in the understanding of cortical synapse specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Y. Gutman-Wei
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Solange P. Brown
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum with Facial Dysmorphism and Intellectual Disability in Sibs Associated with Compound Heterozygous KDM5B Variants. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091397. [PMID: 34573379 PMCID: PMC8467522 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied a family in which the first-born child, a girl, had developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, and agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC). The subsequent pregnancy was interrupted as the fetus was found to be also affected by ACC. Both cases were heterozygous for two KDM5B variants predicting p (Ala635Thr) and p (Ser1155AlafsTer4) that were shown to be in trans. KDM5B variants have been previously associated with moderate to severe developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and dysmorphism in a few individuals, but the pathogenetic mechanisms are not clear yet as patients with both monoallelic and biallelic variants have been observed. Interestingly, one individual has previously been reported with ACC and severe ID in association with biallelic KDM5B variants. Together with the observations in this family, this suggests that agenesis of the corpus callosum may be part of the phenotypic spectrum associated with KDM5B variants and that the KDM5B gene should be included in gene panels to clarify the etiology of ACC both in the prenatal and postnatal setting.
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Ingo C, Kurian S, Higgins J, Mahinrad S, Jenkins L, Gorelick P, Lloyd-Jones D, Sorond F. Vascular health and diffusion properties of normal appearing white matter in midlife. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab080. [PMID: 34494002 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we perform a region of interest diffusion tensor imaging and advanced diffusion complexity analysis of normal appearing white matter to determine the impact of vascular health on these diffusivity metrics in midlife adults. 77 participants (26 black, 35 female) at year 30 visit in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults longitudinal study were scanned with an advanced diffusion-weighted imaging and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery protocol. Fractional anisotropy and non-linear diffusion complexity measures were estimated. Cumulative measures across 30 years (9 study visits) of systolic blood pressure, body mass index, glucose, smoking and cholesterol were calculated as the area under the curve from baseline up to year 30 examination. Partial correlation analyses assessed the association between cumulative vascular health measures and normal appearing white matter diffusion metrics in these participants. Midlife normal appearing white matter diffusion properties were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with cumulative exposure to vascular risk factors from young adulthood over the 30-year time period. Higher cumulative systolic blood pressure exposure was associated with increased complexity and decreased fractional anisotropy. Higher cumulative body mass index exposure was associated with decreased fractional anisotropy. Additionally, in the normal appearing white matter of black participants (P < 0.05), who exhibited a higher cumulative vascular risk exposure, fractional anisotropy was lower and complexity was higher in comparison to normal appearing white matter in white participants. Higher burden of vascular risk factor exposure from young adulthood to midlife is associated with changes in the diffusion properties of normal appearing white matter in midlife. These changes which may reflect axonal disruption, increased inflammation and/or increased glial proliferation, were primarily observed in both anterior and posterior normal appearing white matter regions of the corpus callosum. These results suggest that microstructural changes in normal appearing white matter are sensitive to vascular health during young adulthood and are possibly therapeutic targets in interventions focused on preserving white matter health across life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson Ingo
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shawn Kurian
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James Higgins
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Simin Mahinrad
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisanne Jenkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip Gorelick
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Donald Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Farzaneh Sorond
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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76
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Synthetic modified Fezf2 mRNA (modRNA) with concurrent small molecule SIRT1 inhibition enhances refinement of cortical subcerebral/corticospinal neuron identity from mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254113. [PMID: 34473715 PMCID: PMC8412356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During late embryonic development of the cerebral cortex, the major class of cortical output neurons termed subcerebral projection neurons (SCPN; including the predominant population of corticospinal neurons, CSN) and the class of interhemispheric callosal projection neurons (CPN) initially express overlapping molecular controls that later undergo subtype-specific refinements. Such molecular refinements are largely absent in heterogeneous, maturation-stalled, neocortical-like neurons (termed "cortical" here) spontaneously generated by established embryonic stem cell (ES) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) differentiation. Building on recently identified central molecular controls over SCPN development, we used a combination of synthetic modified mRNA (modRNA) for Fezf2, the central transcription factor controlling SCPN specification, and small molecule screening to investigate whether distinct chromatin modifiers might complement Fezf2 functions to promote SCPN-specific differentiation by mouse ES (mES)-derived cortical-like neurons. We find that the inhibition of a specific histone deacetylase, Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), enhances refinement of SCPN subtype molecular identity by both mES-derived cortical-like neurons and primary dissociated E12.5 mouse cortical neurons. In vivo, we identify that SIRT1 is specifically expressed by CPN, but not SCPN, during late embryonic and postnatal differentiation. Together, these data indicate that SIRT1 has neuronal subtype-specific expression in the mouse cortex in vivo, and that its inhibition enhances subtype-specific differentiation of highly clinically relevant SCPN / CSN cortical neurons in vitro.
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Hirata T, Tohsato Y, Itoga H, Shioi G, Kiyonari H, Oka S, Fujimori T, Onami S. NeuroGT: A brain atlas of neurogenic tagging CreER drivers for birthdate-based classification and manipulation of mouse neurons. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100012. [PMID: 35474959 PMCID: PMC9017123 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal birthdate is one of the major determinants of neuronal phenotypes. However, most birthdating methods are retrospective in nature, allowing very little experimental access to the classified neuronal subsets. Here, we introduce four neurogenic tagging mouse lines, which can assign CreER-loxP recombination to neuron subsets that share the same differentiation timing in living animals and enable various experimental manipulations of the classified subsets. We constructed a brain atlas of the neurogenic tagging mouse lines (NeuroGT), which includes holistic image data of the loxP-recombined neurons and their processes across the entire brain that were tagged on each single day during the neurodevelopmental period. This image database, which is open to the public, offers investigators the opportunity to find specific neurogenic tagging driver lines and the stages of tagging appropriate for their own research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsumi Hirata
- Brain Function Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
| | - Yukako Tohsato
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroya Itoga
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Go Shioi
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Sanae Oka
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shuichi Onami
- Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- Life Science Data Sharing Unit, RIKEN Information R&D and Strategy Headquarters, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Cousin MA, Creighton BA, Breau KA, Spillmann RC, Torti E, Dontu S, Tripathi S, Ajit D, Edwards RJ, Afriyie S, Bay JC, Harper KM, Beltran AA, Munoz LJ, Falcon Rodriguez L, Stankewich MC, Person RE, Si Y, Normand EA, Blevins A, May AS, Bier L, Aggarwal V, Mancini GMS, van Slegtenhorst MA, Cremer K, Becker J, Engels H, Aretz S, MacKenzie JJ, Brilstra E, van Gassen KLI, van Jaarsveld RH, Oegema R, Parsons GM, Mark P, Helbig I, McKeown SE, Stratton R, Cogne B, Isidor B, Cacheiro P, Smedley D, Firth HV, Bierhals T, Kloth K, Weiss D, Fairley C, Shieh JT, Kritzer A, Jayakar P, Kurtz-Nelson E, Bernier RA, Wang T, Eichler EE, van de Laar IMBH, McConkie-Rosell A, McDonald MT, Kemppainen J, Lanpher BC, Schultz-Rogers LE, Gunderson LB, Pichurin PN, Yoon G, Zech M, Jech R, Winkelmann J, Beltran AS, Zimmermann MT, Temple B, Moy SS, Klee EW, Tan QKG, Lorenzo DN. Pathogenic SPTBN1 variants cause an autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental syndrome. Nat Genet 2021; 53:1006-1021. [PMID: 34211179 PMCID: PMC8273149 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00886-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SPTBN1 encodes βII-spectrin, the ubiquitously expressed β-spectrin that forms micrometer-scale networks associated with plasma membranes. Mice deficient in neuronal βII-spectrin have defects in cortical organization, developmental delay and behavioral deficiencies. These phenotypes, while less severe, are observed in haploinsufficient animals, suggesting that individuals carrying heterozygous SPTBN1 variants may also show measurable compromise of neural development and function. Here we identify heterozygous SPTBN1 variants in 29 individuals with developmental, language and motor delays; mild to severe intellectual disability; autistic features; seizures; behavioral and movement abnormalities; hypotonia; and variable dysmorphic facial features. We show that these SPTBN1 variants lead to effects that affect βII-spectrin stability, disrupt binding to key molecular partners, and disturb cytoskeleton organization and dynamics. Our studies define SPTBN1 variants as the genetic basis of a neurodevelopmental syndrome, expand the set of spectrinopathies affecting the brain and underscore the critical role of βII-spectrin in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot A Cousin
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Blake A Creighton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Keith A Breau
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C Spillmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Sruthi Dontu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Swarnendu Tripathi
- Bioinformatics Research and Development Laboratory, Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Deepa Ajit
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Reginald J Edwards
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Simone Afriyie
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Julia C Bay
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kathryn M Harper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alvaro A Beltran
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lorena J Munoz
- Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Liset Falcon Rodriguez
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Yue Si
- GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Alison S May
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Louise Bier
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vimla Aggarwal
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Personalized Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Kirsten Cremer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jessica Becker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hartmut Engels
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Aretz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Eva Brilstra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Koen L I van Gassen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Renske Oegema
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Mark
- Spectrum Health Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ingo Helbig
- Division of Neurology, Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics (DBHi), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah E McKeown
- Division of Neurology, Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Epilepsy NeuroGenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Stratton
- Genetics, Driscoll Children's Hospital, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin Cogne
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Pilar Cacheiro
- William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Damian Smedley
- William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Helen V Firth
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Tatjana Bierhals
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katja Kloth
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Deike Weiss
- Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cecilia Fairley
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph T Shieh
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Kritzer
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Evangeline Kurtz-Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raphael A Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tianyun Wang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ingrid M B H van de Laar
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Allyn McConkie-Rosell
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marie T McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Kemppainen
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brendan C Lanpher
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Laura E Schultz-Rogers
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lauren B Gunderson
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pavel N Pichurin
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Grace Yoon
- Divisions of Clinical/Metabolic Genetics and Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Zech
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juliane Winkelmann
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Neurogenetik, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, SyNergy, Munich, Germany
| | - Adriana S Beltran
- Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael T Zimmermann
- Bioinformatics Research and Development Laboratory, Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brenda Temple
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sheryl S Moy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Queenie K-G Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Damaris N Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Proietti Onori M, Koene LMC, Schäfer CB, Nellist M, de Brito van Velze M, Gao Z, Elgersma Y, van Woerden GM. RHEB/mTOR hyperactivity causes cortical malformations and epileptic seizures through increased axonal connectivity. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001279. [PMID: 34038402 PMCID: PMC8186814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway can cause malformation of cortical development (MCD) with associated epilepsy and intellectual disability (ID) through a yet unknown mechanism. Here, we made use of the recently identified dominant-active mutation in Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain 1 (RHEB), RHEBp.P37L, to gain insight in the mechanism underlying the epilepsy caused by hyperactivation of the mTOR pathway. Focal expression of RHEBp.P37L in mouse somatosensory cortex (SScx) results in an MCD-like phenotype, with increased mTOR signaling, ectopic localization of neurons, and reliable generalized seizures. We show that in this model, the mTOR-dependent seizures are caused by enhanced axonal connectivity, causing hyperexcitability of distally connected neurons. Indeed, blocking axonal vesicle release from the RHEBp.P37L neurons alone completely stopped the seizures and normalized the hyperexcitability of the distally connected neurons. These results provide new evidence of the extent of anatomical and physiological abnormalities caused by mTOR hyperactivity, beyond local malformations, which can lead to generalized epilepsy. Hyperactivation of the mTOR pathway can cause cortical malformations and epilepsy. This study reveals that these effects can be uncoupled and that mTOR hyperactivity in a limited set of neurons induces hyperexcitability in non-targeted, healthy neurons, suggesting that it is actually these changes that may underlie mTOR-driven epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Proietti Onori
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- The ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Linda M. C. Koene
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- The ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carmen B. Schäfer
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Nellist
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid Holland, the Netherlands
| | | | - Zhenyu Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ype Elgersma
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- The ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid Holland, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (YE); (GMvW)
| | - Geeske M. van Woerden
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- The ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Zuid Holland, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (YE); (GMvW)
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80
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Liang Y, Fan JL, Sun W, Lu R, Chen M, Ji N. A Distinct Population of L6 Neurons in Mouse V1 Mediate Cross-Callosal Communication. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4259-4273. [PMID: 33987642 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the corpus callosum, interhemispheric communication is mediated by callosal projection (CP) neurons. Using retrograde labeling, we identified a population of layer 6 (L6) excitatory neurons as the main conveyer of transcallosal information in the monocular zone of the mouse primary visual cortex (V1). Distinct from L6 corticothalamic (CT) population, V1 L6 CP neurons contribute to an extensive reciprocal network across multiple sensory cortices over two hemispheres. Receiving both local and long-range cortical inputs, they encode orientation, direction, and receptive field information, while are also highly spontaneous active. The spontaneous activity of L6 CP neurons exhibits complex relationships with brain states and stimulus presentation, distinct from the spontaneous activity patterns of the CT population. The anatomical and functional properties of these L6 CP neurons enable them to broadcast visual and nonvisual information across two hemispheres, and thus may play a role in regulating and coordinating brain-wide activity events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Liang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 201210, USA
| | - Jiang Lan Fan
- UCSF-UC Berkeley Joint PhD Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wenzhi Sun
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.,iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Rongwen Lu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.,National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ming Chen
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Na Ji
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.,Department of Physics, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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81
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Campbell KSJ, Williams LJ, Bjornson BH, Weik E, Brain U, Grunau RE, Miller SP, Oberlander TF. Prenatal antidepressant exposure and sex differences in neonatal corpus callosum microstructure. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22125. [PMID: 33942888 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants may influence white matter (WM) development, as previous studies report widespread microstructural alterations and reduced interhemispheric connectivity in SSRI-exposed infants. In rodents, perinatal SSRIs had sex-specific disruptions in corpus callosum (CC) axon architecture and connectivity; yet it is unknown whether SSRI-related brain outcomes in humans are sex specific. In this study, the neonate CC was selected as a region-of-interest to investigate whether prenatal SSRI exposure has sex-specific effects on early WM microstructure. On postnatal day 7, diffusion tensor imaging was used to assess WM microstructure in SSRI-exposed (n = 24; 12 male) and nonexposed (n = 48; 28 male) term-born neonates. Fractional anisotropy was extracted from CC voxels and a multivariate discriminant analysis was used to identify latent patterns differing between neonates grouped by SSRI-exposure and sex. Analysis revealed localized variations in CC fractional anisotropy that significantly discriminated neonate groups and correctly predicted group membership with an 82% accuracy. Such effects were identified across three dimensions, representing sex differences in SSRI-exposed neonates (genu, splenium), SSRI-related effects independent of sex (genu-to-rostral body), and sex differences in nonexposed neonates (isthmus-splenium, posterior midbody). Our findings suggest that CC microstructure may have a sex-specific, localized, developmental sensitivity to prenatal SSRI exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh S J Campbell
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Bruce H Bjornson
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ella Weik
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ursula Brain
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ruth E Grunau
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Steven P Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tim F Oberlander
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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82
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Xing L, Kubik-Zahorodna A, Namba T, Pinson A, Florio M, Prochazka J, Sarov M, Sedlacek R, Huttner WB. Expression of human-specific ARHGAP11B in mice leads to neocortex expansion and increased memory flexibility. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107093. [PMID: 33938018 PMCID: PMC8246068 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortex expansion during human evolution provides a basis for our enhanced cognitive abilities. Yet, which genes implicated in neocortex expansion are actually responsible for higher cognitive abilities is unknown. The expression of human-specific ARHGAP11B in embryonic/foetal mouse, ferret and marmoset neocortex was previously found to promote basal progenitor proliferation, upper-layer neuron generation and neocortex expansion during development, features commonly thought to contribute to increased cognitive abilities. However, a key question is whether this phenotype persists into adulthood and if so, whether cognitive abilities are indeed increased. Here, we generated a transgenic mouse line with physiological ARHGAP11B expression that exhibits increased neocortical size and upper-layer neuron numbers persisting into adulthood. Adult ARHGAP11B-transgenic mice showed altered neurobehaviour, notably increased memory flexibility and a reduced anxiety level. Our data are consistent with the notion that neocortex expansion by ARHGAP11B, a gene implicated in human evolution, underlies some of the altered neurobehavioural features observed in the transgenic mice, such as the increased memory flexibility, a neocortex-associated trait, with implications for the increase in cognitive abilities during human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xing
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Kubik-Zahorodna
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Takashi Namba
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anneline Pinson
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marta Florio
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Mihail Sarov
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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83
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Gilardi C, Kalebic N. The Ferret as a Model System for Neocortex Development and Evolution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:661759. [PMID: 33996819 PMCID: PMC8118648 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex is the largest part of the cerebral cortex and a key structure involved in human behavior and cognition. Comparison of neocortex development across mammals reveals that the proliferative capacity of neural stem and progenitor cells and the length of the neurogenic period are essential for regulating neocortex size and complexity, which in turn are thought to be instrumental for the increased cognitive abilities in humans. The domesticated ferret, Mustela putorius furo, is an important animal model in neurodevelopment for its complex postnatal cortical folding, its long period of forebrain development and its accessibility to genetic manipulation in vivo. Here, we discuss the molecular, cellular, and histological features that make this small gyrencephalic carnivore a suitable animal model to study the physiological and pathological mechanisms for the development of an expanded neocortex. We particularly focus on the mechanisms of neural stem cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, cortical folding, visual system development, and neurodevelopmental pathologies. We further discuss the technological advances that have enabled the genetic manipulation of the ferret in vivo. Finally, we compare the features of neocortex development in the ferret with those of other model organisms.
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84
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Vasistha NA, Khodosevich K. The impact of (ab)normal maternal environment on cortical development. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 202:102054. [PMID: 33905709 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cortex in the mammalian brain is the most complex brain region that integrates sensory information and coordinates motor and cognitive processes. To perform such functions, the cortex contains multiple subtypes of neurons that are generated during embryogenesis. Newly born neurons migrate to their proper location in the cortex, grow axons and dendrites, and form neuronal circuits. These developmental processes in the fetal brain are regulated to a large extent by a great variety of factors derived from the mother - starting from simple nutrients as building blocks and ending with hormones. Thus, when the normal maternal environment is disturbed due to maternal infection, stress, malnutrition, or toxic substances, it might have a profound impact on cortical development and the offspring can develop a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we first describe the major developmental processes which generate neuronal diversity in the cortex. We then review our knowledge of how most common maternal insults affect cortical development, perturb neuronal circuits, and lead to neurodevelopmental disorders. We further present a concept of selective vulnerability of cortical neuronal subtypes to maternal-derived insults, where the vulnerability of cortical neurons and their progenitors to an insult depends on the time (developmental period), place (location in the developing brain), and type (unique features of a cell type and an insult). Finally, we provide evidence for the existence of selective vulnerability during cortical development and identify the most vulnerable neuronal types, stages of differentiation, and developmental time for major maternal-derived insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet A Vasistha
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Konstantin Khodosevich
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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85
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Sokpor G, Rosenbusch J, Kunwar AJ, Rickmann M, Tuoc T, Rizzoli SO, Tarabykin V, von Mollard GF, Krieglstein K, Staiger JF. Ablation of Vti1a/1b Triggers Neural Progenitor Pool Depletion and Cortical Layer 5 Malformation in Late-embryonic Mouse Cortex. Neuroscience 2021; 463:303-316. [PMID: 33774122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cortical morphogenesis entails several neurobiological events, including proliferation and differentiation of progenitors, migration of neuroblasts, and neuronal maturation leading to functional neural circuitry. These neurodevelopmental processes are delicately regulated by many factors. Endosomal SNAREs have emerged as formidable modulators of neuronal growth, aside their well-known function in membrane/vesicular trafficking. However, our understanding of their influence on cortex formation is limited. Here, we report that the SNAREs Vti1a and Vti1b (Vti1a/1b) are critical for proper cortical development. Following null mutation of Vti1a/1b in mouse, the late-embryonic mutant cortex appeared dysgenic, and the cortical progenitors therein were depleted beyond normal. Notably, cortical layer 5 (L5) is distinctively disorganized in the absence of Vti1a/1b. The latter defect, coupled with an overt apoptosis of Ctip2-expressing L5 neurons, likely contributed to the substantial loss of corticospinal and callosal projections in the Vti1a/1b-deficient mouse brain. These findings suggest that Vti1a/1b serve key neurodevelopmental functions during cortical histogenesis, which when mechanistically elucidated, can lend clarity to how endosomal SNAREs regulate brain development, or how their dysfunction may have implications for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ajaya J Kunwar
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy, Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal; Kathmandu Center for Genomics and Research Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Michael Rickmann
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Human Genetics, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Institute of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University of Göttingen Medical Centre, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novogorod, 23 Prospekt Gagarina, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | | | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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86
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An activity-dependent determinant of synapse elimination in the mammalian brain. Neuron 2021; 109:1333-1349.e6. [PMID: 33770504 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To establish functional neural circuits in the brain, synaptic connections are refined by neural activity during development, where active connections are maintained and inactive ones are eliminated. However, the molecular signals that regulate synapse refinement remain to be elucidated. When we inactivate a subset of neurons in the mouse cingulate cortex, their callosal connections are eliminated through activity-dependent competition. Using this system, we identify JAK2 tyrosine kinase as a key regulator of inactive synapse elimination. We show that JAK2 is necessary and sufficient for elimination of inactive connections; JAK2 is activated at inactive synapses in response to signals from other active synapses; STAT1, a substrate of JAK2, mediates inactive synapse elimination; JAK2 signaling is critical for physiological refinement of synapses during normal development; and JAK2 regulates synapse refinement in multiple brain regions. We propose that JAK2 is an activity-dependent switch that serves as a determinant of inactive synapse elimination.
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87
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Mossink B, Negwer M, Schubert D, Nadif Kasri N. The emerging role of chromatin remodelers in neurodevelopmental disorders: a developmental perspective. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2517-2563. [PMID: 33263776 PMCID: PMC8004494 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03714-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), are a large group of disorders in which early insults during brain development result in a wide and heterogeneous spectrum of clinical diagnoses. Mutations in genes coding for chromatin remodelers are overrepresented in NDD cohorts, pointing towards epigenetics as a convergent pathogenic pathway between these disorders. In this review we detail the role of NDD-associated chromatin remodelers during the developmental continuum of progenitor expansion, differentiation, cell-type specification, migration and maturation. We discuss how defects in chromatin remodelling during these early developmental time points compound over time and result in impaired brain circuit establishment. In particular, we focus on their role in the three largest cell populations: glutamatergic neurons, GABAergic neurons, and glia cells. An in-depth understanding of the spatiotemporal role of chromatin remodelers during neurodevelopment can contribute to the identification of molecular targets for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Mossink
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Geert Grooteplein 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Moritz Negwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Geert Grooteplein 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Schubert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Geert Grooteplein 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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88
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Kitazawa M, Sutani A, Kaneko‐Ishino T, Ishino F. The role of eutherian-specific RTL1 in the nervous system and its implications for the Kagami-Ogata and Temple syndromes. Genes Cells 2021; 26:165-179. [PMID: 33484574 PMCID: PMC7986171 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RTL1 (also termed paternal expressed 11 (PEG11)) is considered the major imprinted gene responsible for the placental and fetal/neonatal muscle defects that occur in the Kagami-Ogata and Temple syndromes (KOS14 and TS14, respectively). However, it remains elusive whether RTL1 is also involved in their neurological symptoms, such as behavioral and developmental delay/intellectual disability, feeding difficulties, motor delay, and delayed speech. Here, we demonstrate that the mouse RTL1 protein is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), including the limbic system. Importantly, two disease model mice with over- and under-expression of Rtl1 exhibited reduced locomotor activity, increased anxiety, and impaired amygdala-dependent cued fear, demonstrating that Rtl1 also plays an important role in the CNS. These results indicate that the KOS14 and TS14 are neuromuscular as well as neuropsychiatric diseases caused by irregular CNS RTL1 expression, presumably leading to impaired innervation of motor neurons to skeletal muscles as well as malfunction of the hippocampus-amygdala complex. It is of considerable interest that eutherian-specific RTL1 is expressed in mammalian- and eutherian-specific brain structures, that is, the corticospinal tract and corpus callosum, respectively, suggesting that RTL1 might have contributed to the acquisition of both these structures themselves and fine motor skill in eutherian brain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Kitazawa
- Department of EpigeneticsMedical Research InstituteTokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)TokyoJapan
| | - Akito Sutani
- Department of EpigeneticsMedical Research InstituteTokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)TokyoJapan
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental BiologyTokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)TokyoJapan
| | | | - Fumitoshi Ishino
- Department of EpigeneticsMedical Research InstituteTokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)TokyoJapan
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89
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Fontana C, Marasca F, Provitera L, Mancinelli S, Pesenti N, Sinha S, Passera S, Abrignani S, Mosca F, Lodato S, Bodega B, Fumagalli M. Early maternal care restores LINE-1 methylation and enhances neurodevelopment in preterm infants. BMC Med 2021; 19:42. [PMID: 33541338 PMCID: PMC7863536 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth affects almost 9-11% of newborns and is one of the leading causes of childhood neurodevelopmental disabilities; the underlying molecular networks are poorly defined. In neurons, retrotransposons LINE-1 (L1) are an active source of genomic mosaicism that is deregulated in several neurological disorders; early life experience has been shown to regulate L1 activity in mice. METHODS Very preterm infants were randomized to receive standard care or early intervention. L1 methylation was measured at birth and at hospital discharge. At 12 and 36 months, infants' neurodevelopment was evaluated with the Griffiths Scales. L1 methylation and CNVs were measured in mouse brain areas at embryonic and postnatal stages. RESULTS Here we report that L1 promoter is hypomethylated in preterm infants at birth and that an early intervention program, based on enhanced maternal care and positive multisensory stimulation, restores L1 methylation levels comparable to healthy newborns and ameliorates neurodevelopment in childhood. We further show that L1 activity is fine-tuned in the perinatal mouse brain, suggesting a sensitive and vulnerable window for the L1 epigenetic setting. CONCLUSIONS Our results open the field on the inspection of L1 activity as a novel molecular and predictive approach to infants' prematurity-related neurodevelopmental outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrial.gov ( NCT02983513 ). Registered on 6 December 2016, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Fontana
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marasca
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Enrica e Romeo Invernizzi" (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Livia Provitera
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mancinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Pesenti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy.,Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, Division of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Shruti Sinha
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Enrica e Romeo Invernizzi" (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Sofia Passera
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Enrica e Romeo Invernizzi" (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Lodato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bodega
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Enrica e Romeo Invernizzi" (INGM), Milan, Italy.
| | - Monica Fumagalli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. .,Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy.
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90
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Dorskind JM, Kolodkin AL. Revisiting and refining roles of neural guidance cues in circuit assembly. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 66:10-21. [PMID: 32823181 PMCID: PMC10725571 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neural guidance mechanisms ensure the precise targeting and synaptogenesis events essential for normal circuit function. Neuronal growth cones encounter numerous attractive and repulsive cues as they navigate toward their intermediate and final targets; temporal and spatial regulation of these responses are critical for circuit assembly. Recent work highlights the complexity of these events throughout neural development and the multifaceted functions of a wide range of guidance cues. Here, we discuss recent studies that leverage advances in genetics, single cell tracing, transcriptomics and proteomics to further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying neural guidance and overall circuit organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle M Dorskind
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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91
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Disrupted Excitatory Synaptic Contacts and Altered Neuronal Network Activity Underpins the Neurological Phenotype in PCDH19-Clustering Epilepsy (PCDH19-CE). Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2005-2018. [PMID: 33411240 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PCDH19-Clustering Epilepsy (PCDH19-CE) is an infantile onset disorder caused by mutation of the X-linked PCDH19 gene. Intriguingly, heterozygous females are affected while hemizygous males are not. While there is compelling evidence that this disorder stems from the coexistence of WT and PCDH19-null cells, the cellular mechanism underpinning the neurological phenotype remains unclear. Here, we investigate the impact of Pcdh19 WT and KO neuron mosaicism on synaptogenesis and network activity. Using our previously established knock-in and knock-out mouse models, together with CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology, we demonstrate a reduction in excitatory synaptic contacts between PCDH19-expressing and PCDH19-null neurons. Significantly altered neuronal morphology and neuronal network activities were also identified in the mixed populations. In addition, we show that in Pcdh19 heterozygous mice, where the coexistence of WT and KO neurons naturally occurs, aberrant contralateral axonal branching is present. Overall, our data show that mosaic expression of PCDH19 disrupts physiological neurite communication leading to abnormal neuronal activity, a hallmark of PCDH19-CE.
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92
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Ku RY, Torii M. New Molecular Players in the Development of Callosal Projections. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010029. [PMID: 33375263 PMCID: PMC7824101 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical development in humans is a long and ongoing process that continuously modifies the neural circuitry into adolescence. This is well represented by the dynamic maturation of the corpus callosum, the largest white matter tract in the brain. Callosal projection neurons whose long-range axons form the main component of the corpus callosum are evolved relatively recently with a substantial, disproportionate increase in numbers in humans. Though the anatomy of the corpus callosum and cellular processes in its development have been intensively studied by experts in a variety of fields over several decades, the whole picture of its development, in particular, the molecular controls over the development of callosal projections, still has many missing pieces. This review highlights the most recent progress on the understanding of corpus callosum formation with a special emphasis on the novel molecular players in the development of axonal projections in the corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Yueh Ku
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Masaaki Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Correspondence:
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93
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Wagner NR, MacDonald JL. Atypical Neocortical Development in the Cited2 Conditional Knockout Leads to Behavioral Deficits Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Neuroscience 2020; 455:65-78. [PMID: 33346116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex develops from a single layer of neuroepithelial cells to form a six-layer heterogeneous mosaic of differentiated neurons and glial cells. This process requires a complex choreography of temporally and spatially restricted transcription factors and epigenetic regulators. Even subtle disruptions in this regulation can alter the way the neocortex forms and functions, leading to a neurodevelopmental disorder. One epigenetic regulator that is essential for the precise development of the neocortex is CITED2 (CBP/p300 Interacting Transactivator with ED-rich termini). Cited2 is highly expressed by intermediate progenitor cells in the subventricular zone during the generation of the superficial layers of the neocortex. A forebrain-specific conditional knockout of Cited2 (cKO) exhibits reduced proliferation of intermediate progenitor cells embryonically, leading to reduced thickness of the superficial layers and reduced corpus callosum (CC) volume postnatally. Further, the Cited2 cKO display disruptions in balanced neocortical arealization, with a specific reduction in the somatosensory neocortical length, and dysregulation of precise, area-specific neuronal connectivity. Here, we explore the behavioral consequences resulting from this aberrant neocortical development. We demonstrate that Cited2 cKO mice display decreased maternal separation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) as neonates, and an increase in rearing behavior and lack of habituation following repeated acoustic startle as adults. They do not display alterations in anxiety-like behavior, overall locomotor activity, or social interactions. Together with the morphological, molecular, and connectivity disruptions, these results identify the Cited2 cKO neocortex as an ideal system to study mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental and neuroanatomical disruptions with relevance to human neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus R Wagner
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, United States
| | - Jessica L MacDonald
- Department of Biology, Program in Neuroscience, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, United States.
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94
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Evidence that corticofugal propagation of ALS pathology is not mediated by prion-like mechanism. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 200:101972. [PMID: 33309802 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) arises from the combined degeneration of motor neurons (MN) and corticospinal neurons (CSN). Recent clinical and pathological studies suggest that ALS might start in the motor cortex and spread along the corticofugal axonal projections (including the CSN), either via altered cortical excitability and activity or via prion-like propagation of misfolded proteins. Using mouse genetics, we recently provided the first experimental arguments in favour of the corticofugal hypothesis, but the mechanism of propagation remained an open question. To gain insight into this matter, we tested here the possibility that the toxicity of the corticofugal projection neurons (CFuPN) to their targets could be mediated by their cell autonomous-expression of an ALS causing transgene and possible diffusion of toxic misfolded proteins to their spinal targets. We generated a Crym-CreERT2 mouse line to ablate the SOD1G37R transgene selectively in CFuPN. This was sufficient to fully rescue the CSN and to limit spasticity, but had no effect on the burden of misfolded SOD1 protein in the spinal cord, MN survival, disease onset and progression. The data thus indicate that in ALS corticofugal propagation is likely not mediated by prion-like mechanisms, but could possibly rather rely on cortical hyperexcitability.
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95
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Hoersting AK, Schmucker D. Axonal branch patterning and neuronal shape diversity: roles in developmental circuit assembly: Axonal branch patterning and neuronal shape diversity in developmental circuit assembly. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:158-165. [PMID: 33232861 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in human genetics and single cell sequencing rapidly expands the list of molecular factors that offer important new contributions to our understanding of brain wiring. Yet many new molecular factors are being discovered that have never been studied in the context of neuronal circuit development. This is clearly asking for increased efforts to better understand the developmental mechanisms of circuit assembly [1]. Moreover, recent studies characterizing the developmental causes of some psychiatric diseases show impressive progress in reaching cellular resolution in their analysis. They provide concrete support emphasizing the importance of axonal branching and synapse formation as a hotspot for potential defects. Inspired by these new studies we will discuss progress but also challenges in understanding how neurite branching and neuronal shape diversity itself impacts on specificity of neuronal circuit assembly. We discuss the idea that neuronal shape acquisition itself is a key specificity factor in neuronal circuit assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dietmar Schmucker
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB Leuven, University Leuven, Belgium.
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96
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Winnubst J, Spruston N, Harris JA. Linking axon morphology to gene expression: a strategy for neuronal cell-type classification. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 65:70-76. [PMID: 33181399 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To study how the brain drives cognition and behavior we need to understand its cellular composition. Advances in single-cell transcriptomics have revolutionized our ability to characterize neuronal diversity. To arrive at meaningful descriptions of cell types, however, gene expression must be linked to structural and functional properties. Axonal projection patterns are an appropriate measure, as they are diverse, change only gradually over time, and they influence and constrain circuit function. Here, we consider how efforts to map transcriptional and morphological diversity in the mouse brain could be linked to generate a modern taxonomy of the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Winnubst
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Nelson Spruston
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Julie A Harris
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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97
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Beutel T, Dzimiera J, Kapell H, Engelhardt M, Gass A, Schirmer L. Cortical projection neurons as a therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:1211-1224. [PMID: 33103501 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1842358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory-demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with lesions of the cortical gray matter and subcortical white matter. Recently, cortical lesions have become a major focus of research because cortical pathology and neuronal damage are critical determinants of irreversible clinical progression. Recent transcriptomic studies point toward cell type-specific changes in cortical neurons in MS with a selective vulnerability of excitatory projection neuron subtypes. AREAS COVERED We discuss the cortical mapping and the molecular properties of excitatory projection neurons and their role in MS lesion pathology while placing an emphasis on their subtype-specific transcriptomic changes and levels of vulnerability. We also examine the latest magnetic resonance imaging techniques to study cortical MS pathology as a key tool for monitoring disease progression and treatment efficacy. Finally, we consider possible therapeutic avenues and novel strategies to protect excitatory cortical projection neurons. Literature search methodology: PubMed articles from 2000-2020. EXPERT OPINION Excitatory cortical projection neurons are an emerging therapeutic target in the treatment of progressive MS. Understanding neuron subtype-specific molecular pathologies and their exact spatial mapping will help establish starting points for the development of novel cell type-specific therapies and biomarkers in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Beutel
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Dzimiera
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hannah Kapell
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maren Engelhardt
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Gass
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg, Germany
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98
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An evolutionarily acquired microRNA shapes development of mammalian cortical projections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29113-29122. [PMID: 33139574 PMCID: PMC7682328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006700117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian central nervous system contains unique projections from the cerebral cortex thought to underpin complex motor and cognitive skills, including the corticospinal tract and corpus callosum. The neurons giving rise to these projections—corticospinal and callosal projection neurons—develop from the same progenitors, but acquire strikingly different fates. The broad evolutionary conservation of known genes controlling cortical projection neuron fates raises the question of how the more narrowly conserved corticospinal and callosal projections evolved. We identify a microRNA cluster selectively expressed by corticospinal projection neurons and exclusive to placental mammals. One of these microRNAs promotes corticospinal fate via regulation of the callosal gene LMO4, suggesting a mechanism whereby microRNA regulation during development promotes evolution of neuronal diversity. The corticospinal tract is unique to mammals and the corpus callosum is unique to placental mammals (eutherians). The emergence of these structures is thought to underpin the evolutionary acquisition of complex motor and cognitive skills. Corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN) and callosal projection neurons (CPN) are the archetypal projection neurons of the corticospinal tract and corpus callosum, respectively. Although a number of conserved transcriptional regulators of CSMN and CPN development have been identified in vertebrates, none are unique to mammals and most are coexpressed across multiple projection neuron subtypes. Here, we discover 17 CSMN-enriched microRNAs (miRNAs), 15 of which map to a single genomic cluster that is exclusive to eutherians. One of these, miR-409-3p, promotes CSMN subtype identity in part via repression of LMO4, a key transcriptional regulator of CPN development. In vivo, miR-409-3p is sufficient to convert deep-layer CPN into CSMN. This is a demonstration of an evolutionarily acquired miRNA in eutherians that refines cortical projection neuron subtype development. Our findings implicate miRNAs in the eutherians’ increase in neuronal subtype and projection diversity, the anatomic underpinnings of their complex behavior.
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99
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Huang JY, Krebs BB, Miskus ML, Russell ML, Duffy EP, Graf JM, Lu HC. Enhanced FGFR3 activity in postmitotic principal neurons during brain development results in cortical dysplasia and axonal tract abnormality. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18508. [PMID: 33116259 PMCID: PMC7595096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal levels of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and FGF receptors (FGFRs) have been detected in various neurological disorders. The potent impact of FGF-FGFR in multiple embryonic developmental processes makes it challenging to elucidate their roles in postmitotic neurons. Taking an alternative approach to examine the impact of aberrant FGFR function on glutamatergic neurons, we generated a FGFR gain-of-function (GOF) transgenic mouse, which expresses constitutively activated FGFR3 (FGFR3K650E) in postmitotic glutamatergic neurons. We found that GOF disrupts mitosis of radial-glia neural progenitors (RGCs), inside-out radial migration of post-mitotic glutamatergic neurons, and axonal tract projections. In particular, late-born CUX1-positive neurons are widely dispersed throughout the GOF cortex. Such a cortical migration deficit is likely caused, at least in part, by a significant reduction of the radial processes projecting from RGCs. RNA-sequencing analysis of the GOF embryonic cortex reveals significant alterations in several pathways involved in cell cycle regulation and axonal pathfinding. Collectively, our data suggest that FGFR3 GOF in postmitotic neurons not only alters axonal growth of postmitotic neurons but also impairs RGC neurogenesis and radial glia processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yen Huang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, the Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Bruna Baumgarten Krebs
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, the Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Marisha Lynn Miskus
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - May Lin Russell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Eamonn Patrick Duffy
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jason Michael Graf
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, the Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
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100
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Biundo F, Chitu V, Shlager GGL, Park ES, Gulinello ME, Saha K, Ketchum HC, Fernandes C, Gökhan Ş, Mehler MF, Stanley ER. Microglial reduction of colony stimulating factor-1 receptor expression is sufficient to confer adult onset leukodystrophy. Glia 2020; 69:779-791. [PMID: 33079443 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adult onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) is a dementia resulting from dominantly inherited CSF1R inactivating mutations. The Csf1r+/- mouse mimics ALSP symptoms and pathology. Csf1r is mainly expressed in microglia, but also in cortical layer V neurons that are gradually lost in Csf1r+/- mice with age. We therefore examined whether microglial or neuronal Csf1r loss caused neurodegeneration in Csf1r+/- mice. The behavioral deficits, pathologies and elevation of Csf2 expression contributing to disease, previously described in the Csf1r+/- ALSP mouse, were reproduced by microglial deletion (MCsf1rhet mice), but not by neural deletion. Furthermore, increased Csf2 expression by callosal astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia was observed in Csf1r+/- mice and, in MCsf1rhet mice, the densities of these three cell types were increased in supraventricular patches displaying activated microglia, an early site of disease pathology. These data confirm that ALSP is a primary microgliopathy and inform future therapeutic and experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Biundo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Violeta Chitu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Gabriel G L Shlager
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eun S Park
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Maria E Gulinello
- Behavioral Core Facility, Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kusumika Saha
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Harmony C Ketchum
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Christopher Fernandes
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Şölen Gökhan
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Departments of Neurology Neuroscience and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Mark F Mehler
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Departments of Neurology Neuroscience and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - E Richard Stanley
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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